Iš K. Širvydo „Dictionarium trium linguarum“ žodyno istorijos

From the History of the Dictionary of the Trium Linguarum by K. Shirvyd K, PAKALKA K. Širvydas is the pioneer of Lithuanian lexicography. Until Širvydas’s “Dictionarium trium linguarum” appearance, small traces of Lithuanian lexicography can be seen in Lithuanian glosses* in non-Lithuanian and early Lithuanian writings. we find in the chronicles of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, in the inventory books of manors written in Russian, in writings in Latin, and especially in Polish. These include names of household items, personal names, various phrases, word combinations, mythological names, etc. Several mythological names with explanations can be found in M. Strijkovskis’s “Pole, Lithuanian, Žemaičių kronika...”, published in 1582. Lithuanian words and phrases preserved in distorted non-Lithuanian writings are important for linguistics. We find many different lexical glossies in the translation of the Bible by J. Bretkūnas (1579—1590). As the author tried to translate the original very carefully and accurately, glosses appeared, which greatly enriched the translation vocabulary. Some of the glosses were also recorded in the translation manuscript by priests, who verified the work of the translator. The glosses of J. Bretkūnas’ manuscript are of different nature: some are found in the margins, others in the text itself, some are synonyms, some are borrowed words interpreted in Lithuanian and vice versa. Elsewhere, a single word is explained in Lithuanian, and sometimes in German, and vice versa — one Lithuanian construction is explained by another. Similar glosses are also found in M. Daukša's small-scale translation of the 1595 catechism from Polish. There are approximately 190 lexical glosses in the margins of this catechism. - J. The glosses of Bretkūnas and M. Daukša are elements of the interpretative and explanatory vocabulary. A special lexicographical work, in which the words arranged for the paraidžiui with explanations were compiled, was composed by a prominent representative of Lithuanian literature of the beginning of the 17th century, a good Lithuanian language expert K. Širvydas. His "Dictionarium trium linguarum" was published 1 Glossa is the explanation of an incomprehensible word or phrase in the margins or between the lines of a text (mostly ancient) by the author and editor. * Part of the excerpts with such glosses were presented by K. Jablonskis in the book “Lithuanian words in the written language of ancient Lithuania”, Kaunas, 1941. 3 For more information about the Glossary of the Daukša Catechism see J. Kruopostraipsnyje,,Lexical parallelisms in the language of Daukša’s Catechism (1595)“, printed in this publication. 277 1629 m., after a year since the first 82 Lithuanian book Eastern In Prussia ir 34 for years from The first printed — Lithuanian catechism published in Lithuania. K. Širvydas's dictionary was the first printed work of Lithuanian lexicography. East Prussia only po 101 m. occurred F. V. Hackas, who published a much smaller German Lithuanian Lithuani- — an ir German — dictionary for religious purposes. The Shivvydas Dictionary ir The appearance (1629, 1644) of,,Punkty Sayings“ is directly related su Vilnius Jesuit Academy, founded in., 1579 activities. At the time, the Catholic propaganda ma against the Reformation was the main factor in encouraging the publishing of Lithuanian books. Disrespect for Lithuanian in public life The Vilnius Academy recognized certain rights and began to support them. ją “The Academy established that students who learn Lithuanian should get used to speaking sermons in Lithuanian.” Apparently, there were a lot of Lithuanians in the academy, ir 1620 m. a formerly established Lithuanian language department, which was probably headed by Sirvydas®. While studying theology in Vilnius Jesuit Academy, Širvydas ir understood that he needed to publish works in Lithuanian language. (including a dictionary of Lithuanian language), which could be used for religious propaganda by otherwise Lithuanian-- speaking ir priests educated by the Academy. He knew that religious works should be written in a vividly expressive native ir language. This part iš of seeing iš jo The Latin hexagram on the second side of the title page of the Punkty Sayings, which begins So- “Go, book, stretch out the ir sword of the holy word, pierce the hearts of Lithuanian Poles in the land...” Lithuanian books publishing value ir encouraging Širvydas's contemporaries ir M. Daukšos, who published the Catechism in Vilnius ir Postile, an example. Be doubt, Širvydas were known Dukas works ir famous jo The words of the preface to the Postilla: "Although, in truth, few of us, especially the nobles, who do not know iš Polish cannot read sermons written in Polish, but, in my opinion, there are mostly those ir who do not understand Polish or only understand it a little. ne I know how all nations appreciate, love and ir cherish works written in their mother tongue (therefore, I think, all the nations ir are stirred to iš translate books į into ...