Apie kai kurių žemaitiškų žodžių vartojimą

LIETUVIŲ KALBOS LEKSIKOS RAIDA LIETUVOS TSR MOKSLŲ AKADEMIJA ON THE USE OF SOME SAMOGITIAN WORDS V. VITKAUSKAS This article examines several words characteristic of a certain part of the Samogitian dialect area: čyrùlis ‘skylark’, krūpis ‘toad’, kūlis ‘stone’, pỹlė ‘duck’, pūrai ‘winter wheat’. Their meanings, derivatives, and usage are indicated, and the question of their origin is also touched upon. Based on the records of the Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language and the Atlas of the Lithuanian Language, as well as the article author’s notes, the maps show the distribution of these words. Cyrulis. As one of the lexical distinctions between the Samogitian dialects and the literary language (lk.), čyrùlis—the Samogitian name for the skylark (Alauda arvensis)—is most often cited in philological literature. According to the material currently available, the word čyrùlis is used in Samogitian dialects west of the line Laižuva – Mažeikiai – Nevarėnai – Telšiai – Žarėnai – Kvėdarna – Vainutas – Ž. Naumiestis – the boundary between the donininkai and the western Aukštaitians as far as the Nemunas – Labguva (see Fig. 1). Thus, the word čyrùlis is now known to all donininkai, most of the dounininkai (except for the dialects around Vegeriai, Akmenė, Papilė, Viekšniai, Tryškiai, Eigirdžiai, Lauko Soda, and Luokė), and the dūnininkai around Švėkšna, Tenenius, Kvėdarna, Vainutas, and Ž. Naumiestis. The same word, but with a different stress pattern—cyrulỹs—was also used in the western Aukštaitian dialects of East Prussia around Gilija and Labguva1. It was used in their writings by M. Valančius, S. Daukantas, the easterner Vaižgantas, who lived in Samogitia for a long time, the Klaipėda Region periodical press (e.g., “Lietuviška Ceitunga”), and others. The word is found in many folklore collections (e.g., L. Rėza’s “Dainose”, M. Valančius’s “Patarlėse žemaičių”, the “Pasakose apie paukščius” published in 1913, and others). The word cyrulis is recorded in the dictionaries of Ch. G. Milkus, A. Juška, J. Šlapelis, the so-called M. Nyderman, and others. The word cyrulis (cyrulỹs) is presented extensively, with many sentences from written sources and spoken language, in the large Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language. As can be seen from it, our dialects know two forms of this word: čyrùlis (1) and cyrulỹs (3b). All Samogitians living west of the line Laižuva – Telšiai – Rietavas – Kintai (except around Klaipėda) stress this word according to the first pattern, while the dialects of Žarėnai, Rietavas, Judrėnai, Veiviržėnai, Švėkšna, Ž. Naumiestis, Kintai, Šilutė, Rusnė, and Klaipėda, as well as those of Lithuanian fishermen in Prussia, use the third pattern (see Fig. 1). The word cyrulis, but with a circumflex accent, is also known among the Lithuanians of Ciskodas in the Latvian SSR2. 1 Žr. Lietuvių žvejų tarmė Prūsuose, Kaunas, 1933, p. 92. 2 Žr. K. Būga, Rinktiniai raštai, II (parengė Z. Zinkevičius), Vilnius, 1959, p. 289–290. 155 There are few derivatives of the word cýrulis (cyrulỹs): cýrulė ‘a cow’s name’ (Tirkšliai), cyruliuoti ‘to chirp’ (usually of a skylark) (Šatės), cyruliuoti ‘same’: cýrulis õ’nkštéi pavā-sari prā-ded cī’rōloute (Mosėdis), cýrulūtis ‘a small skylark’ (Salantai)3, and a few others. As for the use of this word, it should be said that it remains very much alive in the aforementioned Samogitian dialects and is used without any literary-language replacements. In many places (e.g., Fig. 1. Distribution of the word cýrulis (cyrulỹs) in Lithuanian dialects (1 – cýrulis, 2 – cyrulỹs) around Judrėnai, Veiviržėnai, Klaipėda, Priekulė, Dovilai, Skuodas, Mosėdis, and elsewhere), the older generation does not even know the literary-language words vieversys, vyturys, while younger speakers of the dialect also often use the Samogitian word cýrulis (or cyrulỹs) without hesitation. However, on the margins of this word’s distribution area, the literary-language word and words of the eastern Samogitian dialects are already gaining ground as variants: vieversys (around Mažeikiai, Tirkšliai), vyturys (around Tenenius). Young people who have attended school throughout the area where the word cýrulis (cyrulỹs) is used know both literary-language forms (vyturys, vieversys) and, when speaking with a stranger who speaks the literary language, use them interchangeably, as the occasion arises. 3 Plg. Lietuvių kalbos žodynas, II (red. J. Balčikonis), Vilnius, 1947, p. 28. 156 It should be said that in certain cases the word čyrulis (čyrulỹs) extends beyond its own area: dialects of Samogitian spoken around Kuršėnai, Vidsodis, Raudėnai, Papilė, etc., know this word in figurative meanings, where it means: a) “some small animal, person,” e.g.: vari·k tū čīrulī šalin. (Kuršėnai), kǭ·n tas čī·rulis padė·rps (Raudėnai), and so on; b) “a taunt for inept children who cannot manage to do something,” e.g.: čī·ru-li | nešīn (pintinę) | aš pabeñ·ksu pinti (Kuršėnai) and so on. The name of a breed of small chickens (with a short root vowel)—čyrulis (čyrulỹs)—must undoubtedly also be associated with the word ciruliūkai (ciruliūkas “little rooster,” cirulikė “little hen”). For example: tộ·r gaidō·ka cerplō·ka maž·za (Laukuva), jau· tas kaušēlis mušiet cirulikis vištas (Kuršėnai), etc. In the Samogitian dialects of Kuršėnai, Vidsodis, Šaukėnai, Raudėnai, Papilė, Tryškiai, and elsewhere, and even in individual neighboring western Aukštaitian dialects to their north (Žagarė, Šakyna, Gruzdžiai, etc.), where