Dzienniki Emilii z Beniowskich Wróblewskiej z lat 1850–1886 jako źródło do badań językowo-kulturowych

140 BENDRINĖ KALBA | 97 ZOFIA SAWANIEWSKA-MOCHOWA Institute of Slavistics of the Polish Academy of Sciences in Warsaw ORCID id: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2916-6736 AREAS OF STUDY: dialectology, ethnolinguistics, lexicography, regional Polish. DOI: https://doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2024.97.07 The Diary of Emily of Beniowsky WRÓBLEWSKA FROM THE YEARS 1850–1886 AS A SOURCE FOR RESEARCH LANGUAGE AND CULTURE1 KEY WORDS: diary, herstory, 19th century, Lithuania, digital edition of sources, North Crestian Polish. ANNOTATION The article presents various research perspectives that the rich diary heritage of Emilija Wróblewska, kept in the Manuscripts Department of the Library of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences, opens up to linguists and cultural historians. Wróblewskich in Vilnius. The literature of a relatively little known author from 19th-century Lithuania deserves a multifaceted humanistic reflection and introduction to the broad scientific circulation. This is the aim of the current documentation and research project: to present Wróblewska’s manuscripts in the form of a digital edition with a critical analysis and to show the ideological, linguistic and literary aspects of female intimacy created in the situation of conquests. 1 This article was created as part of the project Emilii Wróblewskiej’s Egodocuments from 1850–1886 – a testimony to the life and ideological attitudes of a Polish woman from the Vilnius intelligentsia circle. Digital edition of 7 journals with a critical review and e-monograph, funded in 2023–2028 under the program entitled “National Programme for the Development of Humanities”, project no. NPRH/F/SP/507578/2021/11, module “Fundamentals”. The partner of the project is the Library of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences. Wróblewskich in Vilnius and the Digital Competence Centre of the University of Warsaw. This text is a reconnaissance, it is based on preliminary extraction of sources, and therefore the reflections and observations presented do not claim to be a complete work containing extensive conclusions. A full linguistic and stylistic analysis of Wróblewska’s writings will only be published in the project’s final e-monograph. ZOFIA SAWANIEWSKA-MOCHOWA. Dzienniki Emilii z Beniowskich Wróblewskiej the years 1850–1886 as a source for linguistic and cultural research 141 ABSTRACT The article shows various research perspectives opening up for linguists and historians of culture due to analysis of the rich diaristic legacy of Emilia WróLithuanian blewska, stored in the Manuscripts Department of the Wroblewski Library of the Academy of Sciences in Vilnius. The writings of a relatively littleknown author from the 19th-century Lithuania deserve multifaceted humanistic reflection and wider introduction to the wider scientific community. Thus, the aim of the current documentation and research project is to present Wróblewska’s manuscripts in the form of a digital edition with a critical study, and to show the ideological, linguistic and literary aspects of women’s intimist literature written at the time of Partitions and domination of the Russian Empire. The 19th-century female intimism arouses increasing interest, but also polarization of views on this genre of literature. Some researchers treat this type of writing as a marginal historical source and as artisticly dubious epigonal literature, while others, on the contrary, see in the women’s egodocuments a sincere testimony to the authors’ lives and activities, and at the same time a document of events shown through the prism of the writers’ feelings and expressions (Griškaitė 2012: 296). Women’s biographical literature from 19th-century Lithuania is a valuable, although underutilized, source for studying the language, views and aspirations of female activists from the circle of the intelligentsia, their organic work for the preservation of fundamental values (service to the Fatherland and society, faith in God, family, and the world of survival strategies in the situation of the defeat of the national liberation uprisings. The attitudes of women and their dilemmas kacja kobiet, patriotyczne i obywatelskie wychowanie dzieci) oraz budowaassociated with engaging in public activities at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries are a sphere that is increasingly present in contemporary Polish and Lithuanian historiography (see, for example: Kałwa 1997, 2014; Bairašauskaitė 2011; Żarnowska 2014 or the work from the series Kobieta i … edited by Anna Żarnowska and Andrzej Szwarc). In this short sketch, I intend to point out only how interesting research perspectives opens up before humanists the rich diary legacy of Emilija z Beniowskich Wróblewska and why it is worth making these manuscripts available to researchers in the form of a modern digital edition as a testimony to the life, language and axiosphere of a woman from the circle of Vilnius intelligentsia in the post-Uprising era – a woman who realized herself in different areas: an amateur writer, a devoted mother, a teacher, but also a person not very happy in marriage, torn internally between conservative ideals and the ideals of the socialism. 