Dvikirčiai ir trikirčiai žodžiai

LIETUVIŲ KALBOS GRAMATIKOS TYRINĖJIMAI LIETUVOS TSR MOKSLŲ AKADEMIJA WORDS WITH TWO AND THREE STRESSES V. VAITKEVIČIŪTĖ Every independent, non-long word (of one, two, three, or four syllables) generally has one stress, falling on one of its syllables. The position of the primary stress is usually marked with a pitch-accent sign on the vowel, diphthong, or sonorant of a mixed diphthong in the stressed syllable of the word, e.g.: ašìs, paėmė, tàu, užúovėja, vadėlės, káltas, etc. However, some words have, in addition to the primary stress, one or even two secondary stresses. The first secondary stress is marked before the syllable with a single vertical stroke¹, e.g.: ˈlangliavandeninis, while the second secondary stress is marked with two vertical strokes², e.g.: ˈastroˌfotometrija. One secondary stress is most often found in multisyllabic Lithuanian and foreign compound words consisting of two elements, e.g.: ˈketuriasdešimtas, generalgubernatorius, and in multisyllabic words with certain prefixes, e.g.: ˈdeemulsacija, but sometimes it may also occur in three-syllable words (see II B b). Words consisting of at least three elements usually have two secondary stresses, e.g.: ˈmeteoˌerobiuletenis. Words with two stresses are called words with two stresses, and those with three—words with three stresses. The secondary stress of a word with two stresses is usually less intense than the primary stress. The relative intensity of the two secondary stresses in a word with three stresses also differs: one of these stresses, located farther from the primary stress, is usually more intense than the other, but both secondary stresses in a word with three stresses are generally less intense than the primary stress. This article will not examine the relative intensity of a word’s primary and secondary stresses, but will indicate only which Lithuanian and foreign words have one secondary stress and which have two. Whether a word has a secondary stress is determined by the relative length of its vowels and diphthongs. With all other phonetic conditions being equal, the relative length of vowels, diphthongs, and mixed diphthongs in a word is determined by the following factors¹: 1) stress: a stressed vowel, diphthong, or sonorant in a mixed diphthong is considerably longer than an identical unstressed vowel, diphthong, or sonorant in an equivalent phonetic position; 2) the position of stress in the word: the farther an unstressed pre-stress syllable is from the stressed syllable, the shorter its constituent sound; 3) the number of syllables in the word: the fewer syllables a word has, the longer the sounds that constitute them; and the more syllables it has, the shorter they are; ¹ See V. Vaitkevičiūtė, Lietuvių kalbos balsių ir dvibalsių ilgumas, arba kiekybė, „Lietuvių kalbotyros klausimai“, vol. 3, pp. 207—208, Vilnius, 1960. 231 4) the nature of the syllable containing a vowel or diphthong: they are somewhat longer in an open syllable than in a closed one; 5) the quantity of the other syllabic sounds in the word: if a word contains one or more long vowels, diphthongs, or mixed diphthongs, then the syllabic sounds of all the syllables in that word are somewhat shorter than in a word without long vowels, diphthongs, or mixed diphthongs; 6) the consonant followed by a vowel or diphthong: after a voiced consonant they are somewhat longer than after a voiceless one; 7) the position occupied by a vowel or diphthong in the word: in the final syllable, especially an open one, vowels and diphthongs are much longer than the same vowels and diphthongs in other phonetic positions. For example, an unstressed vowel or diphthong at the end of a word is generally longer even than the same stressed vowel in a position other than word-final; 8) pitch accent: the component sounds of long syllables pronounced with a falling-rising accent are somewhat longer than the same falling-accent sounds in equivalent phonetic positions; 9) vowel quality: short and corresponding long vowels in the same phonetic positions are always of unequal duration; 10) speaking rate: when speaking quickly (i.e., in colloquial style), the component sounds of all the word’s syllables are shorter than when speaking slowly (i.e., in clear style). To determine which words have one secondary stress, which have two, and which have none, 104 compound and prefixed words were recorded on magnetic tape at a speed of 380 mm/sec (millimeters per