the bird Alauda arvensis is known only by the word vieversys, shepherds’ songs are widespread in which čyrulis is mentioned in place of the usual word vieversys. Etymologists consider the word čyrulis Curonian and compare it with Latvian cirulis4, known throughout the Latvian-speaking area and part of the standard language. This view is supported by the consonantism of the word’s root, the agreement of its pitch accent with the Latvian equivalent, and partly by the word’s geographical distribution. In turn, Lithuanian (Samogitian) čyrulis (čyrulỹs) and Latvian cirulis are compared with Russian щуркать “to chirp,” Slovenian čiriti “ditto,” and others.5 In my opinion, one may also cite Lithuanian čirpti “to chirp, bleat,” Latvian cirkstēt “to chirp,” perhaps also Lithuanian čirkšti, which would point to an onomatopoeic origin for the word čyrulis (čyrulỹs). In K. Būga’s opinion, the Lithuanian word čyrulis of Ciskodas was borrowed from Latvian at a time when Latvians had not yet shifted the acute (falling) pitch accent to the circumflex (rising) one6. Krūpis. Northern Samogitians, quite unlike standard Lithuanian, call the toad (Bufo vulgaris) krūpis (krūpė, krūpis or krūpė). This is what the reptile is called in Samogitian dialects north of Nemirseta, Jokūbavas, Endriejavas, Tverai, Viekšnaliai, Šaukėnai, and Kurtuvėnai—that is, in almost all dounininkai dialects, except the areas around Gargždai, Endriejavas, Rietavas, Veiviržėnai, and Judrėnai—and in dūnininkai dialects around Kuršėnai, Vidsodis, and Kurtuvėnai (see Fig. 2). Like the aforementioned Samogitian dialects, the lower Aukštaitians around Žagarė, Skaistgirys, Šakyna, Kužiai, and Gruzdžiai also call this reptile krūpis. It was introduced into the language of our belles lettres by the writers Lazdynų Pelėda and S. Čiurlionienė-Kymantaitė, who came from that region. It is recorded in the dictionaries of S. Daukantas, A. Juška, A. Lalis, J. Šlapelis, M. Nyderman, and others. The greatest amount of material is provided in the academic Lithuanian Language Dictionary, but through an oversight it includes sentences containing this word and its variants from the dialects of Panemunėlis (Rokiškis district), Žemaitkiemis (Ukmergė district), Vilkaviškis, and Šunskai (Kapsukas district). As we have already seen, the stem of this word varies among individual dialects. According to the material currently available, the dounininkai living in the quadrangle between Šventoji—Nemirseta—Žarėnai—Alsėdžiai, and all the dūnininkai, use the word for the reptile Bufo vulgaris as follows: the dūnininkai say krūpė or krūpė (ė-stem), while the remaining dounininkai say krū- 4 See K. Mūlenbacha Latviešu valodas vardnīca. Edited, supplemented, continued by J. Endzelīns, I, Rīgā, 1923—1925, p. 391. 5 Cited work, pp. 391—392; E. Fraenkel, Litauisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, I, Heidelberg, 1962, p. 70. 6 K. Būga, cited work, pp. 289—290. 157 pis or krūpis (ia-stem) (see Fig. 2). Such stem variation is common in Lithuanian, and in this case the emergence of the ė-stem form may have been influenced by the words varlė, rūpužė “such a curse,” kūkūžė “same,” piktvarlė “Bufo vulgaris,” krūpvarlė “same,” and others. The western North Aukštaitian dialects that know this word use only the form krūpis. In addition to its literal meaning (Bufo vulgaris), the word krūpis very often has other, figurative meanings both in Samogitian and in the aforementioned Aukštaitian dialects. First, it is used as a mildly abusive term for scolding mischievous children (meaning “little toad, rascal”), and is sometimes of common gender (substantivum commune): išėk / pažūrėk / ka tas krūpis i šūni nei-rūptu (Šakyna), kũr ta krūpis išėje (Šakyna), sometimes it is substantivum mobile—alongside the masculine form krūpis, the feminine form krūpė is also used: akšin / pasakyt su / kũ tas krūpis padirba (Kuršėnai), nedūd ta krūpi galvaūs išukūti (Kuršėnai), tũn krū.pi rāda pūpūose (Raudėnai), dõuk tã krūpė i kã-ili e klausīs (Raudėnai), and so on. Fig. 2. Use of the word krūpis, krūpė in Lithuanian dialects [1 – krūpis (Bufo vulgaris), 2 – krūpė (Bufo vulgaris), 3 – krūpis, krūpė (figurative meanings only)] In addition, the word krūpis (krūpis) can mean “a small child, a little person, a small animal, or some other tiny object.” In this case, krūpis (krūpis) can 158 be substantivum commune: kā tu krūpis būdams prieš toki vīra šoki (Šakyna), pažūrēt tōki krūpis | susitrāukus | susirāukus | nieka tē tōs žmogi̇stas nė (Šakyna), or substantivum mobile: tioks krū.pis tas vā.ks | bei mōndros (Mosėdis), ti̇uoki krō.pe špoulė.le ni šo.pȯnūote (Mosėdis), radāu tris kaušelius lizi̇ tiuokus krūpelūs (Kuršėnai), visā kruṗki dār | su vai.kū bešnekun.ti (Kuršėnai), and so on. Many of the Samogitian dialects that call the animal Bufo vulgaris only rūpkė also use the word krūpis with both these figurative meanings: these are the dounininkai around Endriejavas, Veiviržėnai, and Judrėnai, and the dūnininkai around Švėkšna, Kvėdarna, Laukuva, Varniai, Užventis, Pavandenė, and Šaukėnai (see Fig. 2). This broader figurative use of the word krūpis would seem to suggest that earlier, at least in part of this area, it may also have been used literally; on the other hand, however, the dialects mentioned may have borrowed it from their northern neighbors. The word krūpis (kriūpis), krūpė (kriūpė), used figuratively, has a great many derivatives and formations with various, sometimes very rare, suffixes. For example: krūpius,-ė “small child” (Šaukėnai), krūpelis “curse