A. Kašarausko leksikografiniai darbai

LEKSIKOS TYRINĖJIMAI LIETUVOS TSR MOKSLŲ AKADEMIJA A. Kašarauskas’s Lexicographic Works J. KRUOPAS A. Kašarauskas (1821–1882), who signed himself Kossarzewski in Polish, was a man of very broad learning and ambition who made his mark as a self-taught naturalist, local historian, archaeologist, collector of folklore and linguistic material, press worker, and, more generally, a cultural figure of considerable stature. He was interested in the relationships between Lithuanian and other Indo-European languages, wrote about the significance of Lithuanian for comparative linguistics, urged the cultivation and enrichment of the Lithuanian literary language, collected words, place names, surnames, and other linguistic material, and took an interest in Lithuanian lexicography. Exiled to Siberia after the 1863 uprising, A. Kašarauskas had no opportunity to distinguish himself in the study of the Lithuanian language. Yet through his earlier efforts to amass lexical treasures, compile a Russian–Lithuanian dictionary, and highlight the work of other lexicographers, he left significant traces in Lithuanian lexicography, which are worth noting. A. Kašarauskas was encouraged above all by foreign linguists to take an interest in the Lithuanian language, write about its significance for scholarship, and advocate the need to create a national literature. These linguists had underscored the importance of Lithuanian for comparative historical linguistics, had made extensive use of Lithuanian examples in their work, and had themselves studied the language to varying degrees. A. Kašarauskas followed foreign linguistic literature and was interested in the works of foreign linguists that discussed Lithuanian or drew on its data. In his articles published in the Polish press, „Znaczenie języka litewskiego w względzie naukowym“ [“The Significance of the Lithuanian Language for Scholarship”; hereafter referred to as I.]1 and „Rzecz o litewskich słownikach i ogólny pogląd na kraje litewskie“ [“On Lithuanian Dictionaries and a General View of Lithuanian Lands”; hereafter referred to as II]2, he quotes or mentions A. F. Pot, J. Grimm, A. Schleicher, Bugge, Chavee, and other renowned linguists of the time. He particularly admires A. Schleicher’s journey to Lithuania, his learning of Lithuanian from ordinary peasants, and his German-language “Grammar of the Lithuanian Language,” published in Prague (1856), which was the seminal work for the entire linguistic world in learning about Lithuanian. A. Kašarauskas wrote about the Lithuanian language and the interest foreign linguists took in it: „Jeśli każdemu narodowi, choćby niewiele pretensyi mającemu do sławy, wolno upomnić swój język, używając go w literaturze jako cząstki od Boga mu danej: cóż dopiero mówić o języku Litewskiem, który w stosunku do tamtich nie karłim, ale olbrzymim jest prawdziwie; który śmiało nazwać można Sanskrytem wszystkich języków, ile ich jest nam znanych; który od tąd nie samemu Litewskiemu służyć ma narodowi, ale sądzę, iż nieodbicie potrzebny będzie w nauce dla 1 Pismo zbiorowe Wileńskie na rok 1859, Wilno 1858, p. 163—175. 2 Ten pat, 1862, p. 133—222. 189 wszystkich Europejskich, a nawet Zaeuropejskich oświecenszych ludów? Dziwno jest rzeczą, iż język tak ważny, jeden najszlachetniejszy w Europie, tak późno poznanym został przez obcych, tak mało u nas cenionym jest dotychczas; jeszcze dziwniejsza, iż pierwszymi głosicielami jego zalet byli nie Litwini ani Polacy, ale Niemcy nasi sąsiedzi, za nimi Francuzi, Anglicy, Włosi, na ostatku Słowianie“ (I, p. 164). [“If every nation, even one with little claim to glory, may preserve its language by using it in literature as a part bestowed upon it by God, what then can be said of the Lithuanian language, which, in comparison with the others, is no dwarf but a true giant; which can boldly be called the Sanskrit of all the languages known to us; and which from now on is to serve not only the Lithuanian nation, but, I believe, will be indispensable to scholarship for all the enlightened peoples of Europe and even beyond? It is astonishing that so important a language, one of the noblest in Europe, was discovered by foreigners so late and is still so little esteemed among us; more astonishing still that its first champions were neither Lithuanians nor Poles, but our neighbors the Germans, followed by the French, English, Italians, and finally the Slavs.”] The attention paid to the Lithuanian language by foreigners stirred A. Kašarauskas’s patriotic feelings and fostered his love for his native language. He became a defender and champion of a language