D. Sutkevičiaus leksikografiniai darbai

LIETUVIŲ KALBOS LEKSIKOS RAIDA LIETUVOS TSR MOKSLŲ AKADEMIJA D. SUTKEVIČIUS’S LEXICOGRAPHICAL WORKS J. KRUOPAS Interest in the Lithuanian language, literature, folklore, and history in the first half of the nineteenth century, and efforts to revive the Lithuanian language and develop it into a language for fiction, scholarly, pedagogical, and other literature, encouraged cultural figures of that time to pay great attention to the cultivation and standardization of the Lithuanian literary language. Many of them (D. Poška, S. Stanevičius, S. Daukantas, K. Nezabitauskas, L. Uvainis, and others) compiled Lithuanian dictionaries and wrote grammars, thereby seeking to contribute to the enrichment and improvement of the Lithuanian literary language and to the preparation of essential tools for its cultivation and learning. One of the most productive lexicographers of that period was D. Sutkevičius. The following information is available about his life and activities: he was born in 1782 in Raseiniai County. Around 1801–1803 he studied physics at Vilnius University (before the 1803 reform)1. From 1803, he was a teacher in the second class at the Merkinė Dominican school; from 1810 to 1812, its head. From 1812 to 1814, he was deputy head of the Žemaičių Kalvarija school. In 1807, he was an antiquarian at the Grodno Dominican school. In 1818, he was a literature teacher there, and in 1819, socius officii. From 1821 to 1823, he was prior of the Žemaičių Kalvarija monastery and teacher of moral theology. In 1824, he was again an antiquarian in Grodno; in 1825, at the Vilnius monastery; in 1826–1827, subprior of the Paparčiai monastery; in 1828–1829, procancellarius of the Raseiniai monastery; in 1830, prior there; and from 1831 to 1835, again procancellarius. From 1836, he was again at Paparčiai (librarian in 1841), and later at the Palevenė monastery, where he died in 1849 (according to other information, in 1854)2. These data show that D. Sutkevičius worked in various places in Lithuania and was also a librarian, so he could have gathered material for his lexicographic work from written sources and from the living language of the people. Lithuanian bibliographies and other sources mention manuscripts of D. Sutkevičius’s dictionaries dated 1831 (approximately), 1835, 1942, and 1848; of these, the dictionaries from 1835 and 1848 are now known to have survived. The date 1831 is doubtful. It is given, with the qualification “about 1831,” in V. Biržiška’s “Lietuvių bibliografija” (vol. II, nos. 631, 870, etc.). Dated to 1831 is a four- 1 V. Maciūnas (žr. Lituanistinis sąjūdis XIX a. pradžioje, Kaunas, 1939, p. 154) nurodo, kad D. Sutkevičiaus pavardė aptinkama Vilniaus universiteto fizikos skyriaus studentų įrašų knygoje 1804/5 ir 1805/6 mokslo metais. 2 V. Biržiška, Aleksandrynas, vol. 2, Chicago, 1963, p. 379. 217 volume Lithuanian-Polish dictionary, which was at the Paparčiai monastery until 1864; when the monastery was closed that year, it was transferred to the Vilnius Public Library and mentioned in the catalogue of its manuscript department3, and in 1915 it was taken to Russia4. According to information published by S. Baltramaitis in 1894, the manuscript of D. Sutkevičius’s “Słownik litewski” belonged to the Russian Academy of Sciences and had been prepared for publication by E. Volter5. If this is the same manuscript mentioned by V. Biržiška, it must have reached Russia before 1915. For now, the matter has not been fully clarified, and the manuscript itself has not been found. Archival information about D. Sutkevičius’s lexicographic manuscripts, discovered recently, makes it necessary to redshift the aforementioned four-part (four-volume) manuscript of the Lithuanian-Polish dictionary to 1842, the year recorded in the catalogue of books at the Paparčiai monastery, “Pars librorum bibliothecae Conventus Generalis Vilnensis…. Anno Domini 1849”6. In the section on dictionaries and grammars (p. 83), two manuscripts by D. Sutkevičius are listed separately: 1) Słownik Litewsko-Polski, Rękopis pierwszej ręki. Sutkiewicz. 1835 (No. 21). 