second). They were spoken in clear style, and some also in colloquial style, by 3 speakers (one man and two women) who had a good command of standard Lithuanian. Although the speakers’ speech rates differed somewhat (playback of the edited recording of the man took 3 min, that of one woman 2 min 48 sec, and that of the other 3 min 12 sec) and caused variation in the absolute duration of sounds, they did not affect the regularities in relative sound duration, which are most important to us in this case. From these tape recordings, 312 (104 × 3) word oscillograms were made using an H 102 oscillograph. The film strip rotation speed was 250 mm/sec. Each word oscillogram contains three recordings: that of the second vibrator, with a frequency of 10,000 hc (hertz); that of the eighth vibrator, with a frequency of 1200 hc; and the time-marker recording, at 100 hc. One double vibration equals 10 msec (milliseconds). All tape recordings and oscillograms were made under the same technical conditions. 1. Experimental studies have established that the occurrence of secondary stress in a word depends not on one condition, but on several: 1) Which component of a compound word bears the primary stress. One secondary stress is most often characteristic of multisyllabic compounds with two components whose primary stress is on the second component, e.g.: 'baltauodegiáuti, and two secondary stresses are characteristic of three-component words whose primary stress is on the final component, e.g.: 'hidroa'l'erodròmas. Multisyllabic compounds whose primary stress is on the first component have secondary stress less often, e.g.: 'drã-panpalàikė (cf. I 3). 2) The number of syllables in the components of the compound word. Two-component compounds generally have secondary stress when both or at least one of their components is multisyllabic, e.g.: 'angliavandeninis (for an exception, see IV A a). Three-com- 232 whereas this condition is not necessary for a secondary stress to arise in a compound word with closely integrated constituents, e.g.: 'astro' photometer. 3) Which syllable of the first or second constituent of a compound word bears the primary stress. When the second constituent is stressed, the farther the primary stress is from the beginning of the second constituent, the greater the possibility of a secondary stress arising in the first constituent, e.g.: 'pasikiškiakopūstauti. When the primary stress is at the beginning of the first constituent of a two-constituent compound word, the second constituent has secondary stress, e.g.: 'kūnigpa'laikis. A three-constituent compound word has one or even two secondary stresses when the primary stress falls on the third constituent—far from the beginning of the whole word, e.g.: 'astro'fotometrįja. 4) How closely integrated the constituents of a compound word are and how much semantic independence they retain. New specialized terms formed from two not very closely integrated constituents, as well as bookish words in general, e.g.: 'angliavandeninis, di'na-m metamorfizmas, and polysyllabic compounds formed from two numeral constituents that are only weakly integrated, e.g.: aštuoniasdešimtas, typically have one secondary stress, whereas those formed from three not very closely integrated constituents have two secondary stresses, e.g.: 'astro'fot osk opija. 5) The extent to which the first constituent of a polysyllabic compound emphasizes a new meaning of the word, distinct from the independent meaning of the second constituent of the compound, e.g.: likiburžuazinis² (cf. buržuazinis), likikapitalistinis (cf. kapitalistinis), 'porinkiminis, 'priešrinkiminis (cf. rinkiminis); cf. also II A d. 6) The style of speaking, determined by the purpose, circumstances, and emotional content of the speech. In speaking in a careful style, i.e. at a relatively slow pace, while observing established pronunciation laws and rules and articulating all sounds in the speech stream accurately and clearly, the same word may have secondary stress, e.g.: 'atl ap auodėgis; whereas in colloquial style, i.e. at a fast pace and with less careful articulation of all the sounds of speech, the same word may lack secondary stress, e.g.: atlapauodėgis. II. The following always have one very prominent secondary stress, characteristic of both careful and colloquial speech: A) In the first constituent: a) Compound words formed from two numeral constituents and one non-numeral constituent that is not very closely integrated, or