Dėl žemaičių „mun-“ ir „num-“

LITHUANIAN LANGUAGES GRAMMATICS INVESTIGATIONS LITHUANIA TSR SCIENCE ACADEMY FOR ENGLISH munnumir B. VANAGIENĖ ir V. VITKAUSKAS Žemaičiai personal pronoun aš indirect verb nouns ir „house“ has a vowel in the root x (tarm. o. (u). This is why jų the singular aš paradigm of the pronoun is as follows: Northern I. (dounininkai) dialects Judrėnai Mosėdis Kretinga! aš aš aš mo'nęs mao nes mo.nes monei monei mon monei monė mūni moni monė'm || mone'm mone'm monie monie monie piety 2. (danininky) dialects Kuršėnai Vainūtas Vidūklė I I aš mūni's mones munes min morn moni" muon? || muni mong muni munim monė'm | munim munié monie munié western 3. (doninky) dialect? +]. Aleksandravičius, pronoun of the Kretinga dialect, "Kalbotyra", muion mum, nes t. 10, p. 121. * < Midwife ir Nemakščių dialects il, im, in, ir, il, um, un, ur > iel, iem, fen, fer, uol, tom, tion, ior. * Some of the forms now used in some western Žemaičių dialects have the root mansu (see section 4.4). English Grammar, t. I, Vilnius, but 1965, p. 647), they probably came from the earlier religious iš literature written in the western Altay dialect. That the western Samogitians used formerly form mun-, su shows our presentation Karklės ir Some examples of the ir paradigm of the Rūsnės dialects have been recorded in other places, e.g.: atpjd'uk miné vėsa (bread) angle: mini" say'k,%o aš dad' Rm&; We're in so the middle of it, lady. Sg; "ana mun} ožlarika pije" Krg; mimi, miina Sausgalviai, Šilutės raj., min Silinifikai, Šilutės raj. ir kt O that the literary form of the language used by the church can affect the pronunciation of individual dialect words, we see in the south of many northern Žemaičių iš dialects the ir collateralized word dieys dievas dievas, used next to sūdi'ų, divalau, di'vald'čau || || squirting, sitting, deivold au, pussylicking Lk, Trš, daivaldu Jar, Ms. It is used by the West Indian Railways. ir J. Swans, V. Urbutis, Du Žemaitiški 18th-century a. texts, "Baltistica, mūnes mon IV (2), 1968, p. 301. 14* 21t Coat* Cellar aš aš ? mun mūnė monė mūni munė'm The || root vowel has Žemaičių: adjective ? pronoun mano, plg.: muna w ir a) Grd, Klm, Krš, Skdv, Sauk, Vdk, Zg&; mona Coat*, Nmsh, Pj, Rsn, Sv, Tn, Vn; mgna, mg.visos šiaurės Žemaičių dialektai na piety žemaičiai apie ir Lalikuva, Pavandeng, Uzventj, Varniūs; noun forms my, my b) own, e.g.: mond sis, monūoje Rdn, Trš; month Lk, Pvn, Uzv; monūoje Rsn; munioji Krš, Sauk; c) various other derivatives of that root, pg.: mūniška' "as I am, according to me" Infringement; muni.sks ‘maniškis’ Ms, Pp, Rdn, Trš, Skd; monė.škės Jdr, Vvr; Monkey Pj, Tn, Vn; mund'tis: uojė mund'tis tu "wow" tu Infringement; munė“*li: tu jėtus munė'li "wow" tu Break. "There is a great deal of personality and personalisu ty in the writings of the ir 18—19 a. writers." : This is ira muna oblubiencius, wiras muna, fargas yr Panniftes muna ŽCh anfay muni 5; fawa žyidu saw ušlubawoie ŽCh 6; tu daugiaus munes tayp geray ne szersy ney dabosy StnD (addiction to 17th song brancheI s); Szenden still wife says sawą i wiriszki mąno himself, wijtoie mąno wiriszkys Dauk B 83; téret me first wake up all agreed to reject DaukBi VII; How's my daughter? Well, my lady? D 6; Nier män brotajtio for horses D 84: Part of the people magna wiskupistie giwengntiu ValančŽV II 11; Saul! nedziowink mun tu upala Clement LCh 261. The forms of su the root munsenii have attracted