word” (Barstyčiai), krūpėkšla “same” (Kuršėnai), the hybrid krupėlka (like bobėlka, kumėlka, etc.) “same” (Kuršėnai, Šakyna), krūpena (kriūpena) “same” (Kuršėnai, Papilė, Raudėnai, Ž. Kalvarija, etc.), krupėža (kriupėža) “same” (Kuršėnai, Pavandenė, Ž. Kalvarija, etc.), krūpkis “same”: tō:n krō.pke rē:ks mū:šte | pri svečū:n kē:kas (Judrėnai), kruplėža “same” (Varniai), kriūpšena “same” (Šatės), krupūitis “same”: kropō.itē: | kropiežas | kāš par vīrā (Pavandenė), and so on. In addition, Samogitian dialects have quite a few compound words whose first component is the stem krup- (kriup-). These include abusive terms such as (of uncertain derivation, probably a hybrid) krūpmaūšis | kriūpmaūšis (Kuršėnai, Šakyna, Raudėnai, Tryškiai, etc.), krūplaižis (Varniai), kriūpmurza (Šatės), kriūpnagis (Kaltinėnai, Ž. Kalvarija), the hybrid kriupskūris (Šatės), and others; words denoting particular kinds of things, for example: kriūpkartūnis “a kind of calico” (Šatės), kriūpkelis “a bad, rough road” (Kartena), kriūpkiaulės “a particular breed of pig” (Šatės), kriūpvarlė “toad”: krōpvā.rle ruopūo (Šventoji), kriūpvištė “small hen” (Šatės), kriūpvikis “a variety of vetch” (Seda), and others. Verbs are often formed with the stem krup- (kriup-), usually meaning to walk unattractively and slowly, for example: krupénti (Šatės, Alsėdžiai), krupénti (Mažeikiai, Laukuva), kriupinėti (Kalm alis), krupinėti (A. Juškos žodynas⁷, Šilalė, Veiviržėnai), kriupýnoti (Kalm alis), krupinti (Kalnalis), krupinti (A. Juškos žodynas⁸), and others.⁹ The variation in the roots of all these words is striking: in the words mentioned, some dialects have a hard r, while others have a soft one. The available material shows that words with the root kriup- are used only in the dialects around Šventoji, Salantai, Kalnalis, Mosėdis, Skuodas, Ylakiai, Židikai, Seda, and partly Pikelių and Tirkšliai¹⁰. This boundary only partly coincides with the area in which words of the krūauti type have a soft r in the root: a hard r in the word krūpis || krūpė and its derivatives is found in the Samogitian dialects of Kretinga, Budriai, Plungė, Papilė, Akmenė, Mažeikiai, Veiviržėnai, and Judrėnai, and in the Aukštaitian dialects of Šakyna, Gruzdžiai, Žagarė, and others, where many other words have a soft r, for example: 7 Žr. А. Юшкевич, Литовскій словарь, вып. третій, Петроградъ, 1922, p. 257. 8 See the same place. 9 Compare the material in this section with Lietuvių kalbos žodynas, VI (ed. J. Kruopas), Vilnius, 1962, pp. 651, 652, 715, 716, 717. 10 In these dialects, people say krū.pis and krū.pis or krō.pe and krō.pe. 159 krõ.sa, krâ'ustuos (Veiviržėnai), srâ.unos, ruoksuojë (Judrėnai), krâus ~ kriaũjas (Tirkšliai), krâ'ui (Žagarė), krõkti (Šakyna), and so on; this already points to a later softening of r in this word and its derivatives in the northwestern Samogitian dialects. The same is shown by the rarely used word krūpis in Latvian11. At present, krūpis (or krūpė, krūpis, kriūpė) is a living and very widely used word in the Samogitian dialects mentioned, and standard Lithuanian has had, and still has, little influence on it. This word and its derivatives are especially frequently used in the figurative senses noted above. In some places, at the margins of the range of the word krūpis (krūpė) (around Kurtuvėnai and Vidsodis, and very rarely around Luokė and Kuršėnai), the word rūpkė is now also used alongside it; the younger generation uses it more often, while older people use it only in proverbs. For example: i'sikābarā·va kā'p rūpki i' ruokūn.di (Kuršėnai), and so on. In all the dounininkai and dūnininkai dialects that use the word krūpis or its derivatives, the word rūpūžė is only a curse, and speakers have only begun to associate it with the name of the animal (Bufo vulgaris) perhaps in recent years, as the influence of standard Lithuanian has grown. The Aukštaitian dialects that use the word krūpis also call this animal rūpūžė. Here this word is gaining ever greater currency, displacing the word krūpis. In addition to the Lithuanian dialects mentioned, Latvians likewise call Bufo vulgaris krupis (less often krupis12). In Old Prussian, the word crupeyle ‘frog’13 was used. J. Endzelīns connects Latvian krupis (krupis) with Latvian krupt ‘to crack, split’, krūpis ‘toad’, kraupa ‘a horse’s scab’, and connects all of these with Old Church Slavonic krupa ‘crumb, fragment’, Old English hruf ‘scab’, and hreof ‘rough’14. In Lithuanian dialects that have the word krūpis, its variants, or its derivatives, other words with a similar root are also used: krūpti ‘to become scabby, to break out in pimples’ (Kuršėnai, Tryškiai, Šakyna, etc.); kriūpti ‘same’ (Mosėdis, Salantai, etc.); kriupūotas ‘scabbed, pimply’ (Šatės); nukrūpėlis ‘a scabby little thing’ (Kuršėnai); and kriupytas ‘knitted in a seed-stitch pattern’: kūoks če tā·va nę·rtinis / a krūp·c (Mosėdis), etc. Thus, the Samogitian word krūpis (krūpė, kriūpis or kriūpė), which formerly meant ‘a scabbed, rough-skinned animal’, is cognate with the corresponding Latvian and Old Prussian words and has equivalents in other Indo-European languages. Kūlis. In place of the standard Lithuanian word akmuo, used in most of our dialects, Samogitians living west of Židikai, Seda, Telšiai, Žarėnai, Tverai, and Pajūris, and north of Vainutas, Žemaičių Naumiestis, Ramučiai, Šilutė, and Rusnė (see Fig. 3), use the word kūlis. This word, found in the dounininkai dialects of the coastal region, the dūnininkai dialects of Kvėdarna and Švėkšna, and most donininkai dialects, was also used in the writings of authors from that area—A. Pabrėža, S. Daukantas, and A. Kosaževskis—and occurs in many folklore collections: in the bundle of proverbs S. Daukantas appended to “Abecela…”, M. Valančius’s “Patarlės Žemaičių”, C. Jurkšaitis’s “Pasakos”, “Klaipėdiškių dainos”, A. Basanavičius’s “Lietuviškos pasakos”, volume VIII of “Tautosakos darbai”, and various manuscript collections held in the manuscript repository of the Institute of the Lithuanian Language and Literature. It is also recorded in various linguistic publications, for example, in A. Baranauskas’s dialectal… 11 Žr. K. Mūlenbacha Latviešu valodas vārdnīca. Redigējis, papildinājis, turpinājis J. Endzelīns, II, Rīgā, 1925–1927, p. 287. 