Prielinksnių vartojimas lyginimo santykiams reikšti

LITHUANIAN LANGUAGE GRAMATIC SANDARA LL EST UYI0§ "T'S RR MOK SLU AK-A'DE M'IJA PRIELINKSNIU USE FOR COMPARATIVE RELATIONSHIPS NEEDS E. VALIULYTE Prepositions, as official words, are not used independently in the language. They structurally link the indirect vowel of a noun (or its substitute) with another independent word: with a verb (go to the city), a noun (forest by the road), an adjective (whiter than snow), a pronoun (who of us), a numeral (one of many), an adverb (far from home), and indicate the relationship between those words. Prepositions can be used to indicate various relationships: space (to leave the house, pass through the forest, live by the lake), time (to leave in the morning, work during the day, return in the evening), cause (to cry with joy, forget in a hurry), purpose (flu medicine), source (to learn from a friend), pronoun (to work for a brother), intermediary (to pass through an acquaintance), quantity (to pay about a hundred rubles), comparison (heavier than a stone), etc. The article will examine the use of prepositions in the meaning of comparative relations. Prefix už The prefix za, which goes with the final vowel, quite often denotes a comparative relationship. Depending on the circumstances of use of the preposition, several nuances of its speech meaning can be distinguished. I. In word combinations where the principal démeny is an adjective or adverb of the higher (or lower) degree, and the subordinate démeny is any noun (or a word that replaces it), the preposition za denotes comparison with a nuance of difference. In this case, it is said that the comparative object or its action has more characteristics expressed by the principal object than the object indicated by the dependent object. Trouble is heavier than a pebble, words sharper than a stone. Sk. Greener than the leaves, there was a brass squeaking. 384 pp. 384. Smaller than a pig, blacker than coal, whiter than snow, higher than a church: Ms. Smaller than Suni, bigger than a horse. Srv. The truth is 85 brighter than the sun. Jon. The courageous will of the Red Army is harder than ice, granite. 473 and op. Then this is his first song, sadder than the grove's groan. MairRR I 62. And my sister is brighter than the stars. GirRP 10. We were more fearful to them than thieves and murderers. VenclGD 288. The things of the farm were no stranger to Rapol than the things of his own home. 137 and Vol. I will give you the sun itself, because you are brighter to me than the sun. 59 and op. She carried sadness, more powerful than joy and spring. CvR, I 90. Raul was more handsome and stronger than the other boys, and smarter than them, but the others thought Raul was inferior to them. BilR I 34. You're more dear than life, where the heart beats. 295 and op. That girl—lighter than the wind, she flies through the curves of the suburban streets. 277 and op. Don't be afraid, little girl, my ridden horse: even if your brothers chase the whirlwinds in Zaba, they will not catch my horse, who is more swift than the whirlwinds. Page 58. You write better than your brother. JablRR I 666. The neighbor lives farther from them. Grz. I have more money than you. Ms. The church is higher than the village. Grz. Vilnele, run to Vilja, and Vilja to Nemunas, and say: We love our homeland more than our lives. 367 and op. The meaning of the difference can be emphasized by the particles and, even, which stand before the preposition za. The Lord returned from the forest blacker than the earth. Vienna 31. Be smaller than a poppy seed and don't show off. BaltPV I 27. At home, Jonas Puodžiūnas dressed worse than the other landlord. VienR V 3l. He thought of those neighbors, people of his country and class, who lived darker than the moles. CvR, V 59. But also for the little birds suckling, for the lac stingaleles singing louder there young sisters... KrėvP 21. The son is even prettier than you. Ktk. In order to say the difference in quantity, the words or compounds that denote quantity are used in addition to the adjective or adverb. This silence was much heavier than the heaviest rain. 165 and Vol. At that hour, I felt that there were people on this hill of tears who were much more unhappy than I was. Vol.213. Rosalie is much shorter than her friend... CvR; I 245. Peter loved Elena, his much younger sister, although she seemed a bit sentimental and naive to him. VenclGD 57. The mercenary boy, although twice as tall as Kaziukas, was still very young... VaižgRR I 393. His second was Aužbikių Šukšta Mykolas, half as young as him. VaizgRR I 36. Peter Serva was twice as old as his Marion. CvR; I 9. Maybe he's a hundred times better than me. BilR I 128. Two years earlier than others, the plough and the hoe were developed. 