142 BENDRINĖ KALBA | 97 the silence of society (see Medišauskienė 2001) and the need to cross the boundaries of social roles and search for ways of personal intellectual development. The educational and self-educational aspirations of women in Lithuania from the end of the 18th century to the beginning of the 20th century were presented more extensively by Olga Mastianica in her book with the significant title Pravėrus namų duris (From the role of housekeeper and at best man’s helper to intellectual and professional activity (Mastianica 2012). niu drzwi domu), ukazując stopniowe ewoluowanie ich ról społecznych, od Emilia Wróblewska does not belong to the figures that are described in the textbooks of Polish and Lithuanian history or literature, but she is also not a person completely overlooked by researchers. She is mentioned in publications about the former Wróblewski Library in Vilnius (e.g. Białokozowicz 2002: 207–208), her name appears next to her husband’s name in the name of this institution (Eustachy and Emilia Wróblewski Library, now the Wróblewski Library of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences). She was also mentioned by the biographers of her husband, exiled physician-homeopath and social activist Eustachy Wróblewski (1826–1891), and especially by those who studied the life, activities and ideological attitudes of her sons, Tadeusz Stanisław Wróblewski (1858–1925), a famous Vilnius lawyer, bibliophile, social activist, exiled and Augustyn Anicet Wróblewski (1866–after 1913), a scientist, biochemist, socialist, theoretician and propagator of anarchism. In 1999, historian Tamara Bairašauskaitė also reported on the presence of Wróblewska’s diaries in Vilnius’ archive collections, but she presented these sources fragmentarily (Bairašauskaitė 1999: 36–37). The archive data on Wróblewska’s diaries, together with a synthetic summary of their contents, placed in the electronic database of the Women’s Archive2, have a valuable information value for those interested in 19th-century women’s diaries. 2 http://archiwumkobiet.pl/autor/wroblewska-emilia [dostęp 2024 02 13]. cowanej w Instytucie Badań Literackich w Warszawie. Szerzej do dyskursu historycznego wprowadziła postać Wróblewskiej badaczka litewska Reda Griškaitė (2012, 2017), która przedstawiła szczegółowo interesujące wątki biograficzne i twórczość diarystki jako wartościowe źródło do badań literackich i historycznych. Zaprezentowała też wybrane wpisy autorki z różnych lat, jednak żaden z 7 tomów spuścizny ZOFIA SAWANIEWSKA-MOCHOWA. Dzienniki Emilii z Beniowskich Wróblewskiej the years 1850–1886 as a source for linguistic and cultural research 143 The Diary of a Wimpy Kid, ur. in 1830 in the city of Kobrin in the Grodno Governorate, daughter of Augustyna Krynska (1809–1869) and Major Bartłomiegrant (Lewak 1935: 429) still require thorough ja Beniowskiego (1800–1867), uczestnika powstania listopadowego i emilinguistic and cultural research and presentation against the background of female literature in connection with biographical, family, and environmental context. Raised in the traditions of romantic patriotism, she met her father, a polystopad immigrant and activist abroad (Harris 2019), only after more than 20 years in London. She admired him for his courage, brilliant memory and scientific work, and in her diary about her exiled father she wrote: “because he could find everything in a foreign land, / but this he would seek – help, advice, fame / will be given to him by all, but the heart, is it so easy to find / and even among the English” (DBW1, Vilnius, September 16, 1851, c. 38r)3. Emilia Wróblewska’s mother’s sister, Leokadia z Kryńskich Andrzejkowiczowa (1810–1882), who ran a pension for women in Vilnius, which was closed after the January uprising in 1864, also joined the movement for independence. Thanks to the detailed archive penetrations mentioned by R. Griškaitė (2017: 102–103), it is already known that Emilia Wróblewska was an educated woman at the time. She received her education at home, then at the best Vilnius girls’ pensions and at the Noble Institute in Vilnius. She had a predisposition to learn languages, she knew