Rytų aukštaičių pontininkų ir vakarinių puntininkų tarmių būdingosios fonetinės ypatybės

LITHUANIAN KALBOTYROS QUESTIONS V LI E.-T U VO S TSR SCIENCE A .K A D E M I J A EAST AUKŠTAIČIŲ PONTININKŲ IR WESTERN PUNTININKOS TARMINGS IMPORTANT PHONETICS FEATURES J. SUKYS Descriptive dialects area ir neighbors Lithuanian dialect traditions iš are divided according to phonetic criteria. The Eastern Highlands Pontians are distinguished from the Puntians by the pronunciation of the strong-onset an diphthongs am,: pontininkai pronounce the strong-onset root diphthongs am, dm, dn, an puntininkai o — #m, one. Western pointers in this article! so-called dialect, whose territory occupies the western edge of the Puntians ir does not belong to the Puntians Rotinians or the Puntians Zalinians (Zr. 1 ir 2 Figure? ). As can be seen from the maps, iš the neighbors of the Pontians in the west are the ir Pantini, in the south-west the Middle Highlanders, in the southeast — — "Zalinininkai, į — rytus nuo Rotininkų". The eastern borders of the Pontians are entirely bordered by su the western Pontians. The newly collected dialectological material allows to clarify and correct the limits of descriptive dialects ir specified in Lithuanian linguistic literature. For example, does the new material now available show that the Pontians occupy a smaller area than was shown on the printed maps so far? (plg. 2 Figure 1. ). In previously created maps, the pointers were assigned to the pointers, as now determined, pointing points* 234 (Miežiškiai — Mieškai), 802 (Manikūnai) ir panning points 168 (Getautai), 201 (Smilgiai), 231 (Sidabravas). On the other hand, the Pontians were not assigned to the Pontians living around Much more precisely (268). than in the above mentioned Maps, the boundaries of the Pontonians were indicated ! The term "Western pointists" has not been used in Lithuanian language literature so far. 2 Maps made based on Lithuania TSR MA The material collected ir during dialectological expeditions in Soviet years is available in the Lithuanian Language and Literature Institute. ¥ ‘Archives Philologicum", t. 4, Kaunas, 1933, p. 21—35 (map attached to the article); Lithuanian Language Spelling Dictionary“, Kaunas, 1948, p. 118. * The locations marked with numbers in the article represent points, the network of which was created for the purpose of the “Atlas of Lithuanian Language” of the LKLI Language History and Dialectology Sector. For more detailed information, see the Annex ‘List of neighbouring dialectal points bordering on Pontian and Western Pontian’, 175 In P. Būtėno article „Augštaitijos dialekto okuojančiosios paskaitos sienos“*, although P. Būtėnas understood the occupying dialect much more broadly than the now-understood pontians (he distinguished the occupying dialect by the transformation of the strong-vowels am, an into om, on; in this way he assigned a large part of the pontians to the occupying dialect). The general phonetic characteristics of the descriptive dialects of Pontinky and the western dialects of Pontinky do not form an absolutely homogeneous dialectal unit. Somewhat more unified, at least in phonetic terms, are the Pontians, and the western Pontians, located in the north, with the deflection of the slash, the shortening of the extremities and some other characteristics merge with the Pontians, thus distinguishing themselves from the rest of the western Pontians. But this is completely understandable. As V. Grinaveckis® correctly observed, the centre of accent deflection and word ending shortening in Aukstaičiai is the river Mūša, so the Pontons and the western