394 and 395. He was a few years older than Kareiv, both of them had studied in Berlin. VenclGD 36. Jonas ntang.. 86 the potteer was only a few years older than his brouž Lį A VienR V 11. Most su importantly, Varneliu ir su yes, t. y. Jurgila, he spoke like equals, although he was much su older and a head higher than them. už ir VenclGD 128. 2. The prefix is už used in word combinations, the main focus of which is the adjective of the upper or upper degree, adverbs, dependent pronouns all, everything. ar o — In this case, the comparison is expressed su by the shade of separation. But the už best of all is the black-headed cow — ji Sigutė is compassionate, she is not lacking in good words. SNėrR I 447. As God gives someone health, it is the most precious, the best! už Lp. But the už most loved was the jį white lily, the daughter of the nobleman. KrēvP 65....as Drūktenis will say a word, so the proverb jo will always come out best, nei best knows už everyone. ZemR III 25. Yes, the Prophet, už all guilty... Žem R 1 199. Health už loves everything. Nj. We finished reaping all the už rye faster. Ktk. ; The prefix už indicates the distinctive comparative ir in the combinations of words, the main focus of which is the adjective of the higher degree adverb, ar belonging to the word with a negative, which is part ar of the į questioning sentence. There was no hard work už jį better. LzPR I 221. No už ją stronger—- no one can overcome life. MieżML 99. No one does this job better už than me. Ktk. Tell me, is ar in our garden už jį a decent child?.. ZemR I 13. 3. In compounds, where the adjective of the higher ar degree is joined by a word showing a small, insignificant difference in the amount of characteristics, comparison is expressed by a weak shade of identity, corresponding meaning su (plg. the following compounds with the su prepositions su, sulig). In the eyes of the wicked, Maloné was almost a bottler, although, to be honest, the farm was not jo much smaller than už The Pitchfork Farm. SimonP, 37. Standing cuprelis little ką už threshold. CvR IX 204. Joboba a little younger už jj Ktk. This is the case when the fraction ir of a number that is higher than the number that is less than the number that is greater than the number that is less su than the number that su is greater than the number. Truth, art, beauty man needs less than daily bread. ne už VenclGD 331. This thing is less useful to me than ne the už other. 4. The prefix is už used in pronoun samples: jeden druhý, druhý druhý, belonging to a už higher-grade adjective už adverb. ar Thus is expressed by many homogeneous objects ar jų interfactmų oring (plg. analogous prepositioį nal usage). He had four sons as oaks broad-branched, which were vi eone uz another stronger, one už another daring.. KrēvP 24—5. Large, several-life houses extended on both iš sides of the end, be 87 wide streets, straight as a table, were one by one Rother more beautiful... BilR I 240. One of them spoke better than the other, one of them spoke more boldly than the other... CvR, V 129. They started screaming and yelling more than each other. SimonR IV 66. In fact, one more beautiful than Rita. SimonP, 10. And from these manors and towers, which followed one after another, more beautiful and varied than the others, I turn my sad eyes to the green meadows and fields... Prepositions from and between Prepositions from, between, which go with the genitive, can indicate a comparative relationship with the shade of the distinguishing meaning, as well as za with the suffix. Only the first prepositions are used very limited in the colloquial sense. They have this meaning in word combinations where the main focus is on adjectives of the upper or upper degree, and the dependent one is the pronoun's entire originator, alone or with the noun's originator (cf. the colloquial meaning of prepositions for, over, partially before the circumstances of use). Spruce is the happiest of all trees; she does not shed bitter tears abundantly. 419 and op. Of all the countless riches with which the nobleman was proud, the most precious was his daughter. Page 64. And from the top of all grows a barberry. 