2) Tenze sam Słownik Litewsko-Polski. Rękopis poprawiony przez samego Autora. Sutkiewicz, 1842 Tom 1—4 (No. 22). Since the catalogue was compiled from the actual collection at Paparčiai, where D. Sutkevičius worked for a long time (most recently from 1836 to 1841), there is reason to believe that the four-part Lithuanian-Polish dictionary written by D. Sutkevičius and dated by S. Baltramaitis and others to about 1831 should be dated to 1842. It has not yet been found, and it is impossible to compare it with the manuscripts of D. Sutkevičius’s dictionaries from 1835 and 1848. Judging by the number of pages (vol. I, pp. 1—322; vol. II, pp. 323—664; vol. III, pp. 665—1096; vol. IV, pp. 1097—1529)7, it was probably larger than the 1835 dictionary, which has 1048 pages. It seems that D. Sutkevičius supplemented the 1835 dictionary manuscript, thereby producing the four-part (four-volume) manuscript of the Lithuanian-Polish dictionary in 1842. In his last work, V. Biržiška calls it a trilingual dictionary (“Žodininkas Lietuviszkai-Lotyniszkay-Lenkiszkas”)8, although earlier in “Lietuvių bibliografija” he had mentioned it as a bilingual dictionary. It seems that, by analogy with the 1848 trilingual dictionary, the 1842 manuscript is also called a trilingual dictionary, with all three of D. Sutkevičius’s lexicographic works regarded as authentic, albeit incomplete, copies of a single dictionary. Thus, D. Sutkevičius’s first lexicographic work should be considered not the four-part Lithuanian-Polish dictionary supposedly written around 1831, but the one-volume manuscript of a Lithuanian-Polish dictionary from 1835. Its title is: Słownik Litewsko-Żmudzko Polski, ułożony przez Księdza Sutkiewicza Sw. Teol. Prezentanta Litewskiey Prowincyi Zakonu Dominikańskiego — Applicatur Bibliothecae Mgri Provincialis Datum Rossienis 1835, feb. 28. This manuscript was owned by A. Baranauskas (as the seal also shows: 3Description of the Manuscript Department of the Vilnius Public Library, fourth issue, Vilnius, 1903, p. 38. 4 V. Biržiška, Aleksandrynas, 2, p. 379. 5 C. Балτрамайтис, Сведения о литовских рукописях, „Живая старина“, 1894, вып. I, p. 102. 6 This date was first proposed by M. Lukšienė in the article “Aplinka, kurioje mokėsi S. Daukantas” (“Pergalė,” 1964, No. 12), on the basis of the catalogue just mentioned, which is held in the manuscript collection of the library of Vilnius State University named after V. Kapsukas (No. 149). 7Description of the Manuscript Department of the Vilnius Public Library, fourth issue, Vilnius, 1903, p. 38. 8 See Aleksandrynas, 2, p. 379. 218 “Bibliotheka Aliumnuw Sem. Seinenskiego” (118)). Later it came into the library of the Marijampolė Marian monastery (stamps on leaves 1 and 524: “Bibliotheca Marianorum Mariampoli”. In the middle of the stamps is “M1C”; after the Second World War, it came from there to the State Republican Library of the Lithuanian SSR (call number PR 1127). The manuscript measures 22.5 × 18 cm and comprises 1,048 pages, now numbered in pencil as 524 double-page spreads (this numbering is also followed in this article when indicating the location of words and illustrations). It is written clearly in ink. The manuscript and the photocopy held at the Institute of Lithuanian Language and Literature of the Lithuanian SSR Academy of Sciences are readily legible. At the end of the dictionary (after the last word, Žyrgas) is the notation: Ogul Wyrazów równa się = 17,924. The dictionary opens with a preface in Polish (Nota): “In the Polish language there are two nasal vowels, namely a, ą, and e, ę. In Lithuanian-Samogitian, however, besides those mentioned there are also two nasal vowels, namely i, į and u, ų—for example, Iwadinėju ‘I call’; it would be wrong to write Iwadinėju or Inwadineju, as this would be contrary to the expression of the Lithuanian-Samogitian language. The same applies to u, ų, for example, the second case plural is written Tu žmonių ‘of these people.’ One cannot write Tu žmonių or Tun žmoniun, as these likewise would not accord with the expression of this language.” K. Szyrwid S. J. in his Naukach czyli Homiliach Litewskich and in the dictionary called Synonima often uses s alone instead of sz; thus, for example, instead of Szirkiš ‘heart’ he uses Sirdis, and instead of Sziądawy ‘straw’ he uses Siauday, etc. I have nevertheless included both forms in this dictionary, arranged alphabetically.” D. Sutkevičius’s 1835 bilingual (Lithuanian-Polish) dictionary was compiled on the basis of K. Sirvydas’s Polish-Latin-Lithuanian dictionary, “Dictionarium trium linguarum” (hereafter abbreviated as SD), and other old writings. It contains a considerable number of illustrative examples drawn from a dozen or so old religious texts, as well as some material from K. Boguš’s work on the origins of the Lithuanian nation and language. It may be called the first historical dictionary of the Lithuanian language, covering the vocabulary of K. Širvydas’s dictionary and of the principal monuments of Lithuanian writing from the sixteenth to the beginning of the nineteenth century. Most words are taken from K. Širvydas’s writings, indicated in D. Sutkevičius’s dictionary by the abbreviations X. Szyrw., and occasionally X. Sz. References to K. Širvydas occur several times on almost every page, and sometimes a dozen or more times (see pages 11, 12, 13, 26, 29, 35, 47, 50, 51, 52, etc.). Some pages contain words taken entirely from SD. These are headwords with the eastern prefix ažu-, for example: Ažumetimas, Ažumetu, Ažumezgu neišrištinai, Ažumiegmi, Ažumigdau, etc. (50—52). SD was evidently used extensively, including K. Širvydas’s coinages, for example: Atadunga (31), Atmintinė (37), Auksadaile (47), Auksažietė (47), Daustuvė (55), Beeilė (57), etc. A considerable number of phrases were taken from SD as headwords, for example: Apsipilta lupos (20), Apsiprinks unt ko (21), Apsiuviu oda (22), Atmetu nug tewiszkistes (37), etc. Some words and illustrative examples were taken not from SD but from K. Širvydas’s “Punktai sakymų,” its first part being marked 1°, for example: Owczarnia K. Szyrw. 1°216, w. 24. Words and illustrative examples taken from K. Širvydas’s writings retain features of the eastern Aukštaitian dialect, for example: Atadingimas (31)—atdengimas, Atadunga (31)—atdanga, Atkalbinėjus (35)—atkalbinėjas, etc. Another frequent source of illustrations in D. Sutkevičius’s dictionary is M. Daukša’s Postilė (1599), from which examples are marked with the abbreviation X. Koss (or X. Kos), which is crossed out almost everywhere and replaced above with the abbreviation X. Dauk or, 219 usually, X. D. Only rarely did the abbreviation X. Koss remain uncrossed out (see the words Abrozas (3), Aprepiu (17), Apsirikimas (21), Apsi veizdziu (22), etc.). After abbreviations for K. Širvydas, M. Daukša, and other sources, the reference N.T. (= New Testament) is often found. Contrary to what one might initially suppose, it does not refer to J. Giedraitis’s 1816 New Testament, but to S. Bitner’s 1701 Protestant New Testament: the page and paragraph numbers (not line numbers, although the notation w. = wersz is used) given with N.T. correspond only to the pages and paragraphs of S. Bitner’s New Testament. For example: aplink – Okolo – “Around the laying out of the comparison it is not necessary for us to toil much” – Okolo wyłożenia podobienstwa nietrzeba nam wiele trudzić się K.D. k.83 w. 15 N.T. k.180 w. 42. No illustrative examples taken exclusively from N.T. have been found. The abbreviation Kaz. Kalw. marks words and examples taken from J. Morkūnas’s Postilė (1600), for example: Abstingiste – Obfitość, Szczo[d]robliwość – O dziauksis abstin-goy duszia jusu – A radować się bendzie w obfitosci dusza wasza Kaz. Kalw. k. odw. 98 w 26. Only in this source do we find the words (with examples) Abstingumas (3), Aguona (4), Akliste (4), Angiata (6), Ankstiwa (6), etc. A good deal of material comes from the source marked Bibl. Žmudż. (occasionally B.Z. or BZ). Which Bible, or part of one, does this abbreviation denote? The page and section numbers cited do not correspond to the relevant passages in the East Prussian Bibles of 1735, 1755, or 1816. Only part of a Bible was published in Lithuania—J. Giedraitis’s New Testament (1816). Comparing the quotations marked Bibl. Žmudż. (B.Z., BZ) with the corresponding passages in J. Giedraitis’s Testament makes it clear that they are completely identical. It is therefore clear that D. Sutkevičius used J. Giedraitis’s translation, labeling it Bibl. Žmudż. J. Giedraitis himself similarly described his translation in a letter to A. Butkevičius: “...poskończonym zaledwo wydatku na druk kilka tysięcy Exemplarzy Biblii w Języku Żmudzkim...”