Kirtis, priegaidė ir jų poveikis vokalizmui Biržų tarmėje

L.1. BETiUN1I UB K:ALBOTYRO'S K. LiA U.S.: 1 MA. Iz I LLET U V O S ETS R MOK SLY ACADEMY ORIGIN, ACCIDENT AND EFFECTS VOCALIST BIRŽŲ IN THE GARDEN I. JAŠINSKAITĖ The Biržai dialect in this case is called the dialect used by the local population In the city of Biržai ir 5—10 km radius around. Ši The dialect belongs to the highland eastern pointers. The specificity of the vocalism of the Biržai dialect is determined by some processes closely related to the su accentuation. ir Before reviewing the results of these ir jų processes, provide a sneak peek at least briefly touch dialect accent ir diversion. According to the traditional opinion, Biržai is considered to belong to the area of universal deforestation. But in reality this is not the case. In the Biržai dialect, the consonant is conditionally diverted, but in the same way as in other ne dialects in the consonant diverter zone. In general, conditional conjugation is the phenomenon when the conjugation is withdrawn from the strong and short endings to the long root (or pre-terminal syllable). However, in Biržai dialect everything is determined not by the number of roots, but by the number of endings. The law of accent deduction in dialects is as follows: from short endings the accent is deducted!, from long endings (tvirtaprade or tvirtagalės) -nededucted, e.g.: šak < šaka, nmėš* < nešū, bal < balti, ruitks < rankas, vaiks< vaikai, bet šakos < šakės, vaikė < vaikai, sako < sakaū, vaikdm < vaikam, katrai katrai. There are 5 types of assignments: 1. The strong-end (")—heard on the diphthongs ai, au, ei and mixed diphthongs in the dialect of the first sando, e.g. : Adims < kaimas, kduls < kaulas, véids < véidas, md it < malti, pirms < < pirmās, stumt < stumti, sim? < get, requests < window. 2. the strong-end (“)—audible on the diphthongs ai, au, ei, w and mixed diphthongs in the dialect of the second sando, e.g.: vaiks < vaikas, Idfūks < laūkas, kreipT < kreipti, pomks < puikūs, balps < balnas, ki7vi.5 < kitvys (kifvis) runk < ranka gūlt < gulti; on the root of the firm root, newly drawn to it! The exceptions are the pronouns katras, ands, viskas, kaškas, which are pronounced as single-syllable pronouns kds, fds. * The softness of the consonants before the vowels of the front row is not indicated, because in that 7). 189 case they are always soft in the dialect (except for the accent, e.g.: ka 1% < kalnė, balt < bald, lung < lange, laib < laiba (this confirms that all consonants are strong). 3. shortiné ()—audible: on short vowels in monosyllabic Zodephs, e.g.: mat, bét, tik, su; on newly kiréiuoty short vowels, which have received an accent after its abduction, e.g.: višt < višta, gér < gerd, vis < visi, suk < suku; in some future tense III person verbs, where the dialect has abbreviated vowels from the strong beginners, and the literary language — forms with metatonic, e.g.: sakis < sakys (says), kūs < kans (what), or where the dialect has short vowels instead of the old strongs, e.g.: ris (you), skis (you will) (these short vowels may have arisen by analogy with the first case or simply abbreviated from strongs); on the pronouns ands, katrds, viskas, kaškas, the endings of which are not digressed in dialect by analogy with the monosyllabic pronouns tds, kas. 4. middle (*)—audible: on elongated words under the accent 7, u, e.g.: šits < šitas, ri.š < riša, rid.ds < rūdas, 2.7 < tūri; on long vowels and diphthongs ie, uo, which have newly acquired an accent after its abduction, e.g. sins < sūnūs, šmon < mona, dien < diena, juod < juoda; on accented long vowels and diphthongs re, wo, e.g.: virs < vyras, pik? < angry, Sons < son, John < Jednas, piens < pienas, šiens < Si€nas, duon dūona, laughs < laughs. 5. crossed < (*)—heard on the end of abbreviated words with a strong consonant ė, o, Gi, au, ei and ie, Uo, PVZ. : kates < katės, šakos < šakės, gers < gerai, sako < sakaū, sake < sakei, ane < anié, katro < katrud (e—ė with e-shadow, o—o with a-shadow, e—e¢ with a-shadow). It can be observed that the vowels and diphthongs of the literary language at the end of the word echo some dialect sounds, and at the beginning and in the middle of the word — others. Thus, the laws of dialect word endings are different from those of non-terminal syllables. The endings of dialect words are affected by strong shortening, including accentuated, unaccentuated syllables. Here it intertwines with another phenomenon not less characteristic of the dialect — the abbreviation of unpronounced syllables. This is particularly true for the non-dialectal endings, because both of these processes take place in them. A third factor