Sposoby prezentowania materiału dialektalnego w polskich regionalnych słownikach gwarowych

Dorota Krystyna Rembiszewska. Ways materiału dialektalnego w polskich regionalnych słownikach gwarowych of presentation 71 DOROTA KRYSTYNA REMBISZEWSKA instut slawistyki Polskiej akademii nauk oRciD id: orcid.org/0000-0003-0339-0879 Research areas: Slavic dialectology, Gwar lexicography, Polish-East Slavic border lexicon. Doi: doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2023.96.04 sPosoby PRezentoWania mateRiału DiaLektaLnego In the Polish Regions Dictionary of the Polish Language KEY WORDS: Polish lexicography, Polish buzzword dictionaries, lexicographic methodology, amateur dictionaries. aAnnotation These dictionaries, whose authors are professionals or amateurs, register lexical collections from different regions of Poland. on the basis of selected items (especially from central and eastern Poland) different ways of presenting dialect material with regard to the iconographic layer and local contexts are shown. abstRact the text discusses Polish regional dialect dictionaries published in the last few decades. these dictionaries, written by professionals or amateurs, record sets of lexis from various regions of Poland. selected entries (especially from central and eastern Poland) show different ways of presenting the dialect material, taking into account the iconographic layer and local contexts. Polish glossaries, of which quite a lot have been created over the course of decades, are a kind of lexicographic work. are guided by their own rights, both in terms of material selection and content layout. Many of them are, on the one hand, the result of the work of teams of professionals, and on the other hand, the result of many years of collecting dialectal material by the authors of the dictionary. These are the Small Dictionary of Polish Dialects (msgP) and the Small Polish Dialect Dictionary (sgm). In msgP, some simplifications have been made 72 benDRinė kaLba | 96 lovers of small homelands, people unprepared for dictionaries. In the text, I will draw attention to the different ways of developing regional dialect dictionaries, published over the last few decades. I do not introduce a geographical arrangement. What is important are the different ways of exposing dialect content, not the division into regions. I limit myself to presenting Polish dialect dictionaries of other countries – this is material for another article. Kazimierz Woźniak presented an overview of Polish dialect lexicography up to the end of the 20th century in his work State of Polish dialect wych bez przedstawiania szerszego kontekstu w postaci dorobku słownikolexicography at the end of the 20th century (Woźniak 2000). A later work by Halina karaś from 2011 shows the state of lexicography at the beginning of the 20th century (karaś 2011). In the last decade there has been no publication synthesizing the contemporary state of Polish dialect lexicography. In a sense, this gap is filled by the text of vilija sakalauskienė, zofia sawaniewska-mochowa, Lithuanian lexicography of the 20th and 21st centuries (on the background of selected Polish regional dictionaries) (sakalauskienė, sawaniewska-mochowa 2022). In Poland, work on the Dictionary of Polish Dialects, covering the entire territory of the country and dialects outside its borders, is still ongoing. This long-standing intention is a work for several generations, since since the first notebook was published in 1979, only 35 notebooks have been published to the letter j (key words jarlyk–jedyk) (sgP 1979–2023). This dictionary has an alphabetical layout, with numerous references, the authors prepare the keywords according to traditional lexicographic methods. It was developed by dialectologists, created in the Institute of Polish Language of the Polish Academy of Sciences in Krakow, has a rich file, to a small extent supplemented. to make it easier for non-linguistic readers. for this reason, the forms section was abandoned, and the documentation of the keywords was given basically in the Polish orthography. There's a rather peculiar choice of words here. Since the index of the sgP file contains about 240 000 keywords, one of the 24 keywords in it was included. This causes some randomness of the chosen passwords. Dorota Krystyna Rembiszewska. 