Pontons, located in the north, have a lot in common in this respect. On the other hand, the waves of translation and consonant/hardenment of the double am, an spread from the east, and the isoglosses of these phenomena are arranged quite differently than the isoglosses of the phenomena of accent retraction and word ending shortening. For these reasons, the phonetics of the dialects under study is mixed and complex." This article will only review the characteristic phonetic features of the Pontians and Western Pontians dialects, without examining their historical development and bypassing some less important phonetic phenomena and variations of the descriptive dialects. 1. The fate of the root verbs am, an, em, en am, dn, ēm, én In the whole pontininky dialect area dm, dn>om, 6n®, e.g.: ndén® ~ kanda, longs ~ langas, ponis ~ pdntis, somi§ ~ samtis, tonkė ~ tankiai, vont ~ vdnta, and ém, én are kept intact, e.g.: gevéni ~ gyvénti, pémpe ~ pémpé. Some literature gives pontininky examples givéni, pémpe'® which are not currently paliduded and, it seems, could not have been paliduded before," Instead of the old dn before the blowing consonants /, m, n, r, j, v, S, §, z, ž in the pontini dialect the long o is pronounced, e.g.: kdsf ~ kąsti, džals "oak", and instead of the old én before the same consonants the long e is pronounced, e.g.: sprési ~ spręsti. —5 Zr. P. Būtėnas, Augštaitijos dialekto okuojančiosios pašnektės sienos, „Archivum Philologicum“, t. 3, Kaunas, 1932, p. 168—194. 8 V1. Grinaveckis, Galūnių trumpinimas lietuvių kalbos tarmėse, „Vilniaus Valstybinio pedagoginio instituto mokslo darbai“, t. 8, Vilnius, 1959, p. 97—104. 7 See I. Jašinskaitė, Kirtis, priegaidé ir jų poveikis vokalizmui Biržų tarmėje, „Lietuvių kalbotyros klausimai“ (hereinafter —LKK), vol. 1, Vilnius, 1957, pp. 189—194; J. Šukys, Miežiškių tarmės vokalizmo bruožai, LKK, vol. 2, Vilnius, 1959, pp. 151—163. * Both pontininky and western puntininky a little lk. The affected dialect representatives often avoid this distinctive dialect feature (dm, an distortion) and often pronounce dm, dn as lk. ? * Not kdnd, but kėnd is pronounced in the northern pantininky. Perhaps, works kdsf, kd§ans analogy. 10 See. English-Lithuanian Dictionary, 1948, p. 119. 11 Plg, P, Būtėnas, min, str. 176 In the whole area of western pointinky dm, dn< iū.m, ū.n? ?, e.g.: kū.nd(v) ~ kanda, lū.ng(v)s ~ langas, pi.nti.§ „„pantis- “, su.mti.\§ „samtis- “, tū.nkė ~ tankiai, vū.nt(v) ~ vanta, and in almost all western puntinky area ém, én> i.m, in, e.g.: givi.nt ~ gyvėnti, pi.mpe ~ pėmpė, The Western puntinky maintain the sounds ėm, én, which are found in northern puntinky (26, 55, 80, 80*, 112) and in pantinky (373, 408, 446). "alum senojo dn prieš /, m, n, r, J, V, 8, §, z, Z puntininky tarméje pronúnciama i,: kiisi ~ kąsti, #zal(v)s || ūžol(v)s „ožuolas- “!2, am, an, em, en; For all pontics am, afi, em, eii > om (om), oii (of), ém (em), ėfi (eA), e.g. komša (komša) ~ kamšo, roiikos (rofikos) ~ raiikos, témp (temp) ~ tempia, $véiite (šverite) ~ švefitė. Just like in Pontinininkai, am, aii, em, efi are also in western Puntinininkai about Saločiai (26, 55, 80, 80%). All other western punctual a, an, em, ei > um, un, im, if, e.g.: kumša ~ kamšo, ruiika.,s ~ raūnikos, timpi ~ tempia, švifiteį, ~ šventė. In the pontinian dialect, instead of the old ai before I, m, n, r, j, v, s, š, z, ž there is a long o, e.g.: ždsis ~ goose, grosts ~ drill, and instead of the old efi before the same consonants there is a long e, e.g.: grėž ~ grėžia, tési ~ tėti, Thus, the pontinian examples sprési, tési'* are to be considered unproven. In the