12 Žr. K. Mūlenbacha Latviešu valodas vārdnīca, t. 2, ten pat. 13 Žr. K. Būga, Rinktiniai raštai, I (parengė Z. Zinkevičius), Vilnius, 1958, p. 427. 14 See K. Mūlenbach’s Latviešu valodas vārdnīca, II, ibid. For further discussion, see also E. Fraenkel, Litauisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, 1, Heidelberg, 1962, p. 290. 160 texts, A. Juška’s, J. Šlapelis’s, M. Nyderman’s and other dictionaries. As a word of the Klaipėda region, it was included in the dictionaries of G. H. F. Nesselmann and F. Kurschat, but these authors apparently were not very familiar with the word kūlis, so it is presented there not quite correctly—as a feminine noun kulis,-ės15. The word kūlis is also recorded in Krause’s so-called seventeenth-century manuscript dictionary: Baltas Olos Kūlys, etc. The article on kūlis is included in the extensive Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language; its distribution is indicated fairly well, though attention should have been paid to the meanings of this word and Fig. 3. Use of the word kūlis in Lithuanian dialects (1 – kūlis “any stone,” 2 – only the expressions girnų kūlys, girnakūlis) not to have included an example from the Paringys (Ignalina District) dialect, where this word is unlikely to be used. It may be that the present-day distribution of kūlis no longer entirely corresponds to its former distribution. Most Samogitians who use this word now know the standard Lithuanian word akmuo well and use it fairly often, adapting it to the system of other consonant-stem nouns. For example, in the vicinity of Švėkšna and Judrėnai even the oldest dialect speakers, aged 70–80, and 15 Žr. G. H. F. Nesselmann, Wörterbuch der Littauischen Sprache, Königsberg, 1851, p. 208; F. Kurschat, Littauisch-deutsches Wörterbuch, Halle, 1883, p. 208. 11. Užsak. Nr. 174 161 even when talking among themselves, now say akmuo much more often than kūlis, while the younger generation here uses the word kūlis only in exceptional cases. Thus, the Samogitian word kūlis, especially in its literal meaning “stone,” has begun to disappear. It is being displaced by the standard Lithuanian word, used in the vast majority of our dialects, akmuo. Various written sources show that this process did not begin only recently. For example, here is how the author of “Žyvatu…” published in the eighteenth century writes: lyipe prypylty siesis sudinus ysz akmenys, ira tay stotkas yszkule¹⁶, tynay… buwa du dydziu akmeniu arba kulu¹⁷. Valančius, too, used the word akmuo (for example: Asz jam su duonu metu, ans man su akmeniu svijde, ar ne bjauri-bė¹⁸). From the vicinity of Laukuva, where the word kūlis has largely disappeared¹⁹, A. Kosaževskis recorded the name for a stone stába kūl’s and the field name Stabakūlė, about which K. Būga writes: “The aforementioned stába kūl’s is stabo kūlis, that is, a stone from which an idol was made (in ancient times)”²⁰. Those Samogitian dialects that say akmuo in place of the standard Lithuanian word for “stone” use kūlis also have quite a number of derivatives and compounds formed from this root. For example: kūlėtas “stony” (Gegrėnai), kūlija “stony place” (Judrėnai, Veiviržėnai, Palanga, Barstyčiai), kūliavà “river rapid” (Švėkšna), kūlinis “made of stone” (Plateliai, Šatės, Beržoras, Priekulė, etc.), kūlgrauža, kūlgraužà “millstone maker” (Skuodas), kūlgraužis “same” (Palanga, Kalnalis), kūlgrindà “stone-paved road” (Kvedarna), kūlgrindai a) “stone-paved road” (Barstyčiai), b) “secret underwater path” (Plateliai), kūlkalìs “maker of stone statues” (Salantai), kūlkerpės “lichens growing on stones” (Mosėdis, Palanga, Darbėnai), kūlmušis “stonebreaker” (Saugos, Priekulė, Palanga), kūlskaldìs “same” (Kartena), kūlmìldžiai “flour scattered around millstones” (Ylakiai), kūlmìltės “same” (Barstyčiai), kūlvelkis “for transporting stones” (Šatės), kūlvežis 1. “stone carrier”: a pẽnkis mėtūs ǵ.ns tẽn ežb.va oš kūlveži (Mosėdis); 2. “for transporting stones” (Šatės), etc.²¹. The word kūlis or its derivatives occur with certain specific meanings over a wider area than previously mentioned, that is, beyond their own distribution area: many Samogitians—all dounininkai east of Židikai, Nevarėnai, Telšiai, and Žarėnai; dūnininkai east of Kvedarna and Pajūris, north of Šilalė, and west of Kražiai, Vaiguva, and Kurtuvėnai (see Fig. 3)—call a millstone either by the phrase girnų kūlỹs (Akmenė, Papilė, Laižuva, Pavandenė, Šilalė, Pajūris, Vidsodis, some villages around Kuršėnai, etc.), or by the compound girnākūlis (Leckava, Pikeliai, Tirkšliai, Nevarėnai, Tryškiai, Raudėnai, Luokė, Varniai, Užventis, Laukuva, some villages around Kuršėnai, etc.). The expression girnų kūlỹs is also used in the Kruopiai and Šakyna dialects of the northwestern Aukštaitians (probably borrowed into these dialects from Samogitian). Just as kūlis is being replaced by akmuo in the western Samogitian dialects mentioned above, the expression girnų kūlỹs or girnākūlis in eastern Samogitian and the adjoining northwestern Aukštaitian dialects is also now often being replaced, especially around Vaiguva, Kuršėnai, Užventis, Papilė, Šakyna, etc., by girnų akmuo, girnų akminas. 