“* other languages their own), These M. Many words calling for respect for the mother tongue, written ja works, encouraging to translate books into other languages, iš found an echo in Širvydas’s activities. ir Ir it In the Polish translation of,,Punkty wypowiedzi” he reasoned very similarly to the reader: „O ir Latin books, as well as ir books in other languages, are already numerous, but Lithuanian books, so necessary to save the souls of people, are extremely few”?, o Dictionary of the Trium Linguarum ‘Ad Studiosam Iuventutem” words expressing the idea that the dictionary... as a guide can pave the smoothest path to the greatest į sacred places of ir poetic eloquence 4 Lietuvos History of the USSR, 1, 298, Vilnius, 1957. 4 J. Leibniz, K. Schelling. — Literature ir Art, No. 35, 1956. $ History of Lithuanian Literature, Vilnius, 65, 1957. ? K. Szyrwid, Reader's do Preface, — Kn., Points Kazafi, Vilnius, MDC hidden XXIX. 278 treasures of the Latin language®, shows that Širvydas well understood the great need for Lithuanian books, especially a dictionary. o The existing Polish—Latin, Latin—Polish dictionaries could not satisfy the pupils of the Vilnius Academy. For the use of the Academy pupils Širvydas publishes his famous K. 1629 m. "Dictionarium trium linguarum" ir tuomi jau At the a. beginning of the 17th century, he paved the way for Lithuanian lexicography. The dictionary has been published in several editions. Iš of the surviving copies of the Širvydas jų dictionary, title pages, prefaces, ir bibliographers’ instructions, it was determined that There were five editions of,,Dictionarium trium linguarum“: I — 1629, II — 1631, III — 1642,IV — 1677, V — 1713. There are copies of all editions, except the second, to this day. The first bibliographer of Širvydas Jesuit historian — A. Alegambē (XVII a.) in his work ,,Bibliotheca Scriptorum Societatis Jesus" (1642) ir another, later Jesuit historian St. Rostovskiy (XVIII a.) at work ,,Lituanicarum Societatis Jesus The history (1768) of the dictionary is not well known, but it has been published in several editions over jo the years. ir jų Therefore, iš jų data hard for us to tell which They were aware of SzDi's publications (Alegambe could have known only the first three publications, Rostovsky o all). — The original copy of the first edition, which was published during the author's lifetime, was unknown for a long time. Polish bibliographer F. M . Sobieski wrote: “Of all the editions the tų first and second ir disappeared, there is no be trace in any — ir jų known libraries. Probably, the first edition is se not known even the year of printing!0, Another Polish bibliographer knew nothing about the first edition ir — M. Stankievičius:,,We do not know the first edition at all, no jo library has it“, As well as other authors of works ir about Širvydas ir jo (J. Kraševskis, A. Balinskis, Ad. Jocheris, Jucevičius, L. Kajet. Nezabitauskas, P. Kepenas and ir others) only knew the last three, usually the most recent editions. o — du 19th-cena. tury writers D. Poška, S. Valiūnas, A. Klementas, o po a hundred years ir E. Walter, not knowing the first The year of the SzDi editions appearance, the dictionary editions were confused. XX a. early Polish bibliographer St. In his bibliography, Estreicher said that the existence of the original first edition was questionable*- jo *. One A Russian literary historian found the previously unmentioned copy of SzDi’s first edition A. Orlov at the Moscow Synodal Printing Library. He wrote about it: "The rareness of ,,... the... Širvydas Polish Latin Lithuanian dictionaries: — copies of the — third edition 4 (1642) ir 1 copy of the second or first edition (thinned our — K. P.)**. This Orlov's message about The first edition of SzDi was po revised three years ir later by another Russian literary historian — V. Pogorelov, linguist F. Fortunatovo ir V. Poržezins8 Constantino Szyrwid, Ad Studiosam Iuventutem, Dictionarium trium linguarum, Tertia editio, Vilnae, MDC XLII, 9 "Dictionarium trium linguarum" hereinafter referred to as abbreviation SzDi. 10 R. M. Sobieszczanski, Szyrwid Constants, — General encyclopedia, 24, 876, Warsaw, Poland 1867. 21 M, Stankiewicz, bibliography Litewska od 1547 do 1701 r., 36, Krakėw, 1889. 2 St. Estreicher, bibliography Poland, Częszcz podlaski III, Tom XIX, 338, Krakėw, 1934. 