Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos vystymosi tyrinėjimas

LL ESTEU VE LŲ KA LBO TY ROS KL AU: SE MALL VI LLiES TU Vi O08 TSR ME O (KOS LY AX NDEBEMIYA STUDY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE CONTEMPORARY LITHUANIAN LANGUAGE J. Like the literary language of many other nations, the Lithuanian literary language, which is now used in the press, in schools, in the theatre, in the community, in various meetings and in everyday communication, is the result of a long historical development. It grew and formed from the folk language, when the latter began to be used in fiction, education, science and other cultural matters, when writers and linguists processed it grammatically and stylistically, thus creating a common literary language for the whole nation. ir The current Lithuanian literary language has its roots in the first Lithuanian writings that appeared in the 16th century in connection with the Reformation movement. Before their appearance, and for some time even later, other languages — Old Russian, Latin and Polish — were used in Lithuanian writing (in state documents, chronicles, etc.). Although the writing created in these languages served the interests of the feudal lords and clergy and its scope of use was narrow, it nevertheless had mo a positive effect on the cultural development of the country, the spread of education and literacy. ; For the Lithuanian people, who had preserved the Lithuanian language and customs, the supporters of the Reformation, and later the Catholic clergy, began to publish Lithuanian religious books (catechisms, postles, hymnals, etc.). Although the religious literature was reactionary in its content and served the spiritual enslavement of the people and the support of punishment, nevertheless in the conditions of that time, when the church dominated all spheres of human spiritual activity, it played a great role in introducing the Lithuanian language into public life, helping to form and develop the literary language. The development of the Lithuanian literary language in the 16th–18th centuries was slow and its scope of use was very limited. It was used to publish government decrees, religious books, dictionaries and a few fictional literary works. The most prominent and famous example of literary language of this period is K. Donelaičio, Metai, written in East Prussia, based on the common language and written tradition. At the beginning of the 19th century, when Lithuania became part of Russia and the progressive influence of Russian culture became apparent, a Lithuanian cultural and literary movement began, which also encouraged the development of the literary language. However, difficult economic, social and political conditions, cruel feudal and tsarist oppression prevented the formation of a unified Lithuanian literary language in the first half of the 19th century. Only after the 21 abolition of the penalty, with the beginning of the faster development of capitalist relations and the rise of the national liberation movement, in the last and first decades of the 19th century, the intensive formation of the national Lithuanian language took place, and a unified literary language based on the southern dialects of the West Highlands became more and more dominant in the press, literature and social life. A major role in the development and normalization of the Lithuanian literary language was played by our prominent linguists J. a. Jablonskis and ir XX a. K. Būga, as well as the literary classics Žemaitė, Maironis, V. Kudirka, V. Krėvė-Mickevičius and others. During the period of bourgeois rule, the use of the literary language expanded, the influence of the spelling, grammar and lexical norms increased, but the general economic and cultural backwardness of the country, the poverty of the broad working masses and other unfavorable circumstances of the fascist regime prevented the common literary language from firmly establishing itself among the masses, who were still forced to use the dialect of the spoken language. At that time, two contradictory tendencies were manifested in the normalization and development of literary language: progressive and reactionary. Progressive lines were followed by our linguists J. Jablonskis and K. Būga, who enriched the literary language with treasures of the folk language (lexicography and phraseology), established reasonable, solid linguistic norms, cleaned the language from foreign borrowings of feudal-ecclesiastical jargon and slavery translation constructions, fought against unmeasured language corrections, unnecessary new developments, purism phenomena and other literary language ills that had deep roots in the linguistic practice of bourgeois society. Especially they had taken hold in the tabloid, criminal and other kinds of city press, published in dirty, irregular language. Extreme imitators of Western modernist literary trends, meaninglessly constructing, distorting and conjugating Lithuanian words, did no less harm to the development of the literary language. Harmful and ridiculous were also the puristic attempts of the "Lithuanizers" to remove international words from the Lithuanian literary language (e.g., electricity, telephone, psychologist, geography) and replace them with "inventive" new ones (gintra, tolkalbis, sielotyrys, žemėtyra, etc.). The Lithuanian bourgeoisie, pretending to be the defender of Lithuanian culture, was in fact indifferent to the affairs of the native language and paid little attention to the affairs of the literary language. Language culture was mainly cared for by individual linguists, writers and other cultural workers, who tried to make Lithuanian literary language rich, expressive and understandable to everyone. A new stage in the development of the Lithuanian literary language begins with the restoration of Soviet rule in Lithuania. Along with the social and cultural revolution, great changes in all areas of life begins and intensive development of Lithuanian literary language, enrichment and cleansing of outdated words and sayings. 