16 Žr. Žiwatas Pona yr Diewa musu Jezusa Christusa… aprasitas Metusy Pona 1753 … Wilniaw… Metusy Pona 1787, p. 62. 17 Min. veik., p. 213. 18 (M. Valančius), Patarlės Žemaičių, Tilžėje, 1867, p. 6. 19 In the vicinity of Laukuva, the word kūlýs, meaning “millstone,” is still used. 20 Žr. K. Būga, Dievai­tis „jodlum“ (prierašai), „Lietuvių Tauta“, 1, Vilnius, 1907, p. 214. 21 Plg. Lietuvių kalbos žodynas, VI (ats. red. J. Kruopas), Vilnius, 1962, p. 828–861. 162 The many examples presented in the article show that the dialects know two forms of this word: kūlis (2) and kūlys (4). It is interesting that this word has the fourth accent pattern only in those dialects where it is used in the compound name girnų kūlys ‘millstone’. This could indicate the later spread of this name, as a term for folk material culture, into the eastern Samogitian and neighboring northwestern Highlander dialects. Other Baltic languages, apart from the Samogitian dialects of Lithuanian mentioned above, do not have the word kūlis. It is a distinctive Samogitian word, which, one may suppose, was also used by the Curonians. Etymologists explain this word in various ways. K. Būga links it to the Lithuanian word kūlynas ‘a bush grown from a single stump’, and to the word kūliens22, with its Courland pronunciation in Latvian. At the same time, K. Būga indirectly raises the possibility that the word kūlis is of Curonian origin. Pylė. Samogitians living west of Židikai, Seda, Alsėdžiai, Žarėnai, Tverai, Laukuva, Vainutas, Ž. Naumiestis and Šilinininkai, unlike standard Lithuanian and most of our dialects, call both the domestic and wild duck (Anas) pylė. As we can see from the accompanying map (see Fig. 4), the word pylė is used by all Donininkai, the coastal Dounininkai, and the Dūnininkai dialects around Kvėdarna and Švėkšna (see Fig. 4). This word is used not only in the dialects mentioned, but is also attested in various written sources. It is found in the writings of S. Daukantas and Vydūnas, in Klaipėda Region periodicals (“Lietuviškoje Ceitungoje”), and in individual collections of folklore: “Klaipėdiškių dainose,” “Pasakose apie paukščius,” and others. As the name for a duck in the Klaipėda Region, the word pylė is given in the dictionaries of P. Ruigys, Ch. G. Milkus, and G.H.F. Neselmanas. F. Kuršaitis knew the word only vaguely (K. Būga also wrote about this23), as is evident from the inaccurate recording of the word, given in parentheses as pylė,-ės ar pylis,-ies24. A. Juška also included this word in his dictionary, and K. Jaunius mentions it as well. The word pylė appears only rarely in more recent dictionaries: it is recorded only in the so-called M. Nyderman dictionary, which gives two forms: pylė and (as a dialect form!) pylė. Almost all Samogitians who use the word pylė accent it according to the second accent pattern; only around Rietavas and Šilutė is it recorded with the fourth accent pattern. For example: tė·p kã·p kóki pi·lė kad ji ēit vi·tódama (Ramučiai, Šilutė district). Throughout the area where the word pylė is used, many derivatives of it are also found. The most commonly used are: pylinas ‘drake, male duck’ (the area where this word is used almost coincides with that of pylė), pylūtis ‘duckling’ (Švėkšna, Judrėnai, Saugos, etc.), pylėtis ‘same’ (Mosėdis), pylėna (pylėna) ‘duck meat’ (Judrėnai, Veiviržėnai, Priekulė, Švėkšna, etc.), and others. The words pili ‘a call used to summon ducks’ (Judrėnai, Endriejavas), pil’ ‘same’ (Švėkšna, Plungė, etc.), pylėkšt ‘a call used to drive ducks’ (Mosėdis, etc.), and others are also known throughout this area; they are used in many dialects that do not have the word pylė (see below). The word pylė is understood and its meaning is known far beyond its area of distribution, for example, around Tirkšliai, Šialė, Skaudvilė, and Tryškiai. Nevertheless, the Samogitians in these areas do not use it, saying only ō·nę (Tirkšliai, Tryškiai, Šialė), ā·nti (Skaudvilė), and so on. The word is found in many places beyond its area of distribution in folk songs. For example: plauki pi·lė·li 22 Žr. K. Būga, Rinktiniai raštai, III (parengė Z. Zinkevičius), Vilnius, 1961, p. 209. Kaip žodžio kūlis kilmę aiškina E. Frenkelis žr. E. Fraenkel, Litauisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, 1, Heidelberg, 1962, p. 307. 23 Žr. K. Būga, Rinktiniai raštai, II (parengė Z. Zinkevičius), Vilnius, 1959, p. 514–515. 24 F. Kurschat, Littauisch-deutsches Wörterbuch, Halle, 1883, p. 311. 11* 163 par nemunėli lendrelės laužė dama (Pagramantis)25, plaukė pylelė per ežerėlį (Upyna, Šilalė district, even Panevėžys)26, and others. The calls pili, pil’ (pil’) ar pȳli are used to summon ducks and ducklings by almost all Samogitians (except in the Tauragė and Raseiniai areas), western Highlanders north of Šiauliai, central Highlanders around Joniškis, and eastern Highlanders around Linkuva, Pakruojis, Pasvalys, and Biržai. The duck-driving call pylėkš(t), pilėkš(t). is also used in Samogitian dialects around Kuršėnai, Pavandenė, Raudėnai, and elsewhere. Some Samogitians, generally those who do not use the word pylė, use the onomatopoeic calls pilì, pil’ (pil’), pȳli to refer to little ducklings as pȳliai, pyliukai, piliukai, pylėlės,. Fig. 4. Use of the word pylė in Lithuanian dialects pilinukai and the like. For example: čė rė·ks mõ·n pilė·ms (Iesti) padiete (Viekšniai), pi·likes pi·likes / lėsket mažilė·les / lėsket (Kuršėnai), padėk pelōkā·ms lė·ste (Vidsodis), a pilėlė palėsė (Raudėnai), and others. This was probably a later spread of these words, which in some places, for example around Biržai, Pakruojis, and Žeimelis, may have taken place under the influence of Latvian. In Prussian German dialects, the word Pile ‘Rufname der Ente’ was used; it is compared with the Lithuanian word pylė, Latvian pile, and words in other German dialects. 