affects the diphthongs: the assimilation of diphthongs, which accelerates their shortening. All three of these ir processes, ir taking place in close interrelationship with each other, gave the present word endings in the dialect. We will review the vocalism of dialect word endings to highlight the consequences of these processes. ir 1. Short terminal vowels a, e, i, # in the dialect were not pronounced iš old or because of the accent deflection. In such a position they fell or were eliminated, e.g.: shak shaka, vaiks vaikas, (su) kd7 katė, < kat; cats, kI7 others, unt < šntis, dirb dirbu, vaiks vaikai. < < < < < < The dropping of these vowels is quite understandable —they can no longer be shortened, therefore fall out, under the influence of the shortening mo ir of abbreviated syllables. In the pronounced position they would probably not have fallen out, as pronouns ands, katras, viskas, kaškas show. 190 2. long vowels q, g, í, y, ų, # in the accentuated ending retain their quantity (not all retain their quality), e.g.: nešūs < nešafis, ani < anaū, mani < manefl, gaidis < gaidys, vaikii < vaikų. As you can see, in this position, shortening the limbs does not affect them. In the unaccented ending, these vowels are shortened to semivocals, e.g. dirbu.s < dirbans (dirbąs), vaiku. < vaikan (child), rdši.s < rūšens (written- ), kati. 2nd ed., pp. 102. (in French) Œuvres complètes, vol. <eye, son> sons, garden. < sddy. 3. long vowels ė, o are pronounced independently of the presence or absence of accent, e.g. kate < katé (cat), bulbe < bulbé (potato), šakos < šakės, gėldos < gėldos. There is a difference between absolute and non-absolute endings, which is not observed in other long vowels. In the absolute ending, Ik ė, o corresponds to the dialect e, a, e.g.: wpe (river), gesme (song), varla (frog), raša (writes), sava (its own). Apparently, in this case the absolute ending was shortened already when instead of 1k é, o there was é, a. These č, a were shortened in dialect to e, a and, during the &, >, o process, they could no longer be changed. In the non-absolute ending Ik ė, o in dialect gives e (after /£), o, for example: gesmes <giesmčs, giesmes < giésmés, varlės < varlės, varles < vailės, šakos < šakės, šūkos < šakos. The non-absolute ending was shortened in dialect later, when ė, 4 had already been changed to é, o. As the ending was shortened, these lé, o were shortened and therefore widened, giving the short e, £, o. 4. Diphthongs ai, au, ei become consonant if they are old-fashioned (with or without accent), e.g.: vaikė < vaikai, Idukės < laukais, sode < sddai, mato < mataū, sunos < sūnaūs, valgo < valgau; matę < matei, valgė < valgei, kate < kūtei. These diphthongs are strongly orthographically pronounced, and do not change, e.g. andi< andi, rindi < tenai, tau < tau, sdu < sau (no examples of a diphthong ei have been found in this case). These diphthongs seem to be reducing, as the only example this.that < this (see use) shows. Thus, in dialect, the endings or, au, ei give different responses: sometimes they remain the same, sometimes they are reduced, 0 sometimes becomes consonant. As you can see, the strong consonants ai, au, er are the most prone to abbreviation—they even become consonant. This is determined by their phonetic- -articulatory structure. The diphthongs ai, au, ei—combinations of broad and narrow sounds—become particularly uncomfortable when pronounced firmly. Then the first syllable, which is pronounced weaker in this case, is reduced and assimilated with the second to make it easier to pronounce. Shortening of the limbs accelerates the process even further. Perhaps, a little bit of assimilation and the second. When the two sands were equalized and merged (or perhaps when the second one fell off), one sound emerged from the two sounds, which was supposed to be long at first, but shortened later. In this way, the consonants or, au, ei could become consonant. The strong beginners ai, au, ei have a completely different nature — their first syllable is pronounced sharply, therefore not prone to weakening, and the second does not show a tendency to reduction and assimilation, because, being narrow, it naturally prepares the pronunciation of the following consonant or the closure of the mouth. For these reasons, the strong-started endings ai, au, ei, when pronounced, remain unchanged, as can be seen from the examples given above, while when unpronounced they no longer have the vocal pressure on the first sando, lose their resistance and become slightly reduced. 191 Thus, the reverbs of the terminal diphthongs or, au, ei in the dialect are the result of the assimilation of the sands and the shortening of the extremities. 