Lietuvių ir slavų kalbų gramatinio kontaktavimo reiškiniai pietryčių Lietuvoje

LITHUANIAN LANGUAGES GRAMMATICS INVESTIGATIONS LITHUANIA TSR MOKSLYU ACADEMY IN LITHUANIAN IR SLAVU LANGUAGE GRAMMATICS CONTACT INFORMATION OCCURRENCES PIETRYCIUM IN LITHUANIA E. GRINAVECKIENE Southeast There are places in Lithuania where people speak several languages. For example, south southwest į of ir Vilnius (southwestern part of Vilnius district, eastern The majority of the population speaks Belarusian, the younger local population tends to speak Polish, almost all speak Russian, some speak Ukrainian. o 70 ir more years old grandparents can still speak ir Lithuanian. Lithuanian is understood as much as o possible, ir sometimes by school-age children, as well as by individuals of the middle generation. In many parts of this area, older people still remember the times when grandparents spoke Lithuanian to each other, but with their grandchildrjų en they had ir already begun to speak “paprostu”. su ir (i.e. in Belarusian). In the Šalčininkai area, for example, Lithuanian iš everyday usage disappeared about a year ago, but until 70—80 During World War I there were still a lot of people speaking Lithuanian!. In the villages farther away from the larger administrative cultural centres, near poorer roads in more remote places, ir Lithuanian was spoken fluently until the bourgeois ir Polish occupation, i.e. ir t. 1920m. Ši occupation contributed significantly to the displacement of the Lithuanian language. However, the Lithuanian language was not completely forgotten in this area?. At that time, Lithuanian was spoken mainly by the older generation. Today, most of the older Lithuanian-speaking people of this region are already dead, the remaining group is becoming o noticeably rare every day. Among iš the older people there are some who have forgotten so much Lithuanian that they can say little in this language, although one admits: you’re all crazy, you say? ką ne aš kų "I'm all over- * Plg. Lithuanian language atlas material written in iš Šalčininkai, Šalčininkėliai, Butrimoniai, Daugidoniai, Didžiūjai Sčlų, Bafčių (Lithuanian TSR MA Lithuanian Language ir and Literature Institute. * For iš example, the 1942 m. statistical data of the Salcininkai parish census, stored in the LTSR MA In the manuscript ir collections of the Lithuanian Language and Literature Institute, it can be seen that people still spoke Lithuanian in Šalčininkai, Ažulomys and Alytus at that time. 26 — 56, Mažučiuose Baušiuosė — 30, Milvyduose — 5, Mikantonysė — 86, Klynuose — 27, Širviuosė — 16, Kameninkė — 17, Vincipoli — 5, In Dainiškės — 47, In the Stūkų Ūta — 6, Tribonysė — 1, Pamūrinėje — 1, Pašalčytė — 7. * Dialectal examples in the article are mainly given in literary language characters, only vowels i, y, į ir ė po hardened consonants are marked ui, The length £. of these unpronounced vowels is marked on the right side of the ku letter above, the length of the pronounced ones is indicated by a prefix, e.g.: krato krito, roitas rytas, ~ graižo grįžo, pelo: pėlė, ~ pels malė ~ ~ ~ Btrm. Raidee marks the extended vowels e.g.: e, bernelis bernėlis — SM. In Belarusian examples, the letter-denoted consonant 2 is pronounced fricatively in all cases. 219 prantu, ką sakai’. They usually remember only a few Lithuanian words, names of things, can count up to a hundred in Lithuanian, remember one other fragment of a Lithuanian song, can say a nonsense in Lithuanian, etc. ir There is another ir local grandfather, still speaking relatively well Lithuanian, who can tell about ancient times, about his life, household, sing Lithuanian ancient folk songs, follow fairy tales, solve riddles, puzzles, etc. ir In the investigated area, such providers were the most sought after. There is finally a considerable number of middle-generation people here who speak Belarusian Polish with each other, ar but understand a little Lithuanian. ir They usually know how to say another Lithuanian phrase, answer everyday questions, etc. į ir The young people of this area