Dėl kai kurių baltų kalbų žemės ūkio augalų pavadinimų kilmės

LIETUVIŲ KALBOTYROS KLAUSIMAI, III LIETUVOS TSR MOKSLŲ AKADEMIJA ON THE ORIGIN OF THE NAMES OF SOME AGRICULTURAL PLANTS IN THE BALTIC LANGUAGES A. SABALIAUSKAS Radish (Raphanus sativus) 1. In the opinion of A. de Candolle (38,553), the radish’s homeland was Western Asia. According to the Talmud, radishes grew very well in ancient Babylonia (cf. O. Schrader, Reall., 2, 251). This plant must have reached Egypt from Asia at a very early date. Herodotus (2,125) states that, judging from the paintings in the Cheops pyramid, the builders of this monument ate radishes in abundance alongside onions and garlic (συφαρθη) (cf. G. Buschan, 243). Radishes are mentioned as a popular food in ancient Greek comedies (cf. O. Schrader, Reall., 2, 251). The ancient Romans also knew radishes. They usually added the epithet Syriaca to the name of the radish, or described it as quae Assyrio semine venit. This, too, points to the plant’s eastern origin (cf. O. Schrader, Reall., 2,251). 2. The Balts and Slavs probably became acquainted with this vegetable somewhat later. So far, we have no archaeological evidence indicating how long it has been known in the lands of the Balts and Slavs. For example, on the basis of linguistic evidence, we can say that Lithuanians knew radishes as early as the 12th century. Clearly, the Slavs must have known them earlier, since the Balts, as we shall see, became acquainted with this plant through the Slavs. 3. In Indo-European languages, radish names of two different origins are most widely attested. The Greek name for radish, ῥαφανίς, ῥαφάνη, ῥάφανος, has the same root as the name for turnip, ῥάπυς, ῥάφυς. In Greek, the radish received its name from the name of this plant. From Greek, this name for radish entered Latin as raphanus. The name later survived in the Romance languages: Italian rafano, Spanish rábano, Portuguese rabanete. Alongside the Greek loanword, Latin also had another native name for the radish, rādīx, whose original meaning is “root.” This Latin word entered the Germanic languages: Old High German rat(i)c(h), retich, Old English rǣdic, Middle High German retich, rātich, German Rettich, Swedish rättika. Old High German merrātich shows that this word originally had ā in its root in the Germanic languages (cf. F. Weigand, 577—8; F. Kluge, Et. Wb., 597). From Germanic, this name for radish passed into Finnish as räättikka (cf. T. E. Karsten, IF, 26, 250—1; Germ., 207). It is also attested in Hungarian as retek. 17. Kalbotyros klausimai, III 257 4. Radish names of this kind are also found in Slavic languages: OCS redьky, rъbъky, Old Russian репька (И. И. Срезневский, 3, 216), Russian редька, Belarusian рэдзька, Ukrainian редька, Serbo-Croatian родаква, ротква, ро́ква, Slovenian redkev, Czech ředkev, řetkev, Slovak red’kev (V.Machek, Rost., 60), Polish rzodkiew, Upper Sorbian rjedkej, Lower Sorbian radkej (cf. F.Miklosich, Et. Wb., 284–5; А. Преображенский, Эт. сл., 2, 194; M.Vasmer, Et. Wb., 2,504; J.Holub, F.Kopečný, Et. sl., 321; V.Machek, Et. sl., 432). At first glance, it is clear that a single proto-form cannot be reconstructed for these Slavic radish names. At least four proto-forms can be reconstructed from the examples cited: *redъky, *rodъky, *rъbъky, *rьdъky (cf. V. Machek, Rost., 60). This variation shows that this radish name is not a Slavic word: it entered most Slavic languages from Germanic languages (cf. A. Meillet, Étud., 184; C. C. Uhlenbeck, AfslPh, 15, 490; V. Kiparsky, Lw., 276–7). The Russian forms of the name probably derive from Low German (cf. V. Kiparsky, Lw., 276–7). German narrow e may have been rendered in Russian by ь, as in the word Бърнъ < German Bern (cf. K. Būga, ZfslPh, 1, 42). In Slavic languages, the phonetics of this radish name may also have changed as a result of folk etymology. Some of these names may also have entered Slavic languages from Romance languages (cf. M. Vasmer, Et.Wb., 2,504; V. Machek, Rost., 60). Later, this radish name also entered some other languages of the peoples of the Soviet Union from Russian: Evenki редька, Evenki dialect редька, Buryat-Mongolian редьке, and others. 