from two non-numeral constituents and one numeral constituent that is not very closely integrated, and bearing primary stress on the final constituent, e.g.: aštuoniasdešimtmetis, aštuoniolikavietis, devyniolikaaukštis, devyniolikametis, 'dešimtmetinis, 'dvilinkliežuvauti, penkiolikavietis, etc. Let us take, for example, the word 'dvilinkliežuvauti³. Its syllables dvi and link vowels dv i l i n kl ie ž u v áu t i I 59 57 65 105 65 300 68 II 61 38 67 92 48 249 90 III 48 45 98 99 60 274 86 56 47 77 98 58 274 81 ² The preposition iki is stressed on the second syllable in standard Lithuanian, whereas in these words the first syllable of the prefix iki- was pronounced with stress. ³ In the illustrations, the softness of consonants preceding back vowels and the diphthongs ai, au, ui, uo is marked with the symbol ‘, e.g.: k’. The numbers arranged in a column beneath a letter indicate the duration, in milliseconds, of the sound represented by that letter, as pronounced by speakers I (male), II and III (female). The last vertical 233 i both occur after voiced consonants. Since the first i is in an open syllable farther from the stressed syllable, whereas the second is in a closed syllable closer to the stressed syllable, the two i should be approximately equal in length. However, the first i is longer than the second, which indicates that the syllable dvi bears secondary stress. b) Compound words formed from two numeral constituents, the first consisting of one, two, or three syllables and the second of at least three syllables, with primary stress on the second-to-last syllable of the second constituent, e.g.: dutūkstantasis, dušimtasis, dvišimtinis, trišimtasis, septyniasdešimtas, aštuoniasdešimtoji, devyniasdešimtasis, keturiasdešimtainės “such scales” and so on. Secondary stress is particularly prominent when the first constituent is disyllabic or trisyllabic, and less prominent when it is monosyllabic. For example, in the word 'dvišimtinis, the vowel i in the syllable dvi is 11 msec longer than the vowel i in the syllable ši, and the first i is only 5 msec shorter than the vowel i in the syllable ti, which bears primary stress, even though it lies three syllables before that syllable. This difference in the lengths of the three vowels i can be explained only by the secondary stress characteristic of the syllable dvi. d v i š i m t į n i s I 62 52 93 68 76 II 54 46 94 70 72 III 68 51 93 60 78 61 50 93 66 75 c) Compound words formed from two constituents of at least four syllables each, the first of which has a prefix, e.g.: 'pasigervuogiaudamas, 'pasikiškiakopūstaudamas, 'pasikiškiakopūstauti and so on. An example is the relative duration of the sounds in the word 'pasikiškiakopūstauti. p a s i k i šk’ a k o p ū st áu t i I 60 45 44 60 91 77 308 140 II 55 40 44 49 57 63 244 90 III 54 45 53 50 90 90 232 90 56 43 47 53 79 77 261 107 The minimal difference—3 msec—in the durations of the vowels a following the voiceless plosive consonants p and k’ in open syllables indicates that the syllable pa bears secondary stress, since otherwise a in the seventh syllable—pa—from the stressed syllable should be considerably shorter than a in the fourth syllable—k’a—from the stressed syllable. d) Compound words formed from two constituents, the first having two syllables and the second at least four. The meaning of the entire word is emphasized by its first constituent, e.g.: 'angliavandeninis, 'baltaodėgiati, 'ikiburžuazinis, 'ikikapitalistinis, 'ikimokyklinis, 'ikimonopolistinis, 'ilgapersčiavimas, 'kitanacionalinis and so on. The number in the column below the horizontal line indicates the average duration of each sound, calculated by dividing by three the sum of the durations of the same sound pronounced by all three speakers. The article uses average vowel duration. 