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LIETUVIŲ KALBOS GRAMATINĖ SANDARA LIETUVOS TSR MOKSLŲ AKADEMIJA WISH SENTENCES V. VAITKEVIČIŪTĖ In wish sentences, the speaker states a wish or expresses approval and consent for some action to take place or not to take place, but does not encourage the listener to act actively. Wish sentences are a type of directive sentence. They can express consent, a wish, and good wishes (often with an emotional tone). This article focuses primarily on the grammatical (morphological and syntactic) and lexical means of wish sentences, which provide the structural basis for expressing various modal nuances1. In wish sentences, consent is conveyed by showing that the speaker does not object, yields, or is completely indifferent to an action that has been carried out or is expected to be carried out, without expressing direct active encouragement. Wish sentences of this type use: a) Various synthetic forms of the desiderative mood. Let it be, Eglužė, as you wish — may shipwrecks not grieve the shores. SNErP₁ 447. Let it be six! — Veronė added, — but not a penny less! ŽemR I 275. Let him know, let him grieve, for there is no greater joy for him than to rescue a matter or do something good for a person. ŽemR I 155. At last, let it be as you wish. BalčHP 219. Let that god's neglect torment him. BaltRn 233. Let people say what they want. VienR I 265. Let him mind his own boards! VienR I 281. Let the winds mourn their bitter sadness! Let autumn's horns blare! SNErR I 161. b) Various analytical forms of the desiderative mood with the particle tegu(l). In this case, the particle tegu(l) carries the logical stress. Let it be as you say, my lord! BalčHP 134. Let them make a racket!.. Gud-GuzKIT 114. Whoever wishes, let them go. SimonP 219. Why are we arguing here over the depth of a hair (over trifles)? Let your version be right, too. (Dbk) LKŽ III 301. Let your version be right, then. SruogR IV 1The author will examine the intonation of wish sentences, which often plays a leading role in distinguishing one type of directive from another, in an article devoted specifically to that purpose. 133 29. Let there be ten, eleven girls—one more or less—and the twelfth shall be a son, and that will be enough! KrėvŠP 283. In some dialects and in the writings of certain writers, in these cases, instead of the particle so, then. Let him shout (cry) all he wants. Užv. If he wants to leave, let him go. Yl. Let him go, since he is inviting him! Jnš. This time, let you be in the right. Skn. Let him sell everything he owns if he wants, but we will not give up the pasture; we will go out to meet the buyers with flails and stakes—let them try to come in! LzP I 328. c) Third-person forms of the present or future indicative with the particle te. May I be like rain, may I be like a drifting cloud, may night accompany me—if only the lovely stars shine—so that dawn may break for the soul! SruogR I 73. So be it. Eglūžė, yes, as you wish, let the wrecked ships not sadden the shores. S.NėrP₁ 447. Lexical means are also used to express consent in desiderative sentences: the present- and future-tense singular and plural second- or third-person forms of the verb galėti ‘can’, forming part of the predicate. If you want, you can go. BalčGP 233. — I want to smoke one more pipe as I walk. — You can smoke three if you like, the king replied, but don’t think I would spare your life. BalčGP 256. He might not come back, Manečka muttered, and, rustling in her new clothes, went into the house. VienR III 106. You can stop cutting your hair—you can wear it long. SruogDM 191. Now I won’t treat you as a girl any longer; you can eat at the same table, you can go to church with me too, and you won’t have to walk there. You can sit with me in the same pew as well. SimonP 28. You can write and receive letters every week (until now, like everyone else, we wrote and received short letters every other week). SruogDM 191. If he wants to, he can go. Brt. Consent with a very pronounced shade of indifference is expressed by using an imperative form in one clause and the second-person present-tense form of the verb norėti ‘want’ in the other. Try it if you want. SruogR IV 55. If you want, go alone with the axe, and the horse will stay home. KrėvRg 123. And you, he said to Kukis, whether you want to believe it or not. KrėvRg 139. Consent is also expressed by elliptical sentences whose structural basis is the particle tegu(l). — So be it! Ilžė said to herself. — My hour will come too. SimonP 236. [Barbora] Oh, no! No need! I don’t deserve it... So be it! I don’t want the title of queen. SruogR IV 464. You’ll have to buy new ones afterward, and for no one else. — So be it! But from this day on, that’s the end of it for her! KrėvŠP 92. In desiderative sentences expressing a wish, the speaker states a preference, longing, or desire for some action to occur or not to occur. The element of volition here is very weak. Desiderative sentences expressing a wish use: a) Conditional mood forms with the particle kad. 134 If only we don’t forget to give it to him. ŽemR I 421. If only the toy had shone with the purity of a twinkling star! MainRR I 194. If only it ends well! BalčHP 266. If only fear would seize me! BalčGP 14. O, if only I had a child white as snow, red as blood, and with hair as black as this window frame! BalčGP 113. This breast is full of