Dėl upės vardo „Danė“ („Danija“, „Dangė“)

LūIE "PLU V. EU OFFICE QUESTIONS III LIE T U. VO's TSR MOKSLY A KAD E. MIJA ABOUT THE NAME OF THE RIVER DANË (DENMARK, DANGĖ) A. The river, which flows through the Kretinga and Klaipeda districts and flows into the Curonian Lagoon near Klaipeda, has two names: from the springs to Kretinga it is called Akmenė, from Kretinga to the mouth the locals call it Dūnė or Danija (pronounced dafi*, dan’), and some writings and non-local people use the form Dangė to name this river. The gender Dūnė or Danija is used by the local inhabitants of Egliskiy, Tolių, Valėnų, Kėkštų, Trakų, Triušelių, Paupulių, Vitinių, Šimkų, Slengių, Kibelkščių, Raišių, Lankučių, Potrų, Kalotės villages. In addition, the form Dūnė also agrees- * ma in the local people's language of Kintai, Mantvydai, Stakliškiai, Suverny (Šilutės raj.)". In other words, the pronunciation of local peoples clearly states the gender Dūnė or Dūnija. So where did the form Dangé come from? To answer this question, we will also have to touch on the spelling of this name in the past. Since this river flows through the western part of Lithuania, its name was mentioned in German documents relatively early. Antai, 1252 m. Chronicle of Pruzinlant. Beilage I* writes Dangen, Dange, 1256 Chronicon Livoniae® writes Dagna*, 1454 Die jungere Hochmeisterchronik® —Dangen, Dandanghen®. All the documents mentioned here, which use the name Dane, were written by German chroniclers in the 13th-15th centuries. During this period, in German, the intervowel g was pronounced as j": Sigifrid was pronounced *Sijifrid> Storit, megidi —*mejidi >meide, etc. This phenomenon was particularly characteristic of the compounds -ige-, ~ege-. German Samogitian dialect- = A The form Ddnė is also found in a folk song: Ui siunte, siunte Mang mamuže Į Dang vandens semti... 2, V. Kalvaitis, Prussian Lithuanian Songs, 190, Tilžė, 1905. 2 Scriptores rerum Prussicarum (hereinafter SRP), 1, 629, Leipzig, 1861. * SRP, 2, 40, Leipzig. 1863. 4 Here the change of place of g with m is probably a writing error, * SRP, 5, 146, Leipzig, 1874. € M: Daer Danghen (this explanation is given in the document itself). * H. M. Ouanucea, Heropus semeuxoro s3kika, 169, Hanar. Mockosckoro Ymwsepcnrera, 1959. 21, Language Questions, III 317 te g and j pronunciation varied even more and continues to vary to this day. Here and in the new period of the development of the German language, g was always pronounced as 7% of the word at the beginning between the vowels g, going after the vowels of the posterior row — as y, and after the vowels of the anterior row and after the sonants /, r — as j?, Later, in the formation of the German literary language, when instead of j in the cases mentioned here began to jsigaléti g, g and j pronunciation and writing in German for a long time varied enormously, and often g appeared even where it never existed (Jahr —gar, Joseph—Gosef*?). The changes in the pronunciation of J and G have led to apparent inconsistencies in the writing of J and G, not only in German, but also in some other languages. For example, the inconsistency of the writing of j and g in Prussian script monuments is very pronounced: Pomedyen, 1405 and Pomedigen, 139694 —pig. e.g. median “forest- ”; Iwvogarge, 1331**—0plg. let. Yvas and pr. garian,,tree“; Kylien 1314 and Kyligen, 1318 = *Kilija'®; Gedilie, 1339, Gedylye, 1357 and Gedilege, Gedilige, 1387, Gedilge'*; Cupieyn, 1339, Kupigien, 1330 <*Kup+1ij+ein®® et al. From what has been said about the pronunciation and writing of j and g in German, it should be clear that although the German chronicles of the 13th-15th centuries wrote Dange < *Danige< Dania'? and so on, but instead of g said j (in Denmark- ). Here, g is only a matter of graphics. After the formation of the German literary language, when the g was pronounced again in the above-mentioned cases, it was: 1. the writing Dange < *Danige in the German literary language had to be pronounced with g; 2. the local inhabitants of Dūnija (pronounced dafij) German ki terratural language also had to be'written with g. Since the German colonists of Klaipėda region had come not from one, but from various places in Germany, therefore in the areas colonized by them could not form any single dialect, but prevailed a varied mixture of