5. Diphthongs ie, uo in both the accentuated and unaccentuated endings are unison- **.y. =.~ aa * §. seeja up to short vowels e, 0, e.g.: ane < ani€, naktes < nakti€s, ši.te < šitie, ano < anud, daings < dainuos, ši.to < šituo. It is also a result of the assimilation of diphthongs and the shortening of the limbs. 6. The diphthong wi at the end of a word is rare. It is pronounced strongly, and reduces to 54, which shows the assimilation of sands, e.g. apsukti < apsukui (around). In the unaccented ending, wi seems to fall like no other diphthong, e.g. sin < son, stal < table. Judging by the vns alone. caud. endings, it is possible to assume that -w, which in dialects often occurs at the ending of this vowel, has fallen here. However, the fall of the secondary wi in the dialect, e.g. turg® < tuiguj < tuiguje, Vili < Vilniuj < Vilniuje, suggests that vns is also present. caud. nurito wi. 7. Final mixed diphthongs are usually secondary, so they are no longer shortened in dialect. In the past, the ending is sometimes diphthong or —then it loses the second sand, e.g. da < dar, daba < dabat. As you can see, the laws of word endings affect short vowels the most — they even fall out. Long vowels are shortened at the end of the word, but not equally: some are more affected by the shortening of unpronounced syllables (4, ¢, í, y, ů, #), 0 others — by the shortening of endings (é, o). Diphthongs are also abbreviated differently: diphthongs ai, au, ei are affected by the prefix, while ie, wo are consonant at each ending. No matter how different the word endings are in a dialect, they are always regular. In non-terminal syllables, the vowels, diphthongs and mixed diphthongs of the literary language reflect slightly different dialect sounds. When you look at them, it turns out that there are their own phonetic laws. As at the end of the word, the law of abbreviation of unpronounced syllables applies here, which affects some vowels even more strongly than the corresponding final vowels. In addition, there is a law of elongation of short accented syllables, according to which short accented vowels become longer. This law cannot be applied at the end of a word, because the final short vowels have been preserved only in single-syllable words and in newly-appeared syllables at the end, 0 of which are not affected by this law. In non-terminal syllables, the assimilation of diphthongs (and mixed diphthongs) also occurs, which is known from the end of the word. The coordinated action of all these laws gave the current system of non-terminal vowels, diphthongs and mixed diphthongs in the Biržai dialect. We will review it here: 1. The non-terminal short vowels a, e under the accent are lengthened, atrodo, to long, 0 i, u—to semi-long, e.g.: tūks < tūkas, kas t < kūsti, rėts < rétas, mėsTt < mėsti, Idk < Iškia, širs < šitas, ri.kys < tikras, md. 7) and "Sweet Dreams" (ep. In unaccented positions, these vowels are short, e.g. sakik < sakyk, pamete < praradė (pametė), sudé? < put together, ricre < sure. 3 That this form is not -gstameno, as one might think, is shown by the solid ending g. 192 2. Non-terminal long vowels ė, 0, 4, ¢, í, y, y, f retain their length in the accented position, e.g.: rék7 rėkti, /ėkT < < 357 < liūti (to lie), < oirs < vyras, skūsT < skunsti (to complain- ), būt < būti. When not accentuated, these vowels are shortened to short ones. ė, and in this case it becomes broader and acquires the e, a tone. after/in this case gives £ (generalized e). For example: < reki.ms screami- < ng, Iehi.ms jumping, #mon i < people, kušnis < kansnšs (bite), tisi.ms < tesimas, i né¥7 <infertility, rire < morning, shaving shaving, < ruki? < smoke, species < writing, vdlgit <vélgyti. 3. Non-terminal diphthongs ai, au, ei, being solid beginings, retain their quantity and quality ir (excluding ei po /), e.g.: kdims < village, daikrės < thing, sauj < handful, wait < wait, véids < véidas, Idis T < crawl. The first syllable of these diphthongs is somewhat reduced and assimilated by the second, e.g. žaist žaisti, laiks ir laikas, drdūgs draūgas, ddilg daūg, kreipt kreipti, 2i7 < eiti. < < < < < Here is the very ta assimilation of sands, noted at the end of the word. This is another proof that the phonetic characteristics of strong-vowel diphthongs provide more favorable conditions for the assimilation of sounds in them than in strong-vowel diphthongs. In non-terminal fixed-end syllables, the assimilation of diphthongs occurs independently, without the support of the end-shortening as at the end of the word, so its results are weaker — there is no consonantization here. In the unaccented position, the diphthongs ai, au, ei are shortened as much as the consonants, but the second syllable is not emphasized, e.g.: vaikė < vaikai, laimėt <laiméti, Iduki.ms < laukimas, drdug? < friends, mirror. ; 5 < veidėlis (veidelis), Iaidi.ms < leidimas. 