Apie sudurtines pradėtines veiksmažodžių formas

LEE TSUN Li KAU LI BIOT YR O/S'K L'AUYSTMATL IV LITHUANIA "T'S RRM OK SY: "AND ADIE-M IJ A N. SLIZIENE The composed initial verb forms of Lithuanian language consist of the personified form of the auxiliary verb be and the present tense participle of the verb with independent lexical meaning with the particle be-, e.g.: buvau beeings, būsiu beeings, būčiau beeings, būk beeings?. : The meaning of compound initial forms is not homogeneous. The term initial forms says that they should mark the beginning of the action, but this meaning is only given to the initial forms of the past tense. They denote a past action that was interrupted by another action or phenomenon, e.g.: "When it is summer and you don't let pedestrians pass through your field..." — Smalinis was about to throw it at Puodžiūnas, but Giedraitis slammed at him again, and he, without finishing his sentence, stopped speaking. They found a bench, and Monica was about to lay her eggs when the policeman came and politely told her that snacking was not allowed here. Martynas was stretching out his hand to her, but when he saw one of her fingers stuck out, as if he hadn't noticed Gaidienė, he went on Simon VK II 279. In addition to the meaning of the beginning of the action, the initial forms of the past participle sometimes indicate the relative duration of the past action. This duration becomes apparent when the context shows that the action expressed by the initial forms lasted longer than another simultaneous action, phenomenon or. moment, although its objective duration could have been absolutely short. For example: : Mr. Tadas Kirla himself was already sitting at the table with the children. Kirla’s sister Marcelle poured tea into glasses, standing at the border of the second table, on which the kitchen steamed Pt I 197. He had been a priest for a long time, so he received a clergymanship. The first thought that came to his stubborn mind was to hide the horses as quickly as possible. Zig's brothers had already taken the horses from the unloaded carriage Vencl III 231. Other initial forms also have a meaning of relative duration. I'm not sure if I'm going to be able to do it again, but I'm going to be able to do it again." 183. I regret in my heart that I am not a saint. The 2000s saw a decline in cheese production from 240,000 to 200,000 tons. When we come to call you, be already unemployed, then we will not even need to call you Jb I 314. ! In the present tense, the auxiliary verb to be does not su form a compound participle. 67 However, the forms of the future participle usually mean an implied, anticipated future action. For example: : It will begin to dew, it will ir be a dark December iš night Dr. There was no sound in the chimney. “Light only the light, it will not break inside”, children think į to — themselves LzP I 367. Tomorrow it will be raining, then you will wipe the Earth I 184. In full forms we would say: Tomorrow, look, it will rain, then it will si ir Sir. A Although the meaning of the beginning of the action is only given by the past participle forms, traditionally the beginnings are called the iš active participant of the present time of all compound su forms, having the particle be-. These forms first began to be called initial K. Young, who introduced į into Lithuanian grammar the paradigm of the past participle, called the past tense of attempt or beginning (imperfectum de conatu)?. Ši tradition continues J. In Jablonski's 1901 m. grammar, where, paradigms, a be description of meaning is ir given: „p e Ieighth trial time (t. praeteritum de conatu) refers to a transitory action that did not occur, but only occurred in the meantime of another action”3. 1919 m. grammar J. Jablonskis has already created a whole system called enriched beginner tenses?., which is given to in all ji Lithuanian grammar since time. The concept of the term early times J. Jablonski expanded to include a į system of forms of equal action but unequal meaning, naming them ir "in the time of the initiator, established action"®. 