have learned some Lithuanian at school, but they hardly speak Lithuanian among themselves. : To monitor the linguistic processes taking place in this area, Lithuanian TSR MA The Lithuanian Language and Literature ir Institute has organized 1952 — 1967 m. several dialectological expeditions during this period. Vienna iš jų 1966 m. was carried out in a comprehensive su Belarusian TSR MA J. Collapse Institute of Linguistics. Iš total number of residential 17 areas surveyed: Marijampolis (Vilnius district), Trakai, Baičiai, Šklėriai, Lygainiai, Paneriai (Trakai district), Senieji Macėliai, Rūdininkai, Didžiosios S&los, Šalčininkai, Šalčininkėliai, Daūgidonys, Butrimonys, Vėžionys, Eišiškės, Kaniūkai, Dievėniškės (Isle of Wight). Ne the material of all these items is ir equally equivalent. In some places the local Lithuanian dialect is more influenced by Slavic language- — s, in others less. The most Lithuanian iš jų is Marijampolis, Old town Macéliai, Didžiosios Sėlos, Butrimenys, Dievėniškės. In each of iš these settlements, older local residents were interviewed in more detail, only po 3—6 the in Trakai, Lygainiai ir Paneriuosė such terasta barely po 1—2. During the expeditions, the main attention was paid to the local dialect of Lithuanian language, which is gradually disappearing, and in some o places is about to disappear ir altogether, especially its grammatical structure, phonetics, lexicon, place names, as well as superstratigraphic phenomena occurring in it, which have arisen due to the influence of the languages in contact. 1966 complex expedition in three residential points (Old Macely Old Trakai ir Butrimonysė) the author of the article observed the influence of the local ir Lithuanian language on other contact languages (mainly Belarusian). When observing the influence of the inter-language contacts of this area on the grammar structure of the ir jų language word tų formation, the eye first of all falls on adjective-semantic ir valuable borrowings. į ir In the local dialect of Lithuanian there are quite a lot of semantically translated verb prepositions, which have taken over the functions of the prepositions of ordinary verbs used in Lithuanian, e.g.: atbyrėj apples; the horn will be broken (=paldužysi); cyltu po duob@lor pakasė (=excavated) Dv; pamušė (= sudaužė) paiity; warrior uso vé (= shot) a person; the rings were (= stolen)šlč; apldisk (= run) gyrnas — thinly (= finely) grind DS; pdlku lazda) (= stands up stands up) (= shy; I missed (= I accompanied) my sister; will not melt (=unrest) graceful rain Mri; for ( =in)the arch (= pérvirto turned); column cherries; all pakantéjom (= we suffered); ėm ir was (= useful jy gear) nuog savi; his hands were broken. (= * dialect material of these items protected in Lithuania TSR MA In the manuscript ir collections of the Lithuanian Language and Literature Institute. 220 fireplace); ana atskuta (=shaved) bulb Kn; atpidu (=nupiové) a bunch of viodegy; usirgsit (=you will get sick) nog tos dionos; custom (=turned) the head; vyro motka (=mother) praskaité (= read) letters; fence broke (=sudraské) kaptony (=jacket); sūkepa (=iSkepa) crates; pračyrškino (=uZirskino, uZspirge) fat; apsižagnėju persižegnoju) in Lithuanian; Amber ( = ( = pravikrko) deeply; pagurine ldngy; all daughters of the married (=married); Squirrel (=double) ten pounds Lg; discovery (=cut off) man rafiq Trak: All Friends ma Long Pamiré (=died) ir jų bones rotted (=supuvo) SM. This type of functional values in the dialect are gajūs, ir jų more and more in it appears. There are many verbs with Slavic prepositions in the dialect, su for example: razbriūiko (=iSbrinko) udder; razdaré (=opened) the door; razbaide (=scared) chickens Dv; raspiou (= perpiové) per pusi; razmasho (=stirring) the drums' grooves: klaiiso Lg; rasisvéikino (= said su goodbye) all Truck; gegule: padmeté (= helped) paiity; padnesé (= brought) po durimi SM®. The BelarusianSkas prefix is repeatedly added to the ir Lithuanian prepositional verb. Such a verb usually acquires the meaning of the frequency of an