forgotten, scorned, and persecuted by the nobility and gentry, and he strove excessively to elevate it to the most significant and honored position among the other Indo-European languages. Thus, in another passage of his article on the significance of the Lithuanian language for scholarship, A. Kašarauskas extols Lithuanian as follows: “...the Lithuanian language, being one of the oldest and most perfect, is closest to the proto-language, and therefore as if sacred, ritual, and foundational for the others. In its antiquity and primordial character it surpasses not only all European languages but even the ancient Indian language, whose numerous roots are merely shortened and corrupted forms of Lithuanian roots. Even the classical languages, so celebrated in antiquity and so renowned today, namely Latin and Greek, are of less value than Lithuanian” (I, p. 166). [The Lithuanian language, being one of the oldest and most perfect, is closest to the proto-language and thus sacred, ritualistic, and foundational for the other languages. In antiquity and primacy, it surpasses not only the European languages but also the ancient Indian language, whose many roots are merely shortened and distorted forms of Lithuanian ones. Even the classical languages, so celebrated and renowned in antiquity, such as Latin and Greek, are less valuable than Lithuanian.] Regarding Lithuanian as a key to understanding other languages (I, p. 167) and explaining the origins of words, A. Kašarauskas sometimes linked unrelated words and boldly proposed unfounded, naive etymologies, although he himself wrote that “anyone who undertakes to draw etymological conclusions must rely on the nature of the language and must know well the paths and laws of change that have operated over the course of the language’s history” (I, p. 170). In his views on Lithuanian and his etymologies, A. Kašarauskas was one of the precursors of the romantic glorification of language and unfounded etymologies in “Aušra.” He would have been an authority for other patriots and lovers of the Lithuanian language (A. Baranauskas, Pr. Viksva, K. Kairys)3. Such excessive and naive elevation and glorification of the Lithuanian language displeased some Polish linguists, especially J. Karlowicz, who wrote the following about the aforementioned articles by A. Kašarauskas in his study of Lithuanian, “O języku litewskim” (1875): “Unfortunately, we see neither criticism nor knowledge of the history of languages in either of these works, p. 3 P. Jonikas, Lietuvių kalba ir jos gaivinimas prieš „Aušrą“. – „Mūsų senovė“, t. III, Nr 1 (10), Kaunas, 1940, p. 25. 190 In K[ašarauskas’s] article” (p. 200). “It is truly hard to fathom how an author who cites Schleicher, Pott, Grimm, specialized Berlin linguistic journals, and many other luminaries, and who has more than once expressed an entirely sound opinion, can immediately fall into such an enormous absurdity—one that would never enter the dreams of not only a philosopher, but even the simplest mortal” (p. 195)4. A. Kašarauskas emphasizes several times that the Lithuanian language is important not only to comparative linguistics, but that researchers in Lithuanian history, archaeology, geography, and other fields must also draw on it: “For us Lithuanians, our nationality and the Lithuanian language should be of greatest interest, for they occupy the most important place even among other nationalities and languages. Today it is already impossible to do without the Lithuanian language, since we are firmly convinced that archaeology, history, and ancient geography will have no solid foundations or clarified terminology until the whole wealth of the Lithuanian language is accessible to us in our research; for, in fact, great confusion and disorder have prevailed to date in our scholarly studies, particularly those in etymology; at times one can only feel pity watching scholars of immense erudition toil, making thousands of conjectures where the matter is simplest and easy for our peasant to guess” (II, p. 148). [We Lithuanians should be most concerned with Lithuanian nationality and language, which occupy the most important place even among other nationalities and languages. Today it is already impossible to do without the Lithuanian language. We are firmly convinced that archaeology, history, and ancient geography will not have sound foundations or well-grounded terminology until the full wealth of the Lithuanian language is accessible to us in our research. To date, great confusion and disorder have indeed prevailed in our scholarly studies, particularly in etymological research; sometimes it is simply painful