25 P. Jonikas, Pagramančio tarmė, Kaunas, 1939, p. 91. 26 Examples from the card file of the Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language. 164 Bile27. In my opinion, the word pylė: Kišk žąsis, pylės, vištas į didelį puodą28, attested in K. Donelaitis’s writings, also arose from German Pile, since the geographical distribution of this word does not show that it had been used from ancient times by the southernmost dialects of Prussian Lithuania, all the more so because K. Donelaitis himself perhaps more often uses the word antis29. Most Samogitians who use the word duck, especially the younger generation, also know the standard Lithuanian word duck, which they pronounce according to the phonetic and morphological rules of their dialect, that is, changing the standard Lithuanian diphthong an to on and altering the word stem: ọ·nte (Švėkšna, Alsėdžiai, etc.). In truth, they most often use this word not when talking among themselves, but with strangers who speak one of the Aukštaitian dialects or standard Lithuanian. The Samogitian speech varieties around Alsėdžiai, Ylakiai, and Kvėdarna—that is, those near the boundary of the area where the word duck is used—use the word duck somewhat more often instead. The same is true of the word duck. The word drake: in the areas around Švėkšna, Kvėdarna, Ylakiai, Židikai, and elsewhere, the word drake is now used more often, although one can still hear, especially from older speakers of the dialect, the word drake as well. Quite often, the meat of a duck in some Samogitian localities, where the duck itself is called a duck, is now called duck meat. For example: ọ·ntienas sve-tė·ms devà·u (Mosėdis). Outside the Samogitian dialects of Lithuanian, Latvians call this bird the same thing—pīle. In K. Būga’s words, “the accent would indicate that the Samogitians became acquainted with pylė from the Curonians”³⁰. The geographical distribution of the word’s use fully supports K. Būga’s claim that pylė was borrowed from the Curonians (see Fig. 4). K. Būga³¹, J. Endzelynas³², and later E. Frenkelis³³ connect this word with pīle in the German dialects of East Prussia, Bulgarian пиле ‘chick’, Serbo-Croatian pile ‘the same’, Sorbian pilo ‘duckling’, and others. M. Fasmer links Russian пилюк ‘little owl’, Ukrainian пилюк ‘vulture’, Serbo-Croatian piljuga ‘hawk’, and others with Latvian pīle and Lithuanian (Samogitian) pylė, thus confirming K. Būga’s view³⁴ that pylė may be of onomatopoeic origin³⁵. There have been attempts to regard the Samogitian word pylė as a Germanism. K. Alminauskis³⁶, a proponent of this theory, took the form pýlė of the word, inaccurately recorded by F. Kurschat (although pýlė is used in Alminauskis’s own dialect!) and connected it solely with the narrowly used German word pile, completely disregarding evidence from other languages—specifically, East and South Slavic languages. Other linguists (K. Būga, J. Endzelynas, E. Frenkelis, M. Fasmeris) do not consider this word a Germanism. Thus, the Samogitian dialects’ pylė is an old word, probably borrowed from the Curonians, and most likely of onomatopoeic origin, with cognates in other Indo-European languages. Pūrai. Samogitians living west of Pikelių, Seda, Telšiai, Žarėnai, Tverai, Kvėdarna, Ž. Naumiestis, and north of Šilutė and Rusnė call winter wheat (Triti- 27 Žr. H. Frischbier, Preussisches Wörterbuch..., II, Berlin, 1882, p. 143. 28 Žr. K. Donelaitis, „Metai“, Vilnius, 1955, p. 91. 29 Žr. J. Kabelka, Kristijono Donelaičio raštų leksika, Vilnius, 1964, p. 51. 30 Žr. K. Būga, Rinktiniai raštai, II (parengė Z. Zinkevičius), Vilnius, 1959, p. 300. 31 Min. veik., p. 514. 32 K. Mülenbacha Latviešu valodas vārdnīca. Rediģējis, papildinājis, turpinājis J. Endzelīns, II, Rīga, 1927–1929, p. 232. 33 E. Fraenkel, Litauisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, 1, Heidelberg, 1962, p. 589, 590. 34 K. Būga, min. veik., p. 300. 35 M. Vasmer, Russisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, II, Heidelberg, 1955, p. 357. 36 K. Alminauskis, Die Germanismen des Litauischen. Teil 1: Die deutschen Lehnwörter im Litauischen, Kaunas, p. 100. 165 cum hiemales) are called by the word pūrai (or, less often, pūrai) (see Fig. 5). The word was used by the writers S. Daukantas and M. Valančius. The word pūrai is also found in many collections of folklore: S. Daukantas’s “Dainės Žemaičių,” “Klaipėdiškių dainose,” and others. The word was recorded by Sutkevičius in a manuscript Lithuanian-Polish dictionary, by A. Juška, and by K. Jaunius in “Lietuvių kalbos gramatikoje”37; J. Jablonskis included it in his 1916 glossary, and K. Būga discussed it extensively in his writings38. The word pūrai was also known to F. Kuršaitis, but the imprecise transcription (purai, -ų39) shows that it did not exist in his own dialect. Fig. 5. Use of the word pūrai in Lithuanian dialects that word had not existed. The word is also included in more recent dictionaries (e.g., M. Niedermann’s dictionary, the “Dictionary of Contemporary Lithuanian,” and others). At present, the word pūrai has begun to disappear from the aforementioned Samogitian dialects, although it is still well remembered and often used by the older generation. It is now used especially rarely in the Švėkšna, Žarėnai, Seda, Pikeliai, and other dialects. It is probably disappearing because, in those same dialects where the word pūrai is used, the word is also current 37 Žr. K. Явнисъ, Грамматика литовскаго языка, Петроградъ, 1908—1916, p. 14. 