western pointinky dialect, instead of the old afi before I, m, n, r, j, v, S, Š, z, ž is i, e.g. žiūsių) (9 ~ žūsys, grūšt(v)s ~ ~ grąžtas, and instead of the old ei before the same consonants is f, e.g. griži ~ gréZia, fist ~ testi. Only in the holiday dialect of Saločiai (55.80%, 112) the old esi is in place of /, m, n, r, j, v, s, š, z, ž, as in the pontians, for example: grėž, tési. e, Do not pronounce am, an, em, Pontiniai en do not pronounce am, an, em, en>om (om), on (on), ėm (em), ėn (en), e.g.: kompéls (kompéls) ~ corner, ronkėla (ronkėla) ~ handle, kėmpi.ne (kempine) ~ sponge, pėnkėlek (penkédlek) ~ fifteen. Just as in Pontin, the un-lilled am, an, em, en are turned out in the western Pontin about Saločius (26, 55, 80, 80%). All the rest of the western puntininky am, an, em, en > um, un, im, in, e.g. kumpėliųs beetroot;., kimpiney, pinkdlek(v). (9, Instead of the old unpronounced an, en pontininky and the joined to them western punctians in the Saločių dialect there are short ones e.g.: kosnėls kąsnėlis, žosėles žąsėlės, gręeži.ms o, ę, gręžimas, all the ~ other western ~ punctians instead of ~ the old o unpronounced an, before the same consonants there are short ones en u, i, e.g. kusnėlią$, Zuselag.ys, grizi.m(v)s. 12 Of course, dm, dn>ū.m, G.n of other pointists, ir but the differences of western pointists with other pointists are not su touched in the article. ar jų 13 Examples su of the old én before I, m, r, v, j, s, š, z, ž not found in western Puntiniku, See. W English-Lithuanian Grammar and Spelling Dictionary 1948, p. 119. 12, Issues of Lithuanian Linguistics, V 177 2. The fate of the old word-end doubles an, en *an, *ėn End of the Old Word *dn, *én in place (Ik. a, e) almost all pontians have no vowel, e.g.: rofik so ~ su Hand, so huh? ~ su cow, manure ~. forest, o western pointers, except for points about Saločius ir In this case, the exchanges that go along with su the pontics have reduced v, i, forms, e.g.: su rufšiko, su kdrvi, miški. *an, *efi End of the Old Word *aii, *efi in place (Ik. ą, ¢) pontininky dialect has short 2 (0), ė (g), e.g. child (child's) ~ child, lip (LDPE) lip, ~ condition (was) was. ~ Exactly the same vowels have western pointers ir about Saločius (26, 55, 80, 80%). All the remaining western pointers have vowels i.), u.. Semilong i, have western pointers in the border u. of the rotniki, e.g.: vaiku., lapi., bū.vi.$, short i have western pointers in o the border of i, « Zalininky, e.g.: vaiku, ldpi, bū.vis. 3. Pronounced short vowels of the word root i, u elongation Descriptive dialects pronounced short vowels of the root i, w are elongated to semivocals, e.g. vi.s(v)s visas, ~ ki.t(v)s kitas, ~ bū.va buvo, ~ šū.i(i) ~ the heap. 4, Unaccented or later accented short vowels of the root i u In a large part of the pontines dialects (about Pasvalys, Joniškėlis) the short vowels of the word stem are not accentuated or have later received a degressive accent i, w are expanded: i before the soft consonant is e, pronounced e.g.: ~ ešėje išėjo, ~ preleiides prilifides mėšk ~ miske, vės ~ visi, i before the hard consonant is usually pronounced as suprie rooted 2, e.g.: paioiik ~ patiiika, Dg ~ liga; unpronounced u is pronounced 9 everywhere, e.g.: oštėka užtėko, bovo buvaū, ~ ~ tė ~ here. 5. Nekirčiuotų žodžio kamieno ilgųjų balsių trumpėjimas ir dvibalsių fe, uo vienbalséjimas Visi prieškirtiniai ir pokirtiniai žodžio kamieno ilgieji balsiai i, į pontininkų ir vakarinių puntininkų tarmėse yra sutrumpėję iki trumpyjy, pvz.: tilet ~ tylėti, grudėl(i.f8) „grūdėlis“. All the long vowels of the root ě and poikrit are also abbreviated to short ones. In some of the descriptive dialects (in the centre of the western pointists) the vowels ė, o have been shortened without changing their quality, e.g.: tėvėli.y8? „daddy“, ZoRte ~ herb. In some of the descriptive dialects (pontininky and piety western pointinky) they narrowed and became ¢ (i), o(u), e.g.: tevél(i.)