Dėl kai kurių baltų kalbų augalų pavadinimų kilmės

LT E TU V. LŪU (K Ar LB O-T-Y. R O. S. KL AUS I MALI LTIEEOT-- UV O STT S Ri MOK Si LE Ur ArKCAT DEM IJ A ON THE ORIGIN OF CERTAIN PLANT NAME IN BALTIAN LANGUAGES A, Dill (Anethum graveolens) 1, Dill is an old cultivated plant, Its homeland is probably Southern Europe (see O. Schrader, Reall., 1,344; J. Hoops, Reall., 1, 468). The ancient Egyptians already used dill for treatment. It is possible that they were also bred by the Hebrews (cf. G. Buschan, 147). 2, Idem. languages we find different names of this plant. The ancient Greeks called it gvndov. The word is derived from the Greek ῥέω, reō, meaning "wind". However, it could also have entered the Greek language from Asia or Egypt (cf. E. Boisacu, D. et al., 62). The name comes from the Latin word for anthropomorphism, anthropo (man) + morfos (form). Other Romance languages have the name of dill, derived from the Latin; Feniculum (see A. Walde, Et, Wb., 282): it. findcehio, port. fennel, spp. hinojo, o taip pat pranc. fenowil, angl, fennel. Romanians and Moldavians have another name again: rum, mdrdr, mold. mspap. This word is also found in Albanian — mardq,,Feniculum officinale, The source of these words is Latin marathrum (cf. G. Meyer, Et. Wb., 259-60). The German languages have another name for dill of unclear origin: Alt. z//, see Voc. height. zille, vok; Dill, angl. dill, dan, dild, svensk, dill, norv. dill, From Germanic this word has also entered some Finnish-Ugric languages: est. till, suom. blue (cf. JI. XakyauseH, 2,55); 3, Slavic languages also have quite different from the previously mentioned dill name: ssl. koprs, rus. YyKpon, yKponuka, Kpon, Konep (B. Ilans, 2, 198; 4,485), white. Kpon, ukr. Kpin, bulg, xon®p, serb. —chrv. Sulphur, ček, dill, slovk. koper, lenk, kopr, hoog, luz. kop#ik (cf. F. Miklosich, Et. Wb., 129; E. Berneker, Et. Wb., 564). There are various opinions about the origin of this word, A, Maye (Etud., 409) considers it to be borrowed, but does not specify the source. Other linguists consider this word to be of Slavic origin, F. Miklosičius (Et. Wb., 129) associates the name of nettle with the mentioned name of dill: rus, Kpanusa, bulg. Konpuesa, check, kopfiva, lenk. pokrzywa and others, Also to this group he tends to associate and ssl. koprina, bulg. He then continues with these words, of course, first of all the name of dill, Iygina with liet, kvepčti, kvūpas, lat. kūpėt, kvépt, kvépét, kvépes. From a semantic point of view, such a comparison is quite possible, but phonetically it is difficult to justify it. The name of this dill is phonetically very justified in connection with the mentioned name of nettle. Here we find the consonant restructuring characteristic of both ZodZi. 5. Questions of Speech II, 65 Such comparison of F. Miklosičius is supported by E, Berneker (Et. Wb., it is believed, *kopro, *kropro should have meant "nettle". Since the nettle is used for food, as well as in folk medicine, another plant, namely, dill, could have received its name 564-5). Jo from it. He refers to the iš same incident with the word baride. However, it is not possible to say that this is a completely analogous phenomenon. Here one plant replaced the functions of the other and took over the name, and dill and nettle are probably too different plants to replace each other’s functions. V. Machek (Rost., 165) explains the origin of the name of this dill in another way. In his opinion, this is a Slavic root. This dill name is still associated with Russia. KponuA0,,- Oenanthe phellandrium““, lenk. kropidlo, rus. (0) Kpon, ykpon, “boiling water”. Thus, the original meaning of this root would be,,cook, and Zodziai kropo, kopr, kropidlo meant plants for cooking. If this etymology is correct, then dill is one of the oldest cultured plants used by humans. V. Machekas Rost., 165) so writes:,,Anethum —jedna z nejstaršich péstovaných rostlin“ However, this interpretation is also highly doubtful. First of all, there is no other argument than this comparison for dill to be a plant that is already so distinguished in its importance and age. On the other hand, the word ykpon Probably cannot be distinguished from the verb Kponumo (see A. Meillet, Etud., 219). Furthermore, if dill had been such an important and ancient plant, then this name should be found, perhaps, in other ides. languages, while now have it, only the Slavs. Thus, the Slavic name of dill has to be considered as a word of unclear origin. From the Slavic languages, this dill name has passed into other languages: alb. Come on, come on, come on. Caper. In later times, it was derived from Russian into other languages of the Soviet Union: Basque. Ykpon, moksh. ykpon, Kazakh. ykpon, bur.