1922 m. in grammar, when discussing individual initial tenses, he correctly attributed the meaning of the beginning of the action only to the past participle initial tenses?. In this way, the term beginner's tense has come to refer to forms that only denote the ne beginning of an action, but a lasting ir action, as opposed to the term accomplished tense, which refers to forms that denote a completed, completed action. The system of the early times is not ir as complete as it is presented by ją J. Jablonski. The desired forms of the present tense appear ir to be unused in the language. The lustful description did not give forms nė J. The examples o jo given by Jablonskis of the past tense are repeated in all subsequent ir Lithuanian grammar. Neither in the spoken nor in the written language these forms have been found so far. There are no formally recognized ir forms. The most common forms of the past participle are used by the Žemaites and the Vysoké Tatry, while the future participle be forms, although they are used in literary language, are rarely used ir and are ir characteristic of almost exclusively the representatives of the ir Žemaites dialect. ir ir This is why the forms of the past perfect participle were the first to enter into grammar. į | 2 Zr, K. AgBnncens, TpaMMarHka JUTOBCKAro S3EIKA, JIHTOBCKHA OpuruKHaJrb, 201, Ilerporpaas, 1908-1916. 3 See, J. Jablonskis, Selected Writings, 1, 103, Vilnius, 1957. 4 See. P. Kriausaitis ir Rygiškių Jonas, Lithuanian Grammar,131, Vilnius, 1919. 5 Zr. Ibid. 131. 6 See, J. Jablonskis, Selected Writings, 1, 426. 68 The initial time system does not ir have a current time. J. Jablonski jo instead included the present tense active participant in the particle su be-, which is never used in the present tense forms of the auxiliary verb be, which he su himself ir J. Jablonski, as ir K. Young, has previously interpreted differently. K. Young šį participants considered the participle used to express indirect language, e.g.: son reading, father writing, daughter playing (See fikum legere, patrem scribere, filiam suere)". Such opinions in grammar 1901 m. ir 1911 m. syntax followed ir J. Jablonskis®. In syntax he wrote: “We use the language of the participants for often ir unexpected, sometimes as if delayed observations, experiences and otherwise for certification. ir For example: : 1. Just hear (Sunny) — Someone's knocking į on the door Ps. 2. I'm a — bare-footed kid, waiting for something As. 3. Po three-day-old parents watch — the whole flock of coyotes creeping into their yard Ps.: and so on and so forth. ? J. Jablonski correctly observed that the present tense participle particle bey used in such cases is typical of su the Žemaičių dialektas. The Eastern Highlanders like to use impersonal sentences with the passive participant of the present tense of the anonymous genus, with which a person, as if, wants to inform that the message he is now telling us, is to be to him only one or another remote little man, his own now observed, or another person —given to him!?*. The Žemaites saying "Kyburienės žinomas liežuvis, bet ir Rimšienė dantinga beesanti" (Žem) is also applicable to the Highlanders, but they could express it as follows: "Kyburienės žinomas liežuvis, bet ir Rimšienė dantinga bėsama"*?. This phenomenon was described by J. Jablonskis as one of the many peculiarities of our “narrative language”. Only in 1919, apparently in order to create a complete system of initiated forms, J. Jablonski called the present participle with a particle the compound present tense, noting that it is always said without an auxiliary verb. Since then, all Lithuanian grammar books have given paradigms of the present tense, sometimes even with the auxiliary verb be! Since the participle with the particle ben never is said with the auxiliary verb being in present tense forms, there is no reason to think that they are omitted here. This is confirmed by the mentioned forms of the respective passive participants of the East Highlands nominative genus, which are also never used with the present tense forms of the auxiliary verb and are a certain means of indirect participle expression!