Dėl sudurtinių daiktavardžių pirmojo sando neutralizacijos

LT BTU. VL Ų LANGUAGES LEXICON RAIDA LSL ESIPS Ut IM OO 58. UT'S"RMVO'K''S'L' JU AK A'D'E M13 A SECTION 1 SUDURTINIY NOUN FIRST SANDO NEUTRALIZATIONS V. DROTVINAS Compound Words In Lithuanian, words usually form iš compounds. The word combination only very rarely equals the form of its constituent elements to the compound word: there are no such cases of junction where the members of the word combination would already be ready compounds (plg. cold borscht >cold blades"), are very few. When the members of a word combination become verbs, the form of the latter changes from the structural-semantic type of compound words. Methods used to convert the members of a word combination ir into verbs to į join one structurally ir semantically new construction: verb joining, du using 1) connective vowels ir 2) sand conjunctibe on of connective vowels. The nature of the connective vowel is most often iš revealed by the origin of the first sando?, First compound nouns (as in ir other parts of speech) the syllable ne includes only the first connecting root, but ir the means by which both syllables are į connected to one compound word, i.e. includes ir the conjunctive vowel?. Therefore, it is useful to find out what happens when the members of a word combination become the members of a compound word. In school grammar, it is stated that the connecting vowel combines į one word du that, thanks ir to the to connection, we get a new constructed compound word. — Of course, this is correct. First, the į eye-catching function of the sand joining method is morpholo- * In addition, the second syllable of a compound noun remains unchanged, e.g. weed, plg. grass. Be the word combination differs from the compound word in that the latter has ir one accent. * For more information on the construction of compound words with respect to ir the conjugating vowels used by the words that make them up, see V. Urbutis, Formation of Compound Nouns in Contemporary Lithuanian Language,,,Contemporary Lithuanian Language“, Vilnius, 1961, p. 65—121; V. Drotvinas, XVI-XVIII a. Lithuanian scripts compound noun formation with respect to the accents,,,VVPI Scientific works”, III, 1957, p. 203—220; V. Drotvinas, Methods of a, joining the elements of compound nouns in XVI-XVIII Lithuanian scripts, „VVPI Scientific Works”, VIII, 1959, p. 59—90; V. Structural-semantic types of compound adjectives in Lithuanian literary language (based on XVI-XVIII a. written material),- ,,Kalbotyra“, VI, Vilnius, 1963, p. 75—97, * For the first time in Lithuanian language science the concept of connective vowel was A. raised by Schleicher, see. Lithuanians Grammar of August Schleicher, Prague, Czech Republic 1856, p. 132. The first to name in Lithuanian the means used to join the compound words of Lithuanian language K. The 1910 beginning iš of the m. ją ‘by a connecting vowel’, 1911 m. at work ,,On Lithuanian personal names“ K. Buga used the term "connective vowel", The legalization of this term contributed ir J. Jablonski, see. P. Kriaušaičio ir Rygiškių Jono Grammar of the Lithuanian language. Etymology, Vilnius, LT 1919, p, 186—187. The latter term has become ir universally accepted in Lithuanian language science. , w 211 gynė, constructive: to combine the members of a word compound, which becomes a verb, into one compound word. However, the use of the connecting vowel (as well as the indirect way of connecting the words) in the interjection of words is far from ending with this direct function alone. In order to connect the pieces of the future structure, you first need to have those pieces. More specifically, the first sand occurs when the first member of a word combination takes on a form that it did not have before in Lithuanian, thanks to the sand (in this case, the connecting vowel). In other words, the conjunctive vowel joins into one structure not words of the same gender as those in the compound word base, but words of the same gender as those known only as elements of the conjunction of words. For example, the genders arkli-, dango-, pigy-, žvaka are not perceived as the genders of the respective verbs, but only as the first verbs of the compound nouns arkli- -gonė, dangoraižis, pigy-metis, žvaka-galis. From this one can conclude that the connecting vowel in the interjection of Lithuanian words performs another important function, namely, the neutralization or isolation of the grammatical meaning of the first vowel. The neutralization function also applies to compound words without a connective vowel. In the case of direct conjugation, the first consonant (including consonant stems) also takes on a grammatically neutralized