Dėl kai kurių vandenvardžių kilmės ir darybos

tiniy names the collection of "regular" forms avoids ir the historical study of the placenamezZius- '. The only one "really scientific" A. Zen tends to consider only historical toponymic research. Here it should be said that at the moment in toponymic science prevails the opinion that the preparatory stage of historical research should be synchronous analysis based on structural-grammatical classification. ju Į placenames are seen as distinctive, į savs (toponymic) laws system. Therefore, it is believed that any national system of toponymy can be studied only after a good understanding of its common specific semantic features, its structure, its development ir tendencies. The second stage of the research of placenames should consist of stratigraphy of the ir semantic types of verbs, an attempt to establish the tų conditional chronology of the types. This is the beginning of the history ir of the locality. An important preparatory work for such research is the collection of all place names in an ethnically unified area, iš the separation of the primary forms of individual place names from many secondary iš forms that have arisen due to distortions of different kinds of folk etymology. ar This is how the study of placenames is understood ir In Lithuania. A. Zen, apparently, adheres to the traditional approach to toponymy, according to which a placename is “the source of history”, ir believes that individual place names can be interpreted atomistically, torn from the toponymic iš continuity, their own iš system, despite only formal, phonetic coincidence with the adjectives. Where such an atomistic study of place names can lead, is most clearly shown by some of Zeno’s own etymologies. A. Zenas is simply a priori convinced that most Lithuanian water names are derived from personal names. In fact, only a small part of the river names in Belarus and a little more of the names of lakes can be derived from personal names. These water names are usually possessive or memorial meaning, made from the names of the owners of the waters or otherwise related to those objects. Most of them are either noble or already noble elliptic water names. However, only relatively small hydrographic objects that fit into the area of their owners' estates have been named in this way. Larger rivers usually do not have anthroponymous names. The totality of the Baltic water names shows that the older names of rivers and lakes are semantically related to physical-geographic configuration characteristics of the objects or are simply physiographic terms. su ar This is why water names are not solitary — they are repeated in various places, and the root range of many water names covers almost the entire historical area of Baltic languages. Only the loneliness of the water name in the hydronym system can be a pretext for iš jį iš personal name. TT Der VI. International Congress FIR Name research.. muBte den Baltists to the shameful to bring knowledge, da es a proper scientific name research im Lithuanian and Latvian ūat all not even exists, one there still with bare da Collecting the today ,correct* name forms satisfies and any historical investigation against kithle Zuriicthaltung shows" (p. 41). 237 By etymologizing the place names in this way, A. Zenas makes a methodological error, typical of other linguists, who sometimes try to interpret individual place names separately from their variants, tearing them out of the toponymic continuum and from the national nomenclature system, without understanding the whole of the Belarusian real names. For example, in his book on Lithuanian place names, R. Smitlein associates Pasvalys with the Finnish appellative pasi „stone“, not knowing that Pasvalys is made from the river name Svalia with the prefix pa-. Here it is very useful to recall what K. Būga wrote about the method of etymology of water names in 1923: “And only then, when river names of the same origin have already been compared and the geographical area of their knowledge (spread, spread) has been determined, we will have the right to search for the etymology of the river name under investigation, which is found to be a true comparison of the river name with common names”. In turn, we have to add that such comparison of real names must be strictly structural, i.e. place names can be compared with each other only by precisely distinguishing their constructive components, and when comparing place names with adjectives, the semantic toponymism must also be taken into account. A. Zenas does not always explain convincingly the morphology of Lithuanian water names. Speaking about enriched river names, the second component of which is the word ūpė, A. Zenas states that the appearance of masculine forms next to feminine forms (Švenit-upė, Švent-upis, Švent-upys) can be explained by the presence of masculine diminutives (upėlis, upeliūkas, upeliūkštis, upokšnis) next to the feminine appellative ūpė (p. 43). This semantic analogy of the category of kinship could hardly have worked here. More convincingly, this is explained more morbidly. It seems to us that the diversity of the stem of these compound water names directly depends on the adjacent forms of the second component of the adjective: ūpė; ūpis, -ies; - I'm sorry. Of course, this is only the case when this adjective goes in the second component, without changing its stem, i.e., in the original compound surnames. However, Svenfupé, Sventupis and Šventupys may also be secondary derivatives'2. This is only a few of the inaccuracies found in Zeno's article. However, even from them it is clear that one cannot interpret the placenames by relying on their random phonetic similarities with personal names or adjectives, as A. Zeno does with Almenu, Baužū and Galmonu. Such interpretations are at least reminiscent of a motivated etymology and exude tendentious speculation. B. Savukynas 10 “In Pasewalk, a town in Pomerania and the German name of the Lithuanian town of Pasvalys, the first element can only be the Finnish paasi = stone*. R. Schmittlein, Studies on the nationality of the Aestii, vol. 1, Toponymie lituanienne, Bade, MCMXLVIII, p. 202. "1 Zr. "The People and the Word", I, Kaunas, 1923, p. 14. 2 Zr. P. Skardžius, Lithuanian language word making, Vilnius, 1941, p. 434 etc. 239