French, German, Russian, English. She was also willing to translate books she brought from abroad. She translated from English to Polish her father’s scientific work A Handbook of Phrenotypics for Teacher and Student (London 1842)4, and from French a collection of religious meditations entitled “A Handbook of Phrenotypics for Teacher and Student”. Les Paillettes d’Or (Okru3 In the quotes from Wróblewska’s diaries I keep the linguistic features of the originals. I do not adapt to today’s orthographic rules the diary’s entries, which may reflect the characteristics of regional pronunciation and dialectal usage and document the orthographic and phonetic processes still taking place in the general Polish language of the 19th century. I only modernize the punctuation and introduce punctuation marks necessary for syntactic and logical reasons. As graphic mannerism I consider the author’s placement of divisions or longer pauses in subscript. Sometimes they serve as a dot, semicolon, colon, or can also announce an insertion. I also do not exclude that the writer signalled her signs in this way. 41915. silne stany emocjonalne (rodzaj interpunkcji emotywnej). 4 60-kartkowy rękopis tego tłumaczenia ze wstępem Wróblewskiej, sporządzonym 16 listopada 1886 r., zachował się w zbiorach Biblioteki Litewskiej Akademii Nauk im. Wróblewskich (dalej skrót: BW LAN), sygn. F9–242. Książkę ojca przywiozła z Londynu najprawdopodobniej po 1855 r., egzemplarz dzieła Beniowskiego jest przechowywany w BW LAN, 144 COMMON LANGUAGE | 97 chy złote. A bunch of small advice for sanctifying and making life happier5). In 1851, she began working as a teacher of elementary education on a salary in Vilnius, led by the aforementioned aunt Andrzejkowicz and Emilija’s mother, Augustyna z Kryńskich Beniowska. She also obtained permission on Wróblewska’s limb to work at the base, which she understood as raising children (improving the moral strength of character) and educating them, also showing her predisposition to practice science, finally striving for lanie prywatnych lekcji francuskiego. Dzienniki dokumentują zamiłowanie self-improvement by choosing different readings in order to deepen knowledge from different fields and develop the sphere of spirituality. A thread that requires thorough investigation is the information given by R. Griš kaitė (2017: 90) after the biographers of the Wróblewski family and researchers of education in Lithuania in the 19th century (see Romanowski 2003: 285) about Emilija’s 40 years of running a secret pension for girls in Vilnius, in which pupils from the most outstanding local families received initial education. This is suggested by the inscription “40 years children taught” placed on the tombstone of Wróblewska in the cemetery at Stara Rossa. We do not find any information on this subject in the journals themselves, perhaps it was a kind of self-censorship on the part of the author not to reveal details that could threaten the safety of the students and their families if they fell into the wrong hands. In a single entry, probably made in 1884, in Notes of Various Subjects entitled My Thoughts (very difficult to read), she shared this reflection: “I have been a teacher since I was 15, and / now I am 54. [illegible], so for years I have been engaged in work so hard for others, and for me so nice, I love the childhood, youth” (NRW2, k. 17v), From a simple calculation it follows that almost 40 years Wróblewska was engaged in basic teaching. 5 BW LAN, sign. F9–928, 929. In one book there are translations of two collections of meditations, marked with separate signatures, a total of 155 pages. In the catalog of BW LAN manuscripts the years 1871–1873 are given, in the source itself the first collection is dated to 1868–1870, and the second to 1871–1873. In the catalogue information there is also a mention of the publication of the manuscript entitled. Golden Crumbs (1877) in the printing house of Józef Zawadzki. However, the edition lacks information about who made the translation. On the title page there is only the subtitle Zbiór pierwszy, and in the book itself there are both collections, which can be seen by using the digitized copy of Złote kruchy, from the Parish Library in Liszka, see. https://polona.pl/item-view/056e4994-7432-4324-bd9d3e2465385e0c?page=4 [dostęp 2023 12 01]. A comparison of the translation manuscript with the published text clearly shows that it is Wróblewska’s translation. However, it remains a mystery why the name of the author of the translation was not revealed in the publication. ZOFIA SAWANIEWSKA-MOCHOWA. Dzienniki Emilii z Beniowskich Wróblewskiej zlat1850–1886jakoźródłodobadańjęzykowo-kulturowych 145 The diary writer not only fulfilled herself in the role of an amateur writer and translator, but