Dėl žemaičių „mun-“ ir „num-“

LIETUVIŲ KALBOS GRAMATIKOS TYRINĖJIMAI LIETUVOS TSR MOKSLŲ AKADEMIJA ON THE SAMOGITIAN mun- and num- B. VANAGIENĖ ir V. VITKAUSKAS In the oblique cases of the personal pronoun aš ‘I’ and in the root of the word numas ‘house’, Samogitians have the vowel u (dialectal o, ū). Thus, the singular paradigm of their pronoun aš is as follows: 1. Northern (dounininkai) dialects Judrėnai Mósėdis Kretingà1 aš aš aš mō·nes mō·nes mō·nes mōnẹi mōnẹi mō·n | mōnẹi mōnẹ mūni mōni mōnẹ·m mōnẹ·m mōnẹ·m mōnie mōnie mōnie 2. Southern (dūnininkai) dialects Kuršėnai Vainutas Viduklė aš aš aš mūnī·s mōnes mīnes mūn mō·n || mōnī· muon2 mūnị monẹ muni mūnịm monẹ·m mūnịm mūnie monie mūnie 3. Western (donininkai) dialects3 1 J. Aleksandravičius, The Pronoun in the Kretinga Dialect, “Kalbotyra,” vol. 10, p. 121. mūon < mūn, because in the Viduklė and Nemakščiai dialects il, im, in, ir, ul, um, un, ur > are iel, iem, ien, ier, uol, uom, uon, uor. 3 In some Western Samogitian dialects, forms with the root mun- are now used (see Lietuvių kalbos gramatika, vol. 1, Vilnius, 1965, p. 647), but they most likely came from religious literature written in the Western Aukštaitian dialect, which had earlier become widespread there. That Western Samogitian forms with mun- were formerly used is shown by the paradigms of the Karklė and Rusnė dialects presented here and by individual examples recorded elsewhere; compare: atpjā'uk mūnē vėsa (duonos) kā'mpa; mūni sakī'k, uo as tēvi Rmč; ē'k so mūnē·m, pariodī·so Sg; āna mūni ozī·ika gerō Krg; mūni, mūna Sausg alviai, Šilutė district, mūn Šilininkai, Šilutė district, etc. And that the form of the literary language used in church can affect the pronunciation of individual dialect words is evident from the literary-influenced word diegs || diēvas || dievas, used in the southern and many northern Samogitian dialects alongside sūdrų, dī·valau, dī·val·čau Krš, sōdėję, diēvola'č'au, pūondėnė Lk, Trš, dēivāla'u Jdr, Ms. On the root mun- used formerly and now in Western Samogitian, see J. Lebedys, V. Urbutis, Du žemaitiški XVIII a. vidurio tekstai, “Baltistica,” IV (2), 1968, p. 301. 14* 211 Willow4 I? mọn mọnė? — Rùsnė I mùnės mùn || mùne mùnį mung·m — The root vowel u is also found in Samogitian in: a) the possessive pronoun māno, compare: mūna Grd, Klm, Krš, Skdv, Šauk, Vdk, Žgč; mòna Kārklė⁵, NmŠ, Pj, Rsn, Šv, Tn, Vn; mõ·na, mõ·na in all Northern Samogitian dialects and in the Southern Samogitian dialects around Laukuva, Pāvandenė, Užventis, and Varniai; b) pronominal forms manāsis, manōji, compare: mònā·sis, mònūo-jė Rdn, Trš; mònā·ses Lk, Pvn, Užv; mònūoje Rsn; munūoji Krš, Šauk; c) various other derivatives of the same root, compare: mūniška “like me, according to me” Krš; muniškis “mine” Ms, Pp, Rdn, Trš, Skd; mọnė·škes Jdr, Vvr; mọnėškes Pj, Tn, Vn; munā·tis: uojė tu munā·tis “oh, you, my dear” Krš; munė·li: jėtuš tu munė·li “oh, you, my dear” Krš. Forms of both the personal and possessive pronouns with the root mun- are also found in the writings of 18th–19th-century Samogitian authors⁶, e.g.: Tas tay ira muna oblubiencius, wiras muna, yr fargas Pannifies muna ŽCh 5; anfay muni