13 BuGnnoreka Mockosckoft Cunojnajisuoji Tunorpaduu, 4uacTb nepBas — PyKonHCH, BbiuryckK nepBkiit, CGopuuku, onucateab Anekcangap Opaos, III, Mocksa, 1896. 279 The second edition has no known copy and is not mentioned by any * bibliographer. Perhaps our conditionally assigned copy of the first edition belongs to the second edition. It should be noted that L. Rēza’s notes on the “Songs” mention a copy of the SzDi edition of 1631, from which on page 20 the word,,Bojarzyn. Nobilis inferioris ordinis’?, we have no reason to consider it as a copy of the second edition of SzDi, because the quoted Word was perhaps taken from the third edition of SzDi (1642) (in the third edition the word,,Bojarzyn. Nobilis inferioris ordinis. Baioras’’ is on page 20, in the fourth—page 14, and in the fifth—page 17). If L. Rėza did not limit himself to marking the year of the dictionary’s publication, then the SzDi he mentioned in 1631 was already as large as the SzDi year. 1642 Such a rapid appearance of the second edition can perhaps be explained in part either by the fact that the author himself immediately found the first edition insufficient in its volume, or perhaps the small number of copies of the first edition were bought out or destroyed during wars and fires. It may be assumed that Širvydas may have contributed to the preparation of the 1631 permit, since he died in the same year. Since the title pages of the first edition have not been preserved and there is no known copy of the second edition, nothing is known about the titles and prefaces of these editions. Prof. J. Balčikonis is inclined to believe that the first edition of Širvitas’ dictionary was (1629) called,,Clauis linguae Lithuanicae”. He bases his assumption on the fact that the name clauis was in fashion to refer only to grammar, but not to dictionaries (e.g. Clauis liunguae ne Latinae Basileae 1716)??. There ir is no basis for considering the bibliographers’ mention of Širvydas’s,,Clauis linguae Lithuanicae” as the title of the first edition of the dictionary, because Jesuit historians Alegambe, Rostovskis and later other bibliographers who took knowledge separately list three of Širvydas’s works:,,Clauis linguae Lithuanicae”,,,- Dictionarium®,,- ,Puncta. Since ir iš jų the books of Alegamb ,,Bibliotheca Scriptorum Societatis There is no separate section for dictionaries in the subject index of Iesu, so he mentions ir the dictionary ir and grammar of Širvydas in the same section of the Grammatica. Jesuit historians ir Rostovsky named the dictionary of Širvydas according to the sequence of three languages contained in it — ,,Dictionarium trium linguarum“. Tik In the Latin language, the second iš person singular is the first į person plural. He in his book ,,Bibliotheca Scriptorum Societatis "M.P., (1642 M.Sc.". 84 Širvydas's dictionary is called,,Dictionarium— Latino— Polono — Lithuanicum". Perhaps, so it was called SzDi first authorization, if But this was not all. Rostovsky in his work ‘Lithuanicarum Societatis Jesus "Historiaru- (1768 m" M., psl.) 467 the dictionary is called ‘Dictionarium Polono— Latino— Lituanicū’. It is not known how the first ir second edition of the dictionary was called by the author himself. There is reason to believe that the heading was ,,Dictionarium trium linguarum“, because The preface to the third edition of SzDi says,,Dictionarium hoc trium linguarum (diluted in our — K. P.) Vilnae Typis Academicis Year 1631 in lucem prodierat...“. Thus, it can be assumed that 1631 m. (ii) the permission was also va18 Dainos or Lithuanian folk songs collected, translated and with the original text above published by L. I. Rhesa, 310, Königsberg, 1825. '* J. Balčikonis, Otrembski- 's Lithuanian texts. — "Literature ir Art", No. 15, 1957. 281 dynamo ,,Dictionarium trium linguarum“. It is hard to believe that the title of to the first edition of the author himself would have been different from the second subsequent ir editions. Since the words of three languages were interpreted in parallel in Širvydas’s dictionary, it was XV —The term a. of the XVII trilingual dictionaries he was ir named ,,Dictionarium trium linguarum“*?. See those lexicographers? !, who in their dictionaries mentioned the languages from which they were ir composed, iš Širvydas did not follow. G. The name of Knapskis Thesaurus Širvydas and his successors also did not appropriate, although SzDi third edition is based on G. Knapskis Dictionary. The copies of the third (1642) edition are also rare, long not known. ir In the newspaper Buiencknii Becruur it was written about one defective copy of the third edition (1861) that so far only the fourth edition was known to the bibliographers. ir A copy of the SzDi permit. The originals of the first three editions were not found at the time in Russia (St. Petersburg Spiritual