also, as her diaries clearly show, she was a mother very strongly emotionally linked to her children, involved in their intellectual formation. In the Pedagogical Notes written in 1867 during her stay in London, she revealed that the time she spent away from her family should be used to learn frenotypic6, read historical works, master the English language and “work <…> on everything I see that may be useful to my children” (NPW, c. 1v). Of the seven children of Wróblewski, only two sons reached adulthood, Wróblewska survived the loss of three sons (Władysław, Zygmunt and Kazimierz) and two daughters (Stanisława and Maria). Her daughter Maria, for whom she kept a diary, died at the age of less than 18. The diary writer died at the age of 56, entries in the diaries she kept for almost 30 years of her life with a longer break in the years 1873-1877 and 1879-1883. She belonged to the women who – as R. Griškaitė aptly described it – “could not fail to write” (Griškaitė 2017: 109). Emilii Wróblewskiej’s manuscript legacy is a valuable source for various linguistic researches. Polszczyzna jest wartością konstytutywną w aksjosferze patriotycznej rodziny szlacheckiej, jednak żaden z dotychczasowych badaczy manuskryptów diarystki nie koncentrował się na walorach językowych, grafii jej zapisów, różnorodności stylistycznej i gatunkowej piśmiennictwa Wróblewskiej, a przecież jej egodokumenty (nie tylko dzienniki, ale i listy, tłumaczenia, streszczenia lektur7) to cenne 6 Frenotypiką (z ang. phrenotypics) nazwał Bartłomiej Beniowski skonstruowaną przez siebie maszynę, służącą do doskonalenia pojemności pamięci i przyswajania ogromu danych, więcej na ten temat zob. : Griškaitė 2017: 98. The diary writer herself described her father’s invention as “images of memory”, “miracles of memory”, and in the preface to the translation of Beniowski’s English work she wrote: “The mind / of his inventor was looking for a motor machine <…>, which would with a speed a hundred times / greater than [d]press in his memory the enormity / of the messages that he wanted to convey to his / memory – and which, besides its speed, would have / such a power that, once pressed on the brain, / it would engrave them there so deeply that they would become one with him / one inseparable whole. He thought, searched / studied all the old systems as his own own thought- / word this motor machine; laid its pegs and shafts” (BW LAN, sign. świat / Mnemoniki (nauki pamięci) i nakoniec przez / różne kombinacje ułożył utworzył F9–242, p. 2r–2v]. 7 Wróblewska began writing summaries of books she had read and collecting notes from various fields of knowledge (economics, ancient history, the history and culture of Vilnius, geography) on 15 November 1871 (NRW1, k. 1r). They document the breadth of her interests. On the daughter, początku rękopisu Treść moich czytań wyjaśniła cel swojej pracy: „Piszę to z myślą o mojej wanting to encourage her / to herself, when she grows up, each / read work summarize- 146 BENDRINĖ KALBA | 97 testimony of 19th-century Polish, used in the written form by the intellectually active representatives of the Vilnius intelligentsia. The diary writer had extensive linguistic competences, her work is characterized by the culture of the word and lexical richness, and at the same time in Wróblewska’s writings there are various types of fluctuations that can testify to the variation of contemporary handwriting and the existence of a peculiar grapholects, used in the manuscripts, as well as the reflection in the writing of the pronunciation characteristics of the Vilnius intelligentsia of the 19th century. Already noticeable at the preliminary reading of fragments of diaries, the border coloration of the diary writer’s Polish language requires careful analysis, qualitative and quantitative, and confrontation with the language of texts of other 19th-century authors from Lithuania writing in Polish, as well as with the tendencies of the general Polish language of the 19th century. Even a brief recognition of the diary entries from different years indicates that the writer exhibits fluctuations in the use of consonants of three series: the first, the syczącego (Z), ciszącego (Ź) i szumiącego (Ž), co przejawia się na płaszgraphic, with disturbances in the use of diacritics (dots, dashes). Irena Bajerowa (1986: 33) described the state of orthography of 19th-century manuscripts in terms of the use of diacritics as still unstable, often careless. Wróblewska also relatively often omits diacritics or gives them in a non-uniform, inconsistent way, treating the use of dashes and dots quite freely (examples in the further part of the article). Therefore, it is necessary to be careful when reconstructing on the basis of unstabilized graphs the