the attention of linguists, and there are ir various jų opinions about the origin of the root vowel. Some believe that uw here has arisen iš a, which, being between two nasal consonants, according to the laws of Žemaitijos dialects nį darkened, i.e. virto u (9, w), in the opinion of others, the root munsietina similar to su other languages (Latvian augšzemnieku dialect mun ‘man’, sl. s. mar 6) forms. Proponents of the first opinion claim: K. Bouga: ,,... Žemaičiai a between m ir n or n ir m The words w. namai, man, kamanos kamūnė are ir pronounced by the Samogitians: numai, mūn or mūnie, ir kūmunos kamunė "wild bee". P. Skardžius: .,... There is only a house in the place of the supposed Žemaičių rent. Here between n ir m was a converted į u (in fact it is some sound į between u ir 0) as in the words kūmunos, mūnie ir kamanos, manie*®, Grinaveckis: iš V. ‘Second (dvigarsiy am, an — B. V., V.) V. sandas in m, n many dialects of Lithuanian language is the first sanda, breaking the back row, į darkening, making less open... jį a į 9 dislocation ne 4 J. Gerullis ir Chr. Stang'as, Lithuanian fishermen's dialect in Prussia, Kaunas, 1933, p. XIV-XV. 5 Ibid., XV. p. 6 For Small forms of writing su manžr. J. Senkus, The dialect of the First Lithuanian Book, LKK, t. I, p. 81. 7 K. Book, Selected Writings, t. 2, Vilnius, 1959, p. 282. 8 "Mother tongue", Kaunas, 1937, p. 95 (P. Tin engraving on J. Laboko str. "The House". 212 only in these diphthongs, but also in other cases in the m, n environment, e.g.: noma: ~ namai, moni' mūnie...“ * K. Kuzavinis: “The phonetic form of the Žemaičių dialect mūnie originated from manie*°. According to this ~ view, the Žemaičių kalbos žodynas (Dictionary of Lithuanian Language) mainly transposes the Žemaičių munirgi as man-11. i P. Jonikas, according to the laws of his descriptive Pagramantis dialect, is unable to transpose munphonetically from mannegalingas (in Pagramantis am, an remain intact in all cases) the forms manes, min, muni, muni.m. transposes mimes, mim, muni, munimi, adding the remark that the root mun-“is most likely derived from man-”2. Similarly, Z. Zinkevičius in „Lietuvių dialektologija®“ says that “instead of the Altai root, the Manžemaičiai have mun-(mūnęs). The change can be phonetic, because and instead of the words kamūnė "wild bee? kūmanos, namas The Samogitians have kamunė, kūmunos, nūmas... thus, a becomes u in the surrounding of nasal consonants...**. In the text he gives the forms with the w vowel everywhere, e.g.: mim (p. 301), mimes (p. 297), numiū (p. 403), Appointed (p. 403), numien (p. 405) ir t.t. Chr. Stangas also indicates that the Žemaičių dialektai mungali may have been derived from iš man-14. Proponents of the second opinion claim: A. May: “The Baltic ir Slavic languages have developed a new (user's joke) — B. V., V.) V. darybą, be abejonės, dėl nobelius linksnio įtakos: pr. s. mennei i, another su root vocalism, lit. intestine. munei, sl. s. mouth “15. J. Endzelynas: "The same mun- (t. y. as Latvian ir augšzemnieku dialects — B. V., V.) V. in all indirect verbs of the personal pronoun in the adjective has ir Lithuanian (Žemaitijos) dialect... Ir Gotjo (Gauthiot)... probably correctly compared him to the Slavic man-housewife monoyo and the utility woman monč..." ** The same opinion J. Endzelynas has expressed later!". (Latvian linguists still explain the forms of the Upper Zemgale dialects with wu, e.g.: mun,,man“1- %), according to J. Endzelynas- .) * Grinaveckis, The development of phonetic characteristics of the ir jų north-western dialects of the Dininny, Vilnius State Pedagogical Institute, t. 11, Vilnius, 1960, p. 77. 