5. A radish name with this root is also found in the Baltic languages, namely Lithuanian and Latvian. It is already attested in old monuments of our language: K. Širvydas’s dictionary (331), J. Morkūnas’s Postil (270). This word entered Lithuanian from Old Russian. It was borrowed before ъ> e, that is, no later than the 12th century (cf. K. Būga, ZfslPh, 1, 42; В. И. Костельницкий, 397). In the eastern Aukštaitian dialects of Lithuanian, the form ru-dikas of this name is found. K. Būga (ZfslPh, 1, 42) believes that it, like the Latvian name for radish, derives from the Old Russian (in K. Būga’s terminology, Belarusian—Weiss-russen) form *ръбъка, where ъ in the root arose through hardening of the consonant r. K. Būga sees a similar change in vocalism in the Latvian word krusts (alongside kristis) (K. Būga, RRš, 2,538). However, as we shall see, this form can also be explained in another way. 6. The most widespread Latvian name for radish is rutks. J. Endzelīns (EM, 3,565) believes that this form probably derives from the form *ridiks, with the root vocalism altered on the model of the word ruds ‘reddish, brown’. This may be partly indicated by forms of this name such as ruduks (EM, 3, 554; J. Endzelins, La. Gr., 72), rudaks (T. Šmite, FBR, 12,51; EH, 2, 381), which occur alongside the form rutaks (F. Adamovičs, FBR, 3, 107). The Lithuanian form rudikas could be explained in the same way, since the form *ръбъка, from which, in K. Būga’s view, the aforementioned Latvian and Lithuanian radish names may have derived, is not attested in Russian monuments. In Latvian dialects, the form ridiks has also been recorded once (EH, 2, 375). Its isolated occurrence makes it difficult to draw any conclusions. 258 The Latvian name for radish is also found in present-day Latvian in another compound name for a vegetable — Latviškas ridiko pavadinimas māmuts ‘horseradish’, formed on the model of German Meerrettich by translating the second part of the word. Some other plants, too, received their names from the name for radish: ezera rutks, velna rutks, juodu rutks ‘Cicuta virosa’, meža rutks ‘Geum rivale’, lauka rutks ‘Raphanus raphanistrum’ (EM, 3,565). Among the Latvian-speaking fishermen of the Curonian Spit, the name for radish retichs is found (J. Plāķis, 77). This name was borrowed from German. 7. We see that the Balts and Slavs have the same name for radish. In both language groups, as in many other Indo-European languages, this name is borrowed. Most Slavs received it from the Germanic languages, while the Balts received it from the Slavs. There is no information about the name for radish in Old Prussian. Carrot (Daucus carota) 1. Europe or Western Asia is generally considered the homeland of this plant (cf. A. de Candolle, 554; O. Schrader, Reall., 2,69; H. Burchardówna, 170). Traces of carrots have been found in the remains of pile-dwellings at Robenhausen, Switzerland (cf. G. Buschan, 148; O. Schrader, Reall., 2,69). However, some doubt this find (cf. J. Hoops, Reall., 1, 234). 2. In Polish territory, carrot seeds have been found in fossils dating from the 7th–9th centuries (cf. H. Burchardówna, 164, 175). Information about carrot cultivation in the territories of Lithuania and Latvia during this period is lacking. The plant is mentioned in 16th-century inventories of Lithuanian estates, though relatively infrequently (cf. K. Jablonskis, 419, 451, 455, 678). The estate cadastres of Latvia from 1624 and 1630 show that Latvian peasants supplied carrots to landowners as tribute (cf. A. Švābe, IMM, 1922, 169; J. Sehwers, 301). 