38 Žr. K. Būga, Rinktiniai raštai, II (parengė Z. Zinkevičius), Vilnius, 1959, p. 388, 527. 39 F. Kurschat, Littauisch-deutsches Wörterbuch, Halle, 1883, p. 336. 166 kviečiai, meaning “spring wheat”⁴⁰; moreover, the influence of standard Lithuanian and interaction with neighboring dialects have intensified considerably in recent times. People who have come from other parts of Lithuania into the area where pūrai is used, especially agricultural specialists, do not use this word at all and do not even quite understand what it means. They call both kinds of wheat by a single word—kviečiai. Local residents are gradually beginning to follow their example, and the standard Lithuanian norm kviečiai is gaining ground in the dialects mentioned. In the dialects, the word pūrai is most often stressed according to accent paradigm 4, but in some places it is stressed according to accent paradigm 2—pūrai (Kvedarna, Klaipėda, Skliaustė village in the vicinity of Židikai, etc.). Such shifts between accent paradigms are common and straightforward in Lithuanian; for example, standard Lithuanian and many dialects have kaulai, while in some places, for instance in the Kelmė dialect, kaulai; standard Lithuanian and many dialects have diržai, whereas in Šakyna, Žagarė, and elsewhere diržai; standard Lithuanian and the great majority of dialects have pūodai, whereas in Šakyna, Žagarė, and elsewhere puodai⁴¹; and where Alsėdžiai and Veiviržėnai have the word kráuklai, for example, the Kvedarna dialect has krauklai, and so on. In Pikeliai and Židikai—that is, in dialects near the boundary of the pūrai area, where the word is already disappearing and is sometimes perhaps accidentally associated with the word pūras, “a measure of grain weight”⁴²—one also hears pūrai (alongside pūrai). This linguistic fact, occurring within a very small area, is probably a new development, and it is doubtful that any far-reaching conclusions can be drawn from it⁴³. The word is known somewhat more widely in songs. For example, it is found in A. Juška’s “Lietuviškose dainose.” For stylistic reasons, the word was also used in the 1930 translation of Homer’s “Iliad” (though apparently by mistake, with a short root vowel). However, the word did not take root in standard Lithuanian and is everywhere treated as a narrowly used dialectalism. There are few derivatives of the word pūrai: only the word pūrena (pūrienė) “a place where winter wheat, pūrai, had grown” has been recorded. It is found in the manuscript section of A. Juška’s dictionary and in the card index of the comprehensive “Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language,” where it was recorded in the vicinity of Alsėdžiai, Plungė, and Švėkšna. The Samogitian dialect word pūrai has a Latvian counterpart—pūri, less often pūri⁴⁴ (the ia stem is thought to have arisen under the influence of rudzi, kvieši⁴⁵), as well as words of the same root in Old Prussian⁴⁶. According to the Mühlenbach-Endzelin dictionary, Latvian pūri (pūri) is a dialectalism used in western Latvia—in the present-day districts of Liepāja, Talsi, Aizpute, Tukums, Saldus, and Kuldīga. The Latvian word pūri has a broken tone, indicating that it formerly had final stress; thus, with regard to stress, it fully coincided with the Samogitian pūrai. Etymologists link Latvian pūri and Lithuanian (Samogitian) pūrai with Old Church Slavonic пы́во “wheat, millet” and Serbo-Croatian pir, “such a… ⁴⁰ Plg. А. Сабаляускас, Относительно происхождения названий растений в балтийских языках, „Rakstu krājums veltījums akad. prof. dr. J. Endzelīnam…“, Rīga, 1959, p. 222. ⁴¹ Žr. A. Jonaitytė, Šakynos tarmės daiktavardžio kaita, „Lietuvių kalbotyros klausimai“, II, Vilnius, 1960, p. 99. ⁴² Žr. А. Сабаляускас, ten pat. ⁴³ See S. Karaliūnas, “Baltų ir slavų akcentuacijos klausimai” (review), “Lietuvių kalbos morfologinė sandara ir jos raida,” Vilnius, 1964, p. 235. See there also the geographical distribution of the form pūrai as described on the basis of somewhat imprecise records. ⁴⁴ Žr. K. Mühlenbacha Latvieu valodas vārdnīca. Rediģējis, papildinājis, turpinājis J. Endzelīns, III, Rīgā, 1927–1929, p. 449. ⁴⁵ Ibid. ⁴⁶ See А. Сабаляускас, cited article, p. 223. 167 ‘spelt’ (Triticum spelta), Czech pýr ‘a certain weed (Agriopyrum repens)’, Greek πυρός ‘wheat’⁴⁷, etc. Since, in terms of its geographical distribution and the complete correspondence of its phonetic features with the same Latvian word, Žemaitian pūrai coincides with the distribution of other words of clearly Curonian origin (e.g., cīrulis, pyle), it is quite possible and plausible that the Žemaitian word pūrai (less often pūrai ar pūrai) is of Curonian origin and has cognates in other Indo-European languages. The Curonian origin of the Žemaitian word pūrai may also be confirmed by the distribution of the Latvian word pūri (pūri), which almost coincides with the area of Latvian dialects retaining Curonian relics⁴⁸. ON THE USE OF SOME ŽEMAITIAN WORDS V. VITKAUSKAS Abstract The article examines individual words characteristic