Naujasis „Rusų–lietuvių kalbų žodynas“

mines gender of place names, his work would have been much more compact and precise. Individual subsections and sections would of course have taken a completely different form. Among other minor flaws and inaccuracies, we can point out the dubious etymologies that occur, especially in cases where the adverbial oikonimos is derived simply from a common word. For example, from the common words of Slavic origin pdpas, patasas (< German Pottasch), randas (< Polish rząd „government, board...“), sabalas, tūboras, važnyčia the place names Papiškės, Papiškiai (p. 55), Patūšinė (J. Princo incorrectly spelled Patašynė), Patūšiškės, Patūšiškė (p. 55), Randiškė (p. 55), Sabališkėnai, Sabališkės (p. 56), Tabarai, Tabarauskai (p. 56), Vazniškiai (Gudeliai; J. Princo incorrectly —Važniškiai), Vazniškiai (Liudvinavas; p. 57) are in fact suffixes -iškreiškiniai from personal names Papas, Patūšius, Randis, Sabalys, Tabaras, Tabarauskas, Vaznis, Vaznys, Vaznius. Some of these names may be of Slavic origin. The name of the village Demeniškiai (p. 44) is not from Russian ĮJleMban or Polish. The lake is named after Dominic. The placenames Pakuonis (Pokojnie) and Salūperaugis (Salopirogi) are clear examples of substitution (Deutung), but the author mentions them only in the section on the endings of the forms. For example, the author, speaking about the changes of suffixes and endings, states that the Polish forms of the place names Alšėnai (p. 65, 126; Garliava), Barsūkai (p. 164; Liudvinavas), Bundériai (p. 166; Alytus) Olszany, Borsuki, Bondary are the earlier ones, while their Lithuanian equivalents are allegedly processed from Polish. However, such a claim requires evidence, more precisely, the history of the placename. After all, the place name Barsūkai may have been formed later than the common word barsūkas came into the Lithuanian language. It may have been derived from the Latin word for "little" or "small". In this case, the Polish ending -i will only be the equivalent of the Lithuanian ending -ai, and not the other way around, as J. Princas claims. : At the end of the book the author added a map of the former Suvalki gubernija. This is a very necessary addition, but the Lithuanian genders could also have been given to the place names on the map, at least the names of the most Lithuanian places. There is another citation inaccuracy, for example: L. 23, p. | is Likiškėlio, and J. Princas gives Likiškėliai; Sabeliškeniai (the exact form is Sabaliskénai) is L. 23, p. 2,0 not p. 1; Jakūboniai —L. 23, p. 281, not p. 218. A. Vanagas NEW,,RUSH-LITHUANIAN LANGUAGE DICTIONARY“ Russian-Lithuanian language dictionary. Compiled using printed and manuscript material collected by J. Baronas. Prepared by V. Baronas and V. Galinis. Edited by A-H prof. B. Larinas, K-H and T-§ J. Macaitis (edited), O-C K. Musteikis. „Mintis“, Vilnius, 1967 (I d. 569 p., II d. 622 p.). The well-known pedagogue and lexicographer J. Baronas (1873—1952) published his,,Dictionary of Russian and Lithuanian” in 1924. 200 1933 A new dictionary, ir consisting of huge volumes, was prepared on the basis of the extensive manuscript material left by this dictionary. du —about 200 aut. bows. The vocabulary 75.000 covers over words. We have not had such a comprehensive Russian-Lithuanian dictionary so far. The dictionary compilers have done well using the printed manuscript ir J. Baron's vocabulary. This dictionary, as is known, has made a fairly profound impression on Lithuanian lexicography. Jo "Russian-Lithuanian Dictionary" is very rich in it abounds only — folk spoken language of ne various scripts words, but ir ir jo self-made new creations. Per J. Barono