3. Several names of this plant, of various origins, are found in Indo-European languages. The name for carrot carota entered some other Indo-European languages from Latin by various routes: Italian carota, Albanian karotë, French carotte, English carrot, German Karote, etc. Another name for carrot is most widespread in the Germanic and Slavic languages: Old High German mor(a)ha, Middle High German morhe, mörhe, German Möhre, Old English more, English more, Old Danish mora, Old Swedish mora, etc. (cf. J. Hoops, Reall., 1, 234; F. Weigand, 2, 206–7; F. Kluge, Et. Wb., 484), Russian морковь, морква (В. Даль, 2, 347), Belarusian морква, Ukrainian морква, Bulgarian морков, Serbo-Croatian мрква, Slovenian mrkve, Czech mrkev, Slovak mrkva, Polish marchew, Upper Sorbian morchej, Lower Sorbian marchew (cf. M. Vasmer, Et. Wb., 2, 158–9; A. Преображенский, Эт. сл., 557; F. Miklosich, Et. Wb., 192). From the Slavs, this name for carrot also entered other languages: Romanian morcov (cf. A. Rosetti, 44), Moldavian морков. In later times, other languages of the Soviet Union also received this word from Russian: Tuvan морковь, Buryat-Mongolian морхооб, Evenki морковь, Evenki морковь, etc. As we shall see, Lithuanians also received this word from the Slavs. There are various opinions about the origin of this word. First, it is linked with Hesiod’s Greek βράκανα· τὰ ἄγρια λάχανα, with the Greek form reconstructed as the proto-form *mr̥k- (cf. A. Walde, Vgl. Wb., 2, 313; É. Boisacq, D. ét., 131; J. Hoops, Reall., 1, 234; M. Vasmer, Et. Wb., 2, 158; F. Kluge, Et. Wb., 484). Semantically, 259 Such an association for peas is quite possible, since a cultivated plant often acquires its name from some wild plant (Greek ἄγρια λάχανα “wild vegetables”). However, it is difficult to reconstruct a single proto-form for the Greek, Germanic, and Slavic words. Many researchers considered the Slavic name for carrot to be a borrowing from Germanic (cf. F. Miklosich, Et. Wb., 192; A. Walde, Vrgl. Wb., 2, 313; C. C. Uhlenbeck, AfslPh, 15, 489; O. Schrader, Reall., 2, 69). Baudouin de Courtenay (10) also agreed with this view. This claim is partly justified, since no single proto-form can be reconstructed for the carrot names found in Slavic languages that derive from this root. On the other hand, however, the carrot name in all Slavic languages cannot be phonologically connected with the Germanic name for carrot. Therefore, only the Polish and Sorbian names for carrot were probably borrowed from Germanic (cf. V. Kiparsky, Lw., 75—6; M. Vasmer, Et. Wb., 2, 158—9; V. Machek, Rost., 167). V. Machek (LP, 2, 158; Rost., 167) believes that both the Slavs and the Germanic peoples obtained the name for carrot from an unknown non-Indo-European language. He writes: “Given that this plant has been native throughout Europe since ancient times, it may be asserted that both Slavic *mьrky and Germanic *murrō were taken—independently of one another—from the language of Europe’s pre-Indo-European indigenous inhabitants” (Rost., 167). 