Sinoniminis žodžių reikšmių aiškinimas „Lietuvių kalbos žodyne“

LET UV IY KiA'LTB-O TYROS CLAUSIMAIL V LIF E T-U Vi. O S. -T SR" -M. O KS LU AK FA D E M I J A INTERPRETATION OF THE SYNONYMS OF THE MEANS OF WORDS IN THE "LITHUANIAN LANGUAGE DICTIONARY" A. LYBERIS The Academic "Lithuanian Language Dictionary" is the first comprehensive, monolingual, explanatory dictionary of the Lithuanian language. It includes not only modern vocabulary, but also words taken from the oldest written monuments of Lithuanian language, from the most important dictionaries, folklore collections and other sources. The Lithuanian language dictionary is particularly rich in folk language vocabulary, various dialects, regional words and more widely known borrowings. The task of the explanatory glossary is to define the meanings of words, highlight their various semantic and stylistic nuances and use in the language. The first volumes of the “Dictionary of the Lithuanian language”, which began to be prepared in the years of bourgeois rule, did not have the aim of detailing the meanings of words, examining all their nuances. It was attempted to highlight only the most important meanings and to explain them as briefly and concisely as possible, using synonyms and illustrative examples for this purpose. Many words, such as blind, open, backward, starving, fear, frightening, dimple, suffocate, etc., were interpreted solely by synonyms. Instead, it was tried to provide as many illustrative examples as possible from literature and folk spoken language, leaving the reader to understand the various nuances of their meaning. In this respect, the first volumes of the “Dictionary of the Lithuanian language” remind us in many ways of the famous Russian lexicographer V. "Dictionary". Nevertheless, ir V. In the first volumes of the Lithuanian language dictionary, not only synonymic but also descriptive way of interpreting the meaning of words is used. First, not all words have synonyms, second, it is not always possible to explain words exactly by synonyms. Therefore, in the aforementioned Zodyns, the meaning of the word is interpreted descriptively in many places. Further volumes of the Lithuanian Language Dictionary (III — VI), prepared already in the years of the Soviet regime, differ considerably from the first volumes in terms of the interpretation of the meanings of words. ! E.g., the same V. Part view of the į interpretation of words meanings: ‘lpn OGBACHEHIH H TOJIKOBakiu cJiOBa BOOOILe H3OsraJiucb cyxis, Ge3nJiOjiubis ONpeftJIčkiA, TIOpOXKACHIA LUKOJISApCTBA, noTrsxa 3a3HABLIEHCS YyueHOCTH, He NPHAAIOMWAN JtJIy HHKAKOTO cmbicaa... wm Hie OjKOTO CJI0BA ApyTHMb, A THMXb Ship JECATKOMb JpyrHXb, KOHEWHO Bpa3yMHTeJ/IbH+tė BCHDiamonds OnpejįtJiekis, a NpHMtpbI elle Goase NOACHAIOT A440". TojJikoBbili COBAPL XKHBATO I'm sorry, © Baagumipa. Jlaas, tous nepeuii, C.-IlerepGyprt, Mocksa, 1880, p. XXII. 199 They attempt to expand the boundaries of word interpretation, to examine the meanings of words and their nuances in more detail, to highlight phraseological word combinations, using for this purpose the methods of Soviet lexicography of word interpretation; The descriptive interpretation of words is put in the first place, which allows to reveal the semantics of words more broadly and accurately. But some words are still interpreted by their synonyms, widely known and used in literary language. Therefore, the question arises when to use the synonymous way of interpreting the meanings of words in the Lithuanian Language Dictionary. First of all, it should be noted that in the meantime we will be concerned with lexical synonyms and will not touch on grammatical synonymy, i.e. various verb and other variants of words, e.g.: kuoka and kuokas, gedulas and gedulys, brolybė and brolystė, gyvulys and gyvolis, etc., because it gives almost nothing new to the need for clarification and in the “Lietuvių kalbos žodynas” it is usually interpreted in the indicative way, e.g.: gyvulis, marked dial. (dialectal), sent a certificate see (see) the word gyvulys. If both variants are equally widely used and have no preference over each other in literary language, then one (the first one according to the alphabet) is defined, and the second one is only explained by the first one, e.g. gaiveliotis, -iojasi, -iojosi gaivelėtis. What else is lexical synonymy. These are not duplicate forms of words, differing in certain constructive elements, but words of different sound composition, but of the same or similar meaning, used for certain shades of meaning Mark or stylistic reasons. Lexical synonyms. In the Lithuanian language dictionary, words are used for interpretation in two cases: 1) as an auxiliary means of descriptive definition and 2) as an independent means of interpretation. In this case, the meaning of the word is first defined descriptively, then (after the semicolons) more or less synonyms are given, for example, the word piece is first defined descriptively as "a separate part of an object", and then synonyms are added — luita, lustas, klumulas. In the same way, the word angle is defined as "the point where two lines, planes, walls or objects intersect", followed by the synonym angle. Here, synonyms supplement the described definition of the meaning, sometimes rather short and concise, and show that more words are used for the same purpose, the explanation of the meaning of which the reader will find in its place. It is possible that the meaning of the synonyms presented will be better known to the reader than the explanatory word, and this will help him to better understand the explanatory word. It goes without saying that the interpretation of one word in another can not always be accurate and correct, because there are few such words in the language whose meanings would coincide absolutely. But in this case the synonymic interpretation is only auxiliary, because the basis of the interpretation here is the descriptive definition of the meaning of the word. Using synonyms as an independent explanatory tool,. the meaning of the word is no longer descriptively defined, and the explanatory word is simply compared with other Words, close or equal in their meaning. Lexical «synonyms are an independent explanatory tool in the Lithuanian Language Dictionary in the following cases: —1) when interpreting dialectal, synthetic Words, e.g., dialectal word kėltuva is interpreted by well-known literary words cattle, beast; gorūs — bitter, pungent, pungent; daga—derlius, branda; tease —to annoy, make sick, mock, etc. ; 200 . 2) when interpreting obsolete or archaic Words, e.g., revenge is interpreted as a synonym; the eighth; greedy — respect; 3) when interpreting foreign words, jargon and other words not used in literary language, e.g., gluszy —1. deaf... 2. foolish, foolish, clumsy, clumsy; Kačėrga (Brus. kauapra) — a stirrup, a mixer. an exception are those words not used in literary language, which have no Lithuanian equivalents. In this case, their meaning is described, e.g., karabela — short, wide, slightly bent sword; 4) when interpreting unappreciated or unsuccessfully formed new creations or values, e.g., apystova (Russian: oGcraxoBKa) — circumstance; ainis (inappropriately derived from the word atainis) — heir, descendant, son-in-law; (K. Širvydas) — fortress; well-being (in Polish: dobrobyt, in German: Wohlsein) to lay down (in Polish wykladacz) —to explain, to lay down; sky science (unassimilation) — astronomy, etc. ; 5) when interpreting some figurative meanings of words, for example, the word „karštas“ in the „Lietuvių kalbos žodynas“ has also figurative meanings: 2. sincere, zealous, strong (hot desire, approval, hot love, heart); 3. sudden, acute, fast (hot man, hot blood, hot horse); 4. urgent urgent (hot work). These meanings of the words are difficult to define more precisely: in her speech they are not sufficiently distinct, distinct, independent and emerge only from the phrase in which they are used. Synonyms are therefore sufficient to explain them. Thus, synonyms as an independent means of explanation in the Lithuanian Language Dictionary are used only to explain stylistically coloured or non-literary words. All other words are interpreted in a descriptive, indicative or other way. When this rule is not observed, an error is made, which in logic is called “circle definition” (e.g., the word beautiful is explained by the synonym perfect, and the latter – again by the word beautiful). Such an interpretation will not make it clear at all what the one and the other Word mean, or whether there is any difference in meaning between them. One word can be interpreted by another only if the latter has a descriptive definition in the Lithuanian Language Dictionary. 