- s, 7 See. K. Jaunius, min. veik., 19. 8 See. J. Jablonskis, Rinktiniai raštai, 1, 169, 465, 466, 527, 528. 9 See. Ibid. 527, 528. 10 See. ibid., 1 See. Ibid., 465. 466 (cf. *528). 12 See J. Otrebski, Gramatyka jezyka litewskiego, 3, 278, Warszawa, 1956; J. Žiugžda, Lietuvių kalbos gramatika, 1, 186, Kaunas, 1960 (the auxiliary verb is written in brackets). 13 These forms in the grammar of 1919 and 1922 are also considered by Jablonski to be broken. 69 Su in the conjugated initial forms the present participle with the particle be-'4 is linked to the relative duration of the action: the action is long-lasting. with respect to ar another moment of simultaneous action. — The participant particle of the su present time is used to emphasize the relative duration of the phenomenon ar of such an action, which is suddenly seen, heard, learned as otherwise revealed, ar causing surprise to other ir emotions. The speaker tells ar as if some outside circumstances had instilled a thought in him. : | In expressing the expressive shades indicated here, the speaker is telling specific or generalized phenomena of the ar present action. The widow's husband is a widow's husband. O! Those baibokas without ją throat... Žem II 401. A delicious cake, a cook not knowing how to bake... Žem II 448. Ahh! Thai Barbie ir Bride Dress Up Simon VK II 173. Oh, look, that guy already ir understands Lithuanian... Simon VK II 67. Aš I thought you were tu asleep, o tu about Long thoughtless Simon VK II 213. You pay the debt to one, the other is already begging Vvr. As soon as the evening gets warmer, come on, the larks are already flying ir Slant. Sometimes he does not raise the ar guard, immediately ir sending a girl to offer to eat I 345. How tu be You're a goose! Mother herself like a bellowing, so bellowing to look at geese... Zem II 459. In the context of the present tense, the present participle su particle is used to describe specific or generalized past events. ar In this case, it is used much more often than in the first. For example: : I heard only the squeaking squeaking of the railroad, with the — speed of the already unemployed Uzv. And I disappeared, that it was a garden stick, and there was my virgin na JD 1173. Turned to the man, the truly sleepless iš one! Žem I 73. Vilius turned around angrily again and was about to cut something, but behind him was Trumpjonis Simon VK II 307. I didn't have time to get started yet; shore and coming with a towel over his shoulder, combing his hair, the young son of Zuika, officer Cv III 116. We forced a full house, and here it's morning time, after sunset, only mom is coming with a bundle, carrying LzP I 370 in the wind. Until I got to that,angulini [not giving peace], I almost lost patience —as beateings, so beateings Brs. "Rožikė buvo linksmos būdo: tik, būdavo, pavakarė, žiūrėk, jau ir besisukinėjanti,- restorane" LzP I 405. So that Cinok man, when he clung to me — morning evening as he came, as he came to ask Zem II 108. Only in very rare cases does the present participle with the particle denote an action without any nuances of expression. For example: : And the dawn rose, the sun rose, now the nun, now the white barn resting JD 1502. The nuns asked, "Where is the little daughter?" — 14 This is only the case of this participle when the particle attached to it gives the meaning of the duration of the action. 70 “Sitting behind, gloves on” JD 1530. The day is raining, the night is snowing, the back of the field is waiting for me Grk. It will be four decades with the top, dear boy, as I here from foreign corners dust wiping and foreign wealth numbers painting the paper of books LzP II 60. There are new meadows, sheep grazing. The 456 is not a pocket-sized car. In all cases, the present participle with the particle beyra is used only without the present forms of the auxiliary verb. In the present tense forms of the auxiliary verb, the present participle is said without the particle be-, but it does not form the compound