234 The relative duration of the sounds in the words ˈikikapitalistinis and ˈkitanacionalinis is taken as an example. Since the first syllable of the word ˈikikapitalistinis is farther from the syllable bearing the primary stress than the second, while the vowel i of the first syllable is as much as 18 msec longer than the vowel i of the second syllable, it is clear that the first vowel i is in a syllable characterized by secondary stress. I 64 42 52 40 60 74 39 98 II 54 44 46 38 68 61 50 59 III 75 53 45 40 70 68 32 80 64 46 48 39 66 68 37 79 ˈk i t a n a c i j o n ā l i n i s I 40 55 60 40 83 165 55 57 II 33 55 55 29 53 245 41 100 III 48 72 51 48 62 229 48 80 40 61 55 39 66 213 48 79 In the word ˈkitanacionalinis, the vowel i in syllable ki is 1 msec longer than the vowel i in syllable ci; that is, the two i vowels are approximately equal in length. Since syllable ki is sixth from the stressed syllable, whereas syllable ci is third, syllable ki undoubtedly has secondary stress, as this is the only way to explain their similar length. e) Compound words of foreign origin or mixed type, formed from two not very closely fused constituents, e.g.: ˈacetilceliuliozė, arˈteriosklerozė, ˈbalneoterapija, chromoalbuminas, ˈdifenilaminas, ˈhidroinkubatorius, ˈliumiprenproletariatas, mikrobiologija, ˈnukleoalbuminai, paralelpepedas, ˈpoliembrionija, ˈrentgenoteh-nika, seˈkundometris tas, ˈtrofobiozė, ˈtrofoneurozė, ˈultramarinas, ˈultratrump osios, ˈultravioletiniai, etc. For example, comparing the vowels i in syllables mi and bi of the word ˈmikrobiologija, we see that they are of equal length, although they are at different distances from the stressed syllable. This indicates that syllable mi has secondary stress. ˈm i kr o b i j o l ò g i j a I 44 66 45 93 98 43 157 II 42 50 42 120 122 50 139 III 40 79 40 119 126 79 140 42 65 42 111 115 57 145 Secondary stress is especially pronounced in syllables whose nucleus is the vowel a. In general, the unstressed Lithuanian vowel a is short and relatively closed. When it occurs in a syllable bearing secondary stress, it is pronounced much longer and more open, and it is easy to distinguish by ear from short a, e.g.: ˈastronavigacija, dinamometamor fizmas, generalbōsas, generalgubernatorius, kristaloliuminescencija, nacioˈnalliberalai, ˈradiofonija, ˈsaltomortālė, tiˈtanomagnetitas, etc. 335 d i 'n a m o m e t a m o r f i zm a s I 69 100 60 69 42 82 52 96 81 II 42 78 60 52 40 80 40 86 90 III 45 72 92 60 41 79 40 76 85 52 83 71 64 41 80 44 86 85 'chr o m o pauzė a l b u m i n a s I 88 73 97 70 50 73 65 97 II 81 40 — 70 52 68 64 96 III 102 96 115 52 52 75 81 103 90 70 71 64 51 72 70 99 p a r a l e l' pauzė e p i p e d a s I 72 90 70 35 145 41 43 75 94 II 69 75 96 55 — 89 61 83 102 III 60 109 70 61 121 40 41 70 83 67 91 79 50 89 57 48 76 93 For example, in the word di'namometamorfizmas, the vowel a in syllable na is more than twice as long as the vowel a in syllable ta, although the latter is in the third syllable from the stressed syllable, while the former is as far as the sixth. This difference in the length of the vowels a can only be explained by the very pronounced secondary stress characteristic of syllable na. If syllable na did not have secondary stress, its vowel a would be somewhat shorter than the vowel a in syllable ta. Sometimes, in compound words of this type whose constituents are loosely fused, secondary stress is so pronounced that after the first constituent, which bears secondary stress, a short pause is made, as after an independent word, and only then is the second constituent of the compound pronounced. The pause is, admittedly, optional, but occurs fairly often. For example, two of the three speakers pronounced the words 'chromoalbuminas, paralelėpipedas and others with pauses. f) Compound words of Lithuanian and foreign origin, formed from three not very closely fused constituents, the last of which may also be non-independent, and bearing primary stress on the third constituent. The second constituent of these words may have an optional second secondary stress, especially in explanatory speech style, e.g.: 'astro'fotometras, 'astro'fotometrija, 'astro'spektroskopija, 'chlora'cetofenonas, 'chromo'litografija, 'hidroa'erodromas, 'hidroa'eroplanas, 'meteoa'erobiuletėnis, 'mikro'fotografija, 'mili'ampermetras, 'rentgeno'spektroskopija, etc. For example, in the word 'meteoa'erobiuletėnis, the vowel e in the first syllable, being in the syllable farthest from the syllable bearing primary stress, is longer than the vowels e in the unstressed syllables te and le. This shows that syllable me has secondary stress. Moreover, this is confirmed by the pause made after the constituent meteo. The second syllable of the constituent aero also has secondary stress, since the vowel e in this syllable, which is in the fifth syllable from the syllable tē bearing primary stress, is only 5 msec shorter than the latter vowel ē, and 28 msec longer than the vowel e in syllable le, which is next to the stressed syllable. 