21. But among all the famous men of that family, among all those who sat in the high castle of Merkinė, the most famous was the old nobleman Get out of here. KrêvP 24. The prefix iz is characterized by a more pronounced separation of the comparative object. In some dialects (sometimes in scripts) the preposition per, going with the suffix, can indicate a comparative relationship with a distinctive nuance, like the preposition za in literary language. However, the circumstances of the use of the preposition over in the colloquial meaning are considerably narrower than those of the latter preposition. The prefix over is most commonly used in combinations of adjectives or adverbs of the higher degree, belonging to words with a negative. You can't hire better than the old boy. Grz. You can't find a better guard than our dog. Jrb. There's no cooler thing than a bob. Pc. No more busy and beautiful than my maiden. Rod. There was no older than him. Lnkv. I don't have any better mushrooms than baraviks. Alv. There's no better way to eat than with sprinkles. Pc. A virgin is not more beautiful through hardship. A raven. There is no greater fault than it. Mr. Come to me, son, for I have no one more dear than you. Skr. There's nothing weaker than the wind. Lz. There's no better stuff than this. Lp... then he thought that there was no happier person in the world than a boatman. BalčHP 206. 88 You don't work through me anymore, and I still have nothing, as I did not have... Well, and to speak through me no one has spoken more beautifully and smarter. KrėvAP 53. No one sings better than Ziūkelis. Mr. In addition, the preposition over is used to indicate a distinctive comparison in positive su statements with the plural ending of the ir pronoun as an adjective of the higher degree. The globe is the most valuable. Plt. The prefix per, unlike za, can also be used with the same meaning in noun combinations where the basis of comparison is not specified. It is highlighted iš by context. There is no tree above the oak. Er. There is no meat over pork. JablRR I 658. It wasn't and it won't be over my virginity. Mrc. It's not a good thing. Er. No eating over fresh potatoes with butter. Ds. I haven't found such a shit anywhere else. Wolf. Prefix before S 1. The prefix pred, which goes with the final, often denotes a comparative relation with the opposite!. This prefix is used when one wants to emphasize the difference between the comparable objects in some respect. And the difference between the objects becomes particularly evident when they are opposed. For example, in the sentence The son is medium-sized, but in front of the father is small, it is said that the son is small compared to the father. The prefix contra can indicate that the properties of the comparable objects become even opposite when compared. This prepositional meaning is most clear in adjective combinations, where the basis of comparison is said in the non-comparative form of the adjective. A mouse against a rat (scale) is very small (cf.: Ziurké against a mouse is very large). JabIRR I 663. They're stupid against you. JabIRR I 663. Our beautiful berries against those where I saw today. Er. The old man in front of her. Ktk. Teaching before the presidency was a long time. Ktk. The prefix before the comparative meaning with the prefix of the shade of representation is used in verbs in verb compounds, the main member of which is a verb denoting a state or its change. Such compounds are rare. Against: the sufferers have been hated. Vins. Against. ją All the other stars fade away, even the little Jupiter. Vienna 185. The waves of the sea faded before the sound of their speech and songs. VienR I 13. The preposition before indicates a strong opposition of objects in noun (or noun) compounds that enter questioning sentences. What do nipples mean before milk? BaltPV I 9. Well, let's say he's a communist, but what does he mean against such revolutionaries? | H. A. IllnpokosBa, Ha ncropun npeisokHbiXx KOHCTpYKIHĖ, BbIpaxAaIoOLIHX CpaBHHTEJIbHO- -CONOCTABHTEJIbHbIe oTHOleHHs, Ka3aub, 1963, p. 17, 28—33. 