22 In the Soviet period, the functions of the social literary language were greatly expanded. The introduction of compulsory primary education and the elimination of illiteracy, free secondary and higher education available to all, political, fictional, scientific and other literature published in huge circulations, extremely widespread artistic self-organization, theaters, radio, television, various meetings and other means of collective communication paved the way for literary language into the broad masses of working people, into the language practice of the whole nation. In the Soviet years, the vocabulary of the Lithuanian literary language was mainly changed. There were many new words that reflected socialist ideology, social order and culture!. Based on the vocabulary of Russian and other nations, thousands of valuable words have been created, which well express the content of the respective concepts and do not violate the laws of word formation of the Lithuanian language. There is a large number of scientific, technical, agricultural, production and other terms (e.g., superstructure, komjaunimas, five-year, working day, farming, work, kolkhoz, blanket, self-criticism). Since there are many identical or analogous patterns of word formation in Lithuanian and Russian, the formation of accurate and correct verbs from Russian is one of the most productive ways of enriching the lexicon of literary language. For example, the rapidly developing life, as well as the influence of the Russian language, greatly activated the creation of new words with the following suffixes: -ininkas (chain worker, poultry worker, cement worker, car transporter, combine worker...), -y s tė (membership, all-ownership, grain farming, industry...), -umas (employment, directionality, collectivism, equality, obscurity), -ietis (collectivist, six-timer, victorious, anchorman...), -tuvas (mixer, splitter, diverter, limiter, sorter...), -iklis, -e klis (tiller, publisher, threader, marker...) and others. These are mainly new professions, businesses, production tools, members of various collectives, new abstract concepts and other names. The suffix -is t as (metalistas, radistas, tankist...). Russian adjectives with suffixes -nij, -skij greatly expanded the creation of Lithuanian adjectives with -i nis (kolkhozinis, gamybinis, leidyklinis, medicininis, bendrautinis.- ..). In the Soviet years, the production of prepositional and adverbial words, as well as compound words, increased significantly. They are formed not only according to old word-making models (whaler, oil pipeline, power meter, marshman, multi-worker, road-breaker, road-sheet, market-table- ...), but also according to new, potentially possible types of word-making (aerial photograph, aerial beacon...; patronage, full patronage...; mutual, mutual-education, self-education...; cohabitation, companion...; employment, exclusion...). Various abbreviations are widely used (USSR, LTSR...; komjaunimas, trade union, agitpoint...) and enriched full words (marxism-leninism, ideological-political, club-reading room...). The vocabulary was also supplemented with borrowed, especially international words borrowed from the Russian language (bolshevik, artele, cosmonaut, combine...). |: ! Zr. A. Lyberis and K. Ulvydas, The enrichment of the Lithuanian literary language vocabulary in the years of the Soviet regime, “Literature speaks”, Vilnius, 1990, pp. 103–104. Over the centuries, a number of words were borrowed from Russian or other Slavic languages, which firmly established themselves in the Lithuanian literary language (book, cucumber, tin, donkey, bačka, whip, church, blogas, pancake, etc.). In recent decades, many international terms have been borrowed from Russian, or many Russian words and ir phrases have t. 3, Vilnius, 1958, p. 31—110. 23 There were also significant changes in the semantics of the words. Many terms in philosophy, politics and social life acquired a new content corresponding to Marxist-Leninist ideology. Some common words began to be used in a broader sense (install, fight, high...). The words related to the old bourgeois order and ideology (Mr., policeman, boss, etc.) have gone into the passive reserve. Soviet life enriched not only the lexicon of literary language, but also syntax, phraseology and stylistics. New syntactic constructions, proverbs, phraseologisms, borrowed from colloquial language, dialects or translated from Russian and other languages appeared in the language. Most syntactic innovations can be found in periodical press and fiction. One of them (dependent, independent of anything; in accordance with the previous order; take appropriate measures; to align with the leading...), as well as well-formed new words, became established in literary language; Others, which do not comply with the laws of Lithuanian syntax (to rezultatas, pasekmėje; išnaudojimas žmogaus Zmogumi..