236 'm e t e o pause a 'l e r o b’u l e t è n i s I 72 39 111 105 138 78 90 54 76 96 74 II 84 72 125 — 142 90 69 46 70 79 109 III 90 88 173 102 94 144 105 39 82 152 78 82 66 136 69 91 104 88 46 76 109 87 The first secondary stress in the word 'chromo' lithography falls on the syllable chro, because its vowel o 'chr o m o 'l i t o gr ā f i j a I 75 59 50 58 180 40 105 II 65 47 32 57 165 40 122 III 81 58 40 70 191 23 168 74 55 47 62 179 34 132 is 19 msec longer than the vowel o in the syllable mo, which is closer to the syllable bearing primary stress, although the other phonetic conditions of both vowels o are identical; and it is 12 msec longer than the vowel o in the syllable to, which is next to the stressed syllable. The second secondary stress falls on the syllable li, because its vowel i is 13 msec longer than the vowel i in the syllable fi, which is in the penultimate syllable. An exception in this group is words of foreign origin made up of three very short components, all or at least two of which are strongly fused. They generally have no secondary stress, e.g.: kilogrammėtras. B) In the second component: a) Compound words formed from two numeral components, the second of which is dešimt, while the primary stress falls on the second syllable of the first three-syllable component or the first syllable of the two-syllable component, e.g.: aštuonias'dešimt, devynias'dešimt, penkias'dešimt, šešias'dešimt, etc. The lengthening due to secondary stress of vowel e, which otherwise remains short when unstressed, is clearly audible in this case. It is also confirmed by experimental data. a š t úo n’ a s 'd e š i mt I 27 200 94 127 33 92 II 46 150 103 100 55 108 III 76 190 101 77 45 92 50 180 99 101 44 97 For example, in the word aštuonias'dešimt, the vowel e in the syllable de is 101 msec long, whereas the vowel e in the corresponding syllable of the word aštuoniasdešimtmetis is only 54 msec long, i.e. almost half as long. Such a great difference in duration can be explained only by secondary stress on syllable de. This striking difference cannot be due to different phonetic conditions—the greater number of syllables in the word aštuoniasdešimtmetis and primary stress on the final component. b) Compound words of foreign origin made up of two loosely fused components, the first of which—a monosyllable—bears primary stress, while the second component is grafas, e.g.: būr'grafas, már'grafas, pálc'grafas. 237 pf á l’ c’gr a f a s I 116 64 40 80 II 146 72 93 74 III 115 68 51 52 126 68 61 69 For example, in the word pfálc’grafas, the vowel a in the syllable gra is more than twice as short as the vowel a in the syllable pfálc, which bears the primary stress, but it is only 8 msec shorter than the vowel a in the final syllable. This shows that the first a in the component grafas bears secondary stress, whose energy comes not from the syllable bearing primary stress, but from the final syllable. It is worth remembering that, as a rule, an unstressed short vowel in the final syllable may be considerably longer than an identical stressed vowel occurring in the second or even third syllable from the end (see II A b and II A d, and compare the vowels i in the last two syllables of the word dviišimtinis and the vowels i in the last three syllables of the word ikikapitalistinis). C) In the prefix: a) Polysyllabic international words or terms with the prefixes de-, inter-, re-, whose primary stress falls several syllables away from the prefix, e.g.: ’deemulsacija, ’dekalcinacija, ’dezabilė, ’internacionalinis, ’internacionališkumas, ’reorganizacija, etc. For example, the first vowel i in the word ’internacionališkumas, occurring in the ninth i n t e r n a c i j o n a l išk ù m a s I 73 72 51 50 85 40 57 84 78 38 83 II 45 88 63 64 59 28 48 52 47 50 90 III 60 67 58 33 61 57 75 64 48 53 77 59 76 57 49 68 42 60 67 58 47 83 syllable from the syllable bearing primary stress, is 17 msec longer than the vowel i in the syllable ci, which is much closer to the stressed syllable. This shows that the first syllable of the prefix inter- bears secondary stress. Relatively short words with these same prefixes, whose primary stress is on syllables adjacent to or close to the prefix, are pronounced without secondary stress, e.g.: dekal̃kuoti, interlinija, interliūdija, intermėdija. b) Words of foreign and Lithuanian origin with the prefix kontr-, whose primary stress is usually not on the root, e.g.: ’kontratakà, ’kontrmanėvras, ’kontrre- cenzija, ’kontrrevoliūcija, ’kontržvalgyba, etc. In the word ’kontrrevoliūcija, the prefix- ’k o n t r e v o l’ ù c i j a