10 K. Kysasuunc, Hekoropbie Bonpochi HCTOpHH MeECTOHMEHHĖŪ B JHTOBCKOM siabike. I'm going to go to the BonpocaM HCTOPHH GaJATHHACKHX s3bikoB. I don't know. Buasuioc, 1964, p. 13. ‘ Plg. : According to the cuckling, according to the lingering, it seems, my (orig. muna) daughter, it seems, my (orig. muna) young (StnD 23) LKZ VI 792; Mals my (orig. my) daughter singing... (D 23) LKŽ VI 82; Kiek ans mane (pronoun muni) is prikukdęs... (Krš) LKZ VI 794; Ans y greitesnis —ans gal mane (pronoun mani) antklenkti (KlyrŽ) LKŽ VI 49; Klimba braška jau mano (pronoun mitna) seni kaulai (Sauk) LKŽ VI 79; Ar čia seniai išlaidė ant manęs (pronoun md-nes) liežuvą... (Plt) LKZ VII 19; Mama, išlaidyk mane (pronoun muni) pro duris... (Dr) LKZ VII 21, although sometimes in the last volumes it is written differently, e.g. : You could go to muni (KivrZ) LKZ VI 49; I went to murza, * so that muni would remember (Trk) LKZ VI 155; Maliuitali muno! (Lk) LKZ VII 799; Yours came, and mine was mixed in the mud (Krš) LKZ VII 756; Oh, virgin muno, oh, young muno... (D 34) LKZ VII 816. 12 P. Jonikas, Pagramančio dialektas, Kaunas, 1939, p. 59. 13 Z. Zinkevičius, Lithuanian dialectology, Vilnius, 1966, p. 299. '4 Chr. S. Stang, Comparative Grammar of the Baltic Languages, Oslo —Bergen —Tromsė, 1966, p. 251. 15 A. Meiie, O6wecaassinckuil sa3bik, Mocksa, 1951, p. 365. 16 J. Endzelins, Grammar of the Latvian language, Riga, 1951, p. 509. 7 J. Endzelins, Senie slavu un baltu valodu sakari, “Latvijas PSR Ziņu Akadēmijas Vēstis”, Riga, 1952, No. 3, p. 40. '8 M. Rudzite, Latviešu dialektoloģija, Riga, 1964, p. 350. 213 J. Otrembskis:,,The morpheme munrepeats in all forms of the first-person pronoun casus obligui. Its antiquity is proved by the s. Russian singular noun MOH GO, A. Valeckiené: “In the Žemaičių dialect all the pronoun I singular indirect verbs have the root mun-: mungs, mun, mune, etc. … The Žemaičių mung is probably an old root, not some phonetic dialectal processing of man-. In the singular, mun also has parts of the Latvian Eastern dialects- "? ?, The word numas (nd ms, nūms) in the Žemaičių dialektai has a different interpretation of the root vowel wu. This word is used in the entire area of Žemaičių dialektai and means: 1. residential house: Yl, Pvn, Slat, Užv; 2nd ed. the native place, the native home: Akm, Klk, Krš, Pp, Sauk, Trš, Vkš; 3. barn: Pln, Rs, Vdk,; 4. preposition: Dov, Klp, Krg, Plik, Prk* Especially common adjectives: ndėmėi „home, home“ Dr, Jdr, Krtn, Lk, Ms, Pp, Sd, Trš, Vvr; names: Lkv, Pj, Pvn, Užv, Varn, Vds; Name it Grd, Pgr, Rs, Skdv, Trg, Vdk, Vn; named: Kaiklé®®, Rsn, Sg; nominal Kv, Pj, Sv; npmén Krg; Kin name Sg, Slu; named Kim, Nmk, Sauk, Vg. The root vowel w is also present in derived Words, e.g.: numi.nis „home“ Lk, Pp, Rdn, Sd, Trš; nominal Krš, Krtv, Skdv, Sauk; nomė.