relationship between the graphic unit (graphem) and its sound implementation. The aim of the digital edition is to be as accurate as possible in relation to the original, to decompose the diaries of the diary writer with a representation of their graphic variability, and then to conduct comparative studies to assess the reflection in writing of the characteristics of pronunciation. Based on the hundred pages of manuscripts decomposed so far, it is already possible to signal the occurrence in Wróblewska’s diaries of two opposite tendencies, most likely having an articulatory basis: omitting the drawing of palatal consonants in pronunciation (type pamięc, odbyc, dzis, tydzien, bądz, the word ‘express’) and marking in the same position the softness of the consonant c (type pomoc). The presence of secondary processes burns itself, because then do- / only real her will bring benefit. / I started late, but for a good step / it can never be too late” (NRW1, k. 1r). ZOFIA SAWANIEWSKA-MOCHOWA. Dzienniki Emilii z Beniowskich Wróblewskiej zellat1850–1886ie as a source for linguistic and cultural studies of latalisation and 147 dyspalatalisation of consonants in different positions in Polish of the northern period is, of course, not surprising, because we have many evidences of these phenomena from different phases of development and functional varieties of Polish from Lithuania (Kurzowa 1993: 237, 239–240). It is interesting from a research point of view that a person from the intelligence circle, literate, communicating with various texts, knowing languages and educating others, using a high variant of Polish8, succumbs to the influence of regional usage despite his linguistic competences. In this context, it is necessary to recall the observation of Zofia Kurzowa, who considered the disruptions in the distribution of three-order consonants as “the most striking feature of the consonantism of the filomates”, and the whole range of use of three-order consonants as “the only area in which the filomates were unable to cope in terms of phonetics” (Kurzowa 1972: 47, 67; Bajerowa 1986: 125). It turns out that this area, situated on the border of spelling and pronunciation, also caused difficulties to Wróblewska, although she coped with it much better than the filomates. However, modernizing the spelling of the diarist’s manuscripts to the present state, removing the variantity, which also characterized the orthography and morphological system of the Polish general language of the 19th century (Bajerowa 1986: 123–124), would deprive these sources of the value of authentic testimony to the time, the presence of peculiar forms and regional conditions of Polish language the diarist did not undertake. I do not reproach this fact at all, because the researcher was occupied with the analysis of the content of the documents (and carried it out perfectly8. With this term I XIX-wiecznej polszczyzny używanej w egodokumentach kobiecych z Litwy. Warto dodać, że krótkie cytaty z rękopisów Wróblewskiej podawane w bazie Archiwum Kobiet są uwspółcześnione, a zatem nie mają wartości dokumentacyjnej dla historyka języka i badacza polszczyzny regionalnej. Jedynie R. Griškaitė starała się zachowywać w cytowanych fragmentach dzienników pisownię i segmentację oryginału, jednak rozważań na temat wahań diakrydescribe, following Anna Zielińska (2002: 12), the variant of Polish used in Lithuania by the intelligentsia of peasantry-nobility origin. This term, motivated by sociolinguistics, seems adequate to Wróblewska’s good knowledge of Polish as a representative of the peasant-noble cyjnie), a nie kwestie z zakresu grafemiki, fonetyki czy morfonologii. Nasze class, which reinforced the ranks of the Polish revolutionary movement. Syrokomli (cf. Trypućko 1955–1957; Karaś 2022), who befriended Eustachy inteligencji wileńskiej. Trudno na wstępnym etapie badań wyrokować, jaki twórca mógł Wróblewski, Emilia's husband. 148 BENDRINĖ KALBA | 97 readings, moreover, as I can determine from the quotes published by R. Griškaitė (2012) from selected manuscripts, are essentially convergent, although there are some differences, for example, rážnių (Griškaitė 2012: 241) I would interpret as rožnių ‘different’ (DWB1, k. 38r), because the graphic z with imprecisely marked diacritics gives in Wróblewska’s manuscripts both the [ž] and the [ź] sound, but in this case the context helps in the proper understanding of this form, because it is about people of different ages, nations and statuses9; on the other hand, the reading do vėžna (Griškaitė 2012: 275) after comparison with the manuscript is undoubtedly to late (DBW1, k. 7r); finally, imprecise writing chrescijanka (Griškaitė 2012: 264), when the manuscript contains the form chrescijanka (DMW, k. 2r) with the