I 60 60 60 66 54 74 88 II 72 85 57 66 63 96 75 III 85 50 80 96 79 105 44 72 65 66 76 65 92 69 The vowel o in kontr- is only 4 msec shorter than the vowel o in the syllable vo. Such a small difference in length shows that the prefix kontr- bears secondary stress. If there were no secondary stress, the vowel o in the syllable vo, because of its phonetic position (the vowel o follows the voiced 238 The vowel of the syllable (in a syllable adjacent to the stressed one, while the syllable’s counter-vowel o occurs after a voiceless consonant and in the fourth closed syllable from the stressed one) should be considerably longer than the prefix counter-vowel o. III. Compound words consisting of three weakly fused numeral components and bearing the main stress on the final component have two very prominent secondary stresses, e.g.: penkias'|dešimttūkstantàsis, 'keturias'|dešimttūkstantàsis or 'keturias'|dešimttūkstantỹsis4. k e t u r’ a z'|de š i m t ū kst a n t ỹ s i s I 72 32 106 92 38 62 48 79 60 170 90 II 82 47 85 70 23 80 47 61 80 157 59 III 60 37 91 88 35 54 58 59 73 175 62 71 39 94 83 32 65 51 66 71 101 70 For example, in the word 'keturias'|dešimttūkstantỹsis, the vowels e in the syllables ke and de are comparatively very long—71 and 83 msec. This shows that these syllables bear secondary stresses. For example, in the word keturivalentìškùmas, which is one syllable shorter than the word under examination and contains only one long syllable, and whose sounds are therefore somewhat longer, the vowel e in syllable ke is only 53 msec long, while syllable len is 65 msec long. IV. A weak secondary stress (which may also be absent in colloquial speech): A) In the first component: a) Certain compound words of foreign origin whose first component is monosyllabic and whose two components are not very strongly fused, e.g.: 'grosmeísteris, 'kvintesencija, 'landšaf-tas, 'prespapjė, 'berkkolegija, 'grammolėkulė, etc. The first component of the word 'kvintesencija bears secondary stress because its vowel i is 10 msec longer than the vowel į in the penultimate syllable. If the first component did not bear secondary stress, the vowel i in syllable ci, being in an open penultimate syllable, should not be shorter than the vowel i in the first syllable. 'kv i n t e s e ñ c i j a I 48 62 79 81 130 31 145 II 50 61 68 138 111 43 123 III 60 80 75 98 148 54 118 53 68 74 106 130 43 129 b) The adjective žūtbūtinis. 'ž ū t b ū t i n i s I 92 84 70 62 II 78 72 68 68 III 77 75 43 75 82 77 60 68 4 This form of the word, which does not correspond to the standard form established in literary language, 'keturias'|dešimttūkstantàsis, is taken from the Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language, vol. V (V., 1959, p. 656). 239 The syllable žūt in this adjective bears secondary stress because its vowel ū is slightly longer than the vowel ū in the second syllable, although the second syllable is open and adjacent to the stressed syllable, while the first is closed and farther from it. In addition to the cases listed above, compound words in which both components are disyllabic or trisyllabic sometimes also have weak secondary stress, with the first component being prefixed, e.g.: ˈapspiaustsmāk­ris, ˈatlapauodēgis, ˈatlaūstuodēgis, ˈatsuktauodēgis, ˈužsmauktkepūris, etc. B) In the second component, compound words bear secondary stress when the first component is disyllabic and has the word’s primary stress on the first or second syllable, while the second component is trisyllabic or tetrasyllabic, e.g.: drāpanpa- laikē, kiškiakoˈpūstis, kūnigpaˈlaikis, laikraštpaˈlaikis, algāpaˈlaikē, bobēlpāˈlaikē, drabūžpaˈlaikis, āntraˈpamušalis, kiaūliabēraˈlinis, etc. For example, in the word drāpanpaˈlaikē, the syllable lai bears secondary stress because it is relatively long. The diphthong ai in the word nebepērlaikē is only 83 msec long. dr ā p a n p a ˈl ai k ē I 240 52 71 57 120 122 II 171 50 90 60 159 130 III 200 50 82 60 141 159 204 51 81 59 140 137 The first syllable or the second short syllable of the second trisyllabic component of compound words of this type most often lacks secondary stress, e.g.: balan̄dvanagis kanāpdūrp inē, kevēškepūris, etc. Sometimes compound words have weak secondary stress when the first component, bearing primary stress, is monosyllabic and the second has at least four syllables, e.g.: laūkkanaˈpėlēs, zuīkburāˈvykis, etc. C) In the prefix: a) Words of foreign origin with the prefix anti-, whose primary word