action that took place in the past, e.g.: paišmirė (= išmirė vienas kito) people; po papamiFso forgot one another) (= success po Dv, Lg; paapķostē (=covered all the iš row) sa children; Parsley (=collected by) viogas Btr; paaZukéle (= caused one another) po mėdziuosa; paaz trisĕ (=apraištė) ébelis; paapšluoostė (=wiped all the rows) iš nose SM", plg. white. napasBitauua, rianparyJibBalub, nanpakaJynJiBaib, nanpakicaub, naHakapailb, naaTXaisillb, nanaesxaib, nanpsbiisgrans ir etc. " In rare cases, there is a Slavic ir su origin prefix one another adverbs e.g.: panedaugį "a little by a little, gradually" Lg, DS; panedaugelia "a little by a little" Btrm. The example of Belarusian adjectives with the meaning of possession here is made with the endings of Lithuanian ir nouns of the corresponding meaning, e.g.: sėnioj su (=grandfather's) shop:; é5kioj (=goat) skin), (= brown meat “Sheep” milk, (= cow’s milk) SM; Gabrukie (= Gabruko) fields, Petriukoj Death of (=Petriuk) Lg, plg. local Belarusian dialects Gadinbie ryci, KapoBinae MaJiako, Auronaynas Xara. The endings of su nouns in nominative adjectives occur in isolated ir Lithuanian dialects of Belarus TSR*. Slavic languages have some influence ir on the construction of adjective degrees. Instead of the upper-grade forms, the upper-grade forms are often used, e.g.: gersusio geresnio) gyvėnimo nėrai nėra) kap kalkozi (= (= (=in the collective farm) Lg; nérai gardzisusio gardesnio) (= per už) végélo: (= over the rope ir SM (plg. white. y msiHe Obly crapsiiubl Gpar; éH Obly nBapajzelinsi 3a Mane). The upper-grade forms are usually made with the Slavic su affix nai-, see. 5 but Z. Zinkevičius, Lithuanian dialectology, Vilnius, 1966, p. 30. * For more examples, see J. Lipskienė ir A. Vidugiris, Dieveniškiai dialect, — Lithuanian grammar structure (LKK, IX), Vilnius, Lithuania 1967, p. 203—204. * But plg. Kype cyuacrnait Genapyckaii Jireparypuai! Mobi, Mineck, 1957, p. 156. * See. J. Senkus. Some Peculiarities of Lazūnų — dialect, MAD, A, I, Vilnius, 1958, p. 187; E. Grinaveckienė, Collecting dialect material for the Lithuanian language atlas, LKK, III; e.g.: the — tastiest apples; Vilnius, 1960, p. 193, 221 naigerdusia (= best) fish Btrm, cf. balt. "HaliBeiusiiubl, HaiOsaeiwbl, lenk. The biggest, the best, the fastest. When forming the highest degree of all, the Lithuanian constructive component kwois added to the given form of the highest degree, e.g.: kuonaigraždausia "the most beautiful of all", kuonaimeilidusia, "the most beloved of all". ——In individual cases, the Lithuanian dialect of this area does not have foreign and Slavic dialectal forms or their contamination with Lithuanian ones. The Belarusian and Polish languages may have encouraged the use of the return particle of Lithuanian prepositional returning verbs not only between the preposition and the root, but also at the ending (although much less often), e.g.: netūpinosi „nesiskandino- “, neluposi „nesimušė“ SM, Lg; In the 1980s, "I'm Smiling" was featured on the B-side of "Smile". Taninua, Ginna, 3kanauua. Sometimes we find here verbs with even two conjugation particles, one of which is between the prefix and the root, the other — at the ending, e.g.: norėjom gyvénc, ale (=but) nezgyvėnas Kn. Sometimes the conjugation particle is added to the verbs (and participants) in cases where the word does not have the meaning typical of conjugation forms, e.g. sūnūs suslankéjis (<bending) visai Kn; tu insišlūpinsi (=susupissi) vandenin Dv, cf. balt. anaasiubia, BbiMOuBanua. In the Lithuanian dialect of this area, the reverse is not uncommon, when the return verbs do not have the return particle, and their meaning is described by analytical means, e.g.: paimk pas sdu „pasiimk“ Dv; In the 1990s, he was known for his roles in the television series The Crown, The Crown's Wife, The Crown's Wife 2, The Crown's Wife 3, and The Crown's Wife 4: The Crown's Wife. Occasionally ordinary verbs are used instead of conjugative verbs (similar to Belarusian and Polish), e.g.: užmovė (= engaged) glove and pradėj