Prieveiksmiai su formantu „-(i)ai“ šiaurės vakarų aukštaičių tarmėse

LITHUANIAN LANGUAGES MORPHOLOGY SANDARA IR JOS RAIDA LF E T:U-V O S TSR MOKSLUY ACADEMY - Accessibility SU FORMANTU -(i)ai NORTH WESTERN AUKSTAICIU Tarmise! E. GRINAVECKIENE 1. Daryba Prefix of su control -(i)ai in the north-western Highland dialects, as in many other ir dialects of Lithuanian, are probably the most common. Most often they are made by adjectives, less often by participles. Each graded iš two-syllable adjective iš usually has its own adverb, e.g.: baisus baisiai, drąsus drąsiai, kėršas ir vengšai, klišas klišai, pdlsas palšai, : tuščias tuščiai, : Zafigus : : : : : Zafgiai "good step" us (: ta colt "Zangy idzie, aš potem nie mogę". Iš adjectives (e.g.: būsas, kniūpsčias, méklas „mikčius“, pėsčias, raitas) adverbs with the formant -(i)ai are usually not made, but they do occur, e.g.: vandzdzias: vandzdziai. Of the polysyllabic adjectives, adverbs with the formant -(i)ai are made less frequently. This is partly because most of these adjectives (e.g., the adjectives with suffixes -inis, -ainis, -ytis, -ėtas, -uotas, prepositions po-, pro-, prie, and all conjugated adjectives) are not graded at all. Most commonly used are these adverbs made from polysyllabic adjectives: abejūtiškai „averagely“ (: we lived in an average way), akylai, aklinai, balzganai, nereikalingai, gatavai, gerokai (and gerėkai, red.), kitoiškai, ligūstai, blaulynai, inhumaniškai, paviršutiniškai, raudonai, savotiškai, tolikai (and tolokai, red.), apyblogiai, atkampiai „mnuošaliai“ (: help them with the painted corners so that the children would not come), nuodafbiai „working“ (: he does everything very hard), nutakaiai (: prūkasė vagūtę nutakiai), paskliuodniai „mnuolaidžiai“ (: pige įvėrė viėlą p askliuodniai—she still knisa), lygmaliai,lygiai su kraštais“ (: in the pot the oil was level, but now it has subsided). ! The article examines adverbs with the formant -(i)ai, used in northwestern Highland dialects, which retain the accent and preposition of Lithuanian literary language. These dialects are spoken in the area between Smalininkai, Vadžgiris, Girkalnis, Skirsnemunė. 12% 179 Perhaps the most common are polysyllabic adverbs with the formant -(i)ai, made from noun adjectives with the suffix -iškas. The lexical meaning of some of these adverbs is very generalized and far from the meaning of the words from which they are made, e.g.: perkūniškai „very“ (: perkūniškai šalta), sėmeniškai „unapgalvotai“, šuniškai „very“, vélniškai „well“. 'very'. ; Of the adverbs made by the participants, adverbs with the formant -(i)ai are rare. Several of them are derived from the present and past participles of the active and passive kinds, as well as from the participles of necessity, e.g.: atsūkančiai „labai gerai“, šnūždančiai, $narančiai, Zvygianciai; padūkusiai „labai“ (: laikas padūkusiai greit bėga), pagédusiai „labai“ (: pélkéje uodū pagėdusiai daūg), papaikusiai „smarkiai“ (: vaikai papaikusiai šūkauja), pasiūtusiai „labai“ (: šuo pasi ūtusiai piktas), pašėlusiai „labai“ (:pašėlusiai misés kanda), neapsdkomai „labai daug“ (: šįmet jau tų gršbų—neapsakomai), nesuskaitomai, pakefičiamai „vidutiniškai“ (: gyvėname pakefciamai), suveriamai (:dūrys suveriamai užsidaro), neapgalvotai, negirdétai, nelduktai, netikėtai, nematytai, sutrumpįtai (: mes šnėkam sutrumpįtai „mes šnekame, trumpindami žodžių galūnes“), aptektinai (: vandens įpilk aptektinai nesvils), būtinai, nesuprastinai “incomprehensibly” (:incomprehensar ibly, here is a fence, tiff), not ar necessarily (:Iétq into the city, sprudZis not necessarily), repeatedly, sufficiently. Adverbs made from adjectives with a-roots, present and past participles of the passive verb, as well as from participles of necessity, have the form -ai; -iai have adverbs made of all other adjectives and participles. The exceptions here are the adjectives drūčiai „smarkiai, labai“ and seniai „ilgai“ which are used in different meanings next to drūtai „stipriai“ and senai, senyvai. It is possible, that the drūčiai have appeared long ago, having different forms and independent meanings ne iš fat hay, ir o iš other forms of the stem that are no longer present in the area under study, e.g. breasts may have iš *drūtjas~dridcias; plg. still a dragon?. < True, in the dialects under study there are adverbs of the same root, used in parallel with the formant ir su - Oh, ir su -iai, e.g.: išlaidų išlaidūs, ir lengvai lefigviai, ir linksmai liūiksmiai. ir However, in these dialects, the adjectives ir from which iš these adverbs are made usually have two roots (@ ir u) forms, e.g.: išlaidas išlaidūs, lefigvas lengvi, lifiksmas and ir linksmūs.