stress is at least one syllable away from the prefix, e.g.: ˈantioksnai, ˈantireo- idānas, etc. For example, in the word ˈantifašistas, the vowel a in the syllable an is 14 msec longer than the vowel a in the syllable fa, which is adjacent to the stressed syllable; this indicates that the syllable an bears secondary stress. la n t i f a š i s t a s I 68 71 41 70 68 74 II 78 80 39 56 78 87 III 80 82 43 58 80 89 75 78 41 61 75 83 b) Words of foreign origin with the prefix dis-, especially when the primary word stress is far from this prefix, e.g.: ˈdisgregācija, ˈdisharmonija, ˈdisjunktỹvinis, ˈdiskredi- tūoti, ˈdiskriminācija, ˈdislokācija, ˈdisproporcija, etc. Comparing the duration of the two i vowels in the word ˈdisharmonija, we see that the first i, being also farther from the primary 240 'd i sh a r m ò n i j a I 52 87 101 60 126 II 59 68 128 62 98 III 70 60 98 60 125 60 72 109 61 116 of the syllable bearing stress, and in a closed syllable, it is only 1 msec shorter than the second i, which occurs in the second syllable from the end. This shows that the prefix dis- bears secondary stress. Besides words of foreign origin with the prefixes anti- and dis-, Lithuanian-origin words with the prefix san-, which have at least three syllables apart from the prefix and whose main stress falls on the final syllable of the word, sometimes also bear weak secondary stress, e.g.: 'sankertìnỹs. The article discusses practically all the most prominent types of Lithuanian- and foreign-origin words that have one or two secondary stresses in the literary language. WORDS WITH TWO AND THREE STRESSES В. ВАЙТКЯВИЧЮТЕ Summary Every independent word in the Lithuanian literary language usually has one stress. However, compound words formed from two components may have two stresses, and those formed from three may even have three. The presence of one secondary stress or two secondary stresses, as established experimentally⁵, depends on the following conditions: 1) Which component of the compound word bears the main stress. Compound words with two components whose main stress falls on the second component usually have one secondary stress, e.g.: 'baltauodegiáuti “to be unserious”; compound words with three components whose main stress falls on the last component have two secondary stresses, e.g.: 'hidroa'l erodròmas “hydroaerodrome”. Compound words whose main stress is in the first component have secondary stress less often, e.g.: dràpanpalaikė “plain clothing”. 2) How many syllables the components of the compound word comprise. Compound words with two components usually have secondary stress only when both components, or one of them, are polysyllabic, e.g.: 'langliavande-nìnis “carbohydrate”. For a compound word with three components, this condition is not necessary, e.g.: 'astro'fotomètras “astrophotometer”. 3) Which syllable of the first or second component bears the main stress. When it is borne by the second component of a compound word, the farther the main stress is from the beginning of the second component, the more likely secondary stress is to occur in the first component, e.g.: 'pasikìškiakopùs- ⁵ The presence or absence of secondary stresses was determined from the duration of vowels, diphthongs, and sonorant consonants on the oscillogram. We did not investigate stress intensity. 16. Lietuvių kalbos gramatikos tyrinėjimai 241 táuti “to gather hare’s cabbage.” When the primary stress is at the beginning of the first component in a compound word consisting of two components, secondary stress is characteristic of the second component, e.g.: drabužpa'laikė “ordinary clothing.” A compound word consisting of three components has one or even two secondary stresses when the primary stress falls on the third component, e.g.: 'astro'fotomètrija “astrophotometry.” 4) How the components of a compound word are distinguished semantically. A compound word made up of two fairly independent components has one secondary stress, e.g.: angliavandenìnis “carbohydrate,” while one made up of three has two, e.g.: 'astro'fotaskòpija “astrophotoscopy.” 5) The extent to which the first component of a compound word emphasizes the new meaning of the whole word, e.g.: 'ikikapitalistìnis “pre-capitalist” (cf. kapita-listinis “capitalist”). 6) Style and pace of speech. Secondary stress sometimes occurs at a slow pace of speech, e.g.: atlapauodēgìs “a person who does not close the door behind them,” but is absent at a fast pace, e.g.: atlapauodēgìs.