⁹ Words and illustrative examples from the following religious writings are encountered less frequently: Ewangelie polskie y litewskie (1743), žymima santrumpomis Ewan, Ew (pvz., 24, 37, 40, 41, 55 ir kt.). Iš Vilniaus Valstybinio universiteto bibliotekoje esamų daugiau kaip dvidešimties Evangelijų leidimų (pvz., 1750, 1752, 1756, 1769, 1770, 1774, 1779, 1790, 1794, 1797, 1803, 1805, 1819 metų) tik 1743 m. leidimo egzempliorius (šifras LR3314) atitinka D. Sutkevičiaus žodyne nurodytas Evangelijų vietas. Broma atwerta ing wiecznasti (1777…) is indicated by the abbreviations Broma, Brom. (e.g., 8, 11, 21, 29, 33, 39, 40, 53, 58, etc.). It is difficult to say exactly which year’s edition was used, since some editions (e.g., those of 1806 and 1811) are missing from Vilnius libraries. It has been established that the pages of Broma used by D. Sutkevičius do not correspond to those in the 1753, 1766, 1799, 1802, or 1824 editions, but instead match the pages of the 1777 edition. Rožančius szwęčiausios Maryos Pannos ir saldziausy warda Jezusa (1797) pažymėtas santrumpa Rož (retkarčiais Rožan.) (pvz., 9, 14, 15, 17, 19, 23, 26, 33, 40, 41, 45, 59 ir kt.). Pedelis Miros (1750) žymimas santrumpomis Pedelis Miros, Ped. Mir., kartais Ped.M. (pvz., 290, 342, 359, 419, 433, 442, 485, 487, 488, 489, 502…). Metay szwenti arba jubilleuszas didis (1826) žymimas santrumpa Jub. (pvz., 2, 9, 14, 19, 24, 33, 35, 40, 42, 53…). 9 A. Kaupuž, I. Lukšaitė, A. Butkevičiaus gramatikos byla, „Kalbotyra“, V, Vilnius, 1962, p. 137. 220 Hymns are marked with the abbreviation Giesm. (e.g., 23, 30, 31, 49, etc.). So far, it has not been possible to determine which hymns, and when published, D. Sutkevičius used. Tik vienas iliustracinis pavyzdys duotas iš „Balsas sirdies pas Pana Diewa“ (1790, 1798...) ir pažymėtas santrumpa Balsas: Jog isz to ayszkiey gali kiekvienas regėti (48). Šis sakinys paimtas iš pratarmės „Matoningam skaitytojuy“. Among the few secular writings, besides K. Sirvydas’s dictionary, D. Sutkevičius also used K. Bogušas’s treatise “On the Beginning of the Lithuanian Nation and Language” (1808)¹⁰. It is marked by the abbreviation K. Boh. Words were taken from it (e.g., Alksnis (5), Anitele (6), Asa (29), Aistokus (43), Aukles (47), Baudėjas (55), Beras (58), Bernužėlis (59), Darbužėlis (72), Dukružė (87), Langužaitis (22), Mamayte (229), etc.) and illustrative examples, chiefly from three songs (pp. 160–166), which K. Bogušas took from P. Ruhig’s “Betrachtung der Littauischen Sprache” (1745), namely: “Early in the morning, at dawn,” “I had a little horse,” “I said goodbye to my grandmother.” For example: Anksti rito, rituži Saulūžė tekėjo (6), Klausiu tawe Dukruže, kur tu waykzštinejey (87), Asz atsisakiau sawa moczutej. O asz nuo puses jau wasareles (497), O kur tawo vainikeli miguzie užkrito (498), and so on. Although this folkloric illustration in D. Sutkevičius’s 1835 dictionary is sparse compared with the examples taken from religious writings, it is nevertheless highly valuable and significant. It enriched D. Sutkevičius’s dictionary and introduced vivid secular elements into its illustrative material. It should be noted that several sources are often cited for certain words and illustrative examples, showing where the word or sentence is used, e.g.: Apsieymi — Obchodzę się, Postepuję — Ir kaypo Damaszke dransey apsiejo wardan Iezaus — I jak w Damaszku smiało abszedł się w Imie Iezusa — Bibl.Ž. k.195.w.27 Jub.k.5 Róż.k.190. N.T.k.215.w.9.k.254.w.3. In compiling his dictionary, D. Sutkevičius relied almost exclusively on written sources. This was determined by his profession and working conditions (including the lack of direct contact with the people). Although in the preface to the 1848 dictionary he notes that “for more than two decades, with great toil and sweat, travelling through various parts of Lithuania and Samogitia, I collected words,” the material presented in the 1835 Dictionary, which almost everywhere includes references to written sources, clearly shows that the words and illustrative examples were gathered not from the spoken language of the people, but from written works. Only about 30 words lack abbreviations