dictionary of į Lithuanian literary language included such now known words as: apžavai, gaisravietė, gembinė, linksmuolis, niekalas (brokas), niršulys, niršus, nuoraudis, nuožvalgus, pastriūbomis, pašnekovas and others. The new dictionary, though compiled ir J. It is based on the Baron's dictionary, but is in little similar to it, if at all, in the į richness of Zodyninés' material. Both in its volume and the selection of words by lexicographic processing ir jų —this is a new dictionary, compiled according to the principles of Soviet lexicography. Į jį mainly includes words of the current Russian literary language, but dialects more common in newer Russian ir literature, as well as obsolete words, have not been strictly avoided. The dictionary contains a large number of scientific and technical terms. ir At the words of the Russian language, if necessary, the characteristics of use indicate to which area of the language jų they belong, what is their! 's — stylistic shade. The words are divided into meanings and illustrated with examples of use. ir jų Po to už of a certain sign (rombo) contains non-creativeža ly translated į Lithuanian prepositions, proverbs, phraseological words. Here are a few of them: epim rar nucannomy lies untied; Oytinas no eon08ytuKa — pauksta, pramušitgalvis, narsuolis; ladies eurma escape; — — Oéuieeo da enuao cheap — meat dogs eat; monuamo mpanouxy to keep a bitten 6 tongue, not — to speak, not needed; cto get the end of the ccock, ko to twist the He neck; oHnu 201086 — dpye dpyea cmosamb both good such, both one end; Nocae yocura — 2opuuya — Dry in the afternoon; nyeanas 60poka u Kycma GoumcAa — fucked in hot cold ir blows; cOeAamo myxu U3 cAoKa— carrying iš the needle, etc. ir The dictionary is in many respects commendable. However, as in every great work, so in this, there is one more inaccuracy ir imperfection as. ar Here are some of the minors we have noticed. 1. Words are į translated into Lithuanian with numerous synonyms (lexical, functional, morphological), e.g. : Apoxb — drebulys, virpulys, virpesys, virpčiojimas, drebėjimas, kratulys, šiurpulys, šiurpas, žvarbis; cold sores; pyGwnma — 1. vézdas, pagalys, brūklys, strypas, strampas, kuoka... 2. a fool, a fool, a fool, a fool, a fool, a fool, a fool, a fool, a fool, a fool, a fool. A number of meaningful stylistic ir synonyms can be found in almost any word with a broader kmeaning. The abundant use of synonyms is undoubtedly a be characteristic of the adjective ma dictionary, because it is always ne possible to find for a word in one language only one exact equivalent ir in another language. — However, iš on the other hand, the excessive presentato ion of ir ne synonyms, o sometimes synonyms, words of rather distant meaning to one another in the language * New m.) (1967 the dictionary's ir preface list of lexicographical sources incorrectly indicates that the second edition was published by the actual, second edition, last page, 1932 m. Iš immediately after the dictionary text, printed date po — 1933 m. February, 7 d. Tą apparently, Zodyn was finished printing. 1933 m. date specifies ir "Little Soviet Encyclopedia". 