®, tivél(i.)®, ZoIre, žultte. In the western Puntinikus about Biržai, Vabalninka 0 is shortened to i and pronounced 0 or even almost completely as a, e.g.: žolite, Zalrte,., ~ žolytė, stovéi, stavét ~ stovėti. Instead of Ik. unpronounced ė about Raguva (302) and south of Raguva pronounced e, e.g.: mesite ~ mésyté, dežū.te ~ dėžūtė, 178 Unpronounced diphthongs of the word root ie, are consonant uo also short, e.g.: donite, ir donite, dunite, donite, danite duonytė; pēnēl(i.y9), penēl(i.)9), pinél(i.)s), pēnēl(i. Yy9, penél(i.)s’ ‘milk’. ~ 6. Abbreviation of the word ir end. The degree ir of phonetic abbreviation of the end of the word in the western Pontians depends on the degree of accent retraction (see section 4.4). Annex — 3 Figure 1. ). ; The most cross-retractable The Battle of the West ir Point (approx. "Saločius" (in Lithuanian). Iš The long short ir consonant of the short į tvirtagalés'® ir ending is always deprecated here, e.g.: tvdr plota, šak šaka, gaids gaidys, sako sakail. ~ ~ ~ ~ Since the accent is most intensely withdrawn here, the end of the word in these dialects is ir the most shortened. Short vowels at the end of words (here we mean those, ir which are descendiš ed from the old long vowels and diphthongs ie, uo) are fallen or fallen, e.g.: vaiks vaikas, aks akis, sūns sūnūs, gėf m geri(i< ie), vaik vaikū ~ ~ ~ + (u<-uo). In this case, the consonants at the end of the /, m, n, r, j, y word are characterized by a certain syllabicity. If a group of difficult to pronounce consonants is formed, an inserted vowel appears; In the group of soft consonants this vowel is in the front row, e.g. aškals arklys, tekai tikri, in the group of hard consonants ~ in the back row, e.g. ~ ti.kars o tikras, kdkals kūklas. — + ~ ~ Strong vowels at the end of a word are shortened to short ones, e.g. šaūdu straudį, ~ grėžo “beautiful”. Short vowels are used instead of unison ir diphthongs, e.g. ; Good, good, good, good, good. ~ ~ In some cases, the old strong vowels at the end of the word have even disappeared: ia-stamp nouns vns. the noun, 7, e.g.: arkals horse, ēžs ~ hedgehog; vns. ~ rear end į, e.g. : dk ~ aki, aūs aišsį, di.del didelį, ~ ia-stamening nouns ~ abbreviated local form unpronounced e.g.: daržėl y, "in the kindergarten", in the forest in the forest. There is no voice chief. ir vns of nouns of the same genus. at the noun ending, e.g. gaid gaidž || "cock", vaik "child". Pontians in the south about In the ir western Puntininku villages near Panevėžys, the consonant is consistently diverted from the short ending to the preceding long syllable of the word stem, e.g.: dien(v) ~ diena, perk(i) ~ perki, but in other cases there are fluctuations, e.g. : Sak || šakdš ~ šaka, vis || visi ~ visi, gaid(i)s | gaidis ~ gaidys, gėre || geré ~ gerai, sako || sakė ~ sakaū (in point 268 only labė, sakd (from the long ending to the short preceding syllable the interjection is never diverted here). In some Pontinky (202, 203, 233 points) such cases of accent not being removed occur very rarely (determined by the rhythm of the sentence, the dialect representative amZius, etc.), but in the western Pontinky these fluctuations are quite marked. In all these transitional dialects from general accent retraction to conditional accent retraction, the short vowels