4. As noted, the carrot name from this root also passed from Slavic into Lithuanian. In our dialects and written sources we find various phonetic variants of this word: morkà, morkas, morkù, morkvė, morkvà (cf. J. Dagys, 116; F. Kurschat, Wb., 1, 67, 135). The Lithuanian form morkvà corresponds exactly to Russian dialectal морква and Belarusian морква, from which it also entered Lithuanian (cf. A. Brückner, Fw., 110; J. Otrebski, Tw., 3, 33; B. И. Костельницкий, 259; K. Būga, ZfslPh, 1, 48). The form morkvà is already found in K. Sirvydas’s dictionary (142). The form morkà arose on Lithuanian soil. The loss of the consonant v in loanwords is quite often observed; cf. liežarsta < liežarstva, kǫlyti < kǫvlyti (Pr. Skardžius, Lw., 135). This consonant is sometimes lost in native words as well (cf. J. Endzelins, La. Gr., 212—20; BVSuF, 49—50). Various changes to the stem arose by analogy with other words; for example, the form morkvė may have arisen under the influence of the words bìlvė, rópė, and mórkas by analogy with other vegetable names in the -o-stem. 5. Latvians do not have a carrot name from this root. The most widespread word there is burkāns, which is also found in other neighboring languages: Russian боркан, буркан (В. Даль, 1, 115, 143), East Prussian German Burkan, Borkan, Porkan (H. Frischbier, 1, 120), Finnish porkanna, Estonian porgand, Moksha пурыкя, пурыкя, Livonian borkons, Lithuanian burkonas, burkūnas (L. k. žd., 1, 972, 973). As we can see, this name for carrot covers a certain part of northeastern Europe. Among the Slavic languages, only Russian has it; among the Germanic languages, only the Germans of East Prussia. The word entered the Finnic languages of the Baltic region from Russian (cf. J. Mikkola, Ber., 91). It is unclear, however, where it came from into Russian. V. Kiparsky (Baltend., 201, cf. M. Vasmer, Et. Wb., 1, 108) believes that the Russians got this name for carrot from the Baltic Germans, and that the word reached them through monastic Latin from Greek (βράκανα). This would mean that it is a word of the same origin as the Slavic and Germanic carrot name mentioned earlier, but one that arose by a completely different route. However, M. Vasmer (Et. Wb., 1, 108) appears rightly to disagree with this explanation, 260 because Greek βράκανα is a very rarely used word and is not found in scholarly literature. K. Būga (ZfsIPh, 1, 48) wrote on this subject: “мѫркы may be of the same origin as бърканъ. But we do not yet know of any language in which m can become b, or vice versa. That such a language existed in antiquity on the Baltic, in which b could alternate with m is shown not only by мѫркы and бърканъ, but also by Latvian buca and mu-ca ‘barrel.’” Thus, there are no explanations that are beyond doubt. 6. This name for carrot is already found in 17th-century Latvian texts; for example, G. Manceleris (Phras. lett., XVI) writes “gelbe Rüben, Burrkani,” and J. Langijs, “Burkans, plur. Burkani, gelbe Mö hre oder Rübe” (cf. also J. Sehwers, 301). It is difficult to say by what route the word entered Latvian. It is possible that Latvians got it from Russian, as A. Brückner (Fw., 75) maintained. In K. Būga’s view (ZfsIPh, 1, 48), the Baltic Germans borrowed this name for carrot from Latvian, although the reverse could also have been the case. In Latvian dialects, alongside the form burkāns, we also find the forms burkanis, burkans (EH, 1, 254). The latter form may be of the same origin as Lithuanian bur-kantas. However, the suffix with the formant -t- may sometimes have arisen in this word on Latvian soil by analogy with the diminutive form burkantiņš (on this suffix, cf. J. Endzelīns, La. Gr., 316—7). 7. This name for carrot is occasionally found in Lithuanian dialects as well: burkonas, burkūnas (L.k. žd., 1, 972, 973). These words probably entered Lithuanian by two routes: from East Prussian German and from Latvian. Their geographical distribution also indicates this. In K. Širvydas’s dictionary (243) we find the word burkuntai < burkantai. There it is used as a synonym for pasternokai. It entered Lithuanian from Russian (cf. K. Būga, ZfsIPh, 1, 48; Pr. Skardžius, Lw., 48). The suffix of this word, however, is very unclear. The linguists mentioned believe it is the same suffix as in Estonian