- .), were replaced by correct syntactic constructions (to rezultatas, pasekmė, dėl to; žmogaus išnaudojimas žmogaus..- .) third (to act on what; atitikimas kam...) live the probation period. Today, their prevalence in the language, their validity in terms of the laws of Lithuanian language syntax and its development trends, their relationship with parallelly used constructions, etc. are being studied. It should also be noted that the development and enrichment of literary language is also expressed in the stylistic differentiation of means of linguistic expression, the formation of features of linguistic styles. The language of fiction grew most and emerged in various genre styles, achieving great mastery in poetry and prose. Along with the abundant Soviet press, the journalistic language was greatly developed, characterized by a rich distinctive phraseology, short, compelling headlines, objective, lively presentation of ideas and other characteristics that reflect the creative enthusiasm, vigour and struggle of Soviet people in the creation of communism. The rapid development of Soviet science significantly enriched the terminology and special phraseology of individual branches of science and technology, encouraged the formation and enrichment of the scientific style of literary language. The development of the Lithuanian literary language is greatly influenced by Russian, the most developed, rich and international language of all Soviet nations. The Baltic and Slavic languages have long-standing linguistic ties, and these Indo-European languages are characterized by extensive lexical and grammatical similarities. Political, cultural and literary ties between Lithuanian and Russian peoples have long and deep roots, so the influence of Russian on Lithuanian has been and is still very strong. been translated, enriching the Lithuanian language. 24 vocabulary and phraseology. Russian language strongly stimulates, activates Lithuanian word formation, mobilizes internal language resources, looking for Lithuanian substitutes for Russian words and syntactic constructions. In individual cases, it is not immediately possible to find good Lithuanian equivalents for Russian words or phrases, and there are also uncreative, unsuccessful translations, which are replaced with more appropriate ones, which do not contradict the laws of Lithuanian language. Having well learned the mother tongue and Russian, knowing the overlapping and different ways of word formation, conjunction and use of both languages, creatively using the rich Russian literary, scientific, technical and other literature, it is always possible to create good equivalents that do not violate the norms of Lithuanian literary language and enrich the means of literary language expression. Thus, the socialist system created the most favourable conditions for the Lithuanian literary language to develop and flourish. During the Soviet period, the sphere of social function and use of literary language expanded, the influence of literary norms strengthened, the lexicon and phraseology significantly enriched. The Lithuanian literary language, as the most important means of communication, can already satisfy all the needs of the Lithuanian socialist nation in social, cultural, literary and other areas of life. What are the future prospects for the development of Lithuanian literary language? With the beginning of the extended construction of communism, for which the guidelines were laid down by the new Programme of the CPC, the development of national languages in our country becomes even more intensive, comprehensive and targeted. The program states that it is necessary "to ensure in the future the free development of the languages of the USSR peoples, complete freedom for every citizen of the USSR to speak, raise and teach their children in any language, without making any privileges and restrictions and without forcing the use of one or another language. Under conditions of brotherly friendship and mutual trust between nations, national languages develop on the basis of equality and mutual enrichment." In connection with this, our Soviet linguists need to pay special attention to the study of the most urgent problems of language related to the further development of Soviet science and everyday linguistic practice. The most important of them mentioned in the report of the Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU L. Ilichev? At the session of the General Assembly of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR on October 19, 1962, discussing the tasks of the development of social sciences in the period of the establishment of extended communism, namely: language and society; speech and thinking; national literary languages and dialects; the development and mutual enrichment of national languages; ways of bringing together national languages and cultures in our country; in addition, terminology, language culture and other issues. All these diverse, wide-ranging, complex problems must be studied in a planned, organized, systematic and thorough manner, so that Soviet linguistics can occupy a leading position in all branches of linguistics and be as closely as possible connected with multinational linguistic practice in the period of the development of extended communism. ? Program of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Vilnius, 1961, p. 93. 