73 sgm covers the entire area of Małopolska, at the same time showing the relationships with other regions, using the way materiału dialektalnego w polskich regionalnych słownikach gwarowych of marking the location as in the dictionaries mentioned above. Numerous slogans are illustrated by statements of the inhabitants of the region. A dictionary developed according to traditional lexicographic methods is the Dictionary of Silesian Dialects (sgŚ). It records the vocabulary of Silesian dialects in the 20th century, from all of Silesia, including Zaolzie. It is intended to be a multi-volume work, to cover the largest number of vocabulary typical of the Silesian dialect. So far, 17 volumes have been published (La–łzyczka), after the reviews, volume 18 is available. as stated in the information about the dictionary: the lexicons included in the Dictionary differ from the nationwide words – the reader will find in it tumultuous words, which are in the active and passive sphere of the lexicon: words disappearing as a result of civilizational changes, words newly adopted along with civilizational progress, extinct words and borrowings (Germanisms and Bohemisms) (Silesian Institute). a dictionary that records the vocabulary of one region is the Dictionary of dialect and culture of Kujawy. It was prepared by a team of linguists from Bydgoszcz, edited by Zofia Sawaniewska-Mochowa (sgkk 2017). this differential dictionary gives in addition to definitions of words, dialect quotations, ranges of occurrence of given lexicons. sporadically appear etymological explanations, e.g. password baciaRz, from Hungarian. betyár ‘vagabond, man outside the law’ (sgkk 2017: 54), motto FeLoR, from German. Fehler m ‘error, malfunction’ (sgkk 2017: 221). Worth noting is the Dictionary of the Knyszyn dialect (Rembiszewska 2007) developed by a non-Polish linguist – Czesław Kudzinowski, author of a Polish-Finnish dictionary and a textbook for Finnish grammar, due to the presence of elements of different languages and the richness of interesting vocabulary (see Rembiszewska 2010). It is difficult to establish the exact time of creation of the Dictionary of Knyszyn dialect. kudzinowski created it for several decades, probably from the late 40s to the 70s. 20th century. the dictionary has more than 5500 terms. It has a small territorial scope, as it covers the area of the village located around Knyszyn in the Monecko district in the Podlaskie Voivodeship. The dictionary of C. Kudzinowicz gives both burst names, as well as burst phonetic forms of national names and national names, e.g., ფოrytovać ‘to direct’, łaχẹta ‘obdartus’, barsc sary ‘soup of yucca’, kawał, łapanka and phraseological combinations, e.g., iść 74 benDRinė kaLba | 96 v b’ady ‘to hold on’, dali v nogi ‘to flee’. kudzinowski used in the Dictionary terms – definitions: synonymous type, as well as definition-descriptive type and similar to encyclopedic, sporadically uses scope definitions. Definitions are rarely full sentences, taking the word in its natural context. sometimes they have the character of a hyperonym, e.g. kosibaba groχ ‘some insect’. the dictionary part was preceded by information about East Slavic, German influences, lexicon tematycznej. The publication issued by the Slavistics Institute Pan – The Multilingual Vocabulary of Podlasie, Suwalszczyzna and North-Eastern Mazovia (RsPs 2014) fulfills the postulate of covering all linguistic varieties in the multilingual area. It consists of two main parts. The first part discusses the history of the region, taking into account archaeological, historical, ethnographical facts and characteristics of linguistic contacts in northeastern Poland. The second part is a dictionary in alphabetical order according to definitions and Polish equivalents of dialect words, which is a multilingual compilation of dialect vocabulary from the mentioned area. The starting point is a motto (sometimes multi-expressive) in Polish, in the literary variant, to which the equivalents in dialects (marked with Roman numerals) are given: i. Polish, ii. East Slavic (Belarusian, Ukrainian and transitional Belarusian-Ukrainian), iii. East Slavic (Russian Old Rite), iv. Lithuanian. the equivalents were recorded in the version in accordance with the source – therefore, phonetic, orthographic and semi-ortographic records appear. The dictionary uses not only professional sources, but also amateur ones. if the same form of the word occurred in several source materials, the sources are recorded according to the established order – according to geographical criteria, and within microregions according to chronological criteria (from the oldest to the newest materials). After the keyword or definition in square brackets are placed information about the illustration of the given designate. A slightly different method of developing dialect dictionaries, enriched with extensive illustrative material, was initiated in Polish dialect lexicography by Józef kąś with the Dictionary of the Orava dialect (kąś 2003, 2011). Of course, this is not a novelty in European lexicography – in German dictionaries, some keywords have long contained attached maps or illustrations of some of the designates appearing in the keywords. iconography in a non-dictionary, which is intended to be at the same time a collection