to see scholars of great erudition struggling and making thousands of conjectures where the matter is simple and easily guessed by our peasant.] A. Kašarauskas rightly stressed that language is an important source for understanding the past and that it must be used competently in various kinds of research. It is regrettable, however, that he himself often indulged in unfounded etymologizing and conjectures, without strictly adhering to the laws of language history and very often relying instead on superficial similarities between words and proper names in different languages. A. Kašarauskas was concerned not only with highlighting the importance of the Lithuanian language to scholarship, but also with revitalizing and developing it and creating Lithuanian literature. He opposed disparagement of the Lithuanian language, shame about it and reluctance to use it, and urged people to cherish their native language and enrich Lithuanian literature: “Meanwhile, we would ask our compatriots, having set aside all superstitions and prejudices, to join forces and take up the work of augmenting our national literature, which promises such great benefits for the public at large. Distinguished talents are already emerging in the literature of this language, even in belles lettres, such as, for example, Mr. Akielewicz, Miss Proniewska, the Reverend Baranowski, Mr. Zagórski, Mr. Malinowski, and many others whom I shall not mention. We therefore have no reason to complain of a lack of writers and thinking minds with higher education and understanding. Do we not have His Grace Bishop Maciej Wołonczewski, our deserving Mr. Symon Dowkont, the Reverend Otto Proniewski, the Reverend Hieronim Raczkowski, and the late Reverend Ambroży Pabreż, who, through their great works, though only partly printed, leave behind an everlasting renown?” (I, p. 173). [Meanwhile, we ask 4 P. Jonikas, ibid. 191 their compatriots to set aside various superstitions and prejudices and join forces to enrich our national literature, which promises great benefits for our society. Distinguished talents are already preparing to contribute to the literature of that language, including belles lettres—for example, Akelaitis, Praniauskaitė, Baranauskas, Zagorskis, Malinauskas, and many others whom I cannot recall. We have no grounds to complain of a lack of writers and people with great learning and understanding. Do we not have Bishop Motiejus Valančius, our deserving Simonas Daukantas, Otonas Praniauskas, Jeronimas Račkauskas, and the late Ambroziejus Pabrėža, who, through their great works, though only partly published, leave behind everlasting glory?] In his interest in the Lithuanian language and his writing about its importance to comparative linguistics and other fields of scholarship, A. Kašarauskas must also have become acquainted with Lithuanian dictionaries, which could have been important sources for him in understanding the Lithuanian language and highlighting its importance to linguistic scholarship. Which works in this field were known to A. Kašarauskas, how he regarded them, and what he sought to achieve with the collections of Lithuanian words he left behind—collections important to Lithuanian lexicography—is clear from the aforementioned article by A. Kašarauskas on Lithuanian dictionaries. There he indicates what kinds of dictionaries are needed and should be compiled: “Our thought and fervent wish is that enlightened people who support scholarship should contribute in some way to writing three great and exceptionally important works, namely: 1) A Dictionary of Common Lithuanian Words; 2) A Dictionary of Personal and Family Names; 3) A Dictionary of Local Proper Names, or Geographical Names” (II, p. 147). [Our thought and fervent wish is that educated people who support scholarship undertake, in some way, to write three great and very important works, namely: 1) a dictionary of common Lithuanian words, 2) a dictionary of given names and surnames, and 3) a dictionary of proper place-names, or geographical names.] A. Kašarauskas first discusses the importance of a standard Lithuanian dictionary and the efforts to compile one. The information he provides shows who was working in Lithuanian lexicography, what tasks he set for dictionary compilers, and how much he himself could contribute to that work. These observations by A. Kašarauskas are very important to the history of Lithuanian lexicography, so it is useful to quote them in full: “Nothing so enlivens and enhances the value of lifeless relics as hearing accounts of their significance in living speech, learning their names, becoming acquainted with their