form, as do consonants with connective vowels. The degree of grammatical neutralization of the first sando of compound nouns varies. It is determined by the variety of connective vowels or, in general, the nature of the first syllable. There is a distinction between total and partial grammatical neutralization of the first syllable. The complete grammatical neutralization of the first sando is characterized by such enriched nouns, whose conjunctive vowel has arisen by analogy, i.e. does not depend on the nature of the first sando, as we have seen from the examples of arkligonė, sklypzžis, pigymetis, žvakagalis. Also grammatically completely neutralized are the nouns of the consonant root in the first place of the compound nouns: no syllable of this paradigm is used as the first component of the compound, and the newly-appeared connective vowel does not form the vowel form either, cf. šun(ia)galvis. Finally, the first set of compound nouns without connective vowels is also completely neutralized, because such genders as in the verb darbdavys are not used independently, separately in Lithuanian. Only the first syllable is partially neutralized in the compound nouns of the root form. For example, the noun workday first verb ""workin Lithuanian language is practically not used, but this gender is an indicator of the paradigm change of the whole word work. By the way, the partially grammatically neutralized first conjugations of compound nouns are very often used, because there are much more root nouns of compound nouns in the current Lithuanian language, neither playful. And what about the grammatical neutralization of the first sando in cases when it is used in the noun verb form? In the composed nouns of the funny form, the first syllable is morphologically quite easy to perceive, and at the same time it is not difficult (except for some-not-- some semantically more complicated exceptions) to reproduce the compound of words that runs through the constructive basis of the composed noun itself, cf. darbotvarkė „work, work order“, darbovietė „workplace“, kojūgalis „the end of the leg“, rytomiegis „morning sleep“, vargopaikis „poor man, poor man“. As an organic structural part of the word in the 212 first syllable, the connecting vowel of this nature clearly does not perform any neutralizing function. Thus, if the connecting vowel coincides with the ending of the syllable in the current language, then there is no basis for talking about the grammatical neutralization of the first syllable of such a compound su noun. It is easy to understand that the compound noun arklyganys,-ė (and arklaagonis- ,-ė) connective vowel -ia-, as the stem vowel of the root noun ia, belongs only to the first syllable. However, the first syllables of compound nouns such as arklaganas, arklagonė no longer have the stem vowels characteristic of ia-stem nouns. Since neither of the nouns horses and horses have the gender arkla-, arkli-, the conjunctive vowel in this type of nouns belongs to the first sando organically, according to the origin of the first sando, only formally, by analogy with derivatives of different nature, having one other vowel in the first ne sando. o su ar Thus, the connective vowel in the first sando is usually two-fold: a consonant, when it is of a stem or vowel nature, and a consonant, when it appears by analogy with the vowels of other ir stems*. However, the grammatical neutralization function of the first syllable by the connective vowel should not be overestimated. After all, as long as both compound noun conjugations retain their original structural form, or, in other words, as long as they are not affected by deethnologization, the grammatical meaning of the conjugations is determined by the way of conjugation of the words themselves. (more precisely, a whole series of reasons for which a word combination becomes a compound word), o ne one junction element — connecting vowel. Let's go. for example, two genders of a compound noun: older sielawartas PS I 106 (by the way, still used in the ir eastern dialect) the present grief. ir Both sand souland soul are morphologicair lly stagnant, i.e. equally isolated, neutralized. Thus, here we are faced with a case where su the first verb, that having no formal, morphological expression, is ir neutralized. As we mentioned, it is important that the gender of the verb does not su coincide with the gender of the word used in practice. Thus, in Lithuanian, grammatically neutralized first syllables are possible for ir be the connective vowel. Thus, the function of grammatical neutralization of the first syllable is performed by a connective vowel of various natures, but, when it is often eliminated, the