the cup’s contents; oh, if only it were the last! SNėrR I 47. Prosperity flies, my days fly by—if only I could reach out my hand to them! SNėrR I 231. O, if only it would quietly knock at the house, at the boredom of the gray silence!.. MiežSG 227. There are examples in which a wish is expressed without the subjunctive mood, only with the particle kad. May it be from your mouth to God’s ear. Ds. If only there were at least a strip of land! SNėrR I 216. If only there were even a tiny bit of happiness! SruogR III 139. Lord, if only some end would come sooner, sooner... VienR I 319. If only one could raise a hundred or so on interest!.. ŽemR I 168. — Ah, if only I had boots like these! — the old man exclaimed, taking a pair of boots from beneath the bed. VienR III 49. b) Third-person forms of the present or future tense of the indicative mood with the particle te. May your hand hold us more firmly later! VenclRn 245. May the whole world know forever what the hearts and hands of our peoples can do! VenclRn 233. More light! More grain and steel! May tears from an inexhaustible source flood the heated hearth. SNėrR I 264. May bread turn to stone and days to starless nights; may black plague strike down whoever wishes to take our freedom. SNėrR I 330. May one more drop ring out as it falls into the brimming contents of our cup. Myk-PutP 65. May the stains of blood soon be washed away—step into happiness, all free nations! Myk-PutP 224. May murderers be cursed by humanity for all eternity! VenclRn 236. c) Active past frequentative participles with the particle kad. If only one could just give up smoking altogether! (Lkš) LKŽ III 61. — If only she had made it in time, she puffed. BaltPV I 287. If only there were something here to grab a bite of now! BalčGP 260. — If only we could have supper now! the rooster cried. BalčGP 81. If only one could ride so well on a fine stallion! CvR I 108. If only she could get out of here sooner, she thought, feeling her whole body begin to tremble. BaltRn 8. Occasionally, a wish is expressed only with an active past frequentative participle, without the particle kad. In such cases, the sentence contains expressions associated with the participles that denote quantitative relations. If only one could move a couple of kilometers farther from the highway! SruogDM 527. If only we could somehow hold out those twenty minutes—and we’ll be saved! SruogDM 530. In written texts, a wish is very rarely expressed by the verb infinitive with the particle kad. The thought crosses his mind: “If only I could go for a ride like that.” BilR I 161. Oh, if only there were somewhere to bury the longing! Oh, if only I no longer felt the yearning! SruogR I 138. The infinitive construction with the particle kad is not used for this purpose in colloquial speech and is not recommended in literary language. 135 d) In poetry, the infinitive is often used to express a wish that develops into a desire. And to see the dearest harbor, which is called Lithuania! SNėR I 333. If only to live through one little summer! SruogR III 139. To meet the first white bird sooner, above the black ocean! Mvk-PutP 63. In optative sentences expressing a wish, the speaker wishes something for the addressee or, through them, for another person. Wishes always carry a shade of desire or assent. Context and intonation can help distinguish these meanings. Optative sentences expressing a wish often use the same grammatical and lexical means as sentences expressing the meanings mentioned above. a) Analytic forms of the optative mood with the particle tegu(1). May things go well for them, may the Lord God help them. BaltRn 238. May God grant your mother a long life. SimonP 21. Yesterday at the master's, today at the master's—may all the illnesses descend upon the master. LTRn 162. [Hortenzija] Let her hang herself—there's no better one; I don't need one like that. SruogR IV 471. May the plague, you damned ones, tear you from the face of the earth! SNėR I 304. May they all get drunk, such scoundrels. SruogDM 434. Wishes expressed with a noun in the nominative and the particle tegu(1), or with the third-person present-tense form of the verb imti ‘take’ and a nominative noun, have become fixed expressions and idioms. To glance, smile, and sigh softly: may the gods take you, may the gods take you... Mvk-PutP 135. — May a hundred of them... I'm so tired... — she said as she sat down. ŽemR I 322. As for that drink—may thunder take it! (Er) LKŽ III 576. The white fields are taking him! SLT 393. The cold days are taking them. SLT 393. The end is taking him. KrėvSP 140. The gods are collecting those debts! KrėvSP 223. In dialects, fixed wishes are also found with a noun in the nominative and the particle ma. May stumps take him! Skr. May the devil take you! Brt. May the end take him! Plv. b) Third-person present or future forms of the indicative mood with the particle te. May you never lack happiness, Poland and Lithuania! VencI Rn 283. May death itself, the black one, die with the ravens! SruogR I 59. May the heavens fall upon him! SNėR I 439. May the earth swallow him! SNėR I 439. May he be cursed if he does not lead them out of slavery! SruogR III 13. c) Second-person singular and plural forms of the conditional mood with the particle kad, and the third-person form with the particle kad. He presses the bloodied earth to his lips and, after kissing