rduc dzylges Lg; s ūmušė (= beat) raiikų even cries Btrm; zadej(= put on) wolf hedgehog in carriage Brč. Greta shortened-. jusiy and the usual third-person forms of the pronoun (if you love, you should not do it) occur in the form with healthier limbs and also with the formant b, e.g.: that no one won't throw dust on Trak; kat ragétumb, kap svietas (= people) gyvéna SM, cf. balt. npHHec 6 Th Baabl; 3alinIOV 6 Th. The verb to be in the present tense here, as in Belarusian, is usually unpersonalized, 0 its third-person form has taken over the functions of all other persons, e.g.: I am pure “I have sinned” Dv: let it be (=be) it Mrį; you are (=are) people Kn, cf. balt. 5 (écup) uajaBeK; Bbi (cube) JIOjJ3i. The first person plural of verbs here occasionally has the ending -ma, e.g.: gyvulius varoma (= we drive) an linijos Trak; all winters sūkėma (= we turned) gyrnas Lg. The first-person plural ending -ma of verbs is generally typical of the Zemgalish dialects. In folk songs, it is occasionally found in the Kupiškis snicket area®. In southeastern Lithuania this ending, along with the universally used ending -me, occurs mainly only in those places where the Lithuanian language system is the most weakened, so here, in our understanding, it is more related to the corresponding ending of the Belarusian language: 3anjiaubiMa, rraGaubiMa??. The local Lithuanian dialects have a number of syntactic structures based on the example of Slavic languages. Among them are the following: 1. the use of the prefix on to designate the direction of action, the purpose, the quality of the object, the quantity of the action, e.g.: stava pietlias (= loop) an hare's and an moose's Lg; þ an German Mri; atdj daughter an trijij akiū SM; in the woods: * See Z. Zinkevičius, Lithuanian dialectology, p. 336. 10 Plg, T. II. Jlourbes, Beaopyccknit xa3six, Mocksa, 1951, p. 102. 222 ran away at the voice of piglets; raikia divided in three Brč, cf. balt. naTas Ha 3aiina; Kauka Ha Tpbl OUuH; JĮ3AJIŪ Ha TPbl YacLy. 2. the use of the prefix because of the construction to indicate the object and purpose of the action, e.g.: aš dėl marcids šūšuras SM; wheat for the old well Kn; I won’t say “I won’t call you a friend” because of you Ski; man for people dune diode Mri; pripečka (= pledge) for the shoot: dzieska (= vow) for the meat Lg; adau violkėlor (=violin) dé! rėvūlio Dv, cf. balt. ss 3pabmo rata A3ensi Bac; JĮ36JIA HaBeCTKi 51 JA3eBep. 3. the use of the prefix along in a construct with a noun to indicate the place of the action, e.g.: bear along this woman's side by price mėdo Brč, plg, balt.kans Gabi. 4. use of a prefix after a construct with a noun to indicate the object of the action, e.g. veikė po mocinai Dgn, cf. balt. nnaxkaus na Manepbi; for the head of manure Br, plg. white. I'm sorry. na 5. the use of the prefix before in a construction with a noun to indicate the time of action, e.g.: prieš tris karalius Škl, plg. white. nepan aabesnam. 6. Use of the prefix za (ažu, až) construction with the genitive: a) to indicate the time of action instead of the prefix to the construction, e.g. da buvo po Mikalėjo (= in the time of Nikolajus) SM; for cēro (=caro) the language was pressed: sa language sarmūcinas jauni Lg; for Lankijos (= in the bourgeois Poland period) ūtūrinom (= we spoke) Lithuanian Btrm: tai buvo da už ma atminciés „that I don’t remember yet“ Trak., plg. left. za the life, za the za creole, my memory; b) to indicate the time of action instead of the preposition after the construction, (= e.g.: za tés vainės karo) pamiré Mr:; ¢) to indicate the duration of an action instead of a preposition in constructions, e.g.: ažu vasaros ciek daug nenudzyrbsi; ažu vienés stundas un la̱tkɛū Kn. d) To indicate the place of action instead of the preposition from behind the construction, už e.g.: ľudia žúro kŕmiť Trak, plg. white. 