škės „homesteader“ Jdr, Kv, Vvr; name Ms, Pp, Rdn, Trš; bitten Pj, Sv, Vn, Žv; i-npmi's "house" Jdr, Pvn, Rdn, Trš, Vds; f'nomd'utę „įnamiauti“ Ms, Pp, Sd, Trš, Vn, Vvr, Žv: i"'numauti Krš, Krtv, Sauk; i'nomeni'nks "house": a[§] stati"so didę bota, ko'r galésp keturas i'nomeni'nkos irsilė*stė- *s Prk: nod'mnešis "house is carried": paskūoli'n[- k] kūokę nūors koské'le nė"mnešę Ms; ng'msū'rks "housekeeper, caretaker" Mžk; ng'msaū'rks Klk, Pp, Pvn, Rdn, Trš, Užv, Vds; nurūsarks Krš, Krtv, Sauk; prynumis "prefecture" Kalėtė**. The word įnumys, probably from the Žemaites, has western Altai dialects about Šakynas, Gruzdžiūs, Šimkaičiai. The form inums is used in the Gramzda dialect of Latvian and in the writings of some writers; in Latvian writings there is also the form inumnieks®. We also find the root in the writings of 17th-19th century Žemaičių writers: Broley idant nuog wilku ne atraftumime|Laukie bandos drafkomos | numan tekiekime Slavočinskis LCh 77;...nu numu iki numu waykščio, ga/padas ulihma ZCh 25;... tynay numelufy ubagifzkufy, kaypo ubagay, ubagifzka kamarely nunuwmoje ZCh 43; Palinkat tusztczius Numus, dyrbat nor apylsi Poška LCh 269; Buwa garsas aplynkuy yr wysy Zyndja Jog numus to Zemayjcze dytoras dabéja Stanevičius LCh 313; Sesu sesery wiszne wadyn todel jog jy ysztekiedama netrukus palaus buty numyszke '* J. English Grammar, English Grammar, t. 3, Warsaw, Poland 1956, p. 136. * English Grammar, t. 1 (man. red. K. Ulvydas), Vilnius, Lithuania 1965, p. 647 (author of the section A. Valeckienė). see, beto, Valeckienė, A. On the Morphological Structure of the Lithuanian Language and Its ir Development, kn. : Morphological structure of the ir Lithuanian language and its development, Vilnius, 1964, p. 10; A. Valeckienė, On the development of the conjugation systems of non-noun pronouns in the current Lithuanian language, ir „,Baltistica“, I (2), Vilnius, 1966, p. 131. * Plg. J. Balčikonis , Priemenė ir synonyms, „,„Baltistica“, II (2), Vilnius, 1966, p. 191. *# J. Gerullis ir Chr. Stang'as, min. Week XV p. * J. Balčikonis, min. p., p. 191. * J. Endzelins and E. Hauzenberga, Addendums and corrections to K. Miilenbach's Latvian Su Language Dictionary, t. 1, Riga, 1934-1938, p. 501. 214 Stn D 20 (addiction); Such wissą swą gywenimą szenden yet kalnienaj ir Zamaytej teb waden n 6 Maize, nu semi-primary, ir semi-secondary and trobesio n 6 m 6 wadinamo DaukB 30; Wadino ji Names, nu zodiac signs, and beautiful names. i Dauk B 83; What's up, baby? Are you beatsexy? I The old numbers are gone. I D 10; Numaj buwa ju zemi bet gan plati, katrusi warga wenkart wisajs numiszkiejs giwolejs su Valané ZV 1 8. As for the origin of the numbal, u the already be discussed opinion about the phonetic change of the vowel a between the nasal consonants**, it is also said that here this voice could have arisen due to the change of the vowels. Such opinions are R. Trautman®, E. Frenkel? ". The word only dialectic apophony tends to interpret ir R. Schmitlein? *?. The Lithuanian language dictionary transposes the root numpa normally to nam-, only when an illustrative example is given in the Samogitian iš writings of ancient writers, num-* is left. Iš According to the cited sources, the history of the investigation of the indirect vowel root of the first-person pronoun in ir the Žemaičių dialects is closely related to the investigation of the su vowel a between nasal consonants. Therefore, we must first examine in more detail the issue ar of the a voices between m ir n always boils w. If this is a law, common to all Žemaičių dialects, then the roots mun-, numbus phonetically originated ir from older man-, nam-. iš — Words su with a vowels between m, n There is not much written in the Žemaičių dialects, but they show this. , 1. The words kūmanos, kamūnė in Žemaitija