first owners, and getting to know their language more closely. Here in Lithuania, every man of letters who understands matters well has as his foremost and most ardent wish to possess a treasury of the folk language*, that is, a Lithuanian-Polish dictionary, modeled on Linde’s and Grimm’s, or otherwise thoroughly compiled in some other style. Many Lithuanians are already writing and working in lexicography; among others, we must mention Messrs. Szymon Dowkont and Kajetan Niezabitowski; Professors I. W. Juszkiewicz and Ugiański; M. Akielewicz, W. Lwiński, K. Dauksza, Reverend Miężyłowicz, S. Przyalgowski, and Reverend Juszkiewicz—not to mention the earlier Reverend Syrwid and the recently deceased lexicographers, foremost among whom are Szymon Staniewicz, Dyonizy Paszkiewicz, Reverend Sutkiewicz, a Dominican, and Reverend Pabreż, a collector of botanical words. Their works, however, are partly, sca- * Newly coined scientific terms should not be included in it (they should have a separate dictionary), but only words gathered from the mouths of the people; for these alone constitute the true property of the nation. 192 scattered, not brought under a unified system, and for the time being we cannot expect a complete general collection from them. We also have several better Lithuanian dictionaries in German, such as those by Haack, Ruhig, and Mielcke, but these too are merely compendia; it is impossible to gain an idea of the wealth of the language from them. If, as we expect, a second edition of Nesselmann’s Lithuanian-German dictionary appears soon, we shall have a somewhat more complete and quite substantial collection of words, yet surely even half of the Lithuanian language will not be represented in it. It would be good to translate even this one from German into Polish, in the absence of a more extensive work. Apart from Mr Akielewicz, our greatest hope as a lexicographer is Mr Stanisław Mikucki, who, with the erudition and iron diligence known to us, possesses a considerable store of words and a great abundance of varied turns of phrase, so that on his own he could enlarge Nesselmann’s collection not merely twofold, but at least one and a half times. Oh, if only their noble efforts and such worthy work could somehow be brought together! As for us, given our poor health and our attention divided among many subjects, we neither have had nor have any intention of undertaking so enormous a task, one requiring undivided diligence; therefore, the collections of words that we gathered in our spare moments, without arranging them ourselves, we shared with friends and acquaintances. From every quarter, the most encouraging news is now arriving about the efforts of scholars abroad, including entire societies, to increase linguistic and lexicographical knowledge—activity and movement in this respect are evident everywhere—not only in European languages, but scholars would gladly speak, write, and publish in all the languages of the world. This need is prompted by the comparison of languages; hence, lexicons and materials for them of varying size appear in great numbers each year, so much so that some already wish to call the present age the age of dictionaries. Little has so far been done by us in this field, and it is time to think earnestly and begin adding to it bit by bit, so that something great may be made from something small” (II, p. 135 – 136). [Nothing so enlivens and enhances the value of lifeless monuments as accounts and living words about their significance, when we understand their names, become acquainted with their first owners, and learn more closely about their language. The foremost and most ardent wish of every man of letters here in Lithuania is to have a treasury of the vernacular,* that is, a Lithuanian-Polish dictionary, like Lindė’s, Grimm’s, or some other similarly comprehensive work. Many Lithuanians are already working in lexicography; among them we should note Messrs. Simanas Daukantas, Kajetonas Nezabitauskas, Professors I. V. Juškevičius and Uogianski, M. Akelevičius, L. Ivinski, K. K. Daukša, Father Miežitavičius, S. Prialgauskas, and Father Juškevičius, not to mention the earlier Father Širvydas and the recently deceased lexicographers, foremost among whom are Simanas Stanevičius, Dionizas Paškevičius, Father Sutkevičius, and the Dominican and botanist, word collector Father Pabrėža. Their works, however, are partial, scattered, and not systematically arranged, and for the time being we cannot expect a general collection from them. We also have several better Lithuanian dictionaries in German, such as those by Hako, Ruhig, and Mielcke, but these too are only abridgments; we cannot conceive the wealth of the language from them. If the second edition of Nesselmann’s Lithuanian-German dictionary comes off the press soon, we shall have a somewhat more complete and quite substantial collection of words, * Newly coined scientific expressions should not be included here (a separate dictionary should be made for them), but only words gathered from the mouths of the people, since these are precisely the property of the people. 