of words and information about the culture of a given area, is Vocabulary and folk culture of the municipality of Wiśniowa (skLW 2018) – localities located in Małopolska. This work is the result of a project of Polish studies Dorota Krystyna Rembiszewska. The way of presenting the 75 German dictionaries was sometimes a kind of ornament, making the graphic appearance materiału dialektalnego w polskich regionalnych słownikach gwarowych of the publication more attractive (cf. knoop 2001), in some maps occupy a lot of space (sdWb). Józef Kaś published his multi-volume work, which includes numerous photographs – Illustrated Lexicon of the Podhalan Dialect and Culture (Kaś 2015–2019), counting 12 volumes. here the attention is drawn, already marked in the title, cultural context (also included in the Orava dictionary). It registers the lexicon (contemporary and historical) – about 50 thousand words – showing the material and spiritual culture of Podhale – a mountain region in southern Poland at the northern foot of the Tatras. It also contains proverbs, sayings, descriptions of customs, folk beliefs, magical practices. quotes are written in simplified, standardised dialectal orthography in order to extend the circle of readers to non-linguists. The strictly lexical part is supplemented by rich illustrative material, presented in thematic tables. For close v], vi oil mill. mill, vii clothing, viii herding, iX beekeeping, X hunting, fishing, xi blacksmithing, xii locksmithing, xii music, xiii rituals, xiv sacrum, xv other. przykładu, w tomie iv, znalazły się następujące działy: i Przyroda, ii budownictwo, iii gospodarstwo rolne, iv gospodarstwo domowe, [brak taIn the circle of the method of j. kąsia remains the Dictionary of the dialect of lachów sądeckich (szewczyk 2014). The glossary part is preceded by a comprehensive introduction, containing methodological assumptions, ethnographic characteristics of the region, a description of the state of research on the Soudeck dialects, basic information on the system of the Podhůří dialect and editorial rules and the arrangement of the keywords. After the dictionaries there are 278 illustrations. students of Jagiellonian University under the supervision of dialectologists. The main part is a glossary, followed by thematic keywords: Easter customs – in the past and today, Lent, Palm Sunday, Holy Week, Holidays, traditions related to Christmas, family rituals, fears, charms and herbal medicine, Partisan activity and pacification through the eyes of the inhabitants. The whole is closed by the language texts entitled transcriptions (e.g. language, Song, diseases). 76 common language | 96 thematic. its recipients are not only professionals, but also everyone interested in Lublin dialects, used by the inhabitants of the central kolejnym słownikiem opracowanym przez dialektolożkę, ale nieco inaczej niż tradycyjny sgP, jest Słownik gwar Lubelszczyzny (sgL 2012–2023) autorstwa Haliny Pelcowej (i zespołu w kilku tomach) będący słownikiem belt of eastern Poland. and in this publication the tendency to expand the circle of readers of dialect dictionaries was revealed. The first volume of the Lublin dictionary – Agriculture. Agricultural tools and equipment. Field work. harvesting and processing of cereals was published in 2011, the last volume – Xiii in 2023. Within each volume, the author has kept the alphabetical order. In the first four volumes (i – Agriculture…, ii – Agriculture. Rural transportation. Root and feed crops. Soils and types of fields. Cultivation of flax and hemp. hay harvest, iii – Animal world, iv – Orchard and vegetable garden. Building and courtyard space) photographs were published in the text, from tomu v tomu (v – World of plants, vi – Food, vii – Clothing and footwear. Spinning of linen and weaving of canvas, viii – Man and family. Hygiene and diseases. Furniture, appliances and household chores, iX – Village space. Shape of the surface. Social and professional life, X – Folk rituals and customs, Xi – Meteorology and astronomy. Time. Colors, Xii – Activities – measures – feelings – characteristics and properties – other. The stormy texts. Index of terms) are at the end of the dictionary. The keyword consists of a keyword, definition, quotation, information about the source, geography. For some there are noted dependent forms, as well as pronunciation. at the end there are references, in many keywords very numerous, for example, with the keyword skidacz – scraper, beak, etc. each volume also contains a dozen maps to selected dictionary entries. a characteristic element of this dictionary is a very rich documentation confirming the presence of the word in this area. for example, the keyword easter egg ‘Easter egg painted in different colors in paint or decoctions of onions <…>, decorated with geometric