porgand “carrot.” But this claim is doubtful, since we do not find this word with a similar suffix in Russian sources, while among the Finnic languages of the Baltic region, only Estonian has such a suffix in this word. Thus, this suffix could also have arisen on Lithuanian soil. A word from this root, burkūnas “Melilotus,” is quite widely found in Lithuanian (L.k. žd., 1, 537; K. Būga, ZfsIPh, 1, 48). The word is also found with this meaning in Russian (В. Даль, 1, 143), from which it entered Lithuanian. The difference in the root vocalism of these words should be explained by their phonetic variation in Russian. 8. Another name for carrot is also found in the western Lithuanian dialects. This name occurs in various phonetic variants: germėlė, gėrmolė, germėlė, gėrmuolė, girmolė, girmolis, girmuolė (L.k. žd., 3, 260, 261, 344; J. Dagys, 116; J. Gerullis, Chr. Stang’as, 82). This name was borrowed from German. The form Gelmö hre is found in the dialects of the East Prussian Germans (H. Frischbier, 1, 224, 225), and this is the source of the name for carrot (cf. K. Alminauskis, 53, 54). In borrowing it, Lithuanians merely metathesized the consonants. Similar metathesis phenomena, especially in loanwords, occur quite frequently; cf. Latvian redele, Estonian redel <, and Low German ledder, 261 Latvian purvelis < pulveris (cf. J. Endzelins, La. Gr., 235). The association with other Lithuanian words, for example girь, mōlis, may have influenced the emergence of various phonetic variants of this name for carrot in Lithuanian. 9. Such a name for carrot is also found in the Latvian spoken by the fishermen of the Curonian Spit: germele (M. Voelkel, 11), germile (M. Graudiņa). This word may have entered Latvian from Lithuanian or directly from German. 10. A review of the names for carrot in Baltic, Slavic, and other languages shows that these names are usually of uncertain origin. The names for carrot used in the Baltic languages are borrowed from Slavic and German. The name for carrot borrowed from Slavic is the most widespread in Lithuanian. There is no information about the name of this plant in Old Prussian. Cucumber (Cucumis sativus) 1. A. de Candolle (331, 559) considers India to be the plant’s homeland. Other later researchers also agree with this view (cf. H. Burchardówna, 170–1; O. Schrader, Reall., 1, 653; A. Engler, Hehn Kult., 318). From India, this plant reached China before the Common Era (cf. A. de Candolle, 332). It was also cultivated by the ancient Greeks. Among the Greeks, the first to mention the cucumber was Alcaeus (7th century BCE). He calls this plant σίκος. The city Σικυών is also mentioned in the Iliad (2, 572; 23, 299); it was formerly called Μηκώνη, “city of poppies,” and probably took its name from the word for cucumber (cf. O. Schrader, Reall., 1, 653). The Slavs also obtained this plant directly from the Greeks or through intermediaries. From there, the cucumber later spread to the Baltic lands and also to some Germanic regions. Among archaeological finds in the territory of Poland, cucumber seeds have been found that date back as early as the 8th–10th centuries (cf. H. Burchardówna, 165, 176). No traces of cucumber cultivation have yet been found in archaeological finds from the territories of Lithuania and Latvia. Cucumbers are already found in 16th-century inventories of Lithuanian estates. Pickled cucumbers are mentioned there as well (cf. K. Jablonskis, 451, 453, 678). 