are pronounced kū'monas, kamonie (kamunie) just į west of the line Mažeikiai — Telšiai — Animals — Kvėdarna?" (see section 4.4). Earth. ), i.e. ne the whole area of Žemaičių dialektai, as may appear from iš some quotes, in these words the vowel between consonana ts m ir n ‘,forces’ į u. The eastern part of Žemaitija pronounces these words su a, e.g. dpmesitri's, pagrūa'ži'ntas kū'manas blėzgo'nčes Vds; the convex i"ge"Is Pvn; spserės i kamanė.kę ę golies pri ščimo'nta (furnace heating walls) Rdn; ka‘manas grazé-snes — i sveéps kor važduji Turf; kama fu bija'u thiola iš Krš (Rudeni km.); a piršlė“s važūrsi, ka su kamanums atkli-s Krš (Pažiužmė km.); that a sleigh honey Grd; mine ka already §vénéums, ne kuoznd: dina Grd; I'm gonna put so you in jail. Vn; kama'nes ké rpiese suguluses Skdv ; su kamanums važū'dava Skdv; su kamanuéms pamd-uc plūkli's Pašilė (į west of Krasny). Noted fluctuations even in kamonie, kaū'monas usage area, e.g., tiršliuosė said kū'monas (sometimes ir kū'manas), but always only kamanie*!. Thus, the words kamonie, ka'monas do not unconditionally indicate that man-, nam- ** For the representatives of this opinion, see. footnote 7, 8,9, 10, 12, 13, 14. Be to, but V. Pisani, Il Baltic theme *name- ‘‘Studies Baltici“, t. 4, 1934— 1935, p. 52, second footnote. * R. Trautmann, Baltic Slavic Dictionary, Gottingen, Germany 1923, p. 123. ¥ E. Fraenkel, Lithuanian etymological dictionary, Heidelberg-Gėttingen, 1962, p. 482. ® R. Schmittlein, Etudes sur nationalitė la des Aestii, Baden, 1948, p. 90. ** Called geese swan, o domestic (tarm. nOmė.nes) tar, tar, tar, kler, kler, kler (Sts) LKŽ VI 53; Motyna paliko namie (tarm. (iii) non-flickering, o aš į markets (GROANS) LKŽ VI 79: Nė the same households (tarm. nOmėškė") does not know what the reason was for her (Brs) LKZ VI 163: She brought the baby in her own lap (S. Dauk) LKŽ VI 20; All the talkers walked out, preaching to the people. (M. Valanč) LKŽ VI 27. ** We could not find out how the people of Klaipėda pronounce these words. Iš older entries In the LKŽ file there is a leaflet iš Dovilų, where the form kūmanos is written, but it is a dialect, a formalized ar form, is difficult to say. ar "A. Information from Girdenis. 215 1 i — i 777 77 —] Vara — ‘oO Mik e, *29g = ns Yy Toke AL r o Sk OKri = m) A ‘Ws a T EVs 2 ji | TS % 1 i ie: aN. 7 P eGrz iii 7/90; \ 0 M kam r Code ®lg r = fo" į ®5 this oPkr p Lk by . k, white ras eekKrtv Rd e Kip a/7 *ę 4 SOT Sauk *5 End /Rf eUiv 224 g . Vy yr Tv 70 fd = RT PRAT i ME EE i Pi po 30 = . $3 IIIA CTI ALL eGrnk kin n See BN Rite Nk WSiv o OCs (This TS e Bt E e *Krk sn „27 Kite W.a2oč hg 2 Ar 30s RTP | 8) ia m country *s LJ rnv 72 e Pgg M. Smin o! 'P Cig čk ® sy 2 "Gi Srd = Kdl Pik Ka Ve Vik, —=i Bb eSk eik; o — Ch ®Snt Gr; eink: eBr ZP Kaunas —= Nm oBeer ®KzR v ———— 00000600 4 oViky 55 : Kbr eGž ešil eVrb j z P ET [TTT] s ®Ki ®Kps gGdi ePjv ik ® dė a eLdvn pa razhę - 1. The limits of Žemaičių 2. patarmijos; mun-. the limit of 3. estimation; kūmunos, kamunė 4. pronunciation area; am, an > om (um), (a) on river; within 5. the už borders of Žemaitija. in all Samogitian dialects becomes mun-, num-. Rather it is another western A collection of words in Zemgalių dialects, kūmunos suffixes (plg. but "Story of the Monkey's mą Nest". ka 2. The name of the well-known marshes of the Northern Samogitians is pronounced kamū'nas ~ Kamanos: pg'ryus (name of the stream) es prasé.ded ėš kamūr'nu, tii pė'Iku Yks (Purvénu km.); Akm, Krš, Lc, Lz, Mžk, Pp, Trš, Var, the name of the remaining lake in them is kamanu ėžė'rs — ~ Kamanų &zero Akm, Klk, Vgr, Vkš, a village near the o marshes called tų pdkamané: ~ Hangman. 