allograph rz implementing the [ž] fonem. Due to the noticeable differences in the reading of the diary writer’s writing, the best solution, both from the point of view of the research workshop of the linguist and the historian, is to prepare a digital edition of the diaries in open access, presenting two views of the manuscript: the transcription of the original supplemented by a network of interactive commentaries and a visual representation of the original text. It will then be possible to report the need to correct the proposed readings depending on the reference frame used and to comment on some of Wróblewska’s problematic statements, which change over the years. The most graphically varied, as already mentioned above, is the implementation in writing of the phoneme [ž], marked in a careful way as ž and rz, and less carefully or even manneristically as z with a stroke of varying length placed above the letter or at a considerable distance from it. The latter type of notation is presented in the examples below schematically as ‹ź›, in order to distinguish it from the phenomena in the whole material, and the consideration of the detailed conditions is key, because it will allow us to recognize whether we are dealing with actual 9 Emilia Kolinko, translator and editor of the Polish edition of the text Griškaitė, introduced the modern notation of different, removing at the same time the reflexes of regional phonetics in the form of the exchange of ó > o (Griškaitė 2017: 100). Other quotations from Wróblewska’s manuscripts have also been normalized according to current orthographic rules. ku ź, symbolizującego dźwięk [ź], jak np. w wyrazie jeźli, odzwierciedlającym upodobnienie pod względem dźwięczności (jeśli > jeźli). Pełniejszej intepretacji i poszukiwania paralel w pismach innych XIX-wiecznych autorów z Litwy wymagają zapisy diarystki, w których pojawia się spółgłoska z zamiast spodziewanego ż lub ź i odwrotnie. Ustalenie frekwencji tych ZOFIA SAWANIEWSKA-MOCHOWA. Dzienniki Emilii z Beniowskich Wróblewskiej the years 1850–1886 as a source for linguistic and cultural research 155 NRW1 – Miscellaneous notes by Emilii Wróblewska 1871, BW LAN, sign. F9-902, 35 maps. NRW2 – Miscellaneous notes by Emilia Wróblewska “My thoughts” 1883–1884, BW LAN, sign. F9–884, 56 cards in poor condition. WEW – Impressions of Emilia Wróblewska, 1854, BW LAN, sign. F9 – 998, 17 cards: Impressions and resulting feelings and resolutions from the Retreat 1854 Gr 16 (description of experiences from six days of retreat). LITERATURA Archiwum Kobiet 2013–2018, zespół red. pod kierunkiem M. Rudaś-Grodzkiej, Warszawa: Instytut Badań Literackich Polskiej Akademii Nauk. Pobrano z: http://archiwumkobiet.pl/autor/wroblewska-emilia [dostęp 2024 02 13]. Bairašauskaitė Tamara 1999: Dzienniki szlachty litewskiej z XIX wieku w zbiorach wileńskich. – Białostocczyzna 2(54), 32–37. Bairašauskaitė Tamara 2011: Moteris šeimoje ir visuomenėje. – Devynioliktas amžius: visuomenė ir valdžia, red. T. Bairašauskaitė, Z. Medišauskienė, R. Miknys, Vilnius: Baltos lankos, 457–468. Bajerowa Irena 1986: Polski język ogólny XIX wieku: Stan i ewolucja 1: Ortografia, fonologia z fonetyką, morfonologia, Katowice: Uniwersytet Śląski. Bartmiński Jerzy 2020: Z czym „rymuje się” WOLNOŚĆ? Koncept WOLNOŚCI w polu leksykalnym, w pojęciowej słowosieci i w konceptosferze. – Język i pamięć: Księga jubileuszowa dedykowana Panu Profesorowi Wojciechowi Chlebdzie z okazji 70. urodzin, red. W. Mokijenko, J. Tarsa, Opole: Uniwersytet Opolski, 105–115. Białokozowicz Bazyli 2002: Tadeusz Stanisław Wróblewski – założyciel Biblioteki im. Emilii i Eustachego Wróblewskich, patriota Wilna i obrońca praw człowieka. – Wilno i świat: Dzieje środowiska intelektualnego 1, red. E. Feliksiak, M. Leś, Białystok: Towarzystwo Literackie im. Adama Mickiewicza, Oddział Białostocki, 207–228. Brzozowska Małgorzata 2006: Patriotyzm. – Język. Wartości. Polityka: Zmiany rozumienia nazw wartości w okresie transformacji ustrojowej w Polsce: Raport z badań empirycznych, red. J. Bartmiński, Lublin: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej, 399–402. Brzozowska Małgorzata 2009: Patriotyzm i nacjonalizm w polskim dyskursie ideologicznym. – Etnolingwistyka. Problemy Języka i Kultury 21, 103–118. Griškaitė Reda 2012: Emilijos Beniovskytės-Vrublevskienės (Emilia z Beniowskich Wróblewska, 1830-10-05–1886-12-23) dienoraščiai (1850-0805–1886-09). – Archivum Lithuanicum 14, 227–308. 