201 to translate the word, —impedes it from being understood in its proper meaning. Take, for example, the word ryaska from this dictionary, which is translated into Lithuanian with the following equivalents: dykinėtojas, bastūnas, šlaitas; padauža, pludungis, ūžautojas, ūžikas, puotautojas, lėbautojas, girtuoklis; Hounol eyaska — nightingale, pabalda, nightingale, kildash. As we can see, for one Russian word there are Lithuanian equivalents with quite different meanings. Russian dictionaries interpret the word eyasxa as follows:,,- TOT, KTO NpasjJHO H pa3ryJibHo MKHBET“- %;, TOT, KTO JIIOGHT TYJISITb- “*, If the first three words (the hunter, the baton, the slope) more or less express the content of the word eynara, then padauža — more corresponds to Russian nocesa, pludungis — eemperux, žžautojas, žžikas, puotautojas, lėbautojas — Kymuaa, drunkard — neanuya; naktikovis (=naktikovas?) —a rare dialect word, meaning nightingale. It is completely incomprehensible and it is not known where the kildash was taken from (akadem. „Lietuvių kalbos žodynas“ V t. it is not included). The word Ganga („Conbnioh TSKĖJILIŪ MOOT“) is translated into Lithuanian as —kūjis, kuoka, vézdas. But these are words with different meanings: hammer — iron tool, and hammerhead, hammer — wooden tools and more corresponds to the Russian word JdyO6una. Gor — god, godfather; stabas. It is hardly necessary to have an idol here (Russian: udoa, ucmyKan). neryx —cock, squeetron. In fact, the skētron, like the kakarikon, is only a pronoun of the cock, not a synonym of nominative meaning. 2.Some Russian words are translated into Lithuanian with rare, incomprehensible Zodziai made by J. Baronas or other authors, e.g. : Ope3sryn —dygeklis (J. Baronas’s dictionary II 1. used dyguoklis), neapsivėžėlis, išvingėlis, magašius, šlykštuolis. It is not clear where the words dygeklis and magašius were taken from, their academic, Lithuanian language dictionary is not found. The word 6yxr has the following equivalents: ryšulys, gniutulas, gezulas, kypa. Instead of the word gezulas, it was better to use kezulas. The word kypa has the meaning of,kriivos, virtinės“ given in the Lithuanian language dictionary, and not,rySulio®. GypeBaJi translates: windbreak, windbreaker, debris, outburst, break, breakage, breakage, breakage, breakage, breakage, kirma, debris. The word kirma is recorded only in this dictionary. In addition to the well-known fracture, the rare fracture becomes unnecessary. It is possible that such rare words as byjus „fear“ (601345), blizgas „brightness“ (6recna), dyksmiltė,Jakusis smėlys“ (cbiny4uti necox), dotalas, dotas „gift“ (nodapok), ritis „basement“ (noepeb) have passed from A. Juška’s dictionary to this dictionary. Words used only in J. Barono and this dictionary: girdyklas „,gėralas“ (noiino), spiegura „krėnelė, krėna“ (naena), blastūnas „jintrigantas“ (uxmpuearnm), gamus „produktyvus, derlingas“ (npous3eodumehoHblii), nugapustys „Jakusis smėlynas“ (coinyuue necku), gydvietė „kurortas“ (kypopm), geltymas „yogurtas“ (cenrmox), sėdis „seansas“ (ceanc), balšys „bat“ (Aemysdan Moltuo). It seems that the dictionary could perfectly do without them. 3.In the preamble the authors note that, in presenting the meanings of Russian words, they do not avoid,,in serious cases even more widely used stranymybiy®”. To such,,iSimti2 See. CnoBapb pycckoro s3biKa. Cocrasutesn C. H. Oxeros, ag. 4-oe, M., 1960. 3 CnoBapb little s3bika. Coct. HucruryroM sisbikosnanua Akageduno Hayk CCCP, T. I, M., 4 See 1957. S. I. Ozhegov- 's dictionary, 202 of the cases could be attributed to the words bliūdas (621000), balana (Ayuuna), bizonas (Kamua), karčiama (Kopuma), rėčka (6ades), gryčia (usba) and others, but Germanisms such as: Ronas „,log, wallmower“ (6peexo), spangis „rėčka, tub“ (6ades), šnapsas „vodka“ (tunanc), tynė „bath“ (eanna) are hardly necessary for the dictionary. Some of the words used in the dictionary are no longer used in literary language, such as atmirti "to die, disappear, cease to exist" (ommepemo), nucamenockuti "writers'" (nucamenockuti), xyaueanume "to behave like a hooligan", and kymaey "Kkinas" (Kkinas). 