2. Several names for cucumber are found in Indo-European languages. Most of these names are borrowed words that came into use relatively recently. The cucumber names in some Indo-European languages derive from Latin cucumis, -eris, namely: Italian cocomero “watermelon; cucumber,” French concombre, Spanish cucumeráceo “cucumber-like, of cucumbers,” English cucumber, German (found in southern and western Germany) Kukummer, Kumerling, Guckummer, Kommer, Kumr, Cummer, Kukumr, Dutch komkommer (Trübners Wb., 259; F. Weigand, Wb., 1, 1167), Serbo-Croatian kukhmar (F. Miklosich, Et. Wb., 146). Some Romance-language names for cucumber derive from Latin pepo, -onis (< Greek πέπων) “melon (Cucumis melo),” for example: Spanish pepino, Portuguese pepino, Moldavian nēnēhe. A cucumber name with a different root is found in South Slavic, Romanian, and Albanian: Bulgarian краставица, Serbian краставац, Croatian krastavica, Romanian castravete, Albanian kastravec. An attempt has been made to connect this name with Old Church Slavonic krasta, krastavъ “rough, rugged, uneven” (cf. V. Hehn, 318; A. Будилович, 89). P. Chernykh (Оч. лекс., 61) also connects Russian коростовик, коростянка “Scabiosa” (В. Даль, 2, 169) with the aforementioned cucumber name. 3. However, another name for cucumber is the most widespread in European languages. This name is found in Slavic, Baltic, Germanic, and other languages. This is also 262 also a borrowed word, which entered these languages by various routes. A large part of the Slavic languages has a cucumber name from this root: Russian огурец, огурок (Б. Даль, 2, 649), Baltic огурок, огурок (П. А. Расторгуев, 142), Ukrainian огірок, Serbo-Croatian угорак, Czech okurka, okurek, Slovak uhorka, uharka, uherka, ugorka, uhorok (V. Machek, Rost., 227–8), Polish ogórek, Upper Sorbian korka, Lower Sorbian gurka. The cucumber names in the Slavic languages mentioned above, belonging to this root, do not allow a single proto-form to be reconstructed. On the basis of the Slovak and Serbo-Croatian names, the proto-form *angur- can be reconstructed, whereas the East Slavic, Czech, and Polish cucumber names point to the proto-form *ogur-. The older proto-form is *angur-. This is indicated by the source of the Slavic cucumber names mentioned above, Greek βίζαντ. ἄγγουρον (Modern Greek ἄγουρι). The Slavs most likely received both the plant itself and its name from the Greeks (cf. M. Vasmer, Et. Wb., 2, 253–4; ZfslPh, 19, 449). V. Machek (Rost., 228) explains the emergence of the proto-form *ogur- as the result of dissimilation, with nasal n disappearing before the liquid r (“…asi prieš spodobu: n-r > r-r > O-r”). The origin of this cucumber name is not entirely clear. Some explain Greek ἄγγουρον on the basis of Greek material. In their view, the word means “unripe, green” (ἄγουρος = ἄωρος). Semantically, this explanation is quite plausible, since cucumbers were indeed eaten green, before they had fully ripened (cf. O. Schrader, Reall. 1, 653; V. Hehn, 320). Greek ἄγγουρον is also connected with Persian angūr “bunch of grapes” (cf. F. Miklosich, Et. Wb., 2, 371; V. Machek, Rost., 228). For there is a certain variety of small cucumbers whose fruit somewhat resembles bunches of grapes. Finally, Greek ἄγγουρον can even be explained as a blend of Persian angūr and Greek ἄγουρος (cf. J. Holub, F. Kopečný, Et. sl., 254). Alongside Greek ἄγγουρον, the compound cucumber name τετράγγουρον is also attested (V. Hehn, 316), from which the Albanian name for cucumber trangull derives (cf. O. Schrader, Reall. 1, 653). The southern Slavs were the first to become acquainted with cucumbers. This was determined by their geographical location. The claim that the word огурец entered Russian from Polish has no basis (cf. V. Jagić, AfslPh, 7,495). Not everyone agrees with the Greek origin of the Slavic cucumber name. For example, P. Černych (Ист. гр., 301; Оч. лекс., 113) believes that the Greeks most likely received this name from the Slavs. In his view (Оч. лекс., 61), the Slavs most likely got this cucumber name from somewhere in the east. P. Černych’s explanation, however, is difficult to substantiate (cf. also Л. А. Булаховский, ВЯ, 1953, 1,137). 