function is performed by tą the Lithuanian word itself. ir (trunk) junction method. Even more neutralized becomes the first accent of compound nouns in cases where only the connecting vowel is dropped, but with it ne the whole syllable of the first syllable. su ir plg. hatchet > kirykotis > kirk. However, such cases belong to the deetymology of compound words form a separate topic, so we will not ir examine it here. When we look at the functions of the connective jų vowel in Lithuanian compound nouns, we see that they are not the same. They depend on each other, they condition each other. Which of these functions is more important at the junction of words? This is the first significant use of the functional theory of functions. And this is understandable: the fact of the joining of the sands is not possible until the grammatical neutralization of the first sand has done its job, i.e. until the first member of the word combination becomes the first member of the compound word sandu due to neutralization. Thus, it can be said that the neutralization function is primary that, in fact, only after it occurs, the second sandu can take place. ir ir — * Darybinés nature connecting vowel -oturi, for example, such a ir compound noun as rankogalis, where -oy is the suffix of -ovliekana (see rankovgalis). 213 connecti- — on function. Thus, the connection of the sands goes only neutralization po is impossible ir without grammatical neutralization. The exception are the first conjugations of compound nouns in the verb form: grammatical neutralization does not work, but the conjugation of compound jų nouns occurs. In the case where the compound word is joined immediately, the grammatical neutralization function of the first word remains. This also enables the storage connection function. Thus, here the neutralization function, having a zero grammatical expression, as if merges with the function of sands joining. su Su with the function of grammatical neutralization of the first sando is closely related the question of asemanticity of ir the connective vowel. There is no consensus among linguists on the functions of the consonant. Some linguists, willingly or unwillingly, ignore the grammatical neutralization function of the first vowel performed by the connecting vowel and assign to the connecting vowel only the function of connecting two vowels. These linguists hold the view that the connecting vowel has no semantics in the word and propose to consider the connecting vowel as an "asemantic morpheme". So what about the semantics of the connective vowel in Lithuanian compound nouns? Semantics comes from the nature of the connective vowel. su When the connective vowel is the ending of a syllable, there is no basis for talking about asemanticity. jo To consider a connective vowel of this nature as an asemantic morpheme would mean to consider as asemantic the verb endings, which denote the relation of words in the sentence. However, as we have seen, the nature of the connective vowels of compound nouns in Lithuanian is not uniform. Because of this, to all connective vowels, which have arisen by analogy, are, of course, asemantic, although they perform both the functions of grammatical neutralization of the first syllable ir and of connecting syllables. ir The asemanticity of a connective vowel is indisputable in ir cases where the change or fall of this vowel has no effect on the meaning of the word. Thus, the asemanticity of the connecting vowel is a fairly pronounced feature of Lithuanian word junction*. In conclusion, we can draw the following short conclusions: the 1) connective vowel is one of the Lithuanian nouns (and, in general, words) junctions morphological-structural (non-phonetic) signs describing the nature of the first word of the compound words, the particularitiir es of joining both words into one į product; consonant 2) (or absence for some reason, i.e. jo the immediate joining of the words) performs two functions in the word junction: grammatical neutralization of the first a) joining of the words one derivative functions ir b) į ir 3) The semantics of the connecting vowel is jo determined by o its nature, the necessity of going through the structural part of the first syllables of the compound word depends both on the nature of the connecting vowel and on the phonetic ir laws acting on the whole compound word. 5 In other languages, e.g. German, connecting element (usually a — consonant) changes the meaning of the compound o word, in Russian the connecting vowels iš cannot change, vary or fall out at all, as in Lithuanian. In Russian, there are only a few compound words without a connecting vowel, e.g. dypman, JTio0mwuna, noune2, 214