4. The glossary contains a large number of terms from various scientific fields. Most of them are successfully used and translated into Lithuanian. However, there are also terminological inaccuracies and inconsistencies. In the dictionary, some compound proper names are spelled differently, e.g. : First of May (str. maéexka, mai, uecmeue and First of May (str. nepeomaii, nepeomaitickui, npeOmaitickui); Birds' path (p. mMAe4Holi, nymo*“), but Red Cross (p. Kpecm). It is necessary to adhere to the “Lietuviy kalbos gramatika” and write the second elements of the mentioned and other similar compound names in capital letters. In the article 2epouHs is written mother hero, and in the article Mambo the same word combination — mother-heroine. The hyphen is not required in this case. In the article "soy" is written medicinal asparagus (Asparagus offic.), and in the article "cnapoca" — asparagus (Asparagus). It is recommended to follow the,,Naujausi lietuviški žodžiai“ and to write in apostrophes. It should also be written non-pocket tobacco (p. naueunoiii), but travelling tobacco. There is also a difference in the pronunciation of terms, e.g. : Ziovéin (p. 3e6) and Ziovéin (p. A66ėkoK), bylpinigi (p. u3aOdepoaxu) and bylpinigi (p. cyoeGroul), vostaka, Fulica atra (p. Kypouxa) and vastaka, Fulica atra (p. avicyr), bulb sunflower (p. epytwia) and potato sunflower (p. 3emnanoiti- ), ten-day tripmena (p. Oecamoiunotii) and ten-day tripmena (p. dpobs), reed chicken (p. 6odanou, Kypuua) and reed chicken (p. KaMbuUHUK), etc. It is also possible to detect outdated and inaccurate terms in the dictionary. We will mention the most characteristic ones. In the article o6esxcupernroul we find Lithuanian equivalents degreased, degreasing (degreasing wool, degreasing preparations with spirit, etc.). This is a real misunderstanding. One can only argue about the correctness of the words defasten —nuriebalinimas (cf. dewatering->dewatering, de-fishing—- >de-fishing, etc.) and their suitability to describe the generalized meaning of the removal of the substance marked by the root of the noun verb®, but in no way can verbs made from adjectives and their noun abstracts be used for this purpose. The word kopeika in the dictionary translates to the Lithuanian equivalent krūtininė, krūtingalis. It is necessary to indicate either two meanings of this Russian term, or to translate only back, as proposed in,,Rusy-Lietuviy Languages Polytechnic Dictionary“ (Vilnius, 1959). The word kopeika in the livestock glossary is interpreted as "cnuRXas HIM nosckusnas 4acmb ceunoit norAymytuu". In the present Russian literary language5 the inequalities in the spelling of Russian terms are not discussed in this review, although they also occur, e.g. : Maeuntid nymo (str. nymo) and Maeunowd [Tyme (str. maeunoud), mne6Gedb KAuKyK (str. 2e6eds) and aebedo-xaukys (str. Kauxkame) etc. 6 More on this Zr. „Language Culture“, 7, Vilnius, 1964, p.29. 7 DHUMKJIONIeIHYECKHT CJIOBAPL-CNPABOYHHK NO JKHBOTHOBOACTBY, M., 1960, p. 219. 203 je the word xopetixa is primarily used in this sense*. In Vilnius city branded meat shops kopeixa is also called only nugarine. The article proposes the word overflow (MHOeocmynenuamoii: nepenad — multi-stage overflow) as the hydrotechnical term for nepenad. The melioration specialists translate the Russian term nepenad into Lithuanian threshold (MH020CmyneKuamoii nepenad — multi-level threshold)?. In the Lithuanian dictionary, the soup is called ceasnka. Culinary experts have long called this soup the Lithuanian word šuupininė. This name is also used in the menu. It is much more appropriate than the aforementioned loan. In the article dsypyuras it is written Jeypysnas nuna —two-handed beak, and in the article nuaa —nonepeunas (0sypyunas) nuna —two-handed beak. The term