3-3a KycTa; e) to indicate the cause of the action instead of the preposition through the construction, e.g.: I sviete (= people) nemačiaii for asary:; for the child i am disabled life Lg, cf. balt. 3-32 CJIE3; 3-3a Ballbi; f) to indicate the cause of the action instead of the preposition due to the construction, e.g.: álltam a víz litár (= liter) Ski; then we'll be angry with the chickens Kn. 7. Use of the prefix za (ažu, až) in constructions with a suffix: a) to indicate the present tense instead of the preposition after (or after) a construction with a noun, e.g.: ažu tris nedėlas (=savaites) buvo veséilia (= vestuvės) Dv; four Ds for three menas; returned for a year; you'll come back for a year for two; for what (=how many) times cigdnai (=gypsies) inváddu Lg, plg. balt. ycé anbuinacs 3a aJIHV MinyTy; left. heart sig in an hour; b) to indicate the direction of action instead of the preposition to the construction, e.g.: children fly (= run) behind these fires SM; c) to indicate the cause of the action instead of the preposition due to the construction, e.g.: ažu t.e. arklįir gūla and kėlia Mrj, cf. balt. 3-3a Kaus; d) to indicate the cause of the action instead of the preposition through the construction, e.g.: ažu dufnių (= fool) visų bažnyčių pragaišino (= destroyed), cf. balt. 3-3a JVpHA; e) to indicate the object of the action instead of the prefix in the construction, e.g.: za arkų pdrvirto Kn; ūnas jūnkės (= studied) až kunigy Lg, plg. balt. Byubinua 3a JokKTApa; 223 f) to indicate the object of the action instead of a noun, e.g.: adau dukteri za jį Lg; and za plaukus ém mani Kn, cf. balt. ajtaub 3a sro; g) to indicate the object of the action instead of the non-prepositional indefinite construct, e.g.: susiėdas (= neighbor) apsirengė už vėlnių Lg; The fingers of the fingers of the fingers of the fingers of the fingers of the fingers of the fingers of the fingers of the fingers of the fingers. dress up as a woman; sword yourself for the beautiful; Balt. I'm not going to go to the uopra. 8. Prepositional za (až) constructions with a subjunctive are used instead of constructions with a genitive to indicate a place, e.g.: šienduna 3a až Merkiū SM, cf. balt. kacini pakol. 9. there are cases when the verbs testi, iškišti, atminti, šaukti, imti here sometimes go not with the final, as in literary language, but with the genitive, e.g.: tįskit (=traukit) jo in viifšų; iškišo ylgo snapo Brč; atminé jo vafdo DS; Why are you shouting, dad SK; summoned palicijos (= militia) Dv; parents wanted her to take Škl., cf. balt. usirkynb y ca6e naBerpa; HOCa BBICYHYIlb; VCIIOMHILIb UAJIaBeKa; npacillb JanaMori; npacillb CJIOBa; y3sillb CJIOBA. 10. The verb to share is used here with the noun, e.g.: sėdės dalycis pinigais Dv, cf. balt. 3;Jūuna xJieGomM. 11. the adverb around is used in individual cases as a preposition that goes with the noun, e.g.: apliūkui harškos apstoj oves; apliūkui trobū —medzias (= forest) Brč, cf. balt. I'm sorry, I'm sorry. There are more Slavic-origin values of individual syntactic constructions here, e.g.: atėj dzieny o dvylikų valandų (= twelve o'clock) Brč, plg. — — ir white. npbmuoy y jįBaKanuaub yacoy; bus kilometres (=km) shashi Kn, plg. white. Gyjį3e Kijsomerpoy wisclb; one of a kind (=another) binds at the burdocks: one by iš one (=kito) atimdo Dv, plg. white. uicnyub chayanan annaro; Get out on the meadow DS; nuginé ganyc reviews Dv; by vésc tufgun Kn ir Mr. In general, the majority of the Slavic word-making grammatical ir structure borrowings and values occur in the everyday language, the folk narrative, especially its sung folklore, is o much less. jų On the other hand, some elements of word formation characteristic of the Lithuanian ir language are found in the local Belarusian ir dialect. Here we will say, common minor adverbs - VJISi || -I0J11'1, -yk || - 10K!? (and jų derivatives) — -yKylb, -efiuyk, -YJIIOK, sfuyk. The derivatives of these adverbs correspond to the adverbs used in the western Dzūkian dialects -ulis, -ulė, -(i)ukas, -uliukas, -ukucis ( = )-eičiukas ( < -egg) derivatives. Su prefixes -Y/IS|| -10JISI, -yK || -I0K is most often used for minor ir pleasing personal nouns and ir general words, e.g. : Axyas ‘Adulē’, Ilarpyjisi "Petrulė, Petrutė", Cracionsn ‘‘Stasytė’; [larpiok "Petrukas", Sluyk "Jonukas", 1 in the Belarusian dialect of this area there are a lot of minor ir graceful suffixes -yas derivatives, in our opinion, should be considered as Lithuanianisms, since in Polish, with which local Belarusian su Lithuanian dialects are in close contact, derivatives of this suffix ir are rare and usually have other meanings, cf. ir Jan Loš, Gramatyka polska, Cz. II, Poetry, Lviv, Warsaw, Krakow, dar plg. 1925, p. 48; J. Otrebski, East Lithuanian Turean dialects, I, Krakow, 1934, p. 153—154; Lithuanian Grammar, II, Warsaw, 1965, p. 128; LTSR MA Institute of Lithuanian ir Language and Literature, Lithuanian Language I, Grammar, Vilnius, Lithuania 1965, p. 274—275, 352. 12 Southwestern Lithuanian Belarusian dialects, as ir Belarusian In the territory of the TSR at Lietuvos TSR border, widely used suffixes -ukas minor derivatives are considered Lithuanianisms, since in the rest of Belarus they are rare and usually have other meanings, cf. ir Kype cyuacruaii Genapyckait JireparTypHaji MOBbI, p. 59. 224 T'a6pyk,,Gabrukas“; MaMYJIA "mommy"; pauions "daughter", CHCTpYJIA "sister", nsTYyJA "aunt", xanmyas,,Zmonelé", Garntoja "dad", ngimons "child", Gpatyas "brother", Ganbmyjs "big", cnanyjia,saldulé®; Make "dad", ASANYK "grandpa", Gparyk "brother", UATYMOK "daddy", assiaymox ",grandpa", MaMYy/IOK „mamulytė“ ir etc. The truck. Priesaga -yx || -iok quite common in family ir names made from the father's name, e.g. : 'a6pyki ,,The N. children of Gabriel”, JlamiHIOKi ,,The N. Children of Daminik“, IOsioki "The N. Children of Joseph" Trak, plg. let. dialects Gabriūkai ,,Gabrio's N. Children", Daminiukai "The N. Children of Dominic". Composite suffixes -YKYlIb, -3HUyK are quite commonly used in unmarried young sons' surnames, made from fathers' surnames, iš jų e.g. : The Son of the Man, The Son of the Man, The Son of the Man ,, The son of Tamasevidiaus", Tpyceiiuyk, "Son of Trusevičius" etc. ir The suffix -yKyub is added to the ir father's name. This is usually the case with unmarried children. : Anrykyns,,- Antanuko sūnus", Ilarpykymp "Petruko sūnus", l'a6pykyus- ,,Gabruko sūnus", plg. Lithuanian dialect equivalents Karpukūcis, Gabrukūcis, Zvirbluk cis. Some nouns in the local Belarusian dialect, unlike in the literary Belarusian, are in the same genus as the corresponding nouns in the Lithuanian dialect, e.g.: yapHbl ir Kpoy, Baijiiki ned, ajį3iH KaHay, plg. white. I'm going. uapHa Kpoy, BslJIiKas ned, ajįka KaHnaBa ir local Lithuanian dialect jiiodas kraiijas, dzidziūlis pé@éus, one kandlas. In Belarusian dialect about Trakus, Sentosius Maceliūs, Lygainius ir Butriménis third person singular form of present tense verbs together with the particle HsAxaK, probably due su to the influence of Lithuanian language, is used in the third person plural meaning of the permissive ir pronoun, e.g. : HXaH JIS A3eui V. Jec; Haxaii Hb 113¢ YOU3eJISI Hac, plg. the use of the third person singular forms of the present tense with the third person plural meaning in other cases: mscitb GpaTOY *BIBE; nuaJibi PYKOH i13€; Tpbl CbIHbI CJIYXKbIlIb V apMii; siHbl HeKaBijį3e CipOTKi; ransie siē BOH, but plg. white. lk. nual PYKOH ifylib; SIHbI FaHSIONb SIE BOH. In the local Belarusian dialect, several ir syntactic structures close to Lithuanian have been observed. Here is used a Lithuanian-- typical aspirative pronoun, e.g. : NPBA Nasbl¥billb HAXKa; 5 naioy TARSIS36b cBaei CSACTPH;, siHA nahunIJIa narjsjseub KapuiHi, naiimoy TpaBbi Kacimb Trak, Lg, plg. white. lk. naiimoy TPaBy Kacillb; NPLILLIH Narjasazeib Cappuccino. This is a list of Belarusian politicians from the Belarusian ir People's Republic, e.g. : &Cup Takix JO A3ei; cube BayKoy; čCnb sirafiay; cube Gapasikoy "there are strawberries" Btrm, Brg, Lg, Trak, plg. white. Ck, écup TaKie JIO A3i; éClb iran; cube Takie Cnpaswl ir pan. At the same time, it has been observed that iš some elements of the grammatical structure common or close to the two language systems do not disappear in the contact dialect. ir Although the