identifying written sources; at least some of them may be regarded as having been taken from popular speech and inserted among words from written sources, namely: Aszwiniś — Bydleko począge Jako Kosi, Osiel (30), Atkaleksznis — Cwiekułec (35), Brazday — Miazga (63), Braukiu — Smorgam (63), Diele — Pijawka, Turcica (80), Garszwa — Snitka (98), Gialda — Necka (105), Giendu — Psuję się (106), Giesu — Gasnę (107), Greziu — Wiercę, Swidruję (116), Ininku — Przyzwyczajam się, Nawykam (130), Iszkosziu — Wycedzam (144), Kasktes [Kaskles?] — Drobina (187), Keknuotas — Gronisty (190), Kuysis — Komar (213), Lauba [= Liauba] — Przystanek (214), Liswa — Żagon (218), Labanaktis — Dobranoc (219), Lankau — Schylam, Zginam (221), Nesą — Abowiem (262), Nesakau — Nemuvę (262), Pasisziausziu — Najeżam się (325), Paskubinu — Pospieszam (327), Pastumdelis — Popychaho (330), Siurbele — Pijawka (416), Skilandis — Kindziuk (419), 10 O początkach narodu i języka litewskiego. Rozprawa przez Xawiera Bohusza..., 1808, w Warszawie. 221 Strugis – Kusy (431), Swogunay – Cibulka (452), Szcizras – Szc zery (454), Szikna – Sraka, Sziknia – Sraczka, Sziknius – Sracz (455), Tekilas – Toczydło (464), Torielka – Talerz (471), Wiežie – Kolcina, Tor (505), Winulis – Jabłko winne (507), Wissur essas – Powszechny (511), Žiamaytis – Žmudzin (516), Žiamia – Ziemia (516), Žiemkilis obolis – Jbłko zimowe, winne (517). The dictionary’s structure is alphabetical and simple. In alphabetizing words by their subsequent letters, some errors were unavoidable. For example, under the letter A, the word Abejotinas is listed first, followed by Abejotinay, whereas the order should be reversed. Headwords are the nominative forms of inflected words, the first-person singular present-tense forms of verbs, adverbs, and prepositions. Polish equivalents are given after the Lithuanian words, following a dash. Some words are left untranslated, for example: Apk i arst (13), Arkimas (28), Atgajo (33), Aimeus (48), Batwa (54), Blaksterejimas (61), Gandejo (96), Gurwolis (120), Igrissimas (124), Irtis (135), Isigrayksztau (136), Isiwidimas (139), Ižtrekt (176), Kiercią (195), Kulpiamas (209), Kuosa (211), Lope (226), Nepatrikimas (259), Netarpus (264), Nežada (268), Nuolatos (281), Pabosis (295), Sartas (409), Szirwis (456), Uju (478), Wakarczias (493). D. Sutkevičius’s last lexicographical work: Zodinikas Letuwiszkay-Lotiniszkay-Lenkiszkas. Dictionarium Lithuanice-Latino-Polonicum. Słownik Litewsko-Łacinsko-Polski. By the priest Dominik Sutkiewicz, a true Lithuanian [crossed out: Samogitian], compiled with great toil. It is held in the manuscript collection of the library of the Institute of the Lithuanian Language and Literature of the Lithuanian SSR Academy of Sciences (shelfmark: In. R. 3875). Format: 22.5 × 18 cm. It comprises 404 numbered pages and 23 pages of supplements (Dodatek), written at the end of the dictionary and numbered separately. The dictionary contains about 19,150 Lithuanian words with Latin and Polish equivalents. About 720 words (repetitions, variants of various formations, and others) have been crossed out. The manuscript has thus been corrected up to the letter H. No further deletions have been found. The dictionary begins with the following “PREFACE”: “The Lithuanian language, or speech, together with Samogitian, is the most difficult of all languages, because it has had and still has no grammars; therefore, not only neighboring border regions but also nearby villages and settlements do not agree in speech at all. Until now, no one has dared to compile and print a dictionary of that [crossed out: Lithuanian] language. I am the first, after more than two decades, with great toil and sweat, travelling through various parts of Lithuania and Samogitia, to have gathered words and ventured to prepare this Lithuanian–Latvian–Polish dictionary for publication, for the benefit of Lithuanians, Samogitians, Poles, and Prussians [Prussians]. This dictionary, I presume, will bring much criticism upon me, but let everyone know that it is easier to criticize another’s writing than to write something good oneself. Let no one think that I will refuse to make a better dictionary, if someone wishes to do so, and I will not take offense at that. This dictionary