forms of the verb. This participle denotes an action or state characteristic of an object or person as its characteristic and is almost equivalent to an adjective in the noun part of the adverb. For example: : I have been able to drive the devil out of the manor. Ans are many uplifting speeches, and still false Sts. The river flows through the town of Brs. That hen is a laying hen — a chicken Prk. Moist child, just grabbed yr Pl. A girl or some half-boy —sleeping, all the clothes on top —running up to the knees in the dirt next to the carriage, out of impatience only raking tired mares Zem II 159. Greta’s gaze so begging, so full of sorrow, so humbled Simon VK II 123. From all that has been said, it is clear that: 1) the term sudurtiniy pradétiniy forms refers to forms that not only indicate the beginning of an action, but also its duration; 2) compound initial forms do not form a complete system of tenses and conjugations: there are no present and past frequent tense forms and desired conjugation forms, imperative conjugation forms are almost not used; 3) the present participle with the particle be-, which since 1919 in the grammar of J. Jablonski was considered the present participle, is never used in the present forms of the auxiliary verb, is a compound participle, a kind of means of participative expression of indirect language. Abbreviations su ir ne o Brs — Barstyčiai, Sedos district r. Cv — P. Cvirka, Raštai, III, VIII, Vilnius, 1949. Dr — Darbėnai, Kretingos district r. Grk — Girkalnis, Raseinių district r. Jb — J. Jablonskis, Selected Writings, I, Vilnius, 1957. JD — Lithuanian songs recorded by Antanú Yushkevitch. 3 Tom. Kazan, 1880, 1881, 1882. (Numbers next to the abbreviation indicate song numbers.) LzP — Lazdynų Pelėda, Raštai, II, I, Vilnius, No. 1954, Poez — Salome Poetry, poetry, poetry 1954. PI — Palėvenė, Kupiškio district r. Prk — Prelude. 71 Pt —G. Petkevičaitė-Bitė, Raštai, I, Kaunas, 1947. Simon VK —I. Simonis, Vilius Karalius, II, Vilnius, 1956. Slnt - Salantai. Skn —Šakyna, Žagarės r. Here is —Šatės, Skuodo r. U.S.C.C. Vencl —A, Venclova, Raštai, III, Vilnius, 1955. 1954. (in Lithuanian) Vien —A, Vienuolis, Raštai, V, Vilnius, 1954. Vvr —Veiviržėnai, Priekulės r. Žem — Žemaitė, Raštai, II, I, Vilnius, Lithuania 1956. O CJIOXXHbIX HAYHHATEJIbHBIX BPEMEHHbIX ®OPMAX H. K. CJIMXKEHE Pesrome CnoxHbie HauMHaTeJlbHbie BpeMeHHbIe (DOpMbI I'm sorry, I'm sorry. 06M3 CnparaeMbIX (dopM I'm gonna be a good man. Three things to be 'OkITb' H CaMOCTOATENbHOe JIEKCHUECKOe 3HaueHHe HMeIONIeTO ĮeKHCTBHTeJIbHOTO NpHYaCTHsl HACTOSILIErO BpeMeHH C uacTHHeH be-, Hanp. : I was unemployed, I will be unemployed, I would be unemployed, be unemployed. B pycckoM si3bike COOTBETCTBYIOmux ¢GopMm TraroJia Her. 3HaueHHe SHAUMHAIOLIEroCs NeHCTBHS HMEIOT TOJIbKO (OpMEI MpOLIemero ofHOKpaTHoro BpeMeHH. OHH 0603HAuYalOT Takoe Mpollejliee HAeHCTBHE, KOTOpOe 4yThb I've forgotten my password. APYTHM JeHCTBHEM I'm sorry, I'm sorry. OT 3TOro 3HaueHHs NIpOH3ONLIJIO Ha3BaHHE BCeX HauHHATeJIbHbIX ¢opM, HeCMOTpPs Ha TO, UTO (OOpMkI Gyjymiero BpeMeHH, COCJaraTeJbHOro H YOU ARE THE BEST. HAKJIOHEHHS, a KHHOT/Ia H (opMbl MpolleAllero oAHOKparHOTO BPEMEHH, BBIPAXKAIOT OTHOCHTEBHYI OHIHTIjbHOCTb JAeHCTBHSA MO CPasSILENCIO C MeHbllell JJIMTeJbHOCTbIO APYroro OJHOBPEMEHHOTO AEHCTBHS, 5BneHHS, MOMeHTa, GopMbl a Gyayliero BpeMeHH 0003HAUaIOT €llle H MeanoJaraemMoe Gyjymee JeHCTBHe. CJI0)XHble HAUKHHATEeJIbHbIe DOpMBbI He 06pa3yloT NOJHOH CHCTEMbl BpeMeH H HakJoHeHH#, B s3bIKe HeT (GOpM HACTOSAILIEro H NpolUeAlIero MHOTOKparHOTO BpeMeHH H (OPM KelaTeJbHOr0 HakJOHeHHS. OOpMEI MOBEJHTENBHOIO HAKJOHEHHSI MOUTH He I'm sorry. Cox H0oKh HauHHATeJIbHOKH (OpPMOH HACTOSILIERO BpeMeHH, HauHHAas C rpaMMaTHKH V1. fI6nonckica, Buimeamei B 1919 roay, cuntanoch OHO TOJbKO JeHCTBHTeJNbHOe IMPLEMENTED HACTOsIIEro I'm sorry. c It's... KO 3TO MPUYACTHe HHKOTAA He ynorpebusercs ¢ GOpMaMH HACTOSIUEro BpeMEHH I want to be, MOTOMY H Here OCHOBAHHS CUHTAaTh error CJIOxXHOH (HopMOi. ITO TOJIbKO OJIMH H3 CJIyuaeB NMPHYACTHOrO BHpaxeHHS KOCBEHHOH peuH B JIMTOBCKOM Sfi3bIke. 72