-There are no cases where r adjectives of the same root are used to make adverbs with the formant -ai and -iai. This would indicate that besides henas, drūtas, there had to be other forms of those adjectives from which the adverbs seniai and drūčiai were made, 2 Salia is used as an adverb and nepėrseniai in the northwestern Highland dialects, see also. J. Otrebski, Gramatyka jezyka litewskiego, III, Warszawa, all adverbs of this formant in the study area now have next to them the words from which they could have been made, e.g.: nepėrseniai, aptektinai, nakvinai, nesupranttinai, užtektinai, sausgėliai „dry, pusės“ visus kaulus gėlia sausgėliai), sausmirkai „dry, vandens ištrink galvą spiritą sausmirkai). 1956, $ 647. 180 Ne iš be (: be (: į This suggests that at least some of these adverbs may not have had their root ir adjective participants and may have been ar created newly based on already existing examples of this type of adverb construction. If adverbs in formant su -(i)ai have been ir singular pronouns of adjectives in the genitive?, the latter examples, as well as all adverbs of participants, show that o later adverb formation could have taken place iš independently, formant t. y. -(i)ai was added directly to the root of the adjective. ar That some formanto -(i)ai adverbs could be iš newer derivatives, as their generalized final iš pronunciation (abygaliai, abyšaliai, abypusiai) shows. One another of these adverbs are used prepositionally, e.g.: abygaliai house equipped ir by bygaliai they lived by bygaliai home), (: abypusiai (: kelėas medumi nusodįtas by ir bypusiai and by bypusiai The flags of the states were the following: The flags of the states were the following: ir The flags of the states were the following: In the investigated dialects, ir there are several noun root adverbs that, unlike all other constructions of this type, have a firm-form -ai, e.g.: kaddi "recently in the past", tiktai (and tiktdis), visdi, nė štdi nė antai (: we have fallen into trouble, and she — nei štdi nei andi). Some root-pronounced adverbs, such as pirmai (and pirmdi, ret.), greitai (quickly), greitai (fastly), greitai (fastly), greitai (fastly), greitai (fastly), greitai (fastly), greitai (fastly), greitai (fastly), greitai (fastly), greitai (fastly), greitai (fastly), greitai (fastly), greitai (fastly), greitai (fastly), greitai (fastly), greitai (fastly), greitai (fastly), greitai (fastly), greitai (fastly), greitai (fastly), greitai (fastly), greitai (fastly), greitai (fastly), greitai (fastly), greitai (fastly), greitai (fastly), greitai (fastly), greitai (fastly), greitai (fastly). (and quick, fast), pėrnai, užpėrnai (and last year). Some of these adverbs are used in Lithuanian literary language, in other dialects and in old writings, only in the eastern and southern part of the Lithuanian dialect area and in literary language some of them are pronounced with a strong-pronounced suffix (the strong-pronounced preposition could turn into a strong-pronounced suffix during the shortening of the acute endings®, cf. I'm going. jiė<they, tuos<those and the area of study those, they, jūo, ja~ja, katrą ~katra, ands m anas, šitąs ~ this and so on.?). Some of the above adverbs also have adjacent forms with adjective endings in dialects, e.g. next to kaddi, pirmdi, pėrnai and kaddis, pirmdis, pėrnais (-s may have been added here as an example of a plural noun). The traditional pronunciation of the endings of these adverbs, as well as their adjacent forms, still raises doubts among linguists about their originsé®, 3 Plg, J. Endzelynas, Baltų kalbų garsai ir formos, Vilnius, 1957, § 424; J. Otrebski, Gramatyka.., III, § 656. 4 See. Z. Zinkevičius, The history of jvardZiuotiniy adjectives in Lithuanian language, Vilnius, 1957, p. 22, 24. 5 Zr. E. Grinaveckienė, Questions of Lithuanian Linguistics, vol. 1, Vilnius, 1957, p. 153, 157, 158; cf. IO. Cenk yc, T'oBsop ceBepo-3sanajtubiX Kancos, aBToped. JuKcc., Buisbuioc, 1955, p. 8. 6 Plg. J. Endzelins, Grammar of the Latvian language, Riga, 1951, $ 473; J. Otrebski, Gramatyka..., III, §§ 657—658. 181 jų You. 0 < tp ei map 1 Whales Ir = 3 _a = ati sana a Le r fae ia Ka i d Ko eR) EA Ser GT