grammatical system of the local Lithuanian dialect is in many cases slightly affected by the influence of contact languages, alongside ir the Lithuanian forms, the parallel use of borrowed and valued ir forms gradually begins, but the derivatives of the suffixes -očius, -ūnas, -okas, -inykas, -ynė, -ata do not disappear at all. Yes, a possible object, because the corresponding suffixes are relatively productive places in the Belarusian dialect, e.g.: liet. ir Trak, SM, Btrm Lg pilvecius, šakėcius, galvecius, barzdocius balt. — cijiau, Gapajau, Bycau; 51HbI '* Pig. E. 2009. The interaction of dialects of Lithuanian ir literary language. : Lithuanian language in Soviet years, Vilnius, 1967, p. 172—173. 15 Lithuanian grammar studies keikūnas, 225 rejūnas „rajūnas“, pasalfinas, bastūnas manryn — ‘sorcerer’, 6aJGaryn ‘plepys’, CBICTYH, A3iKYH, Kpbikyn; joke, joke, joke, joke — ryask "The hunter", meassik "Vvariokas", cCepejlHsiK,,mediumiokas®, nspliak ‘prepayment’; bicinykas, nakcigonykas „bendrabučio komendantas“, gyvatnykas „gyvačių gaudytojas, ju pardavinétojas®, tdrpinykas ,,balk in the garden, different Saline from the donkey", gréibinykas — BbijaTHiK "traitor", makynmik "buyer", najįJia3hiK "bastard", BasiyHik "warrior man", JiicHiK ‘eigulys’; saldzyné,,- meduolis®, Zemjné „žemuogė“, tolpné “distance”, wetland,Slapuma®, tankyné,tankumynas® rapaubiisi,.kar- — Stenybé®, uBépasiusi,.kietuma®, ObiCTpbHS “speed”, BullLHS “altitude”, uanuins “heat”; gyvata "life", balbata "snoring", lūpata "what is torn, one-piece" — nycrara, nabpara, ubieTaTa, necKaTa ir and so on. Both Lithuanian and local Belarusian ir dialects lively use iterative and frequentive prepositional verbs of the present tense ir (in su Lithuanian prefixes) -inéti, -dinėti, -dyti, Belarusian — -iBaib, -biBallb, -aBallb, -51Ballb, -oyBallb, -eyBallb), e.g. : let. ateidzyc "to come", atbėgdzinėc "to run often", atvažiuodzinėc "to come often", etc. — 3aneniBaub, 3aTpbIMJiBalb, MNaripbinaraub, pacisHiBaib and others ir In both dialects there are quite extensive ir uses of copulative numerals, e.g.: uséu (=shot) two wolves Boom, peeikety chickens have you Dv; atūj trūjetas cigony (=gypsy) DS, there was a bunch of kids SM, white. — ABYX CA JI LA T NpbILIJIO; V MSIHE TPOX CbIHOY i Jiauka; CipoT 4a T bi po X HAC Both, in the Belarusian literary language as (o well as in Lithuanian) in ir this case it is more likely to use quantitative nouns, e.g. : y MsHe Tpbi CbIHbI i JtauKa; NBA CbIHbI XBLIBYLb, plg. Lithuaniaš an I have three sons and ir a di daughter; sons ir live and so on. Both dialects are very characteriir stic of the widely used prepositionbe al suffix, e.g. spdrdos kdjom; dre juciais; ylu pradura; with one hand he killed wolves, cf. white. naroii mactykay; pykoii Mr. ir KaciJii. In neighbouring Lithuanian dialects, the noun possessor of the noun is sometimes inclined to su use the prefix su, but in the local Lithuanian dialect this process is almost imperceptible. Although both dialects use the noun of being (e. g. : you are a doctor "he's a doctor", bocia was an eagle "father was a eagle", cf. white. sina Ghia KacTayHineli "she was a teacher", npably Kile JACHIKOM „pragyveno amžių eiguliu“), but lately, in addition to the constructions, more and more often the jo constructions with the final preposition are used, e.g.: visų buicį buvaii su aigulių, cf. už sa až white. 6biuLs 3a npaBajiHikKa; siHa Oblina 3a racnajblHIO, 6H CTaV 3a CTaplibiHY; Bbl BiublTeCh 3a ByubllsijaeH, plg. Bend again. wynajqé sie stré za za ir kt In both dialects, instead of the passive participle of the singular plural noun of the past tense, the ir forms of the impersonal genitive are jy widely used, e.g.: drdbinės kėlnės siūloma Aish; meadow-- grown ir grass SM; people in the cellar ifmesta Lg, plg. white. canaxanb BbrapaHoO i I'm a little bit shy, but I'm a little bit clever. In both dialects, there are many cases where the mark goes after the mark word po in the sentence, e.g.: zapvūole jų "wolves tréis Lg; singing the holy hymns SM; paediatric (=dismantled) cyltus all Boom; What kind of animals are you? Two, plg. white. na sro nanan BOYKi Tpbl; naium AyXoM CBSTbIM “go where the foot takes”; nsie necbhHIO CBATYIO, ir sir. In these dialects, more common similar ir syntactic constructioar ns are widely used, e.g. dnas judkias manį, plg. iž white. another cmsion 3 Hac; left. on You're laughing ze at me, bet rus. CMeIOTCA 226 Haj Hamu; sweeter uz mčėdų, plg. white. Cananzeimmi 3a me 1; left. You're older than me, but you're Russian. cnaxe mina; wolf atéjj ir cut the teeth, pg. white. Boyk npHuoOYlNbI 3 Jiecy i 3apesay sl usJis, but rus. BOJIK MpHULIEJ € JIeca H Call Tenenka. In the contacted Lithuanian dialect, a number of disappearing grammatical ir elements characteristic of its system have been observed. They are disappearing, no be doubt, because there are no direct equivalents in other contact languages, their existence is not supported by the environment. ir jų iš Iš At the beginning, the scope of use of such language elements is usually sharply narrowed, the meaning begins to jų fade, they themselves disappear, stagger, but still remain in the dialect for a while. It has been noted that the meaning of the plural nouns that are disappearing here is considerably blurred in the local Lithuanian dialect. They are usually replaced by quantitative numerals. Since the plural nouns have faded, in dialect they are sometimes mixed with the plural nouns used in the latter's meaning, e.g. mes gyvėnom su pefikelios ir šėšelios varsnos nog. ar Valkinjky, Škl; Peūiikelius children raised SM ir Mr. There is also a category of semi-participants, which is unknown to other ir contact languages. In recent times, rare semi-participatory forms have become fixed in the dialect, sometimes used instead of participants, e.g. anys aina aidamū o ir ir (=going) all ( = vis) gieda Dv; kūsėm bulbės šuknės an sédédama (=sitting) Aish; red pig kylposa gulédamy (=guling) Lg; wolf grazing on a cow (= SM; when running (=laughs) in the air Btr; helping people (=einanéiy) ragéjau Dv; I heard, what is this whistling ir all nearby and whistling whistling- ); other (= people medzi (=miške) stovédama (=stovédamas) ragéj DS. Similar cases of use of pusdalyviy occur in ir isolated Lithuanian dialects Belarusian TSR. Composed tenses are also relatively rare here. The forms of the actors used in them have been significantly levelled. Instead of the singular ir forms of the past participle lai of the masculine ko feminine genus, here in all cases only the form of the masculine plural noun is used, its functions close to the jų Belarusian divisor? ?, e.g.: wolf flying (=run away) Lg; mergutditė (= mergina) the fuckin' ( = overwhelmed) SM; Keep your toes safe (=infected); dan nuzgafide (=snoring) Dv ir pan., plg. white. MYX Ha BaiiHe marinus; Low Aapory 3aHs ymb; éH 3 A lot of peek-a-boo. In general, instead of the conjugated verbs here are used more and more frequently the continuous tenses, but ir jų usage is often quite confused, sometimes quite unusual not typical of Lithuanian ar language, e.g.: kad nueinū aš (=I would have gone), I will do it (=I would have done) Bre pan. ir The following grammatical phenomena have emerged in the ir contacting Lithuanian Slavic languages of southeastern ar Lithuania: 1. The local Lithuanian dialect uses a number of words and syntactic constructions based on the example of Slavic languages. Iš jų mentionable: semantic value borrowings of verb prepositioir ns, semantic borrowings of adjective degrees, Slavic use of individual prepositions and control of verbs etc. ir In the local Belarusian dialect, elements of Lithuanian word-makiir ng syntax have been observed. See this. 14 J. Senkus. Lazūnų dialect texts, LKK, t. 2, Vilnius, 1959, p. 220; E. Grina veckienė, LKK, t. 3, Vilnius, 1960, p. 193; plg. but J. Lipskienė ir A. The Goddess of Love, c. : Grammar of the Lithuanian language (LKK, t. 9), Vilnius, 1967, p. 211. '5 Plg, II. T, Jlomtses, Beaap y ccknit siabix, p. 113; Hapkichi na Genapyckail You're the one, Miuck, 1964, p. 286, 288—290. 15* 227