Academy, which received the library of the former Vilnius Jesuit Academy, in the very rich library of Polish publications of the University of Kiev, Kharkov, where transferred Part of Vilnius University Library, than finally In Karaliaučius, where the study of Lithuanian language has always flourished), nor in foreign libraries. Only later, in the Imperial Public Library of St. Petersburg, a defective be (third edition) ir copy of the fourth fifth edition was found, which was once difficult to identify. iš Finally iš The printed catalogue of the Oxford Bodleian Library managed to find out that the specimen there is 1642 m. the authorisation, t. y. third edition. Gavus iš Oxford detailed description of this specimen, it had been determined that The dictionary in St. Petersburg is a copy of the third edition**. This A copy in the Imperial Public Library of St. Petersburg was not known to Orlov. (Jis In the library of the Synodal Printing Office of Moscow, he found four copies of the third edition. )*3 Now In the Moscow Central State Archive of ir Historical Antiquities, which acquired the books of the former Moscow Synodal Printing Library, only three manuscripts have been found so far. SzDi copies of the third edition. One of iš these copies was recently handed over by the Moscow Central ir State Archive of Historical Lietuvos TSR Central Archives. One former Library of the Moscow Synodal Printing House SzDi third edition copy not yet found (it, perhaps, entered the section of defective į books, the cataloguing of which identification in the archive is ir not completed). Be The “History of Old Lithuanian Books” mentions copies of the third edition, du one of which is kept in the Oxford Bodleian Library in England. 20 Such and similar dictionaries were popular, e.g. : Dictionarium trium linguarum Cracoviae, 1550; Dictionarium trium linguarum Joanis Murmeli Cracoviae apud haered lac. Siebeneycher, 1615. t Nicolao Volkmaro ,,Dictionary Trilinguae Tripatitum Ad Discendam Linguam Latinam Polonicam Et Germanicam accommodatum...” MDXCVI; another author called his dictionary "Dictionarius trium linguarum: Latine, Teutonice et Polonice, petiora vocabula continens” (1528, 1541, 1592). 22 3amerku O ApeBnefiniux BuaeHCKHX H3JaHMAX HA JIKTOBCKOM ssbike, Busneckuf Bectumk, No 60, 1861. 3 BuGnnoreka Mockosckoft Cnnojgajisuoli Tunorpadun, uacTb nepsas — PykonucH, BeillyCK nepatifi, cGopHHKH, onucareas Anekcangp Opaos, III, Mocksa, 1896. 282 The fourth (1677) and fifth (1713) editions of the Širvydas Dictionary were well known to many bibliographers, and there are more surviving copies today®. Probably, the last editions were issued in larger circulation. The third, fourth and fifth editions of SzDi were printed by the care of the continuers of Širvydas’ work. They did not identify themselves as publishers. The titles and title pages of the last three editions (III—V) are identical. The title of the dictionary, "Dictionarium trium linguarum- ", is followed by the words, "In usum Studiosae Iuventutis" (For the use of the studying youth). These words briefly express the purpose of the dictionary, which is further defined in the preface to the dictionary- ,,Ad Studiosam Iuventutem“ (To the Studying Youth). The author’s name, surname and title are entered in full:,,Auctore Constantino Szyrwid e Societate Iesu“ (Author Constantine Szyrwid — member of the Society of Jesus). In the fourth and fifth editions, the publishers added the capital letters R. P. to the author's name, meaning "Reverendi Patris" (Greatly Reverend Father). They allow us to assume that Širvydas probably also contributed to the preparation of the third edition of SzDi, because otherwise the letters mentioned would have been in the third edition as well. After the author's name, the Jesuit printing house mark is in the centre of the title page. The SzDi printing house mark of the third edition forms a rectangle with an anchor in the ellipse. The anchor ends in the form of a cross with inserted letters X and P. At the bottom of the clouds, a raised hand holds an anchor. On the right is the moon, on the left the sun. In the ellipse are inscribed the words,,Concordia fida” (True harmony). On the anchor hook is also the inscription,,Anchora Sacra Deus” (Holy Anchor of God). The fourth edition has almost the same printer's mark as the third edition. The printing house mark of the fifth edition is also rectangular, with the letters IHS inscribed in an oval; carving on both sides of the oval —figures of kneeling angels. At the bottom of the printing house mark of the above mentioned editions is the approval permitting printing,,Cum Superiorum permissu editium“ (Issued with the permission of the superiors). The approval shall be followed by the words ‘Tertia