it, says as he dies: — may you endure pain and suffering, may you bear hardship and death, may you not have to weep. As for me here, may you not have to experience pain, may plows, not bombs, furrow you, may you grow rye and wheat, may they drink your clear water, may 136 that you might shine like a star, that you might overcome pain and suffering, that you might see people celebrating the sunny spring festival, plowing and sowing, having endured pain, that you might love, that you might blossom, that you might persevere, that you might live, O Earth!.. MiežSG 21. May you end up on the gallows! (B) SLT 390. May you be reduced to ashes (perish)! (Rod). LKŽ III 682. May you break your neck! (Ds) LKŽ III 77. May you rot alive! (Prn) LKŽ III 362. Tpru, tpruu... may you perish, may you vanish! VienR I 104. May you all break your necks somewhere! BalčGP 321. You won't get me to marry that fool, may you never live to see it! ŽemR I 173—174. May thunder strike you dead. SLT 529. May he lie as a stone (turn to stone). (Rod) LKŽ III 717. Come crashing in here, may hawks carry you off! KrėvŠP 44. May the devils take them all away somewhere! SruogR IV 443. Sometimes good wishes are expressed only by forms of the subjunctive mood, without the particle kad. May you burst! SruogR IV 373. May you perish with such a cold winter! (rš) LKŽ III 42. Oh, may you never live to see it, you lizard! SruogR IV 428. Pah, may you never live to see it! SruogR IV 425. Pah, may paralysis seize you. BaltRn 259. May such a life perish! Gud-GuzKIT 106. Bad wishes are generally expressed by idioms with a noun in the nominative and the particle kad. May thunder strike you! (Pn) LKŽ III 576. May blindness strike you! May the devils take you! SLT 395. Bad wishes expressed with the particles tegu(l), kad, ma, are mostly already fossilized, having become proverbial expressions and conversational tags. Their meaning as wishes has become considerably faded. d) Synthetic forms of the optative mood: O Lord, may the prophet grant you strength. BalčHP 61. Long live the new king's son! BalčHP 97. May your hands wither if you raise them against children. MiežPŽ 54. May neither earth nor woman bear him fruit—it was necessary to proclaim this in all the mosques and assemblies. VienR I 146. May a storm overtake him on a weary horse in the mountains!.. VienR I 146. Optative sentences with certain meanings, in which the verb's optative form, formed with the particle te, stands first and which are spoken with a particular intonation, can become slogans. Long live the proletarian revolution! Gud-GuzKIT 139. Long live the World Revolution! Gud-GuzKIT 213. Good wishes are also expressed by so-called incomplete, nominative, or verbless sentences, whose structural basis is a noun in the nominative, a nominal genitive, a noun in the accusative with the preposition į, or an adverb. Death to the invaders! Death!.. VienPL 48. Woe then, I tell you, you damned ones, woe! VienR I 33. — Many happy returns, many! — the priest concluded his speech and raised a glass to the health of the newlyweds. VienR III 190. New happiness! Myk-PutP 65. Good 137 good luck, old man! (trš). Good luck, young friends. (trš). Have a happy journey. Enjoy your meal. Cheers, cousin! SimonVK I 335. Cheers! SruogR IV 215. To your health. Brt. — “Good luck!” Pagirys shouted to him with his last strength, but the teacher could no longer hear him: looking attentively ahead, he crawled along the bottom of the ditch, thinking only: “Don’t let it get past! Don’t let it get past!” Gud-GuzKIT 399. Good luck! VienR VII 423. Wishes can also be expressed through interjections or phrases resembling them. Wishes expressed in these ways have become entirely fixed and turned into ordinary words of greeting or farewell, which today no longer really carry a specific meaning of wishing. Well, goodbye for now! KrevŠP 76. Farewell, farewell, little forest of the gods! SruogDM 443. Farewell to you, little sun! SruogR I 92. Good night, stay, white little guest. SNėrR I 27. God help you, Dauny! MarcinkKP 7. Hello, Vilius! SimonVK I 334. Hello, friends! — Mykolas greeted those gathered. VnlP 501. Long life, dear little birds! VaižgRR I 253. God help you, Mr. Katinauskas! LTt 280. God help us. SLT 389. — Go with God! — the master cracked his whip. BaltPV I 29. — “With God, sir, with God,” — the mother replied. BaltPV I 29. Good morning, Romai! MarcinkPKJ 13. Good evening! SNėrR III 23. Good day. VienR VII 421. Be well, young people of Lithuania! SNėrR I 366. Be well, lovely morning sun, radiant mother of pure joy! Myk-PutP 75. Be blessed, my child! Be cursed, bloodsuckers, for tearing away the sun! Be cursed forever throughout the world! SNėrR I 304. — Be cursed! Be cursed... — cried the wretched man as he fell from the mountain into the abyss. VienR I 31. Be cursed!.. Alas! Traitorous daughter. SNėrR I 441. OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE SENTENCES В. ВАЙТКЯВИЧЮТЕ Summary With optative sentences of this type, the speaker expresses wishes, goodwill, or consent that some action should or should not take place, but does not urge the listener to participate actively. The article focuses primarily on the grammatical (morphological and syntactic) and lexical means used to express inducement—that is, wishes of various kinds. The intonation of these sentences will be examined by the author in a separate article. 138