13. Leksikos tyrinėjimai 193 which, however, will not contain even half of the wealth of the Lithuanian language. In the absence of another, more extensive work, it would have been good to translate even this one from German into Polish. Alongside Mr Akelevičius, our greatest hope as a lexicographer is Mr Stanislovas Mikuckis, who, besides the erudition and iron diligence known to us, has amassed a considerable store of words and a wealth of varied expressions, and thus could enlarge Nesselmann’s collection on his own not merely twofold, but at least one and a half times. Oh, if only these noble efforts and such worthy works could somehow be united! As for us, because of our poor health and our attention being divided among many subjects2: we neither intended nor intend to undertake so enormous a task, one requiring concentrated attention; therefore, the collections of words that we gathered in our spare time, without arranging them, we gave to friends and acquaintances. At this time, encouraging news is arriving from all quarters about the efforts of scholars abroad to expand linguistic and lexicographical knowledge; everywhere, activity in this direction is evident, as scholars would gladly speak, write, and publish not only in the languages of Europe but in all the languages of the world. This need is encouraged by the comparison of languages; as a result, dictionaries and materials for them of every size appear in countless numbers each year, so much so that some wish to call this the age of dictionaries. Little has been done by us in this field, and it is time to think sincerely and begin gathering bit by bit, so that something great may be made from something small.] Besides a general dictionary of the Lithuanian language, A. Kašarauskas was also concerned with compiling a dictionary of first names and surnames. He writes: „Wishing to explain and interpret any ancient name, whether geographical or historical, one must first seek the oldest personal names. And nowhere, surely, shall we find such ancient and primitive ones in such abundance as among our Lithuanians. Their language is an ancient monument—but their surnames are older still. Thus, for anyone who reflects deeply on ancient relics, a general collection of Lithuanian surnames is indispensable and absolutely necessary, that is: a dictionary of national proper names, with all their variants and synonyms, both historical and contemporary. The benefits from it will be important and great“ (II, p. 137). [To explain any ancient name, whether geographical or historical, one must first seek the oldest personal names. And nowhere will we find such ancient and primitive names in such abundance as among Lithuanians. Their language is an old monument, but their names are older still. Anyone deeply interested in ancient monuments necessarily needs a general collection of Lithuanian names, that is, a dictionary of national proper names with all their variants and synonyms, both historical and contemporary. Its benefits will be important and great.] A. Kašarauskas repeatedly asserted that old Lithuanian proper names would play an important role in comparisons of place names and personal names throughout the world (II, p. 136), and in many cases he unjustifiably connected Lithuanian proper names etymologically with similar-sounding names in other languages that had nothing to do with them (e.g., Margis, Mylus, Rainis were linked by him to the Icelandic and German Marger, Müller, Rainer; II, p. 137—138). Through such etymologizing of proper names, A. Kašarauskas somewhat diminished the merit of the very idea of compiling a dictionary of names and surnames, which was highly important and relevant. A. Kašarauskas does not write about who could undertake the work of preparing such a dictionary or how it should be done. He addresses more broadly and concretely the question of who should compile, and how, the third of the dictionaries he mentions—the geographical dictionary. 