sawa žyidu saw usłubawoie ŽCh 6; tu daugiaus m unes tayp geray ne szersy ney dabosy StnD (note to the first branch of song 17); Szenden dar žmona sako i sawą wiriszki mąno pats, wijtoie mąno wiriszkys Dauk B 83; tóret mąn pirmó pazadieti vissus pritarus atmesti DaukBi VII; Bene mąna dukrele? Bene mana jaunoiė? D 6; Nier mąn brotajtio žirgams balnoti D 84; Dalis žmoniu mąna wiskupistie giwenqntiu ValančŽV II 11; Saule! nedziowink tu mun upala Klementas LCh 261. Forms with the root mun- have long attracted linguists’ attention, and various views have been expressed about the origin of the root vowel. Some believe that u here developed from a, which, when situated between two nasals adjacent to vowels, became darker according to the sound law of the Samogitian dialects, i.e. changed into u (o, u). Others consider the root mun- related to similar forms in other languages (Latvian Upper Latvian dialects mun “me,” Old Church Slavonic мънѣ). The arguments of proponents of the first view: K. Būga: “… Samogitians change a between m and n, or n and m, into the vowel u. The words namai, man, kamanos ir kamanė are pronounced by Samogitians as: numai, mùn arba mùnie, kāmunos ir kamunė ‘wild bee’⁷. P. Skardžius: “… in place of the alleged Samogitian numo there is only namas. Here a between n and m was changed into u (in fact, into a certain sound between u and o), just as in the words kāmunos, mūnie from kamanos, mūnie8. V. Grinaveckis: “The second element (of the diphthongs am, an — B. V., V. V.) m, n in many Lithuanian dialects has shifted the first element back, darkened it, and made it less open… This view is confirmed by the change of a to o not 4 J. Gerullis ir Chr. Stang’as, Lietuvių žvejų tarmė Prūsuose, Kaunas, 1933, p. XIV–XV. 5 Same place, p. XV. 6 For forms with man- in Mažvydas’s writings, see J. Senkus, The Dialect of the First Lithuanian Book, LKK, vol. 1, p. 81. 7 K. Būga, Rinktiniai raštai, vol. 2, Vilnius, 1959, p. 282. 8 “Gimtoji kalba,” Kaunas, 1937, p. 95 (P. Skardžius’s note to J. Labokas’s article “Žemaičių namas”). 212 not only in these diphthongs, but also in other cases in the environment of m, n, e.g.: nòmā ~ namāi, mònì ~ mànie…9 K. Kuzavinis: “The Samogitian dialect form mùnie arose phonetically from mànie10.” Following this view, in the “Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language,” Samogitian mun- is likewise mostly transposed from man-11. Unable to phonetically transpose mun- from man- according to the rules of the Pagramantis dialect he describes (in Pagramantis, am, an remain intact in all cases), P. Jonikas transposes the forms mìnes, mùn, mùni, muni.m̄. as mùnes, mùn, mùni, munimi, adding the note that the root mun- “probably derives from man-12.” Z. Zinkevičius takes a similar approach in “Lithuanian Dialectology,” stating that “In place of the Aukštaitian stem man-, Samogitians have mun- (mùnes). The change may be phonetic, since instead of the words kamãnė ‘wild bee,’ kãmanos, nãmas, Samogitians have kamunẽ, kãmunos, nùmas… Thus, a changes to u in the environment of a nasal consonant…”13 Throughout the text he gives these forms with the vowel u, e.g.: mùn (p. 301), mùnes (p. 297), mumũ (p. 403), numiẽ (p. 403), numiẽn (p. 405), and so on. Chr. Stang also points out that Samogitian dialectal mun- may derive from man-14. Arguments by proponents of the second view: A. Meillet: “The Baltic and Slavic languages developed a new formation (the dative case – B. V., V. V.), undoubtedly under the influence of the genitive case: Old Prussian mennei and, with a different root vocalism, Lithuanian dialectal mùnei, Old Church Slavonic мънѣ“15.” J. Endzelīns: “The same mun- (i.e., as in the Latvian Augšzeme dialects – B. V., V. V.) is found in all oblique cases of the personal pronoun and in the possessive pronoun in Lithuanian (Samogitian) dialects… And Gauthiot… probably rightly compared it with Slavic mъn- in the instrumental mъnojo and dative mъně…“16 J. Endzelīns expressed the same view later as well17. (Following J. Endzelīns, Latvian linguists still explain forms in the Augšzeme dialects with u, e.g.: mu:n ‘me’18). 9 Vl. Grinaveckis, Phonetic Features of the Northwestern Dünininkai Dialects and Their Development, Vilnius State Pedagogical Institute Research Papers, vol. 11, Vilnius, 1960, p. 77. 10 K. Kuzavins, Some Questions in the History of Pronouns in the Lithuanian Language. Conference on Questions in the History of the Baltic Languages. Programme and Abstracts of Papers. Vilnius, 1964, p. 13. 11 Cf.: By coo-cooing, by swaying, it seems my (orig. muna) daughter, it seems my (orig. muna) young bride (StnD 23) LKŽ VI 792; My daughter (orig. mano) sings… (D 23) LKŽ VI 82; How much he has cooed to me (dial. mùni)… (Krš) LKŽ VI 794; He is faster—he may overtake me (dial. mùni) (Klvž) LKŽ VI 49; My old bones are already creaking and cracking (dial. mùna) (Šauk) LKŽ VI 79; Is it long ago that a Lithuanian was sent out against me (dial. mòne˙s)… (Plt) LKŽ VII 19; Mother, let me (dial. mùni) out through the door… (Dr) LKŽ VII 21, although in some cases the last volumes also give forms differently, e.g.: You could have come to me (mùni) (KlvrŽ) LKŽ VI 49; I laid it in the mud so that it would remember me (mùni) (Trk) LKŽ VI 155; My little miller! (Lk) LKŽ VII 799; You avoid yours, while mine you mix into the mud (Krš) LKŽ VII 756; Oh, my girl, oh, my young bride… (D 34) LKŽ VII 816. 12 P. Jonikas, Pagramančio tarmė, Kaunas, 1939, p. 59. 13 Z. Zinkevičius, Lietuvių dialektologija, Vilnius, 1966, p. 299. 14 Chr. S. Stang, Comparative Grammar of the Baltic Languages, Oslo – Bergen – Tromsø, 1966, p. 251. 15 A. Meйe, Общеславянский язык, Москва, 1951, p. 365. 16 J. Endzelīns, Latviešu valodas gramatika, Rīga, 1951, p. 509. 17 J. Endzelīns, Old Contacts between Slavic and Baltic Languages, “Latvijas PSR Zinātņu Akademijas Vēstis,” Riga, 1952, No. 3, p. 40. 18 M. Rudzīte, Latviešu dialektoloģija, Rīga, 1964, p. 350. 