156 BENDRINĖ KALBA | 97 Griškaitė Reda 2017: Dzienniki Emilii z Beniowskich Wróblewskiej, przełożyła z litewskiego E. Kolinko. – Pamiętnik Literacki 108(1), 89–133. Pobrano z: https://rcin.org.pl/dlibra/publication/82666/edition/64658/content [dostęp 2023 12 01]. Harris Emma 2019: Bartłomiej Beniowski 1800–1867: Cosmopolitical Chartist and Revolutionary Refugee, Warszawa: Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego. Kałwa Dobrochna 1997: Ze studiów nad historią kobiet w XIX wieku: Metodologia, stan badań. – Historyka Studia Metodologiczne 27, 123–132. Kałwa Dobrochna 2014: Historia kobiet – kilka uwag metodologicznych. – Dzieje kobiet w Polsce: Dyskusja wokół przyszłej syntezy, red. K. A. Makowski, Poznań: Wydawnictwo Nauka i Innowacje, 13–28. Karaś Halina 2022: Język gawędy ludowej Wielki Czwartek Władysława Syrokomli na tle polszczyzny ogólnej i północnokresowej XIX wieku. – Władysław Syrokomla: Szkice i studia: W dwusetną rocznicę urodzin i sto sześćdziesiątą rocznicę śmierci pisarza, red. naukowa K. Kościewicz, B. Kuryłowicz, H. Sokołowska, Białystok: Uniwersytet w Białymstoku; Wydawnictwo Prymat, 17–40. Karolak Ireneusz 1993: Patriotyzm. – Nazwy wartości: Studia leksykalno- -semantyczne 1, red. J. Bartmiński, M. Mazurkiewicz-Brzozowska, Lublin: Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej 1993, 157–176. Kurzowa Zofia 1972: Studia nad językiem filomatów i filaretów: Fonetyka, fleksja, składnia, Kraków: Uniwersytet Jagielloński, Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe. Kurzowa Zofia 1993: Język polski Wileńszczyzny i kresów północno-wschodnich XVI–XX w., Warszawa–Kraków: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN. Lewak Adam 1935: Beniowski Bartłomiej. – Polski słownik biograficzny 1, red. W. Konopczyński, Kraków: Polska Akademia Umiejętności, 429. Masojć Irena, Sawaniewska-Mochowa Zofia 2024: Dzienniki dla dzieci prowadzone przez Emilię Wróblewską jako źródła do badania polszczyzny inteligencji wileńskiej XIX wieku. – Poradnik Językowy 1, 24– 44. DOI: 10.33896/PorJ.2024.1.2. https://www.journals.polon.uw.edu.pl/ index.php/pj/article/view/1301. Mastianica Olga 2012: Pravėrus namų duris: moterų švietimas Lietuvoje XVIII a. pabaigoje – XX a. pradžioje, Vilnius: Lietuvos istorijos institutas. Medišauskienė Zita 2001: Moters idealas Lietuvos konservatorių akimis (XIX a. vidurys). – Feminizmas, visuomenė, kultūra 3, 118–127. Romanowski Andrzej 2003: Pozytywizm na Litwie: Polskie życie kulturalne na ziemiach litewsko-białorusko-inflanckich w latach 1864–1904, Kraków: Universitas. ZOFIA SAWANIEWSKA-MOCHOWA. Dzienniki Emilii z Beniowskich Wróblewskiej zlat1850–1886jakoźródłodobadańjęzykowo-kulturowych 157 Trypućko Józef 1955–1957: Język Władysława Syrokomli (Ludwika Kondratowicza): Przyczynek do dziejów polskiego języka literackiego w wieku XIX, 1–2, Uppsala: A.-B. Lundequistka Bokhandeln; Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz. Zielińska Anna 2002: Polska mniejszość na Litwie Kowieńskiej: Studium socjolingwistyczne, Warszawa: Slawistyczny Ośrodek Wydawniczy. Złote okruchy (Les Paillettes d’Or) 1877: Wiązanka malutkich rad dla uświęcenia i uszczęśliwienia życia: Przekład z francuzkiego: Zbiorek pierwszy, Wilno: Nakładem drukarni Józefa Zawadzkiego. Pobrano z: https://polona.pl/ item-view/056e4994-7432-4324-bd9d-3e2465385e0c?page=4 [dostęp 2023 12 01]. Żarnowska Anna 2014: Czy przełom XIX i XX wieku otwierał kobietom przejścia ze sfery prywatnej do sfery publicznej? Rola barier obyczajowych. – Rocznik Antropologii Historii 4(2/7), 279–290. Received 2024-03-11 Adopted 2024-04-15 ZOFIA SAWANIEWSKA-MOCHOWA THE DIARIES OF EMILIA WRÓBLEWSKA, NÉE BENIOWSKA, FROM YEARS 1850–1886 AS A SOURCE FOR LINGUISTIC STUDIES AND CULTURAL RESEARCH Summary The article initiates interdisciplinary research on the rich manuscript heritage of Emilia Wróblewska née Beniowska from the years 1850–1886, related to the preparation of a digital edition of her seven manuscripts. Reda Griškaitė was the first to introduce the intimate writings of this little-known author from 19th century Lithuania into the historical discourse. She drew attention to the literary and documentary values of Wróblewska's diaries, which were important from the point of view of researching Lithuanian society of that day. However, the diary’s Polish as her primary language system has never been a subject of linguistic analysis. Wróblewska's entire work (diaries kept for herself, for her son Tadeusz and daughter Maria, various notes, reading notes, translations of the texts from French and English) was created in Polish, so it constitutes a unique linguistic document of the era. The article draws attention to the fact that the diarist’s Polish language requires researching from various perspectives, taking into account such aspects as: 1) the author’s grapholect and the diacritic variability; 2) frequency of regional phenomena and individual characteristics; 3) the presence of processes characteristic of the 158 BENDRINĖ KALBA | 97 general language of the 19th century (especially recessive and expansive features), 4) stylistic