194 A. Kašarauskas notes that the Lithuanian language has an extraordinarily large number of geographical names. Every stream, hill, marsh, meadow, forest, and so on has its own popular name. All this abundant and important material must be collected and accurately recorded: “Not a single jot of a name should be altered—not Polonized or Russified, as is often done among us in church registers and parish lists for some supposed ennoblement—but it should be written down as the people themselves call one another in everyday conversation” (II, p. 140). [Not a jot of a name should be changed: it should neither be Polonized nor Russified, as is often done among us in church registers and parish lists for supposed ennoblement; it should be recorded as the people themselves call it in everyday speech.] A. Kašarauskas shows with specific examples (Girgžduta, Lukštas, Žemaičiai) how a geographical feature should be described, what the cards for individual geographical names should contain, and how a geographical dictionary should be compiled from them (II, p. 147). He understands well that this is a very extensive undertaking that can be carried out only through collective effort. He therefore appeals to the Lithuanian intelligentsia, convinced that “there is no shortage of writers and experts in our country; all that is needed is encouragement, support, and a good example.” A. Kašarauskas even gives the names of people known to him who were suitable for this work, namely: Kontrimas, Ivinskis, Akelaitis, Mikuckis, Griškevičius, Smigelskis, Knapskis, and Juzumavičius (II, p. 143). Some of those mentioned, including Kašarauskas, collected personal names and place names, but compiled and left no substantial collections. The significant fact is that in the mid-nineteenth century the need to compile dictionaries of proper names (first names and surnames, as well as geographical names) was being raised and promoted. One of the pioneers and active advocates of such dictionaries was A. Kašarauskas, who dreamed and wrote about the need to compile a large dictionary of the Lithuanian vernacular, which was not to include newly coined scientific terms (a separate dictionary was needed for those; II, p. 135). Although A. Kašarauskas himself did not intend to undertake the compilation of a dictionary of the Lithuanian vernacular, he excerpted and collected words from various sources, leaving us several important word collections. They are significant for our lexicography and the study of language. K. Būga published four of them in his article “Material for the Study of the Lithuanian Dictionary and Dialects”5, except for the largest and most important word collection—the excerpts from K. Daukša’s manuscript dictionary (the manuscript has not been found to this day), Ivinskis’s word register from the Königsberg Bible, and A. Kašarauskas’s excerpts from Hako’s dictionary (1730). All these word lists (37 leaves in 8°) are in A. Kašarauskas’s collection of materials, “Litvanica,” now held in the manuscript department of the Lithuanian SSR State Republican Library (call number RD59). We shall review these word collections (except for 1 c) in the order in which they appear in A. Kašarauskas’s manuscript, indicating the leaf numbers and the sides of the leaves with the letters a and b in parentheses. ● [1.] Lithuanian Words from Mr. Ivinskis’s Collection. [Lithuanian words from L. Ivinskis’s collection]: [a] from Vieksniai. This collection (32a–b) contains more than 200 words listed non-alphabetically (K. Būga presented them alphabetically in the publication mentioned above), as well as five sayings and proverbs. The Lithuanian words are explained with Polish, and occasionally Russian or German, 5 “Tauta ir žodis”, vol. I, Kaunas, 1923, pp. 334—372 13* 195 equivalents; in some cases, the meanings of the words are briefly explained in Polish. Here is the beginning of this word collector’s list, presented with its spelling unchanged (as in the following illustrative examples). From the peasants runs away, but the nobleman cannot catch up. – Grąbūs, nimble, deft, convenient, e.g. grąbuš katilas. – Rītina or twiega or àpauga, e.g. ritinà àpriti. Paszieles isz paczium szaknun. – pratremti, to drive away; pratraminti, to disperse, e.g. a dropsy. – Mūszkieta, musket. Mirta, myrtle. – Banka, łowa, tapczan, etc. Most of the collector’s words are familiar to everyone, e.g.: apeiti, aprajsztiti, Apsidrumzdes [sky], apsikietėti, atsiklausti, biauribe, bradinis, dajus, etc. Some words were recorded by L. Ivinskis in dialectal, Samogitian form, in Vieksniai or elsewhere, e.g.: Apenczui [“again, anew”] (32b), Burniuoti (23a), būczinas [“fish trap, weir”] (32a), Gōmarine [“necklace”] (32b), Graumines [=griaumenys] (32b), Jedimajtis [“food”] (32), Jūodinis [“a dish made from blood and scalded