4. The non-terminal diphthongs ie, uo, while pronounced, retain their quantity and quality, e.g. viens < viens, šiens < šičnas, poteds < pūodas, juoks < juokas. In unpronounced syllables they are shortened to short e, 0, e.g. šendut < haynauti, vem < vienų, odė < moskai, kole<kuolai, joduoj < juodioja, obolis < obuolys. This unification is also the result of the assimilation of the Sands. As you can see, the assimilation is further advanced here, even to consonantization, while the diphthongs ai, au, ei in the unpronounced syllable are only reduced. This is probably because the diphthongs ie, uo, being of closer nature and forming a closer compound, are easier to assimilate and therefore become more monophonic. 5. The first-vowel diphthong xi is not found in the imperfect syllable. When it is strong, it reduces to ou, e.g. poiks < great (proud), medls < soap. In the unpronounced syllable wi also gives wi, e.g. mbtilė < sopai. The mixed diphthongs am, em, an, en in the Biržai dialect, as in other pointinist dialects, have changed to wm, im, un, in, e.g. : Send.s < samtys, sim? < sėmti, luniks < laukkas, dink? < defigti. The reason for this change may have been sandy assimilation. It was uncomfortable to pronounce broad vowels and immediately after them nasal consonants in firm diphthongs, where the pressure of the voice is on the second note, and the first one is pronounced weakly. Thus, at first in them a, «e could narrow down to u, i, in order to approach the nasal m, m, and later by analogy this phenomenon could spread to other mixed diphthongs—namely, to the strong-started : 193 ir in unpronounced am, em, an, en. In other languages, there is also ši assimilation, which in one way or ar another leads to the change of these diphthongs in one way or another ar (e.g. Latvian, Russian). In the ir unaccented mixed diphthongs or, er, al, there is also a reduction of the first el syllable, e.g. vafds vaidas, vardž ir < The word is derived from < the Latin verbs: lingua < < language, lingua < language, lingua < language, lingua < language, lingua < language, lingua < language, lingua < language, lingua < language, lingua < language, lingua < language, lingua < language, lingua < language, lingua < language, lingua < language, lingua < language, lingua < language, lingua < language, lingua < language, ir lingua < language. Here the first sand narrows slightly and loses its color. Vowels /, » can no longer narrow, so they remain intact in mixed diphthongs, even without vocal pressure. For example: šinmirs < hundred, Simei < hundreds, gult < to lie, sunkiems < sunkums. 7. The pressure of the consonant in a dialect lengthens the sand of the diphthong or mixed diphthong on which it falls. How much it lengthens, without the appropriate devices, is difficult to determine, but it seems that the vowel lengthens to half length or slightly lengthens the consonant. Since this elongation has not been fully investigated, it is not marked in the text. For example, kdims < village, laikas < time, pilns < full, silts < warm. As can be seen, the main processes that determined the character of vocalism in the Biržai dialect are the following: a) shortening of the extremities, b) shortening of unpronounced syllables, c) lengthening of short pronounced syllables, d) assimilation of diphthongs and mixed diphthongs. All these processes are closely interconnected, intertwined, that it is sometimes difficult to distinguish where one ir ends and another begins. These processes are not equally occurring at the end of the word in non-terminal ir syllables. Since different dialect sounds have different phonetic-articulatory characteristics and different positions in the word, one process takes place more strongly in some sounds ir and another in others. o The system of vocalism in the Biržai dialect is basically the result of these processes. VJLAPEHHME, HHTOHALIUSI H UX BO3JĮEACTBHE HA BOKAJIH3M BUP)XAUCKOI'0O MmBOPA HU. II. 1998-1999 SILIUHCKAWUTE Pestome Bupxalfickuit roBop MNpHHAJAJEKHT TO YaCTH BOCTOYHO-AYKIITANTCKONO JmajiekTa, B KOTOPOH AM(PTOHrH am, an, em, H3MeHHJIHCb um, un, im, in. en B ror roBop ynorpeG/isieTcsi MECTHBIMH The number of reptiles: Bupykaii u okpectHocTel paauycom 5— 10 xa. B rosope jeficTByer 3akoH nepemelleHHsi yjiapeHHsi H3 KpaTKOTO OKOHYaThe HHS is in Ha trouble. Ha Sunday about HyHust (HECMOTPSI HA 100 mg twice daily. 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