3. The verb to think has su many meanings in ir Vedic in all Žemaičių dialects is pronounced se with the root su a*?, e.g.: mani“k ta'msta, ga'lva diejūos mo ms i" Vds: gėra: mand'us pri' malū'na Pj; we've already seen it, we've been vo there. Sts; dsp laba' mani'ta, né'kénto leiZpunesu Rdn; vind: būoba' vaikiibū'- su fū suki mani'ti's Infringement; neapmand-u kou bedari‘te: pieste er été'nt pd.snakte ates Sts: i'šmana'u Kv; neešmaniem kou badari‘te Brs; ka'p ané: té'rp séves ka'lb, més neismané m Prk: o.nc. Nobody's been injured at this job. Nvr; Nepd'rmanau can. tu če sakd'i Ll; pėrmja'u biiobas, numani‘k, li'sa pina celendro.ka pri‘selé*da —i“ viedra e né'sa's Lkv: kad ani: pates nenusemana, kor as ai-so prasite Pvn; what about esmani-tia: paii-mso dé'ria —eslaksti's vėsė nėkė' Rdn. The only exception is the village of Skomankaime in the district of Švėkšnos. iHeard forms: mond: tab dé'rbda ms; moni‘te gali ka'p niore, “tek ti'liek; mona moni'mo, chė négera. tį Judging by the forms of the kg to Shvekshan dialect, for example, the singular and plural nouns aném, geré'm, send'm, gražo'm, laukė'ms, va ki ms, vi'ro"ms, arklė'ms, and the mentioned manyti pronunciation is probably 4. In passive past participle forms, the vowel a is always retained in their derivatives, e.g.: trénamii'n vaisto toro Pvn; mare. nama gel Jdr; He is in Ze'uma, the treasurer of the Trees; anūos pēnamē va'nėka' Pj; toro tres pénamas, tri's pė'nela" *vi'g Uzv; rogé: pjūarunameę Pkl; vago'rkla' é'r i" daigė.namas Plng; ana bo va nu sė*na ga'rbenama Ms; Son: I'm 18 years old Nvr; penamiioji kū'ule Yl and so on. All these cases do not allow us to agree with the categorical statements that the roots munir are phonetically extinct from man-, nam-. Furthermore, it should be recalled that mun-, numareal-is much larger than the area of the diphthongs am, an transformation om (um), on(un), so it would seem that a is translated into o (u) in those roots independently of the translation of the aforementioned diphthongs, which is not convincing. Having found that a turns into w in the environment of nasal consonants not very strictly according to the law, the root of the indirect vowels of the Žemaičių personal pronoun aš can be more boldly associated with the singular noun form of Latvian dialects mun, Old Slavic max and, as indicated by S. Karaliūnas*- *, even with pronouns of Anatolian languages: Hittite am (m)uk “me, I, me”, Lician emu and amu, Lidian amu “me, me”. There is no equivalent in other languages. However, considering the conditionality of the transformation of the vowel a into w between the nasal consonants, we would be inclined to think that the view that the Zemgalian num has a different root vowel is more acceptable. 32 Cf. also from older writings: Dwy paskutynenses atgranžas tayp reyk yszmaniti StnD 17 (notes); Wysadoos wyineyp teyszmana Emphasis; wislab parmanyset DaukBi VII; Evil man's knowledge DaukBi IX ir kt 33 S. Karaliūnas, Seniausieji baltų ir slavų kalbų santykiai (The oldest relations between the Baltic and Slavic languages), Vilnius, 1966, p. 288; C. Kapamionac, ĮlpeBneiinime ornonienua GanTHACKMX HM CJaBSHCKHX s3biKoB (aBTopedepar), Buasuioc, 1967, p. 217