213 J. Otrębski: “The morpheme mun- recurs in all the oblique-case forms of the first-person pronoun. Its antiquity is demonstrated by the Old Russian singular dative мънѣ19.” A. Valeckienė: “In the Samogitian dialect, all the singular oblique cases of the pronoun aš have the stem mun-: munęs, mun, mune, and so on. … Samogitian mun- is most likely an old stem, not some phonetic dialectal alteration of man-. The eastern dialects of Latvian also have mun in the singular dative.”20 The root vowel numas (nõ˙ms, nũms) of the word in the Samogitian dialects is also interpreted differently: u. This word is used throughout the Samogitian dialect area and means: 1. a dwelling house: Yl, Pvn, Šlnt, Užv; 2. pl. one’s native place, childhood home: Akm, Klk, Krš, Pp, Šauk, Trš, Vkš; 3. a barn: Pln, Rs, Vdk,; 4. an entrance hall: Dov, Klp, Krg, Plik, Prk21. The adverbs are particularly widespread: nọmēi ‘at home, homeward’ Dr, Jdr, Krtn, Lk, Ms, Pp, Sd, Trš, Vvr; nõmi˙ Lkv, Pj, Pvn, Užv, Varn, Vds; nūmi˙ Grd, Pgr, Rs, Skdv, Trg, Vdk, Vn; nọmē˙ Kaŕklē22, Rsn, Sg; nọmi˙n Kv, Pj, Šv; nọmē˙n Krg; ṇumē˙n Kin Sg, Šlu; ṇumuõ Klm, Nmk, Šauk, Vg. Derived words also have the root vowel u, e.g.: numi.nis ‘domestic’ Lk, Pp, Rdn, Sd, Trš; ṇumi˙nis Krš, Krtv, Skdv, Šauk; nọmē˙škes ‘member of a household’ Jdr, Kv, Vvr; nu-mi˙škis Ms, Pp, Rdn, Trš; nọmē˙škes Pj, Šv, Vn, Žv; i˙nomi˙s ‘lodger’ Jdr, Pvn, Rdn, Trš, Vds; i˙nomā˙ute ‘to take in lodgers’ Ms, Pp, Sd, Trš, Vn, Vvr, Žv; i˙numauti Krš, Krtv, Šauk; i˙nomēni˙nks ‘lodger’: a[š] statā˙so dide bōta, kõr galē˙so kētures i˙nomēni˙nkos i˙silē˙tē˙s Prk; nõ˙mnēšis ‘carried about at home’: paskuõli˙n[k] kiõke nūors koskē˙le nõ˙mnēše Ms; nõ˙msā˙rks ‘housekeeper, caretaker’ Mžk; nõ˙msā˙rks Klk, Pp, Pvn, Rdn, Trš, Užv, Vds; ṇumsārks Krš, Krtv, Šauk; prýnumis ‘porch’ Kalotė23. The word inumys, probably borrowed from Samogitian, is found in the Western Aukštaitian dialect around Šakyna, Gruzdžiai, and Šimkaičiai. The form inums is used in the Latvian Gramzda dialect and in the writings of some authors; the form inumnieks24 is also found in Latvian texts. We also find the stem num- in the writings of 17th–19th-century Samogitian authors: Broley idant nuog wilka ne atrafumime|Laukie bandos draſkomos | n u m a n tekiekime Slavočinskis LCh 77; … nu n u m u iki n u m u wayksčio, galpadas prasidama ŽCh 25; … tynay nameluſu ubagiſzkuſy, kaypo ubagay, ubagiſzka kamarely n u n u w m o j e ŽCh 43; Palinkai tusztczius N u m u s, dyrbat nor apylſi Poška LCh 269; Buwa garsas apłynkyw yr wysy žynoja Jog n u m u s to Žemaycze aytoras dabōja Stanevičius LCh 313; Sesu sesery wiszne wadyn todel jog jy ysztekiedama netrukus palaus buty n u m y s z k e 19 J. Otrebski, Gramatyka języka litewskiego, t. 3, Warszawa, 1956, p. 136. 20 Grammar of the Lithuanian Language, vol. 1 (ed. in chief K. Ulvydas), Vilnius, 1965, p. 647 (chapter author A. Valeckienė); see also A. Valeckienė, On the morphological structure of the Lithuanian language and its development, in: The Morphological Structure of the Lithuanian Language and Its Development, Vilnius, 1964, p. 10; A. Valeckienė, On the formation and development of the declensional systems of non-gendered pronouns in contemporary Lithuanian, “Baltistica”, I (2), Vilnius, 1966, p. 131. 21 Cf. J. Balčikonis, Porch and synonyms, “Baltistica”, II (2), Vilnius, 1966, p. 191. 22 J. Gerullis and Chr. Stang, op. cit., p. XV. 23 J. Balčikonis, op. cit., p. 191. 24 J. Endzelīns un E. Hauzenberga, Papildinājumi un labojumi K. Mühlenbacha Latviešu valodas vārdnīcai, t. 1, Rīgā, 1934—1938, p. 501. 