only of some Žemaitian dialects: cīrulis (cīrulys) ‘lark’ (standard Lithuanian vieversys, vyturys), krūpis (krūpė, krūpiš, krūpė) ‘toad’ (standard Lithuanian gīpūžė), kūlis ‘stone’ (standard Lithuanian akmuō), pylė (pylė) ‘duck’ (standard Lithuanian antis), pūrai (pūrai, pūrai) ‘winter wheat’ (standard Lithuanian kviečiai), along with the meanings of these words, their variants, and derivatives. The maps show the distribution of these words based on materials from the card files of the Lithuanian Language Dictionary of the Academy of Sciences and the Atlas of the Lithuanian Language, as well as on the author’s own records. The following conclusions are drawn from an analysis of all the material collected: 1. Cīrulis ‘lark’ is a Curonianism (a relic of the language of the Curonian tribe); the word is of onomatopoeic origin and has cognates in other Indo-European languages. It is still current and frequently used in the Žemaitian dialects in question. 2. Krūpis ‘toad’ is cognate with Latvian krupis ‘toad’ and Old Prussian crupeyle ‘toad’; it also has cognates in other Indo-European languages. The use and distribution of this Žemaitian word have so far remained unaffected by the standard-language form gīpūžė. 3. Kūlis ‘stone’, a word characteristic only of some Žemaitian dialects, may once have been used in the language of the Curonian tribe as well. At present, the word kūlis shows a clear tendency to disappear—it is already often being replaced by the standard-language form akmuō. 4. Pylė ‘duck’ is a Curonianism, most likely of onomatopoeic origin. The word is still current and frequently used, but already shows a slight tendency to disappear—it is gradually being displaced by the standard-language form antis. 5. Pūrai ‘winter wheat’ is a Curonianism with cognates in other Indo-European languages. Under the influence of the standard language and other dialects in which this word is absent, pūrai is being displaced by the standard-language word kviečiai, but older speakers of the dialect still know it well and use it quite frequently. 47 See K. Mülenbach, Latviešu valodas vārdnīca, III, p. 449, 450; E. Fraenkel, Litauisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, 2, Heidelberg, 1962, p. 657. 48 Plg. latvių tarmių žemėlapi kn.: M. Rudzīte, Latviešu dialektoloģija, Rīga, 1964, p. 408. 168 LIETUVIŲ KALBOS LEKSIKOS RAIDA LIETUVOS TSR MOKSLŲ AKADEMIJA ON THE LITERARY FORM OF CERTAIN DIALECTAL LEXICAL ITEMS J. KLIMAVIČIUS Determining the literary form of dialectal lexical items can sometimes be problematic. In some cases, knowledge of the phonetic laws of a dialect may not suffice, since they can support two or even three possible reconstructions. In such cases, the geographical distribution and etymology of the word come to our aid. We will illustrate this with a few particularly striking examples. In the eastern Dzūkian area, the name for a dish—a mash of pounded potatoes—is used in the following dialectal variants: ciulčienė Lkm (Gmž), Dglš, Vdš, Ml, Dkšt; ciulčienis Švnč, Prng, Ml; cilčienė Tvr, Dsn, Ml; cilčienis Tvr, Ad, Dglš, Plš, Švnč²; ciuncielius Prng; cinčielius Dkšt, Rš, Dglš; cincielis Dglš. How should all these variants be transposed into the literary language? In volume II of the “Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language” (Vilnius, 1947), the following forms are listed as headwords: cilčienė Tvr, cilčienis (< tiltienis?) Dglš, cinčielius Rš, Dkšt, cincielis Dglš and čilčienis Švnč, Plš, čiulčienis Prng, Švnč, čiulčienė Lkm (Gmž), Dglš. The “Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language” card index also contains tiltienė Dsn (K. Būg), Ml, Švnč and tiltienis J. Balč (reconstructed from cilčienis OG67 and OG365). Thus, we have three kinds of transposition: c ~ c, c ~ č and c ~ t³. This three-way variation is impossible. First, the third variant (c ~ t) is impossible. It could be reconstructed from Tvr, Ml, Švnč, but such a reconstruction is impossible in the area (Dglš, Plš, Dkšt, Rš, Vdš, Lkm, Prng) where the so-called second Dzūkian shift (c < t)⁴ does not occur. Thus, the geographical distribution of the word shows that the forms tiltienė, tiltienis are impossible. A much more complicated question is whether, in this case, the Dzūkian c ~ č correspondence is possible, or whether c should be retained. We must also determine how the variants ciulčienė and cilčienė are related, ¹ Abbreviations from the “Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language” are used in this article. ² The “Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language” card index contains one slip for cilčienio from Marcinkonys. By mistake, this word (~ čilčienis) from the locality mentioned has also been included in volume II. This is impossible. First, this word is not found among the other western Dzūkians, who use grūdėliai~grūdėlius “pounded potato mash (sometimes with hemp seeds or poppy seeds)” Mrc (Zervynos), Vrn, Knv, Dv, Lš, Lzd, Lp, Nč, Rod, Plš. Second, western Dzūkians do not use another word that occurs in the sentence either: čiulė~čiulė, whose area coincides with that of the eastern Dzūkian name for the dish under discussion. ³ Even the same authors reconstructed the forms differently in different cases. For example, K. Būga gives tiltienė Dsn and čiulčienė Lkm (Gmž), while J. Balčikonis gives cilčienis Tvr and tiltienis Tvr (OG67 and OG365). ⁴ For this reason, raising the question of cilčienis (< tiltienis?) Dglš (“Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language,” II) is unjustified. 169