will be of the greatest benefit to all, especially to Samogitian young people beginning their studies in the schools, who from birth do not know a single word of the Polish language. With this dictionary at hand, they will learn words in both Latvian and Polish much more easily. Readers of this dictionary will find many words written in this way for the following reason: after the union of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania with the Kingdom of Poland, Lithuanians and Samogitians adopted many Polish words as their own and abandoned their own. Thus: gamta – Cnota, not Cnata; Liedeka – Szczupak, not Szczupokas; Uksusas – Ocat, not Acatas, and so forth.” Finally, I ask you to accept with a loving heart this scholarly work of mine, prepared for the benefit of all. Farewell. K. D. Sutkiewicze. Rašyta mėtuose 1848. [Ši pastaba ryškesnė ir didesnėmis raidėmis įrašyta. Ji, tur būt, vėlesnė.] 222 The trilingual dictionary of 1848 was compiled on the basis of material from earlier dictionaries (1835 and 1842), but differs from them in having Latin equivalents and no illustrations. In size (19,150 words), it is somewhat larger than the dictionary of 1835 (17,924 words). A comparison of the words under A in the dictionaries of 1835 and 1848 shows that the former lacks the words Abatene (1), Abelnas (1), Abelnay (1), Adatele (1), Adatiniczia (2), Adatinikus (2), Adinikelis (2), Adininis (2), and so on, all of which appear in the second dictionary, whereas the latter lacks the words Abastirpos (2), Abbhusis (2), Abdas (2), Abrozas (3), and so on, which are found in the dictionary of 1835. A review of D. Sutkevičius’s manuscript dictionaries shows that he prepared several substantial lexicographic works. Through the efforts of one person, a wealth of material was collected over several decades from the principal Lithuanian writings, and three lexicographic manuscripts were compiled. Although they share the same basis and are therefore regarded by V. Biržiška and others as copies of a single dictionary, they nevertheless exhibit differences that allow them to be called separate dictionaries or distinct versions of one dictionary. D. Sutkevičius was the first in the history of Lithuanian lexicography to compile a historical dictionary of the Lithuanian language, based on K. Sirvydas’s dictionary and on the vocabulary and illustrative examples of the most important and best-known Lithuanian writings from the sixteenth to the early nineteenth century. Such a dictionary is important for studying the development of the vocabulary of the Lithuanian literary language. It is almost twice as large as K. Sirvydas’s “Dictionarium trium linguarum” (1629), and more convenient to use than the latter because it lists Lithuanian words first, whereas in Sirvydas’s trilingual (Polish-Latin-Lithuanian) dictionary Lithuanian equivalents appear last and cannot be located alphabetically. Although D. Sutkevičius’s works remained unpublished, they are significant in the history of Lithuanian lexicography as the first attempts at a historical dictionary of the Lithuanian language. In size, they almost match the greatest lexicographic work of the early nineteenth century, D. Poška’s “Słownik polsko litewski”. D. Sutkevičius’s dictionaries were known to Lithuanian linguists and lexicographers and helped stimulate lexicographic work in Lithuania. Today, material from D. Sutkevičius’s dictionaries is used in preparing the academic “Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language”. LEXICOGRAPHIC WORKS OF D. SUTKEVIČIUS И. КРУПАС S u m m a r y The article surveys the lexicographic works of D. Sutkevičius (1782–1854), a well-known Lithuanian lexicographer of the first half of the nineteenth century. D. Sutkevičius compiled manuscripts of Lithuanian-Polish (1835, 1842) and Lithuanian-Latin-Polish (1848) dictionaries, which are the first historical dictionaries of the Lithuanian language. Although D. Sutkevičius’s lexicographic works remained in manuscript, they played a positive role in the development of Lithuanian lexicography. Even today, they are of interest as a rich source for the historical dictionary and for the academic dictionary of the Lithuanian language now being compiled and published. 223