214 Stn D 20 (note): All their life, the Samogitians still call their home the first and oldest of their buildings DaukB 30; They called it Nomiejó, from the word numie, which always stands in their home Dauk B 83; How shall I fare? How shall I reach my mother-in-law’s little garden and the old little houses? D 10; Their homes were low but quite wide, in which they lived once upon a time with all their household animals Valanč ŽV I 8. As for the origin of the vowel u in num-, besides the already discussed view that the vowel a changed phonetically between nasal consonants25, it is also argued that this vowel may have arisen here through ablaut. R. Trautmann26 and E. Fraenkel27 hold this view. R. Schmittlein28, too, tends to explain the word numai by dialectal apophony. The “Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language” generally transposes the root num- as nam-; only when an illustrative example is taken from the writings of old Samogitian authors is num- retained29. The sources cited show that the history of research into the oblique cases of the Samogitian dialects’ first-person pronoun and the root num- is closely connected with the investigation of the fate of the vowel a between nasal consonants. It is therefore necessary first to examine in greater detail whether the vowel a between m and n always changes into u. If this is a rule common to all Samogitian dialects, then the roots mun-, num-, too, will have arisen phonetically from the older forms—man-, nam-. Few words with the vowel a between m and n have been recorded in the Samogitian dialects, but they show the following. 1. The words kāmanos, kamānė are pronounced in Samogitia as kā˙manas, kā˙manie (kāmunie) only west of the line Mažeikiai—Telšiai—Tverai—Kvėdarna30 (see below); that is, it is not the case that the vowel a between the consonants m and n “changes” to u in these words throughout the entire Samogitian dialect area, as some of the quotations given might suggest. The eastern part of Samogitia pronounces these words with a, e.g.: āpmest'r's, pagrā˙ž'įntas kā˙manas blęzgó˙nčes Vds; kamā˙nę i˙gė˙ls Pvn; ššperėis i kamamę.kę e golles pri šeimó˙nta (the stove’s warming ledges) Rdn; kā˙manas gražė˙šnes — i svečės kō˙r važūji Trs; kamā˙nų bl-jāu iš tuola Krš (Rūdėnai village); a piršlė˙s važū˙si, ka su kamanūms arklī˙s Krš (Pažiužmė village); a tas kamani̇nis medūs Grd; kā˙manas jau švenčums, ne kuožna˙ di˙na˙ Grd; so kamanūoms arklī˙s pastati˙c ki˙mė Vn; kamā˙nes kė˙rpiese sugūlūses Skdv; sū kamanūms važū˙dava Skdv; sū kamanūoms pamā˙ue arklī˙s Pašilė (west of Kražiai). Variation has even been observed in the area where kā˙manie, kā˙manas are used; for example, in Tirkšliai people say kā˙manas (sometimes also kā˙manas), but always only kā˙manie31. Thus, the words kā˙manie, kā˙manas do not yet unambiguously show that man-, nam- 25 For representatives of that view, see footnotes 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14. In addition, see V. Pisani, Il tema baltico *nama- „Studi Baltici“, vol. 4, 1934—1935, p. 52, second footnote. 26 R. Trautmann, Baltisch-slavisches Wörterbuch, Göttingen, 1923, p. 123. 