sometimes (especially in groups of consonants that are difficult to pronounce) are not declined or declined, but are still pronounced vaguely, murmuringly, and the disappearance of long vowels is not characteristic here, e.g.: ti.kr(v)s ~ tikras, arkl(i)s ~ arklys. In the northern part of the western pontians: (according to the Latvian SSR and about Biržai) the interjection is consistently diverted from the short ending to the long and short 1S going forward. In the very northern part of the pontians the interjection is sometimes diverted even from the firm-end ending, e.g.: blėgom „badām“, sūnam „sūnums“, Tačiau. the abbreviated ending of the pronoun is not cut off, e.g.: dend „in the day“, galvė „in the head“, kertė „in the corner“, vagėd „in the ridge“, 179 a syllable, e.g. tvdr ~ fence, sins ~ sons, Sak ~ branch, vis ~ all. As can be seen from the examples, all the short vowels of the end of the word here are dropped or dropped. The unpronounced long vowels at the end of a word in the Biržai dialect are shortened only to semivocals, e.g. bū.vi.8-m būvęs, kati. - Kate, pi.gu. ~ cheap, cheap. ~ the roof. In the remaining western punctuators, the consonant is consistently retracted from the short ending to the preceding long syllable, e.g. mokikla ~ škola, tvéro ~ plota, „verki ~ verki. The short vowels at the end of words in this dialect do not fall or fall, but are all reduced, e.g. vdkaras ~1® vakaras, lazdd ~ lazda, giji ~ gyja, bitiš ~ bitės. The long vowels at the end of words that are not pronounced are shortened to semivowels, e.g. grdžu. ~ grain, cow. ~ kdrve, nūmu. ~ a bath. ~ sauną, saki.§ ~ sakes, and on the border of the glossaries —to the short ones, e.g.: grdžu ~ grūžų, kdrvi ~ kovę, ndmu ~ nūmą, pirti ~ sauną, sūkis ~ sakes. The accent retraction, word ending shortening and other phonetic phenomena so changed the phonetic system of the pontians and especially the pontians dialect that from Ik. it has quite a lot of differences. to 2 List of neighbouring dialect points, bordering on the Pontians and the Western Pontians 2 Point name-: | Kuriai. tar. <: Nearby District mei prigS nimas az klauso 25 Žeimelis Žeimelio Pakruojo pant. '? 53 Stegviliai Bardiškių " 60 Virskupénai Punduriy Biržų rot. 78 Guostagalis Guostagalio Pakruojo pant. 84 Skrebiškiai Kvetkų Pandėlio rot. 115 Kupreliškis Kupreliškio " 138 Kapčiūnai Valdeikių Pasvalio pant. (point. only traces) 143 Bakšėnai Salamiesčio Kupiškio rot. 1688: The castle is burned. 174 Cakes of Kupiškis Kupiškio rot. * 201 Smilgiai Smilgių Šeduvos pant. 205 Noriūnai Noriūnų Kupiškio rot. 231 Silver plates of the silver of Šeduva pant. 235 pp. Around the world. 267 Eriskiai Ėriškių Ramygalos pant. 270 Surdegis Surdegio Anykščių rot. 271 pp. The 1000-year-old castle. 304 Fungi of Trapezoid " " 340 Narbutai Dabuziy Kavarsko ir 372 Pagirys Pagirio Ramygalos pant. 375 Knitiškiai Kunigiškių Kavarsko žal. 16 In some of the rotary border posts, the (114, 142, 172, 173) letter a is also recorded wv at the end of the word. 17 pant. — pantininkai, rot. — rotininkai, žal. — žalininkai, vidur. — middle highlander180 o s, Šiauliai 1 RR 2 | Fig. 1, Area of Eastern Highlands ir pontininky and Western pontininky dialects. 1 — pontininky dialect area, 2 — Western 181 Punt dialect area XAPAKTEPHbIE ®OHETHYECKME OCOBEHHOCTH I'OBOPOB BOCTOYHBIX AYKINTAKTOB NMOHTHHUHKOB H 3ANAHBIX MYTHHUHKOB H. 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Te xe nu(TOHrHYECKHE COYETAHHA © C BOCXOAsIIel HHTOHALIKeH B roBoPe NOHTHHHHKOB MPOH3HOCATCH Kak om(om), ofi(ofi), ėm(em), éfi(en), a MOUTH y BCEX 3anajinbix NMYHTHHHHKOB Kak wm, wil, im, in. 183