1) words of literary language are not interpreted by dialectal, outdated, borrowed or non-literary words, for example, the word „gazas“ in the Lithuanian „language dictionary“ is first descriptively defined as „the redness of the sky from the rising or setting sun, a stretch of light from a distant fire“, and then (after the semicolon) as an additional means of interpretation, the synonym pašvaistė is added, but not the dialectal words žiora, pažiora, kaisra or svetimybė pazaras; The word struggle is not interpreted as the unsuccessful innovation of S. Daukanto karmuša, or kaliešai — purvabridžiai, etc. ; 2) words of literal meaning are not interpreted by words of figurative meaning – synonyms, for example, the word fear is not interpreted by the metaphorical synonym tremble; the word multitude —in figurative words terror, might, mountains, seas or in idiomes living trunk, living trunk (end, devil); 3) stylistically neutral words are not interpreted by words with an expressive, emotional or other stylistic connotation, e.g. the word drinking is not interpreted by such synonyms as swallowing, cursing, roaring, sweating, vomiting, biting, etc., which have a strong derogatory connotation; The word horse is not interpreted by the word horse, because the latter means a good, usually ridden horse, often mentioned in folk songs. Words with some expressive-emotional 201 connotation can be interpreted by stylistically neutral words—synonyms. But this is not always enough — sometimes it is necessary to indicate the expressive-emotional connotation of the explanatory word, to extend the synonymic interpretation into a descriptive one. For example, the word huge is interpreted by the words very large — to the synonym big is added the note very. Similarly interpreted are the words lust—to desire; kimušti —to eat greedy and much, etc. Such a way of interpretation could be called synonymic- -descriptive, because here one Word is interpreted by another, usually having a wider meaning, by adding a word indicating the semantic or stylistic shade of the explanatory word. The nuances of the meaning of synonyms are not always easily defined, although they are felt from the context. They can be expressed in various ways: 1) gradation of some characteristic, e.g.: scary, frightening, terrible; 2) the breadth of the meaning, e.g. the word near has a wider meaning than its synonym near; 3) the degree of concreteness or abstractness, e.g.: a thing is a word of more concrete meaning than a thing; 4) some meaningful characteristics, e.g.: song denotes any small vocal-musical work of art performed by a choir or a single person, and its synonym hymn denotes a solemn work of art of a similar kind. Such and similar synonyms in the Lithuanian Language Dictionary are interpreted in a synonymous-descriptive way. The notion of the similarity and proximity of words is quite relative: what seems close or similar to one may seem even different to another. Synonyms are sometimes understood in a very broad sense. For example, inappropriate courage involving the danger of life may be called insanity by some, or parents’ pampering of their children may be called spoiling. Clearly, there is no synonymy between these words. This is only a potential, situation-dependent similarity of the meaning of the words. Synonyms do not include individual or accidental cases of similarity of meaning, but constant meaning relationships of words that have developed in the language over a longer period of its development. The synonymy of words is determined by a certain criterion: the interchangeability of words, i.e. the possibility of using one word instead of another in the same context without changing the idea too much. Where such a substitution is not possible, there are