patterns and flowers using wax and a pen’ has 4 pages of field records. An interesting dictionary from the point of view of the methodology of developing dialect dictionaries is Gwara Bugaja na Pogórzu (Becz, Gorlice district) Haliny karaś (karaś 2022). In this work, the author’s professionalism, extensive experience in the field of lexicography, knowledge of the family dialect, competence of a linguist and former dialect user were combined. as the title indicates, the publication is a linguistic monograph of the village of bugaj and surroundings (south-east Poland). Another linguist from the University of Dorota Krystyna Rembiszewska. Ways of presenting 77 characteristics of today's situation of the described dialect. The glossary part is preceded by a materiału dialektalnego w polskich regionalnych słownikach gwarowych chapter, containing multi-coloured photographs, on the folk culture of the Eastern Pogórze (Becka and Gorlice region): Pogórze folk costume, regional cuisine, house and its equipment, household chores, traditional activities (occupations), annual rituals, family rituals, beliefs and superstitions. the dictionary mainly contains words different from the national Polish vocabulary. In addition to definitions, the keywords provide grammatical information, quotes with location, sometimes quite extensive, e.g. That's a good thing. z. ‘dish made of flour cooked on water or milk’: Downi cooked dziame, with flour on the womb or on milk. Dziame cooked from wheat flour, and if there was no wheat flour, it was from wheat flour. Boy, when you're under the occupation, it's even with łowsiany mołki. Boy and girl is not different. They called it this and that, and they still argue. bug. bk. With some passwords, there are links, e.g. cLiWaĆ time. Mr. ‘tickling’ Stop squealing at me, because I can’t stand it. Don't tell me, because I can't stand it. bug. bk. tooth. Screw it, Por. Get out of here. Warsaw – krystyna Długosz-kurczabowa (Długosz-kurczabowa 2020) – consolidated the vocabulary of the family area in the Dictionary of the Zagnanian dialect. the dictionary, which was published four years after the author's death, contains 4 thousand terms, has an alphabetical layout. includes lexical characteristics of the region of the Świętokrzyskie Mountains – Zagnańska and surroundings from the second half of the 20th century. In 2011, irena maryniakowa, professor at the Pan Institute of Slavic Studies in Warsaw, published a Dictionary of ancient speech of the inhabitants of Ciechanow and surrounding villages in Podlasie (maryniakowa 2011). This dictionary is a record of the state of the dialect (from the border area of Masovia and Podlasie) from the last twenty years of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century compiled by an autochthonous person, from material collected over many years. were noted, among others, words limited to a small area, such as chabor ‘bribe’ (in ciechanów, the housing estate of single-family houses built in the period of socialism was maliciously called chaboIn recent years, employees of the rowo), chabornik, lm. chaborniki ‘łapówkarz’, kryjan ‘chłopiec lat 10–12’. Laboratory of Dialectology of the University of im. Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań started the implementation of a long-term project consisting of cooperation of local communities with linguists in the collection of dialect vocabulary. The result of this cooperation are dictionaries of individual villages, counties published in the series Wielkopolskie 78 benDRinė kaLba | 96 glossaries. they usually have a thematic arrangement. So far published: Dictionary of the language of the inhabitants of the area of Czerniejewo. Work on the farm and on the farm (sjmcz 2018), Dictionary of the language of the inhabitants of the Pobiedzisk area. Work on the farm and on the farm (sjmPoR 2021), Dictionary of the language of the inhabitants of the Pobiedziska area. Nature (sjmPoP 2023), Dictionary of the language of the inhabitants of the Gniezno area. Holidays, beliefs and superstitions (sjmg 2018), Gospodyni. Dictionary of the language of the inhabitants of Kolski County (sjmgosi 2018), Gospodarz. Dictionary of the language of the inhabitants of the Kolski district (sjmgosii 2019), W kuchni u pleszewian. Dictionary of language and culture of the inhabitants of Pleszew County (sjmPlesz 2019). In this series there was also a dictionary concerning another area (from eastern Poland) – the Dictionary of the inhabitants of the Łukowski region. Work on the farm and on the farm (smłuk 2019). A certain curiosity is the dictionary Co wieś, to inna piosenka. Dictionary of the dialect of Bukówec Górny in Wielkopolska and Spisz region in Małopolska (sgbs 2014). the authors did not give reasons why they put together these areas. However, the value of