soak translates to sea wolf (fish), Anarchis lupus, and in article 02k we find wolf, Anarchis lupus. The article saay states that sasuss Konycma — the great Siloka, Sedum maximum, and the article Kanycma translates the same Russian term as Oxalis acetosella. All of the above-mentioned Lithuanian terms are not offensive, but in the same work they still had to be uniformized. The dictionary contains Latin terms in botany and zoology that are not used equally. Pyz. : Jle6edo Kauxkyu—- swan singer, Cygnus cygnus (str. Ae6eJdo), but Aeb6edo-- kaukyn—swan singer, Cygnus musicus (str. KAuKamo). In the works of T. Ivanauskas, M. Valius and other ornithologists this swan is called Cygnus cygnus L. Mopckoii nee —sea lion, Otaria stelleri (str. zee), sea lion, Otaria stelleri (str. wopckoti), but sea lion, Phoca leonina (str. cueytu). Not only the Latin, but also the Lithuanian equivalents are not harmonized. Ilaciokx — gray rat, Rattus norvegicus, but Kpbica — gray rat, Mus decumanus. In the works of T. Ivanauskas, S. Maldžiūnaitė and other zoologists this rat is called Rattus norvegicus in Latin. Opaan — sea eagle, Haliaeetus, but mopckoū opéa — sea eagle, Haliastus albicilla (str. moperotii). In the works of T. Ivanauskas this eagle is called Haliačtus albicilla in Latin. Kaywa — Colenus monedula, but easka — Coleus monedula. In the Lithuanian language dictionary, as well as in the works of T. Ivanauskas and S. Mastauskas, kuosa is called Coloeus monedula. We will also list some of the proofreading errors in the presentation of this type of terms, which may mislead the reader and which are not included in the list of observed and corrected errors attached to the second volume. For example: esixyxoso —muskusiné rat, kurménas, Desman moschata (=Desmana moschata); 20aybs: unknown: 201Yy06 —Coenas (= Columba oenas or C. oenas); KpacHbowii: KpacHoui 2yco —flamingas, Phoencopterus (=Phoenicopterus), plg. ¢pramureo—flamingas, Phoenicopteri (= Phoenicopterus); C6UHKQ: Guinea pig, Clavia cobaya (=Cavia cobaya), cf. mopckol: guinea pig, Cavia cobaya; cancan — peregrine falcon, Falco peregrinus (= Falco peregrinus); KOHCKULL: KOHCKUŪ waseab — horse sour, gudaZolé, Rumex hyd8 Zr. CnoBaps COBPEMEHHOBO pycekoro JIMTEpaTyHHOTo siswika, T. 5, M., 1956.? See. J. Čeičys, Melioracijos terminų žodynas, Vilnius 1960, p. 154, 204 rolopathum (= Rumex hydrolapathum), plg. uųaeenb : KoHcKull wasess — long-leaved sorrel, grey sorrel, Rumex hydrolapathum; rononasnka —chivy, canapiné, chard, Acanthis (Carduelis) canabina (= Acanthis cannabina), plg. Penoa’s — chives, Acanthis cannabina. 5. Ir Russian, ir Lithuanian words are spelled, except those written in italics. When pronouncing Lithuanian words, we try not to deviate from the rules of pronunciation established in literary language, although they are still firm everywhere. ne Old J. The Baron's dictionary was particularly flawed in this respect. Many of the words were pronounced according to the Eastern dialect, whose representative was the author himself. International words were pronounced particularly badly. These errors are no longer present in the new dictionary. Very few spelling errors found: resting (=to be — angry) str. omdbixarowmjui, king (=king) —xoponeeus, lion (=rain) — mpscuna, not dried (=not dried) — str. Moaoko, seven-year-old (=seven-year-o- — ld) cemunemue, horrible (=shindra) — 6ypask. At the word Pronunciation du variants given by Eepona — Europe ir Europa, although other similar words are pronounced differently: Bona, Roma, Onega. The authors of the dictionary, apparently, wanted to show a tendency to ją use a kind of pronunciation of words, but it is hardly justified. ar K. Gaivenis ir A. Lyberis