27 E. Fraenkel, Litauisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, Heidelberg-Göttingen, 1962, p. 482. 28 R. Schmittlein, Études sur la nationalité des Aestii, Baden, 1948, p. 90. 29The ducks are quacking, the geese are honking, and the domestic ones (dial. nómė.nės) go tar, tar, tar, kler, kler, kler (Šts) LKŽ VI 53; Mother left me at home (dial. nómę) babbling, while I went to the market (Grg) LKŽ VI 79; Not even the household members (dial. nómėškė) know why she got into trouble (Brs) LKŽ VI 163; She herself brought the baby home, babbling (S. Dauk) LKŽ VI 20; All the helpers walked back home, chattering (M. Valanč) LKŽ VI 27. 30 It was not possible to find out how people in the Klaipėda area pronounce these words. Among the older records in the LKŽ card index there is a slip from Dovilai with the form kāmanos, but it is difficult to say whether this is a dialect form or one adapted to the literary language. 31 Information from A. Girdenis. 215 1. Boundaries of the Samogitian subdialects; 2. pronunciation boundary of mun-, num-; 3. area where kāmunos, kamunė are pronounced; 4. boundary between am, an > and om (um), on (un); 5. inumyš beyond the Samogitian boundaries. in all Samogitian dialects become mun-, num-. Rather, these are suffixes of the western Samogitian words kamunė, kãmunos (cf. also the form kã·menas heard in Mósėdis, alongside kã·monas). 2. The name of the widely known bogs in northern Samogitia is pronounced kamã·nas ~ Kamãnos: põ·rus (name of a stream) prasę·ded ęs kamã·nu, ės tū· pė·lku in Vkš (Purvėnai village); in Akm, Krš, Lc, Lž, Mžk, Pp, Trš, Vgr, the name of the little lake remaining in them is ka-mã·nu ẽžė·rs ~ Lake Kamanai in Akm, Klk, Vgr, Vkš, while a village near these bogs is called pãkamanė ~ Pãkamānai. 3. Veiksmažodis manýti su daugybe reikšmių ir vedinių visose žemaičių tarmėse tariamas su šakniniu a³², pvz.: manī·k tã·msta, mõ·ms i· gã·lva dėjiuos Vds; gė-rã· manã·us pri· mali·na Pj; ons jau manėjis sė·rktę, vọ dã·r isigõ·ndęs Šts; ašọ lãbã· manī·ta, nē·kė·ntọ leĩžọnušeu Rdn; vi·nã· buoba· su vaikū· bũ·rũ sunīkū manī·ti·s Krš; neapmanã·u kọu bedarī·tę: pięstę ẽ·tọ·nt er pǫ·snaktę ãtė·s Šts; i·šmanã·u Kv; neẽšmaniem kọu badarī·tę Brs; kã·p ãnė· tė·rp šėves kã·lb, mėš neišmanė·m Prk; ọ·nc pri tūo dã·rba nieka nepã·rmana Vvr; nepã·rmanau kan. tu cė sakãi· Ll; pėrmjã·u buobas, nu·manī·k, lī·sa pī·na cėlendrọ·ka pri·selė·da — i·viedra e nė·šã·s Lkv; kad ãnī· pã·tes nenu·šemã·na, kọ·r aš ãĩ·sọ praši·tę Pvn; kàs par ešmanī·tuoje: paiī·mso dė·rža — ešlakstī·s vėšė nēkė· Rdn. Išimti sudaro tik Švėkšnos apylinkės Skomantų kaime išgirstos formos: kõ· to monã· tã·b dẽ·rbdã·ms; monī·te gãlė kã·p niore, tęķ ti·lieķ; mõna mõnī·mo, cẽ nēgerã·. Sprendžiant iš Švėkšnos tarmės formų, pvz., vienaskaitos ir daugiskaitos naudininkų anõm, gerõ·m, senõ·m, gražõ·m, laukõ·ms, vakõ·ms, vi·rõ·ms, arklė·ms ir minėtasis manýti tariamas yra, tikriausiai, naujas (galėjęs atsirasti nusižiūrėjus į kitus žodžius, gal net į įvardžio mun- šaknį). 