this publication is the interesting material of the dialect with numerous illustrations and recordings on CD of the texts of the bukowca and spisza. popular nature have dictionaries published by the State Scientific Publishing House – Góralsko godacka (cook 2011) and Ślónsko godka (Furgalińska 2011). The vocabulary is arranged in thematic sections, which contain drawings illustrating the lexical material from individual sections. Definitions are synonymous. A separate group is formed by dictionaries related to an ethnographic group with a strong identity, for which the local language is an important distinguishing factor. namely about the kurpiów living in the northern Mazovia (central Poland). The Kurpi Association has been making efforts for many years to standardize the Kurpi dialect and popularize a new way of understanding the speech of the inhabitants of the former Green Forest and White Forest. dictionaries are supposed to serve this purpose. three – Dictionary of selected expressions and names of Kurpiów (skur 2013), which contains the Polish-Kurpiów and Kurpiów-Polish parts, and two editions of the Illustrated Kurpiów Dictionary (grzyb 2021). In 2018, the Dictionary of Kurpiowski Polish by Władysław niksy (niksa 2018) was published, which compiled the material collected since 1968. This two-volume dictionary has a traditional alphabetical layout. In 2023, a Dictionary of the Kurpiow dialect was published by Henryk Gadomski (gadomski 2023) – a Kurpiow regionalist, ethnomusicologist and non-linguist. the dictionary counts about 15 Dorota Krystyna Rembiszewska. It presents 79 thousand words and is the result of the cooperation of a group of several dozen users of the materiału dialektalnego w polskich regionalnych słownikach gwarowych Kurpiowski dialect. It contains in addition to keyword definitions, grammatical information, contexts of use of individual words. The two-part system also has a small Dictionary of the Warmian dialect. Mini version for everyone (sgW 2021). In one part, the left side is made up of keywords in general Polish, in the other part – in the Warmian variant. it was developed by users of the Warmian dialect (in the north of Poland), who have no professional preparation for creating dictionaries. probably in connection with this, the authors have limited themselves to giving only single-word, sometimes multi-word) equivalents of dialectal lexicons, e.g. in the part Słowa po naszamu – einladunek ‘invitation’ (sgW 2021: 20), jochkołla ‘manure tank’ (sgW 2021: 25). some words are not in the basic form, e.g. broku buło ‘it was necessary’ (sgW 2021: 14), szurolkoziu ‘boy’ (sgW 2021: 47). In the trend of amateur regional dialect dictionaries, closely related to local identity, two dictionaries from the area of Masurian (former East Prussia) are included: Słownik mowy mazurskiej /Masurische Sprache Wörterbuch (smW 2019) (see Rembiszewska 2020) and Mazurská gádká. Słownik mazurski z rozmówkami / Mazurisches Wörterbuch mit Sprachführer (mg 2020). It is also worth mentioning a few other amateur dialect dictionaries, which have recently erupted. they are published on the internet, as well as in paper form. two dictionaries from south-eastern Poland as examples: Muzeum Słowa. Dictionary of Lubusz dialect from the area of Rzeszów (Bielenda 2013) and Dictionary of Nieborow dialect and surroundings (baran 2015) and one from north-eastern Poland from Supraśl to ours (Zaleski 2005). The first of them is a collection of about a thousand words written by the author – a history teacher in Lubenia in the Podkarpackie Voivodeship. In this dictionary there are mainly synonymous definitions. The keywords were written according to Polish orthography, including chodoki, syr. fonetycznych cech gwarowych, jak np. ścieśnienia samogłosek: koguciorz, The dictionary of Nieborow dialect and surroundings has a similar microstructure as the dictionary of Lubenia dialect. Most definitions are synonymous, e.g. gate ‘big door’, heather ‘dirt’. attention is drawn to the routineness and lack of semantic precision in the definitional part of some keywords, e.g. in zaparte ‘for sure’ [instead of: ‘obstinously’], wkurzyć kogoś ‘to fix the job’, duby smalone ‘farma- 86 common language | 96 In recent years, the methodology for compiling dialect dictionaries has changed. The current tendency is to compile dictionaries for the general public, with less emphasis on exclusively formal rules and the method of lexicography. Non-linguistic information, such as the presentation of cultural and folkloric context, also plays an important role. KEY WORDS: Polish lexicography, Polish dialect dictionaries, lexicography methodology, amateur dictionaries. ul. bartoszewicza 1b, m. 17, 00-337 DoRota kRystyna RembiszeWska instut slawistyki Polskiej akademii nauk Warsaw [email protected]