editio recognita et aucta’ (Third revised and supplemented edition), ‘Quarta editio recognita et aucta’ (Fourth revised and supplemented edition), ‘Quinta editio recognita et aucta’ (Fifth revised and supplemented edition). At the bottom of the cover pages are the place of printing (Vilnae), the printing house (Typis Academicis Societatis Iesu) and the year (Anno Domini M. DC. XLII., M.DC.LXXVII, M.DCC.XIII). On the second side of the title page is printed in larger font a kind of approval written in Latin, called "Summa privilegii". The Summa privilegii granted the rector of the Vilnius Jesuit Academy the monopoly right to print and sell the dictionary. The Lithuanian translation of Summa privilegii is as follows: “Let no one print, sell or try to sell and print this dictionary in two or three languages, on any pretext whatsoever, without the permission of the greatly revered Father Rector of the Vilnius Society of Jesus, withTM V. Biržiška, Senųjų lietuviškų knygų istorija, 1, 180, Chicago, 1953. *8 Only in the Rare Prints Department of the Central Library of the Lithuanian SSR MA there are 12 copies of the fifth edition, and in the manuscripts of the Vilnius State V. Kapsuko University Scientific Library there are 6 copies. 283 exceeding the previous one in volume, being revised with a greater number of words, phrases and especially synonyms. In fact, this only applies to the third edition, since the fourth and fifth editions are almost identical to the third. In addition to the listed five editions of Širvydas- ’s Dictionary, the Polish writer J. Kraszewski mentions the 1712 edition of Širvydas- ’s Dictionary in his work “Wilno”*- *. We find a convincing explanation of this edition of SzDi in 1712 in the aforementioned article „ŠamMeTKH O ApeBHefiumx Bujienckux mspannax na JluroBekoM s3biKe“, where it is written:,- ,It should be noted that there was no alleged 1712 edition of the dictionary of K. Širvydas mentioned by some bibliographers, e.g., Kraševskis. Of course, it is not true to refer to Kraszewski, because the error occurred because the bibliographers had before their eyes the copy of the fifth edition (1713), where the last dash of the Roman numerals MDCCXIII was either accidentally deleted or was unreadable. We ourselves have had the chance to see a copy now belonging to the local Roman Catholic Academy, in which the last dash of the number XIII is completely covered by the stamp of the former Vilnius Jesuit Academy; It is highly possible that the same copy was the source of the aforementioned bibliographical error.’ The Polish bibliographer F. M. Sobieszczyan:kis- ?? mini Širvydas 1718 edition. This message is repeated by S. Baltramaitis in his,,CO0pHHK Gn6JmorpadnueckHx MaTepHanoB...“90 St, Estreicher also mentions SzDi’s 1718 edition and calls it,,editio sexta“3!, He even presented as proof corresponding copies of that edition, which show that Estreicher, who did not know Lithuanian, supported Elgeri’s 1718 Latvian dictionary as the 1718 edition of Širvydas’s dictionary. Neither 1712 nor 1718 were therefore allowed. If they had left, we would have more reliable information. Furthermore, if there had been a 1712 authorisation, it would have been reflected in the preamble to the 1713 authorisation. But who would have had to issue the 1713 SzDi if there had actually been a 1712 authorization? In addition to,,Dictionarium trium linguarum“, another lexicographic work of Širvydas- ,,Dictionarium Polonolatinum“*- ?, published in Warsaw in 1641, has survived to our days. On the front page it is written that,,Dictionarium Polonolatinum*“ was intended for Polish Jesuit schools. It is the same trilingual dictionary of Širvydas, only without the Lithuanian part.,,Editio nova“ is called perhaps because it was a different publication than,,Dictionarium trium linguarum- “. The history of the Dictionarium Polonolatinum is complicated by the fact that the dictionary was published without a preface. *8 Vilnius from its beginnings to 1750 by J. I. Kraszewskicgo, IV, 228, Vilnius, 8 F, M, Sobieszczanski, Szyrwid Konstant1842. y, —Encyklopedyja powszechna, 24, 876, Warsaw, 1867. 30 COopunk GnOjnorpadiueckux MaTepHanoB Aas rėorpaddun, HCTOPHH, HCOpHH NpaBa, cTaTHCTHKH H 9THOrpaduH Jlntes, cocrasua C. Banrpamaiirne, 396, C —TerepGypr, 1904. 31 St. Estreicher, Bibliografia Polska, Volume XXX, 359, Krakow, 1934. 32 Its full title: Dictionarium Polonolatinum In usum Studiosa Iuventutis Polona Auctore Constantino Szyrwid e Societate Iesu: Editio Nova. Warsaviae Apud Ionem Trelpinski, SRM, Typogr., Anno Domini 1641. The Lithuanian title would be as follows: K. Širvydo, Jesuit member, Polish-Latin dictionary for Polish studying youth, New edition, printed in Warsaw, Trelpinskis typography, 1641. 285