4. In forms of past passive participles and their derivatives, the vowel a is always retained, e.g.: trẽnamũ·n vãisto tòrọ Pvn; marė· nama gõ·ĩ Jdr; je važõ·nama, važõuk Trš; ãnios pėnamė va·nėkã· Pj; tõrõ trės pė·namos, trī·s pė·nclã· žvī·g Užv; rõgė· pjã·uname Pkl; vagõ·rklã· ė·r ī· daigė·namis Plng; ãnà bõ·va nu sē·na gã·rbenama Ms; sũ·nkė· i· gã·unamės Vvr; penamuoji kã·ulė Yl, etc. All these cases do not allow us to agree with categorical assertions that the roots mun- and num- arose phonetically from man-, nam-. Moreover, it should be recalled that the distribution of mun-, num- is much wider than that of the diphthongs am, an changing into ọm (am), ọṇ(un); thus it would seem that a in those roots changes into ọ (u) independently of the aforementioned diphthong change, which is already unconvincing. Once it has been established that a changes to u in the environment of nasal consonants with only fairly loose regularity, the root mun- in the oblique cases of the Samogitian personal pronoun for ‘I’ can more confidently be linked to the Latvian dialect singular dative form mun, Old Church Slavonic мѫнѣ and, as S. Karaliūnas³³ points out, even to pronouns in the Anatolian languages: Hittite am (m)uk ‘me, I, to me’, Lycian emu and amu, Lydian amu ‘I, to me’. The Samogitian numas. has no cognates in related languages. However, bearing in mind the conditional nature of the change of vowel a to u between nasal consonants, we would be inclined to consider more acceptable the view that Samogitian num- has a different root vowel. ³² Cf. also in older writings: Dwy paskutynnes atgrąžas tayp reyk yszmaniti StnD 17 (marginal note); Wysados wyneyp teyszmana Pabrėža; wislab parmanyset DaukBi VII; nelabs žmonių pramanimas DaukBi IX, and others. ³³ S. Karaliūnas, Seniausieji baltų ir slavų kalbų santykiai (doctoral dissertation in philology, typescript), Vilnius, 1966, p. 288; C. Каралюнас, Древнейшие отношения балтийских и славянских языков (автореферат), Вильнюс, 1967, p. 11. 217 ON THE SUBJECT OF SAMOGITIAN type- and pit- Б. ВАНАГЕНЕ, В. ВИТКАУСКАС Резюме In the oblique cases, the Žemaitians pronounce the personal pronoun aš “I” and the word namas “house, hut” with the root vowel u (instead of Aukštaitian a), e.g., mòṇèi (mòm), mò nì, mùn “to me”; nộ·ms, núms “house”. It is hardly possible to agree with the view that the vowel i in mun-, pun- phonetically derives from the vowel a, since a between two nasal consonants does not “turn into” i in all Žemaitian dialects. Specifically: a) the words kàmanos “bridle” and katànė “bumblebee” are pronounced with u, i.e. kamunos and katunė, only west of the Mažeikiai–Telšiai–Tverai–Kvedarna line; b) Northern Žemaitians pronounce their place names Kamanos “name of a bog,” Kamanu ežeras “Lake Kamanu,” Pakamaniai “name of a village” with a: kamà·nas, kamà·ni ežė·rs, pàkamanė; c) nearly all Žemaitians pronounce the word manyti “1. to think, suppose; 2. to intend, expect” with root a, and so on. Moreover, the geographical distribution of mun-, pun- is much broader than that of Žemaitian diphthongal combinations ot, op (it, ip) < am, an. Therefore, the Žemaitian pronoun mun-, should most likely be connected with the dialectal form of the Latvian dative singular mun- and Old Church Slavonic мьнѣ. The word namas may have a different root vowel.