and genre diversity of women’s diaries (the richness of expressivisms and emotionalisms, the use of elements of ‘maternal style’ in children’s diaries – a specific genre of intimate diaries, the use of constitutive features of the language of a private prayer). The diary’s Polish language should also be looked at from an axiolinguistic perspective, since in addition to the historical and moral context, her personal testimonies reveal evaluative concepts that can be reconstructed on the basis of language. Discovering the capacity of the concept of PATRIOTISM in Wróblewska's writing requires including this value in a broader conceptual complex and presenting it in relations with other values important for her and, more broadly, for the intelligentsia of that time, such as HOMELAND, GOD, FAMILY, WORK, EDUCATION. The semantic dominant element of the concept of PATRIOTISM is love for the homeland, but it translates into the functioning of various models of patriotism: heroic, romantic, positivist, national, Christian, local and others. Wróblewska's diaries document her positivistic patriotism, understood as educating herself and deepening her intellectual sphere, refreshing her spirit through zealous religiosity and Christian ethics, and maintaining fundamental values in the family, as well as embracing local patriotism. KEYWORDS: diaries, herstory, 19th century, Lithuania, digital edition of sources, Polish language from the former North-Eastern Borderlands. ZOFIA SAWANIEWSKA-MOCHOWA Instytut Slawistyki Polskiej Akademii Nauk ul. Jaracza 1 00-378 Warszawa [email protected] ZOFIA SAWANIEWSKA-MOCHOWA EMILIA BENIOVSKYTĖ-VRUBLEVSKIENĖ’S DIARY 1850–1886 – A SOURCE FOR LANGUAGE AND CULTURE RESEARCH Summary Straipsniu inicijuojami tarpdisciplininiai Emilijos Beniovskytės-Vrublevskienės (1850–1886) rich manuscript heritage, on the basis of which a digital edition of her seven diaries is being prepared. Reda Griškaitė was the first to bring the manuscripts of this little-known 19th-century Lithuanian nobility into the horizon of historical discourse. She drew attention to the literary and documentary value of ZOFIA SAWANIEWSKA-MOCHOWA. Dzienniki Emilii z Beniowskich Wróblewskiej women’s diaries zzlat1850–1886ajjakoeźródłoeddoedbadańenjęzykowo-kulturowych 159 and their importance in the study of Lithuanian society of this period. However, the Polish language used by the diary writer, which was her native language, has not yet been the subject of linguistic analysis. All Vrublevskaia’s manuscript works (diaries written for herself, her son Tadeusz and her daughter Maria, various notes, summaries of books she read, translations of texts from French and English) are in Polish and therefore an important linguistic document of this period. The article draws attention to the fact that the language of the diary should be viewed from different perspectives, taking into account the following aspects: 1) graphic characteristics of the author's spelling and the variability of diacritics; 2) the frequency of regional characteristics and individual traits; 3) the expression of processes characteristic of the common language of the 19th century (especially the declining and expanding features); 4) stylistic and genre diversity of women’s diaries (abundant expressive and emotional vocabulary, elements of motherly style in diaries for children, specific genre of intimate diaries, characteristics of private prayer language). The language of the diary should also be looked at from an axiolinguistic point of view, because Vrublevskių personal testimonies, in addition to the historical and moral context, reveal axiological concepts that can be reconstructed based on language. In order to understand the content of the concept of PATRIOTISM in Vrublevskienė’s work, it is necessary to include this value in a broader complex of concepts, indicating the links with other values important to her, and more broadly – to the intelligentsia of the time, such as FATHERLAND, GOD, FAMILY, WORK, EDUCATION. The semantic dominant of the concept of PATRIOTISM is love for the homeland, but it is expressed in various models of patriotism: heroic, romantic, positivist, national, Christian, local, etc. Vrublevskaia’s diaries document her positivist patriotism, which is understood as self-education and deepening of intellectual aspirations, upholding the spirit through stern religiosity and Christian ethics, and preserving the basic values in the family. Vrublevskaia’s diaries also reflect local patriotism. KEY WORDS: diaries, women's history, 19th century, Lithuania, digitization of sources, Polish language of the north-eastern border. ZOFIA SAWANIEWSKA-MOCHOWA Instytut Slawistyki Polskiej Akademii Nauk ul. Jaracza 1 00-378 Warszawa [email protected]