4. From the Slavs, the cucumber name, along with the plant itself, also spread to other regions. This name is found in the Germanic languages: German Gurke, Swedish gurka, Danish agurk, Norwegian agurk, English gherkin “pickled cucumber, cornichon.” This cucumber name entered the Germanic languages relatively recently. The Germans were the first to become acquainted with it. In general, the Germans encountered this plant by two routes: from the Romans and from the Slavs. This is vividly illustrated by the geographical distribution of the cucumber name in German dialects. In southern and western Germany, the cucumber name derived from Latin cucumis, -eris is found, while elsewhere it is borrowed from Slavic. The Germans received this name from the Slavs through trade. It is already attested in sixteenth-century written records (cf. Trübners Wb., 259). Various phonetic forms of this cucumber name are found in German written records and dialects: Omorke, Umurke, Agurke, Augurke, Augurk, Gorken, Gurcken, Gorken, Gurchen, Ajurke (F. Weigand, 780-1; 263 Trübners Wb., 259; O. Schrader, Reall., 1, 653; O. Schrader, IF, 17, 30). Similar phonetic variation is characteristic of many borrowings. Through German, this cucumber name also entered other Germanic languages. The Hungarians also borrowed a cucumber name from this root from the Slavs — uborka, ugorka. It is also found in the Baltic Finnic languages. It entered them by two routes: from Germanic—Estonian kurk, Finnish kurkku (cf. Л. Хакулинен, 2,63)—and directly from Slavic—Finnish uggurits (cf. J. Mikkola, Ber., 23). In later times, the cucumber name entered the languages of some other peoples of the Soviet Union from Russian: Evenki огурец, Buryat-Mongolian үгерцы, Tuvan огурец, Avar охрец, etc. 5. A cucumber name from this root is also found in the Baltic languages. It most likely entered them by two routes as well. Lithuanians borrowed the cucumber name from the Slavs. The word could have entered Lithuanian from Polish or Belarusian. K. Būga (Žd., 19) and A. Brückner (Fw., 66) believe that Lithuanians received this name from Polish. Others allow for both possibilities (cf. Pr. Skardžius, Lw., 26; E. Fraenkel, Et. Wb., 2; J. Otrebski, Tw., 3,5). Phonetically, Lithuanian agù̄kas could derive both from Polish ogurek (ogórek from the sixteenth century onward) and from Belarusian огурокъ. This form is also attested in various sixteenth-century documents of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (cf. K. Jablonskis, 451; K. Būga, Žd., 19). This cucumber name is often found in our old writings. It is already found in J. Bretkūnas, K. Širvydas, and S. Chilinskis (cf. K. Būga, Žd., 19). In Lithuanian dialects, alongside the form agù̄kas, the forms agù̄klas (Vkš, Užv, Kl, Ky, Škn, Grz, Krp, Plng, Skd; K. Būga, Žd., 19; L.k. žd., 1, 26), vagù̄klas (Slnt, Pln, Nv, Mžk, Sd, Krtn, Yl), and gù̄klas (Štk; A. Bezzenberger, Lit. F., 116) are also found. K. Jaunius explained the emergence of the formant -l- here as the influence of the word gurklys (cf. K. Būga, Žd., 19). Such an explanation is quite plausible. The loss of the initial vowel a- may also, perhaps, partly confirm the connection between these words. E. Frenkel (Et. Wb., 178) explains the matter differently. In his view, the word gù̄klas was borrowed from German, and the formant -l- arose under the influence of the word cviklas. It is difficult to agree with E. Frenkel’s explanation. The only argument that this word may have been borrowed from German is the absence of a-. However, this vowel could also have been lost without the influence of another language (cf. Belarusian агурок: огурок, German