-mong. ykpon, oset. ykpon, evenk. ykpon, Chuv. ykpon, tuv. YyKpon ir kt. 4, The Lithuanian name of this plant krdpas is also borrowed from Slavic. iš Į Lithuanian language this word probably entered the Polish iš language (plg. A. Briickner, Fw., Pr. 96; Skardžius, Lw., 109; E. Fraenkel, Et. Wb., We 288). are jį finding ir K. In the Sirvydo dictionary It is found 104). in all dialects of ir the Lithuanian language. I$ borrowed from Polish and found in Latvian dialects of Latgale Aropas (Summent, plg. 153; E. Fraenkel, Et. Wb., 288). 5. In Latvian, the name dille is mainly used for dill. It is detected already XVII a. monuments of Latvian language: G. Mancelis (Phras. lett., XVI) rašo ‘Dillen, Dilles’, J. Langai (Wb.,,,Dill27) es, Dill, herba". In the Gluck Bible we find: „juhs dohdaht to desmitu Teesu no Mehtrehm, Dilles un Kimmines’ (plg. J. Sehwers, 305). Latvians šį got the name of dill from German. Iš German the word entered ir į Lithuanian: dilė (L. k. 1 ml, 2,375), diluted (L. k. d., 2,381; J, However, it is 23), very rarely used in the Lithuanian language. 66 6. The name of dill is not found in ancient Prussian language monuments. In fact, we find the Prussian place name Crapitten (G. Gerullis, Ort., 71), which probably consists of Krape (such a Prussian personal name) and the suffix -iz-. In Lithuanian we also find the surnames Krapditis, Krūpas, But it is difficult to determine whether these personal names originated from the name of dill or from some other word, 7. Therefore, we find many names of dill in languages. Slavic languages have a common name for dill of unclear origin, from Polish this dill name was given to Lithuanians and some Latvian dialects. The name is of German origin. It is sometimes found in some Lithuanian language monuments. Nothing can be said with certainty about the ancient Prussian language. Cumin (Carum carvi) 1. Cumin has been used extensively as a spice plant since ancient times. According to Dioscorides (De mat. med., 3, 61), the best cumin was grown by the Egyptians, especially the inhabitants of the Nile Delta (cf. G. Buschan, 148). Hippocrates calls Abyssinian cumin simply royal —*$ptvoy BaotAittdy (cf. V. Hehn, 206). This is probably the cumin species Cuminum Cyminum. The most common species in Europe is Carum carvi. The seeds of this plant have already been found in the fossils of the Swiss Robenhaus-Sienne settlements (see G. Buschan, 149). The ancient Slavs used cumin in ceremonies, accepting a newborn into their community (cf. JI. Hnnepsie, 183). Something similar to a rotted cumin seed was found among other grains in the fossils of Gabrieliškiai hill (see W. Swederski, 245). However, due to the lack of other more reliable data, no conclusions can be drawn about the cultivation of cumin in Lithuania at that time, 2. The majority of ide. languages have the same name of cumin, which they have usually borrowed from each other. The Greek name of cumin +*0ptyvy Probably a loan from Semitic languages, cf. Hebrew. Cammen, Aram. kamménd, asyr. chimneys, etc. (see O. Schrader, Reall., 1, 655). When comparing these names of cumin in Semitic languages with the Greek, a certain vocalism mismatch is noticeable, so some, for example P, Kretschmer (KZ, 29, 440-1), tend to doubt this opinion. It is named after the nearby village of Szabolcs- -Szatmár-Bereg. *žpoy (lat. scammonia) ‘a kind of vine’”. However, it must be said that the vocalism of the old Oriental borrowers often does not coincide, so it seems quite reasonable that most linguists consider gr. *dptvov to be a common root word with the mentioned names of cumin in Semitic languages (see O. Schrader, Reall., 1, 655; K. Lokotsch, Et. Wb., 84; Weigand, 1, 1169; E. Berneker, Et. Wb., 