usually no synonyms, only words with different meanings. Although this criterion is not absolutely firm, it is disputed by many, but it is essential in lexicographic work. The lexicographer must necessarily check the synonyms given in the explanations, whether they can replace the explanatory word in the context. If you can’t, then you have to give them up, because they will not only not help to understand the explanatory word better, but in some cases will even mislead the reader. In the "Dictionary of Lithuanian Language" this criterion is used when selecting synonyms, for example, the word kaimenė is interpreted as follows: ir ‘a group of animals; band’ (added synonym flock can completely replace the word herd). There are few equivalent synonyms, i.e. those that would completely coincide in their meaning, in the language. These are mainly term duplicates and words close to them, e.g., plan —aeroplanas, trūkumas —defektas, liver —jaknos, etc. Tongue dislikes meaningless words that do not add anything new to the need for clarification of thought. The long-term existence of unambiguous parallel words in the language is an inconvenient thing. Over time, one of the parallelisms may disappear or acquire another meaning or stylistic shade, for example, aeroplanas has the shade of an obsolete word and is not used in every style. Since Lithuanian literary language is 202 = still relatively young compared to other languages, there are much more parallel words in it than in other languages. For example, parallelly used words drebulė —epušė, jaunys —eglis, gandras —gužutis, vieversys —vyturys, harškis —zuikis, antynas —gaigalas, banga —vilnis, klojimas —klonas, baslys —kuolas —mietas and others. Synonyms of this kind can replace each other in all cases. “In the Lithuanian language dictionary, they are widely used to interpret other words, for example, the word hare is defined as: “wild animal of the rodent family; bunny’ (with the synonym bunny added at the end). But most synonyms are not equivalent words—they differ, albeit in subtle nuances of meaning or style. Therefore, synonyms must be used with caution in interpreting words, because there is always a danger of making a mistake—of giving the Word a meaning or connotation it does not have. And there are many synonyms in Lithuanian. The richness and diversity of the synonyms of our language has been highlighted by Pilypas Ruigys. He wrote: “Our language lacks neither synonyms, neither minor words, neither participles, nor variable adverbs to name different things… If the Germans use the same word grau when talking about a man, a horse, a jacket, peas, then the Lithuanians use different words to indicate grayness: vyras —zilas, arklys —širmas, žirniai — raini or būri. How much? said in the words:. Kelly? How much? How much? A few? (the latter when speaking of living creatures). Grob, when speaking of hay — trunk, about wood — thick, about canvas — hard. Waschen translates to "wash hands, wash face, wash clothes"?, After analyzing the vocabulary composition of the Lithuanian language, it can be noted that not all categories of words are equally rich in synonyms. Therefore, when interpreting the ne meanings of words, synonymous interpretations can always be used equally often. Especially often synonyms are used when interpreting verbs, because the part of the language is ši particularly rich in synonyms, for example, the word lyti in Lithuanian has about 20 synonyms, the word valgyti — about 25 synonyms; and the verb to go with all the shades of meaning more than half a hundred synonyms. — There are many synonyms for ir adjectives. For example, the term biaurūs in Lithuanian language means such synonyms: darkus, dargus, grasus, koktus, aštrūžus, šlykštus. The last word It represents the highest degree of biasurality. In the Lithuanian language dictionary, adjectives are particularly prone to being interpreted as synonyms. However, in some places these interpretations are inaccurate, for example, the word gčras is interpreted as loving, kind; the merciful; uncooked. As we see, these are words of very different meanings, they are synonyms ne (good does not necessarily have