89 a zionist like Strim, finally against a man like a doctor? VenclGD 289. What is money against heaven? ZemR III 231. Who are you against me? ZemR III 582. We used to be against those gentlemen, and now let them humble themselves. Nm. The same preposition is used in noun compounds and in other cases. Go you, go you, nabage, you're only a child before that one. Skn. You are nothing but dust before me. Ds. Sometimes comparison can be expressed by two different prepositions before compounds, joined by the particle as. You are against him like a sparrow against a sparrow. Mrk. 2. The prefix before, like for and through, can indicate comparison with the shade of separation. This is the case when the preposition is used in combinations of adjectives or adverbs of the higher degree belonging to words with a negative (see prepositions for and over in the context of use). There is no more beautiful singing before the leaflets. Ds. No one can sing better than the Lithuanians. Viln. The prefix before, as well as per, is used in the sense of exclusion in noun compounds associated with a word with a negative. Before Adele there are no workers in our brigade. Trgn. The whole friendship acknowledged that there are no songs against Lithuanian songs and no singers against Lithuanian maidens. 84. Nothing is gold or silver before the days of youth. Sk. In dialects, the preposition ante with the plural ending of the pronoun and the noun and the adjective of the higher degree is occasionally used with the same meaning in positive statements. Anas rides in a carriage, more handsome than all the gentlemen. Tvr. The prefix in with the suffix is used to indicate comparison of similar things. The prefix to the colloquial meaning has in word combinations, whose main focus is the adjective panašus, -i* and the verbs atsigimti, nusiduoti, etc. | This time the lightning was like a multi-Sack fire tree. CvR, V 105. Rose was like her mother; only brighter, because she had never seen so much trouble. Ibid., pp. 117. In the mountains, glaciers could already be seen,... the ridges of the peaks, which from a distance were as sharp as the spots of the moon. Vienna 195.? See, for example, A. Valeckienė, Some adjectives parallel compounds with various noun syllables and prepositional constructions, "Language Culture", vol. 6, Vilnius, 1964, p. 17. 90 Ir į ką ji a beautiful young woman has ir been born in this family of lazy little ones! Myk-PutS I 66. Born he a father į of his own sex iš ir iš way (į father-like was born). J. Give me tu back your father like this! Skr. Į ką The son-in-law got married, such an abomination! J. He was born a į grandmother. Mrk. He had a į father. Plng. The į Uncles. Shh. One child betrayed į his father. Ms. Although one daughter surrendį ered her grandmother. I'm sorry. He raised į his father. Slv. Sometimes mentioned adjective (or verb) can be unsaid, it is as if implied. ir Į a cat to a ir cat. Kps. Just like į my — father, iš like a magnifying glass! Kt. All our chicks are į white. — Ms. Aš my name is uncle į (I have an uncle's name). Shh. The prefix is į used in the sampling of ir words one another, and is similar to į the plural form of the asking adjective. This means that they are similar to each other. They were not like one į another, ir neither in manner nor in appearance. VienA 5. They were very į similar to each other... CvR; II 321. The prefix is used in į compound words formed by the ir ending of the noun itself. iš to ir In such cases, the uniformity of homogeneous objects in some respect is said. That beautiful, that big peas grain — grain į (all the same)! Pc. What a beautiful firewood — will make į a pole (there are no bad pegs)! Ēr. All three one by one į (equal in greatneir ss and beauty) jo daughters. BsMt I 12. Prepositions with sulig, su l. Prepositions with sulig, su su jnagininku are used to compare things that are similar in some respect. These prepositions, unlike others, are used in noun-word combinations in the sense of comparison with a su corresponding shade. Į such compounds often include a relational predicate3, which indicates the basis of comparison. Rye this year is about a man's size. Where. Shapes along the width of the laying. Kp. The tree was as big as a mountain. St. A house of su great size. Ktk. You're like a man. KzR. A tree-like ir torso. Vick. When the noun that denotes the comparative object is accompanied by a word that describes the attribute more generally, jo then the prepositional constructions with, with which the object is described more specifically, are more independent. So you got a big man: up to the threshold. Ign. What a light here, what a little light: light of difficulty, be light of height. su Ants. These prefixes are used su independently as a noun. 3 ir For this nobleman see. J. Ja blonskis, Selected Writings, I, Vilnius, p. 586. 