flour”] (32a), Kisimas [“threshing barn, barn”] (32b), Kraukszlai (32b), Kliurmakas or Wakartis (32b), Nugis [“now”] (32b), Sziurnus [“wealthy”] (32b), Trēmtuwas [“trumpet”] (32a), Wepenas [“lips”] (32a), and others. In some cases, words from different dialects and sources (synonyms) are given side by side, with or without references, e.g.: Ritina [= rietena], or [= see] twiega or àpauga (32a), Szunėlej or trajinė (trajinja) trejnine (32a), Užkuris or anczkuris (32a), Takiszis, tupta, pėrsieda (32a), Pakala, kuprine or nūgara (32b), and others. Some of the word pairings seem unjustified, since, judging from the card index, the words are unrelated in meaning, e.g.: Ripsas or Smōgis (32b), Straipsnis, or Szi asztajnis, Pantas (32a), and others. Alongside native words, we find borrowings from Germanic and Slavic languages, e.g.: Bile or barta (32b), Damas (32a), Liambumas (32a), czujnus (32a), Nārgliti (32a), weczere (32a), Liveruoti (32a), Gōwenas or gōwedas (32a), ipsas (32b). A few words are probably Latvian, e.g.: Kiupelis, Kipelė (32a). Sometimes a borrowing is cross-referenced to a Lithuanian word, or vice versa, e.g.: Szlipkes or roges (32b), Ūrksztas [German die Wurst] or wiedaras (32b), and others. There are words or meanings not attested so far in other sources, e.g.: Banka, łowa, tapczan (32a), Motis [“godson”] (32a), Mote [“goddaughter”] (32a), Māgūhas [“numerous”] (36b), Pimpkus, pėmpūs = tulowaty (32b), Prikārsta [?] or kalada = kloc do ciosania (32a), prikulinis, ė = zwabiony, a (32a), petdienis [petudienis?] (32a), Zewerna, Zewerīna = gawęda (32b), and others. Thus this list of words copied from L. Ivinskis contains words of various origins, not only those recorded in the vicinity of Vieksniai. It is difficult to say whether A. Kašarauskas copied everything directly from L. Ivinskis or omitted and added some items, since no similar word list has been found among L. Ivinskis’s manuscript papers held at the Institute of the Lithuanian Language and Literature (F₁ – 640, 641, 649). The spelling and diacritical marks (ʌ, ı, –) show only that A. Kašarauskas followed L. Ivinskis’s orthography6. The words in this list enriched the comprehensive “Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language,” in which we find words that entered the dictionary only from this collection, e.g.: Žiz [“riverbank escarpment”] (32b), Māgūtas [“numerous”] (36b), and others. [b] From the Žvingiai parish. This small collection (32b–33a) contains only 42 words: Kriauszes = pears, fruit. Pastumdelis, lazy. Krieklus [krėklis], dressed in rags, a pauper, etc. Among the more interesting words, we may mention: Giwaliuoti (32b), Ikłotuwes [“grave clothes”] (33a), 6 Cf. J. Kruopas, L. Ivinskis’s lexicographical works. – “Proceedings of the Lithuanian SSR Academy of Sciences,” Series A, 1(8), 1960, p. 193. 196 Majtas [“food”] (33a), Paszwitas [“festive attire”] (33a), Wazma [= važma? “transport”] (33a), Zigowas (33a), etc. [c] From Viekšniai (second). This small group (33a–33b) begins with the words: Jminamas, magący być wycieranym (o lnie) (32a), apsikietėti zacierpieć się (32a), Skājka, szakapa sucha schechła, chuda (32a), Dažives wszelka kara farbująca (32a), and so on. Altogether it contains 48 words, including 4 prefixed forms. Most are familiar to everyone; some are Samogitian, for example: Griaustine (33a), Grustine (33a), Juodwergis (33b), etc. Denktlietūwis [“umbrella”] (33a), as K. Būga noted, is a neologism coined by L. Ivinskis himself, which the inhabitants of Viekšniai could not have used7. Bistokles vel swirtes (33b) – the first word (bistoklis?) is unclear and is recorded only in A. Kašarauskas’s manuscripts. [č] Samogitian words, mostly from the vicinity of Viekšniai, dictated by Mr. Wawrzyniec Jwinski. This short list of words (40a) follows excerpts from Jumskis’s dictionary (36a–39b), but for consistency we will mention it first, after the other words from Viekšniai. It contains 62 words; it begins: Wółąjinis, kielb’ ryba. – pagajksztis ozog. Szlatars machajho niezgrabny. Płudunkis trzpiot. Blerbieti. Atądija wielka izba w Szyleskiej paraf. i w Hiszpanji. Wałkata, бродяга, and so on. [d] From the Königsberg Bible8. This copy by A. Kašarauskas (33b–35a) contains about 300 words and compounds with Polish equivalents, which were probably added by L. Ivinskis, who was making excerpts from the Königsberg Bible. K. Būga did not publish this short list; it begins as follows: Erod. 23. Sudagawimas zbieranie, suwailiti zebrać, Szirszlis, Szerszen’, Erod. 25. Aukawimas, aukawima afiera, podarek. Ubszras [obšras] = Barsuk. Skidelis napiersnik. Kauszas, Czasza, Szolele iszgesinanti, kaganek