3 See “Komunistas”, 1962, No 12, pp. 26-27. 25 One of the most pressing problems of the present, which is being discussed collectively and coordinated on a Union-wide scale, is the laws of the development of national languages in connection with the su development of socialist nations. Į Soviet Lithuanian linguists have been involved in the study ir of this problem, trying to trace the laws of the further development of the Lithuanian language, contribute to the enrichment of the literary language, raise the culture of ir the normalized language. When studying the development of the Lithuanian literary language under the conditions of the expanded communist creation, attention should be paid to the further expansion of the social functions of į the language, the enrichment ir of the lexicon, the phraseology of syntactic constructions, the stylistic differentiation of the language, the normalization of the į literary language, the interaction su of the Lithuanian language with other languages of the Soviet nations, especially neighboring ones. These are the main directions in which the Lithuanian language will develop in the near future under the conditions of free development, mutual interaction and enrichment of national languages. : There is no doubt that the literary Lithuanian language will continue to strongly influence the dialectal spoken language and will take even greater ir hold* in all spheres of activity of the Lithuanian nation, in all linguistic practice. Dialects, influenced by literary languages, will gradually level out, lose their pronounced phonetic, grammatical, lexical differences, and literary language will ir be enriched with individual dialectal words, constructions and phrases. In connection with the intensifying interaction between literary language and dialectal spoken language, it is useful for our linguists to find out: which dialectal features disappear faster and which ones remain longer; how dialectal pronunciation, pronunciation, word formation, syntactic constructions and lexicon affect literary language; how to accelerate the effect of literary norm on dialectal spoken language; what stylistic functions can have the preserved dialectal elements, etc. Life moving forward at a rapid pace, new achievements in the creation of communist society will continue to enrich the vocabulary of Lithuanian literary language with new words and terms, new models of word formation. In connection with the development of science and technology, which has acquired an international character, in the future our language will have even more international terms, forming a common vocabulary of all nations and helping to better communicate with each other. The task of our lexicographers and lexicologists is to record this new vocabulary, examine it and, if appropriate, present it for general use in explanatory and special dictionaries. The system of syntactic expression means will also develop further. For example, it can be assumed that in the case of parallel combinations of verbal (old) and prepositional (newer) words (e.g.: три раза в день — three times a day; стать чем — become what; отказаться к о — give up what, etc.) the use of prepositional constructions will be strengthened. It is clear that such localities will continue to penetrate into the literary language as: in his person we lost a famous character; the work has survived in manuscript; won the race; over the centuries; in a number of cases; be in the minority, etc. These sayings indicate that the use of the local becomes more and more extensive. 26 New partitive adverbial constructionir s, insertive, connective combinations of other words and ir sentences appear. Especially active is the suffix of nominative constructions consisting of iš verb verb ir nouns su -im (-ing), use, e.g.: to pronounce severe condemnationmaq on lazy ta negligents; prepare for ir chemical weed control; to instill in the soldiers an endless attitude aFor the Fatherland ir Communist Party; organize the drying of grain; improving the use of equipment, etc. ir In the development of the ir morphology of Lithuanian phonetics, the process of shortening of the extremities, various pronunciatiir on changes and some other phenomena are observed. All these aspects of language development must be carefully followed, studied and used to develop literary ir language. The intensive development of the language, the influence of dialects and other sister languages on the Lithuanian literary language, and the new ir phenomena in su linguistic practice that arise in connection with this, oblige our linguists to take even more careful care of the normalization of the literary language, evaluating in a different way everything that appears new in the ar language, reviewing, supplementing and correcting old norms in individual cases by actively and purposefully affecting language practice. In monitoring and studying the development ir of the contemporary Lithuanian literary language, it is important to investigate its interaction with the languages of other Soviet nations, especially neighboring ones. Continuous