various dialects- "*, However, the official institutions, school, church used only literary German. Thus, the name of the river we are concerned with was officially written and pronounced in Heaven. The German pronunciation has probably affected some of the Lithuanians, so when Klaipėda region was returned to Lithuania, the name of the river remained official German, although the local people only knew Dané || Denmark. The improper name of this river may have spread among Lithuanians because of its similarity to the well-known words with the root dang-, deng-. At first glance, it may seem to some that the old Baltic root might have been dang-, and that the pronunciation dafi'j of today's local inhabitants is due to the influence of the German Samogitian language. It is known that the inhabitants of the former Klaipėda region sometimes pronounce the name Pagėgiai as Pajégiai, Gėniškė —Jėniškė and so on. However, such cases are not common. It is hardly possible that so widely used sex TSB. M Xupmyncknifl, Hemenxan nuasextosorns, 569, Mockea —Jleunurpan, 1956. * Idem. 19 Ibid., 569; 290-293, B. M. )Xupmysckufi, Heropus memeuxoro ssmxa, 70, MocxBa, 1948. 1 G. Gerullis, Die altpreussischen Ortsnamen (in German Ger, AO), 130, Berlin and Leipzig, 1922. 12 Idem, 50, 12 Ibid., 14 R. Trautma63. nn, Die altpreussichen Personennamen (hereinafter Tr, APn.), 30, G6ttingen, 1925, Ger. 18 AO, 18 Plg. 76. pr. Gedilye, Gedilie > Gedilege, Gedilige > Gedilge (Tr. APn. 30). 7 W,Fenzlau, The German Forms of the Lithuanian Placeand Person-- Names of the Memel Area, 1, Halle/Saale, 1936. 318 Dūnė || The dune would have been created by the influence of another language. Be that, the turning of the Earth into mud is not an isolated, exceptional fact. It is well known that the Germans from the old name of the river ir Gilija translates į Gilge, o Minija— į Minge, but jų that's not the ti way nobody calls you today ir į the head does not come. But the most important ko thing, because in this case the root dangis not allowed, is the local people's pronunciation däfi'j'*. If the older gender had been dang-, then today the local people would say so, ir because the turn g jpo even į in the n German Samogitian dialect, where j ir g usually alternate, is not possible? ?, Therefore, the Baltic form should be Peat or Denmark- | ®, in Baltic languages, the placename Dūne || Denmark is not solitary. The roots must still be poured. Damage (ball Landscapes. Ramygalos raj.), Danitikas (ež. Vainiūniškio k. Alizavos apyl. Kupiškio raj.); lat. Dana, Dapas—dikis, Danava, Dapy—mair rki® etc. These Latvian place names J. Endzelynas®® rightly compares it su with the name of the river Ddne. For the root dandar plg. lat. dapava “walka, clan on the road, dirty place”*3, Prefix -ija is also quite common in Lithuanian river names: Ak-ijė (Saukėnai), Ašv-ija (Kaltinėnai), Gliv-ija (Kvėdarna), Jot-ija (Plokščiai), Juod-ija (Jieznas), Nė6t-ija (Plateliai), Or-ija (Šakiai, Vabalninkas), Ryk-ijė (Batakiai), Rūd-ija (Viduklė), Sir-ija (Meškuičiai), Šarr-ija (Šaukėnai), Vilk-ijė (Skaisgirys), Vizd-ija (Birštonas). For the neighboring genders Dané || Denmark it should be noted that the gender Dūne is probably secondary, shortened iš Denmark. There are several examples of this ir abbreviation: Glivia||Glivé, Minia||Mīna, Nēorija || Nortē. 18 pp., ill. 18 E.g.,, in the word gegangen in the German Samogitian dialect j; turns only the first and second g, 0 g after remains; jejangen. * By stating the root dan-, we do not mean to say that in Baltic languages the root dangyra is n not allowed at all. "Dafigé - Nemakščių ežeras". "Skaudvilės raj., Dangaiidius — upė Krakiai apskrityje- ". Kėdainių raj. ; lat. Dafiga, Dangas-plava and others — see J. Endzelins, Latvijas PSR vietvūrdi, I daja, 1. sējums, 194, Rigd, 1956), but in this case we have the root dan-. which, as we will see later, also has counterparts in both Lithuanian and Latvian. Here we were concerned only to give the authentic name of this river, which for practical purposes, and especially for toponymy researchers, may be needed again and again. #1 J. Endzelins, Place names of the Latvian SSR, I daa, 1st edition, 193, Rigš, 1956. 52 Idem, ® K, Mūlenbacha Latvian language dictionary, edited, supplemented, continued by J. Endzelins, 1, 438, Riga, 1923 —1925.