91 With a ball of greatness, with a hop of lightness (bladder). Up. At the threshold of greatness, at the touch of dryness. Ds. The use of prepositions su, sulig in noun combinations may have originated on the basis of the corresponding verb combinations, cf. : Monkeys are with man of greatness. Alif Lam Mim. The child is still small; It's just on the table. Er. The prefix with the meaning of comparison with the shade of identity is used in adjectives like, identical, as well as in combinations of verbs and nouns of the same root. He's like a tree, he never sees the sun. LS. The son is already equal to the father. Ktk. Even in high school, I wasn't a poet and I never compared a girl's eyes to a rose. SluckGMN 363. The frog wants to compare with the ox. PP 435. But, anyway, not everyone can compare with the King of Cold Lakes. SimonVK I 291. The horse (Said) rode and swam so well that no one here could match him. BalčHP 228. Knight and pawn are equal. Dglsh. The joker: he compared the elephant to the fly. Ds. "Women's Rights in the United States" (PDF). Equalization of day and night sw (sh.) The latter (shot in Gudų girios) Eastern hawk specimen is identical with the birds in my Ai. LK II 438. In Lithuanian literature, Maironis and S. Nėris protested against the identification of the lyrical hero of the poet’s work with the poet himself. LK IV 543. The prepositions with, sulig can also be used to indicate a quantitative comparison of objects or actions. Kazys won't stand me. Ds. He's my age. Sts. Anna has been with me for 10 years. Ktk. 2. the prefix with, like in, is used in the similar plural form of the adjective and denotes the similarity of objects of the same kind to each other. Meanwhile, his brother, who was like two drops of water with him, entered the same estate. Lnkv. Brother and sister are similar. Ktk. The prefix according to with the suffix is used to indicate a kind of comparison. This prefix indicates the limitation of the ar action of the object. There are two distinct types of prepositions according to their use in mo speech. It is used to distinguish between two things of the same kind, one of which limits the other. In this sense, the prefix is more often used as an adverb, and less often as a verb, in word combinations where the main member is an adjective or participant of the non-comparative degree. — 92 He had a handsome boy, a handsome face, a firm build, already, for the age of ir eight, rather not jo small (not small compared to other eight-year-- old boys). 113 pp.. Beautiful still according to the year. MiežBP 10. By his age, he is quite cunning. KI477. For his age, he has grown up considerably. JabIRR I 656. It's not a long time ago, but it looks like it. Zal. You speak well for the year. LK. We have seen too much for our age, we have grown old too quickly... ir SimonVK II 268. Homer was taller handsomer ir už Aristotle, according to his age went quite straight... BalčGK 193. The old beautiful ir cheerful, ji ne according to the year, gathered in those houses, which ir were her home, but her slavery. ir CvR, II 68. 2. Prefix by used when comparing objects by du one characteristic. In this case, it is said that the property of one object is limited by the same property of another object. Seeds are cheap compared to other cereals. Ēr. Our child by ‘kitus "not bad. Ktk. . The prefix kan can be used to indicate a quantitative comparison ir of objects. By the area of land more animals should be. Mrch. According jo to science, you should get a thousand rubles (some). Grl. ; 3. The prefix by is used to denote one object in relation to another. In this case, su the comparison value has a matching shade (plg. su prepositional conjugation). Such compounds go with prepositions. Under the mouth and nose. Kps. Under the roof and drop. Ktk. According to Jurgis and hat. Skn. Under the ir nasty belly. Zsl. According to Mr. ir Zippo. Ktk. In dialects, the same comparative meaning as according to is used for the preposition along the final. He's not so bad su in comparison to others. Vlkv. I'm singing along the creek. da Krn. She wanted to choose a beautiful young man alongside ir her beauty. BsMt 1 32. Along the year should be a large harvest. Kps. Along the stem a ir mushroom. Throat. Palei George ir the Hat. Lp. Conclusions The following prepositions are used to indicate comparative relations: for, through, against, to with, with, according to, from and between. Different prepositions indicate different comparative relationships. The significance of these relationships depends on ir the prepositions themselves, ir on the circumstances of their use. The prefix za denotes the difference between comparative objects in compounds with the focus on the superior (or higher) grade adjective or adverb: whiter than snow, more beautiful than me. 93