Agurke: Gurke, etc.). In Lithuanian we also find the names of some other plants derived from the cucumber name, namely: agurkynas “Borrago officinalis” (L.k. žd., 1, 25), agurkininkas “a garden herb with large hairy leaves and a cucumber-like taste” (L. k. žd., 1, 25), agurkės “Borrago officinalis” (L.k. žd., 1, 25), agurklė “Borrago officinalis” (L. k. žd., 1, 26), agurklialapis, agurklialapės “in muddy lakes or fairly deep pools, a plant grows whose small leaves (not water-lily leaves) float on the water, and whose leaf stalks are thin and long, reaching right down to the bottom” (L. k. žd., 1, 25, 26). In the words agurklialapis, agurklialapės, the first -l- is most likely an intrusive segment, arising under the influence of the second -l-, since the words agurklas, agurklė are not used in this dialect. In the territory of Latvia, the name of a meadow Agurkle is also attested; it is likewise connected with Lithuanian agurklė, agurklas (cf. J. Endzelīns, LV, I, 1,6). 6. A cucumber name from this root is also used in Latvian. The history of its entry into Latvian is somewhat different from that of Lithuanian. As early as E. Glück’s (1652—1705) Bible translation, we find the form “to Augurkų”. This is a borrowing from Middle High German. 264 Samogitian augurke (cf. J. Sehwers, 4, 302). In G. F. Stender’s dictionary (1,393)) we find the form augurkės, which is likewise considered a loanword from Low German augurke (cf. J. Sehwers, 302). In the supplements to this dictionary, it is noted that the singular form agurkis is otherwise used (cf. ibid., 302). The name for cucumber, agurkis, may also have reached the eastern part of Latvia from the Slavs (cf. K. Būga, Žd., 19; И. Энделин, Жив. ст., 1899, 3, 253; A. Brückner, Fw., 166). In contemporary standard Latvian, the form gurķis is used. The loss of initial a- may have been influenced by the German form Gurke. However, it may also have occurred without outside influence. In the Latvian dialect of the fishermen of the Curonian Spit, the form gurķe is used (cf. J. Plāķis, 58). This is a loanword from German. 7. Several names for cucumber are found in Indo-European languages. In many Slavic languages, the name for cucumber derives from Greek. From Slavic, this name entered Germanic, some Finno-Ugric, and Baltic languages. The Lithuanians obtained the name for cucumber from Polish or Belarusian. It entered Latvian from German. However, some Latvians—the Latgalians—may also have obtained the name for cucumber from Slavic. We have no information about the name for cucumber in Old Prussian. S a n t r u m p o s Alb. — Albanian; Engl. — English; Highland. — Highland dialects; Avar. — Avar; Belor. — Belarusian; Byzant. — Byzantine; Bulg. — Bulgarian; Bur. — Mong. — Buryat — Mongolian; Czech. — Czech; Dan. — Danish; dial. — dialectal; Est. — Estonian; Evenk. — Evenk; Evenkic. — Evenkic; Gr. — Greek; Indo-Eur. — Indo-European; Span. — Spanish; Ital. — Italian; Latv. — Latvian; Pol. — Polish; Lith. — Lithuanian; Liv. — Livonian; Lat. — Latin; Lus. — Sorbian; Moksha. — Moksha; Mold. — Moldavian; Norw. — Norwegian; Dutch. — Dutch; Pers. — Persian; Port. — Portuguese; Fr. — French; Rom. — Romanian Rus. — Russian; Old — ancient; Serb. — Croat. — Serbian — Croatian; Slovene. — Slovenian; Slovak. — Slovak; OCS — Old Church Slavonic; Finn. — Finnish; Swed. — Swedish; Tuv. — Tuvan; Ukr. — Ukrainian; Mid. — Middle; Low Ger. — Low German; Samog. — Samogitian * * * Grz — Gruzdžiai Yl — Ylakiai Kl — Kuliai Krp — Kruopiai Krtn — Kretinga Kv — Kvedarna Mžk — Mažeikiai Nv — Nevarėnai Pln — Plungė Plng — Palanga Sd — Seda Skd — Skuodas Slnt — Salantai Skn — Sakyna Štk — Šateikiai Užv — Užventis Vkš — Viekšniai 265 L I T E R A T U R E 1. 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