681; V. Machek, Rost., 157; A. Brūckner, St. et., 239). From the Greek this name of the cumin came into the Latin —cuminum, And from here in various ways into the Germanic and Romance languages: Old German. height. cumin < cumin, vid, wok. height. Kimmel, engl. cumin, swedish. gummin, dan. Come on, Oland. Comin, it. comino, isp. comino, port. cumin, rum. cumin, mold. Kūmex. The word has also been translated into other European languages: veng. komény, suom. cumin (see T. E. 67 Karsten, IF, 26,249), est. kddmen etc. 3. This name of cumin also has Slavic names: ssl. kimint, rus. muus, KMUK, muson, KuMux (B. Hane, 4,408), balt, kmen, ukr. KMUH, Check. cumin, serb.-chrv. xdMUH, left. kmin, slovėn. kumin, kum, chimin (cf. F. Miklosich, Et. Wb., 117; E. Berneker, Et. Wb., 681). As we can see, in Slavic languages there are various phonetic variants of this Word. They are explained by the difference in the source from which they were borrowed or appeared already in the soil of Slavic languages, 4. The name of this root cumin is also found in the Baltic languages, in which it also entered by various ways, in Lithuanian dialects and writing monuments there are various phonetic variants of this name: kmynas, akmynas, tkmynas, kvynas, knynas, kimjnas, kilimis, kimulis, kėmelis, kemelys (cf. J. Dagys, 74). The most commonly used and most widely spoken form of the word is the English form. It is already found in our ancient writings (C. Szyrwid, Di., 86; M. Daukša, P., 314). This word must have entered into Lithuanian from Belarusian or Polish languages (cf. A. Brūckner, Fw., 95, 101; Pr. Skardžius, Lw., 104; J. Otrębski, Tw., In 3,29). Lithuanian the consonant combination km—is not common. Therefore, for easier pronunciation km—in some dialects was split into two syllables, thus giving rise to the forms: akmjinas (Rk, Sdk, Zr, Trgn), ickmynas (Všk, Grž), kimynas. | J; In almost all of the regions of Žemaitija, the form kvinas is found, which originated from the form kmfina through dissimulaiš tion. Toks v ir m alternance next to another nasal sound is also found in other ide, languages: polk. tarmėse swintarz <cementarz (see M. Niedermann, TiZ, 2,440), it. novero<Clot. numerus, late skr. śravana<šramana, vimamsū<mimamsa (cf. J. Wackernagel, KZ, 43,282). In the Lithuanian language, we see this Kkaitaliojimasi in the word bezvénas< bezménas <bait. 6a3men (see E. Fraenkel, IF, 53,127). Also in Latvian dialects we find the form bazvanc of the same origin (see M. A. Alksnis, FBR, 12,26). In the districts of Linkuva and Šeduva, the form Aknjinas is sometimes found, a form of kmjnas that has arisen through assimilation. In the Lithuanian dictionaries of East Prussia we find the form of a book (see P. Ruhig, Lex, 1, 65; Chr. Mielcke, Wb., 1, 125; G. Nesselmann, Wb., 223). This form may have originated by metathesis from the form kuynai, cf. lat. senalas; lit. sčlenos, lat. notal: lit. nuolat, lat. gazore < garozė (cf. J. Endzelins, La. Gr, 235). Since this form does not occur in iš the living language, its appearance in the aforementioned dictionaries is attempted to be interpreted in another way. This form is found in the early D, Klein's dictionary (=Lexicon Lithuanicum in usum eorum..., cf. G. Gerullis, KZ, 50, 233). There it could have been spelled incorrectly instead of Avynai, and from there it could have entered other dictionaries (cf. Pr. Skardžius, Lw., 105). Forms with the formant -/ came into Lithuanian language from German, which is illustrated by the geography of this word (Kbr, Vrb, Nm, Sdr, Gl, Plv, Sat, Grš), in G. Neselmano dictionary (Wb., 353) we find the form laukkmynai and the form laukstammėlei. This is the value of. Fields (plg. K. Alminauskis, 5, also found the name of cumin from the same root in Latvian. In dialects and other language monuments we find various variants of this name: kimene, kimins, Rimens (EM, 2, 381; EH, 1, 703), kimenis (EH, 1, 703), kimans (EH, 1, 702), kimuni (EH, 1, 703), kimele (EM, 2, 381), kémele (EM, 2, 373), kérmeles (EM, 2, 376), kiemeles (EM, 2, 390), kinepes 68 78). (EM, 2, 382). The form kimene may have come into Latvian from German, cf. lat. cimin, or from Russian (see EM, 2, 381). J. Zėveris (306) tends to consider it a Russian loanword. iš "For the name of cumin with the formant -The source was in German, the form kilimles is already found in G. Mancelis's dictionary. The form of the stool, the courtyard probably originated from the wook. Jam. komel (cf. J. Sehwers, 66, 306; EH, 1, 707). The form kérmeles is probably derived from kémeles by inserting the consonant r. Such insertion of the r between vowel and consonant, especially in borrowed words, occurs in various languages, sometimes we find it in Latvian dialects: iegartnis < iegatnis, mėrtelis < mételis, kūrsis < kūsis, partaga < pataga, paérglis < paeglis (cf. J. Endzelins, KZ, 44, 60; La. Gr., 237-8). * Quite strange form Rinepes, It probably arose under the influence of the words kanepes "hemp", sinepes "mustard- ". It is characteristic that the word kinepes means cumin in one place, hemp in another, and mustard in another (see EM, 2, 382). As we see, the Balts and Slavs have the same root, names of cumin of foreign origin. The name has been translated into many languages in different ways. Some of the Belarusian cumin got its name from the Slavs, some — from. German. The name comes from the ancient Prussian language. there is no knowledge. Horseradish (Cochlearia armoracia) 1. A. de Kandolis (43, 553) considers Eastern Europe the homeland of this plant. Wild horseradish grows on the edge of the Black Sea, Sulaukéjusiy horseradish can sometimes be found in the territories of Lithuania and Latvia (see P. Snarskis, 381; P. Galenieks, 2,344). There is little knowledge about the use of this plant in ancient times. P. Einhorn in his “Historia lettica” (35) states that the Latvians do not use spicy herbs (cf. J. Sehwers, 305).1 2. He's coming. There are different names for horseradish in different languages. However, these names are usually not old, derived from neighboring languages or, relatively, non-mushroom-like compound words, one component of which means some other plant, usually “radish”, cf. port. horseradish (rabano „ridikas- “, cavalo „arklys“- ), angl. horse-radish, swedish. Pepparrot (peppar "pepper- ") (from Finnish piparuutti), German. Horseradish. The Swedish name of this plant suggests that the Swedes had to know pepper before horseradish. 3. The old name of horseradish has Slavic languages: ssl. "Xperia XZ1". XxpoH, ukr. xpin, bulg. xpaw, serb.-chrv. xpēčk, slovėn. Hren, check. kfen, 1 However, P. Einhorn may have meant spices (pepper, etc.) imported from the East. 69 sen. Check. chfėn, slovk. Chren, left. horseradish, high. light. khrėn, žem. Puddle. xenon, polab. chfon (cf. F. Miklosich, Et. Wb., 90; E. Berneker, Et. Wb., 402; A. BynnnoBuu, 1.91; M. Vasmer, Et. Wb., 3.271; F. Stawski, St.et., 1.84). There have been several attempts to explain the origin of the name, but these interpretations are so far very unbelievable. J. Lioventalis (AfslPh, 37,384) very artificially tried to restore the ide. prolytes *kerdind- -s, *(s)kerdind-s, *kserdind-s, connecting them with skr. ksard-h "burning, eating", Latin seresco "drying", Also his failed attempt (ZfslPh, 7,407) to associate this horseradish name with oland. schrijnen ‘to burn, to burn’. If these comparisons are motivated in ir semantic terms, then phonetically they are hardly possible. For other similar interpretations see M. Vasmer, Et. Wb., 3,271; F. Stawski, Sl.et., 1, 84. The same root as the Slavic name of horseradish Probably there is also gr. xepgiv. Šį word already mentioned Theophrastus. Jis (IX, 15,5) writes: ,,...plants that some call wild radishes (S*yavov gygiav), others doctors kerain“ — (plg. O. Schrader, Reall., 2,55). Ir Greeks and Slavs šį might have derived the name of horseradish from some eastern language (cf. V. Machek, LP, 2,158; Rost., 66). From the Slavs, the name of horseradish passed into other languages in various ways: vid. vok. height. krēn, krēne, fr. cran, Macedonian rum. (aroman) horseradish, Dacian rum. (dacoroman) hrean (plg. A. Rosetti, 44), mold. xpax kt. ir In later times in iš rusy language this word entered many į other Soviet Union languages: erz. kKpa, bask bbq, taj. xpex, kazach. xpe, lezg. XpeH,.-oset. Xpex, bur.