linguistic contact takes place in mixed settlements and factories, where different languages come together on a daily basis, in border areas and elsewhere. A major role in the interrelationship of languages is played by fictional, scientific and technical literature, joint meetings, meetings and other forms of communication of representatives of fraternal Soviet nations. The common language of communication and mutual understanding in the continuous and increasingly intensive communication between the Soviet nations is Russian. It enables the multilingual peoples of our vast country not only to get to know each other, but also to exchange the most significant achievements of Soviet and world culture. The Russian language is a powerful tool for the development and enrichment of national cultures. In addition, through Russian, which has become one of the most widely spoken languages in the world today, the achievements of literature and culture of the Soviet nations are made available to all mankind. This is most clearly shown by the translations of Lithuanian literary classics into Russian, which paves their way into the wide world. The Soviet people, as well as the progressive strata of foreign countries, learn the Russian language with love and respect, which helps peoples to come closer, exchange cultural values and unite forces in the struggle for the progress of mankind and peace throughout the world. The Leninist principle of voluntary learning of the Russian language is clearly formulated in the Programme of the Communist Party of the USSR: “The process of voluntary learning of the Russian language alongside the mother tongue in life has a positive significance, because it helps each nation and ethnicity to exchange experiences and join the cultural achievements of all other peoples of the USSR and the world culture. Russian became the common language of inter-ethnic communication and cooperation of all the peoples of the USSR.”* * Program of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Vilnius, 1961, p. 93. 27 The increasing role of the Russian language in the inter-ethnic communication of the Soviet nations does not in any way mean that the use of national languages is being violated or restricted, that they are threatened with forced assimilation. In a Soviet country, where Leninist national policy is consistently implemented, this cannot be the case. The Programme of the CPSU ensures the continued free use and development of national languages on the basis of equality and mutual enrichment. In the development of national languages, the Russian language has played and plays an important role. With the oldest written traditions, as the richest transnational literary language, it is an inexhaustible source of words and phrases, from which all national languages, especially those with recent written traditions, draw the necessary terms and phraseology. Many new words and syntactic structures are created on the example of Russian. It helps to uncover and creatively use the potential means of expression of national languages (possible patterns of word formation and combination, ways of forming sentences, etc.). This was illustrated by specific examples of the development of the Lithuanian literary language in the Soviet years. In the future, the influence of the Russian language on the development of the Lithuanian language will be even greater, because the Russian language will be well learned and used by all the inhabitants of the republic, and bilingualism (and often multilingualism) will be a common phenomenon in our society. The use of several languages increases the interaction between them, especially the influence of the transnational language. The task of linguists is to carefully observe and investigate how bilingualism (multilingualism) manifests itself in our conditions of life, how the process of mutual enrichment and rapprochement of languages takes place, in what forms the influence of the Russian language manifests itself and what are its results. This should enrich with new aspects, material and conclusions the traditional study of the problem of Baltic-Slavic linguistic relations, which continues to receive a lot of attention in Soviet linguistics. In the future, the current Baltic and Slavic linguistic relations must be examined more extensively and in detail. Thus, the joint construction of communism, the fraternal cooperation of the Soviet nations, the further rapid development of the cultures of the socialist nations, the mutual interaction and rapprochement create favourable conditions for the development of national languages, the enrichment of common international lexicon, phraseology and other linguistic means. In this connection, Soviet Lithuanian linguists need to pay special attention to the study of the present Lithuanian language and its development. Only by deeply and comprehensively investigating the development of the Lithuanian language in the period of the establishment of extended communism, by establishing the laws of its further development, it will be possible to correctly operate linguistic practice, raise language culture and make language an effective tool for the creation of communist society. Vilnius HEKOTOPBIA BOITPOCBHI PA3BHTHS H HMCCAEAOBAHHS COBPEMEHHOTO AHTOBCKOTO Si3bIKA Ū. 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