to be merciful unmerciful). ar These words, perhaps, would be suitable for interpreting individual nuances of that meaning, but for the general meaning. Nouns, in comparison with verbs ne adjectives, have much fewer synonyms. su ir Specific names of things, such as earth, water, air, sun, tree, grass, etc., have no synonyms at all. Some abstract nouns have more ir synonyms, e.g. iš fear, joy, desire, dispute, multitude, etc. ir In all, the ir plural iš pronouns have almost no synonyms. If there is sometimes a synonym for words in this category, it is only stylistic, e.g., instead of seventh * Ph. Ruhig.s Considerations of the Lithuanians language.., Konigsberg, 1745, p. 70. 203 wr the archaic synonym sekmas is sometimes used; Instead of the pronoun it, the dialect synonym dnas is sometimes used to create a local colorite. In general, synonyms for the interpretation of the meanings of words should be used quite sparingly. Two, three synonyms are quite enough to explain the meaning of one word. Overuse only does jų not help to ne better understand the meaning of the word, but sometimes even obscures it. In addition to the common meaning, synonyms have, as mentioneir d, certain, albeit ir minor, differences in meaning, nuances, which may hinder the precise understanding of the meaning of the word. The most accurate and closest synonyms are selected to explain the meaning of words in the Lithuanian Language Dictionary. The ability to distinguish the nuances of the meaning of synonyms and to use them proficiently when interpreting words is an . important condition for successful lexicographic work. CHHOHHMHUECKOE TOJIKOBAHHE 3HAYEHHWH CJIOB B «CJIOBAPE JIUTOBCKOIO S1I3bIKA>» A. JIMBEPHC Peswme 1. B MHoroToMHoM «CjioBape JHTOBCKOrO fi3blKa», KOTOPHIH NO CBOEMY o6beMy H Xapaktepy OJIH30K K caoBapam thesaurus Tuna H BKJIOuaeT aHaJEeKTH3MBbl, apXau3Mbl, 3aKHMCTBOBaHHS H JPyr{e B COBPEMEHHOM JIHTEpaTYPHOM si3blKe He BCTpeyalolHecs CJIOBa, valle 4eM B JAPYrEX COBpeMeHHBIX CJIOBapAX HCNOJIb3yeTcsl CHHOHHMHYECKHH cnocol TOJIKOB.iHHA 3HaueHHH CJIOB. 2. B nepBkix aByX Tomax «CJjioBapsi JIHTOBCKOTO $i3biKa», NMOArOTOBJIEHHbIX B OypiKyasHoe BpeéMs, K CHHOHHMHYECKOMY TOJIKOBAHMIO 4acTO MNPHOeraan H B Tex: cayuasix, koraa Gosee ymecTHO ŠČbiJIO OonHcaTe/bHOE onpeJejieHHe 3HaueHHH cjoB. 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CHHOHMMBI UII CAMOCTOSITEJIbHOTO TOJIKOBAHHA B «CjJi0oBape JIHTOBCKOTO S13bIKAa» HCIOJIb3YIOTCSH B CJAEAVIOUHX CAyYasix: (a) npH OOBACHEHHH JĮHAJIEKTH3MOB H 06acTHbIX CJIOB, Hamnp., gorus (ropbkuit) bitter, spicy, bitter; 6) e.g. OGBLSICHEHHH YCT4PEBIUHX HJH CTABIIHX apXau3MaMH CJIOB, Hanp., attack (MecTb) revenge; B) npH OObscHeHHH BapBAPH3MOB, JKAProHHBIX H JIpyTHX He ymoTpeGHTeJIbHbIX B JIHTEPATYypHOM s3bike CJIOB, Hanp., glušas (noJibek. gluszy) l. kurčias (rayxoi)... 2. paikas, kvaišas, žioplas (rnynbiū); (r) npH oGbsICHEHHH HeyjnauHbiX H He BOLIejILIHX B VNOTpeO/- IeHHe HOBooOpa3osanuii, nanp., apystova (pycck. oGcraHoBKa) circumstance; welfare (nojibek. dobrobyt, neMenk. Wohlsein) well-being; A) NpH O0ObscHeHHH HEKOTODPpbIX NMEPEHOCHLIX 3HaUSHHH CJIOB HJIH TaKHX 3HaueHHi, KOTOPbIe HELOCTATOYHO S; 1999. "H. 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CHHoHHMaMH He OOBACHSIOTCA: a) CHHOHHMHYECKHEe CJIOBA, Pas3jIHYalouIHecss OCOOGBIMH CMBICJOBBIMH OTTEHKaMH, Hanp., c1oBo daina (necHa) He OGBSACHAETCH CJAOBOM chant, Tak Two songs from GosHavaer "HeGOJbIIOE CJIOBECHO-MY3BIKAJAbHOE MPOH3BeJACHHE [Jil HCNOJHEHHS OAHHM JIHIOM HJIH XOpOM» Boobuie, a a song — «TrOp»x ecTBeHHOe BOKajlbHO® npoK3BejeHHe MOAOGHOro pojaax; 6) CHHOHHMHYECKHE CJIOBA, PAa3JIHYAIOUHECS SPKHMH CTHIHCTHUECKHMH HJIH SKCHPECCHBHLIMH OTTEHKaMH, Hanp., rude (JKECTOKHii, CBHpeNo) He OGBACHAETCS cJIOBOM 2verical (3Bepckmii): B) CJIOBa NpsiMOro 3HaueHHA — TREATMENT [EPEHOCHOrO 3HAYCHWS, Hemp. fear (GosiTbcsi) He OGBACHAETCS MEPEHOCHHIM 3HAYEHHeM cosa shake (ApoxaTb); ! r) JHTEpaTypHbiE MAOBA — JIMAJIEKTHbIMH, YCTApeBLIHMH, XKAprOoHHHMH HJH CJIOBAMH, 32HMCTBOBAaHHbIMH H3 APYrHX SH3bIKOB, Hanp. chaos ravaged (MyuHTL) B CA0Bape 00bs51cH5eTCA CAOBOM JiKTEpaTypHOro A3bIKA Tough. HO He I'm gonna get you. 3auMcTBOBaHHeM torture, 205