-mong. XpeHX, avar. XpeH, Cuv. 100 mg/ day, approx. Xpex kt. ir 4. Iš Slavic such horseradish name entered ir į the Baltic languages. Šį the word we already find K. In the Sirvydo dictionary (Di., 27). Į Lithuanian language he could have entered iš Russian or Belarusian language (plg. Ms. Skardžius, Lw., 110; A. Brūckner, Fw., 97; J. Otrębski, Tw., 3,26; B. H. This name of 218). horseradish (kriénas) is used in all Lithuanian dialects. Knows jį ir Latvian dialects of Latgale (plg. P. Galenieks, 2,344). 5. However, in the literary language of Latvian ir dialects, a different name of horseradish ne of Slavic origin is used, in the dialects of various language ir monuments there are different variants of this name: mdrrutks (EM, 2,584), merrutks, mérarutks (EM, 2,620), mr(r)uks (EH, 1,809), mdrakas (EM, 2,583), murraka (J. Endzelins, La. Gr., Sie words 76). are borrowed from German, only iš the second component of the word translated (plg. J. Sehwers, 78). Phonetic variation is explained by the variation of iš the source from which the word was borrowed (Voice. Jam. mahrreddick, vid. vok. Jam. merreddich) or changes already in the Latvian soil. The last two forms originated through assimilation. Such vowel assimilation is quite unusual for Baltic languages, so it is possible that there is a Lybian influence here (cf. J. Endzelins, La. Gr., 76). In Latvian we find the name of this root horseradish, where the second component is not translated — mordikis (EM, 2,618; J. Sehwers, 299). These names of horseradish are already found in 17th-century Latvian language monuments. G. Mancelis (Phrases, let. XVI) writes ,,Merrettich, Swati Ruttki, Mahra — ‘Ruttki’, Langijos J. (Wb., 114) — ,,Mahrrutki, sea turtle. Otherwise they are called swahti Rutki” (see Į. Sehwers, 299). 70 The name of this root horseradish is found without the second component markings —marene (EH, 1,792). 6.Perziiiréje horseradish names, we see that the Slavic languages have an old name of horseradish of unclear origin. This name has also been found in other languages, including the Baltic languages. It is found in Lithuanian dialects and in a small part of Latvian dialects of Latgale. Other Latvian dialects have a Germanic-origin compound name for horseradish, usually with a translated second component. The name of horseradish in the ancient Prussian language is not known. SANTRUMPOS alb, = Albanian port. —Portuguese angl. —English French — French aram, — Aramaic rum, —rumuny asyr. —assyrian rus. —rusy high, aukštaičių — sen. — Ancient Avar — Avar Serbo-Croatian —Serbo-Croatian balt, —Belarusian skr. — Sanskrit Basque —Bashkir bulg. — Bulgarian bur.-mong. —Buryat-Mongolian ček, —Čechov čuv, —Čechov dan. — Danish erz. —erzios est. —esty evenk. —evenky gr. —greek hebr. —hebrajy ide. — Indo-European sp. — Spanish it, —italy kazach. — Kazakh lat, = Latvian lenk, — Polish lezg. —lezginy liet, —lietuviy lot. —latin luz, —Lusacian (luZicy) moks. —moksos mold. —Moldovan Norv. — Norwegian oland. —Dutch oset, —Ossetian polab, —polaby into Slovenian. —Slovenian slovk. —slovaky ssl, —senovés slavų suom, —suomiy šved. —swedish tadz, —tajik tuv. —tuvinų ukr. —Ukrainian veng. —Hungarian mid. —Middle German, Low — German —Žemaičių * ‘Gl —Gelgaudiškis, Šakių r. Grš —Griškabūdis, Naumiesčio r. Grž —Grūžiai, Joniškėlio r. Kbr —Kybartai Nm —Kudirkos Naumiestis Plv —Pilviškiai, Vilkaviškio r. Rk —Rokiškis Sdk— Sudeikiai, Utenos district r. Sdr—Sudargas, Šakių r. Snt — Sintautai, Kudirkos Naumiesčio r, Trgn —Tauragnai, Utenos r., Vrb —Virbalis, Kybartų r., Všk —Vaškai, Linkuvos r. Zr — Zarasai 71 LITERACY 1. M. A. Alksnis, Philosophical Studies, 12, 26-48, Riga (1932). 2. K. Alminauskis, The Germanisms of Lithuanian, Kaunas, 1935. 3. E, Berneker, Sl.visches etymologisches Worterbuch, Heideloerg, 1908-13, 4, E, Boisacg, Dictionaire étymologique de la langue grecque, Heidelberg-- Paris. 1916. | 5. A. Briickner, The Slavic Foreign Words in Lithuanian, Weimar, 1877. 6. A. Briickner, Etymological Dictionary of the Polish Language, Krakow, 1927. 7. A. Byauaosuu, IlepsoOkhirnbie cJiaBane, 1, Kuen, 1878. 8. G. Buschan, Prehistoric Botany of the Culturund Nutzpflanzen de: old world on the basis of prehistoric finds, Breslau, 1895. 9. A. De Candolle, The Origin of Cultivated Plants, Leipzig, 1884. 10. J. 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