do gaszenia. – Erod. 26. Łausti, haftować. Sudawaditi spręć złączyć. – Ansele uszko antaba [ausele?], and so on. While copying from the Königsberg Bible, L. Ivinskis probably wrote down rarer words unknown to him, for example: Bingus (35a), Kenkti (34b), Matuoti (34b), Majsztas (34b), Nakwinas (34b), Nuobuoda (35a), Skrejuste (35a), Skunda (35a), Swajnis (35b), Tarditi (34b), etc. Some words are unclear, perhaps even corrupted, and unknown from other sources, for example: Arbė szarancza (34a), Łausti, haftować (33b), Tāna [=tanas? “swelling”] (35a), etc. [2.] Rarer words from Jumskis’s Polish–Lithuanian dictionary [rarer words from Jumskis’s Polish–Lithuanian dictionary]. This list of words (36a–39b) is interesting and important because it allows us to learn something about Jumskis’s Polish–Lithuanian dictionary, which has not yet been found, and from which more than seven hundred words with Polish explanations were excerpted: Gialžastis, metal. Wiriszkkis, Wiriszkasis mężczyzna – Wiriste, Wiringumas = Męstwo – Wiringas, Twirtas stiprus, męski. – Kraują małkas, męczarnia. – Gurbas, mendelis, mędel. Gudroczus, mędzrec. Terszte Nerszte, Mazgać, etc. Jumskis must have been a Samogitian, as indicated by the phonetic features of words taken from his dictionary, e.g.: Skrustai [=Skruostai], sułas [=suolas], Likas [=liekaś], etc. About 7 “Tauta ir žodis,” vol. I, p. 346. 8 Žodžiai išrašyti, greičiausiai, iš L. Rėzos Biblijos (1816), kurioje yra daugiausia panašių žodžių. 197 K. Būga wrote about this while publishing A. Kašarauskas’s excerpts from Jumskis’s dictionary⁹. Moreover, a considerable proportion of the words are Samogitian, which may also support the conjecture that Jumskis could have been a Samogitian. Here are some examples of Samogitian words: Anczgrauža (36a), Ingis [“a lazy person”] (36b), Lasznis [“a drop”] (37a), Lajtuote [“to glue”] (37b), Lugnas (36b), Lagamín’s (36b), Pārda [“sale, liquidation”] (36b), Pārantis (37a), sūste [=suosti “to concern”] (37a), pierą [=pėra “a crossing”] (39b), Sintis [“shortness of breath”] (39a), Trinka (37a), Tumie [=tumė “dregs”] (37b), Tāksizis (38a), Urksztine [“cave”] (36b), užžandes (38a), Wāgaras (38a), Žiaudriete [“to become cruel”] (39a), etc. The excerpts from Jumskis’s dictionary were published, incorporated into the card file of the comprehensive “Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language,” and are used as an important source. K. Būga omitted the word Busibe, istiennie (37b), and it was not included in the Dictionary. It should be assumed that būsybę “being, existence” is a neologism coined by Jumskis (a calque). More such words can be found, for example: Rudkasīs = gomik (38b), Wadaute [=vadauti “to lead”] =hetmanić (38a), Wadiste Wadowiste = hetmanstwo (38a), and so on. [3.] Words extracted from the manuscript Lithuanian-to-Polish dictionary of Kazimierz Kryštof Dauksza, teacher at the parish school in Bržai. [Words from the manuscript Lithuanian–Polish dictionary of K. Daukša, teacher at the parish school in Bižai.] This collection of words (41a–60b) is by far the largest, richest, and most significant. It contains about 4,000 words with Polish, and occasionally Russian and German, equivalents. It has not been published anywhere to date and is the principal source from which we can learn something about K. Daukša’s manuscript Lithuanian–Polish dictionary, which has not yet been found. Words from A. Kašarauskas’s excerpts were selected for the card file of the academic “Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language,” though some were inadvertently omitted. Until the letter L, a dozen or so such words were noted, namely: Atpėntuotie [=atpėtuotie (?) “to repay, recompense”] (41a), Baude(a)lis, v. kotas (41b) [= budelis (?)]; Budealis, katmistrz (41b)]; Drožiklas, hebel, strug (42b), Drimbti, deptać, pec-kać (42b), Eajwis [=eivis “a walker”] (43a), Gruža v. Pugžlis (44b), gr’ausmus, grozny (44b), Gredos, drągi (44b), Graudulis, grom (44b), Glajwędinti [= gleivėdinti (?)], kazać, pozwolić (44a), Inus, sadż, czac (иней ross.) (45a), Jiemus, Jiemingas, bierny [= imus (?) “a leech”] (45a), Klejka v. Klejkea, szkapa (46a), Khumpuris v. Župsnis, szczubiec, szczypła (46b). Several dozen words (identified while checking through the letter L) entered the “Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language” solely from A. Kašarauskas’s excerpts, e.g.: apus (41a), Avgstivapa utie [=aukštivapauti] (41a), Āžar’t’os (41a), Be(a)de(a)las (41b), bluvus, i (41b), Blodus (41b), Bumu (41b), Dawingas arba Davus (42a), Digtisi (42a), Drunga (42b), Dukһus (42b), Dū-beti (42b), ’D’ugis [=džiūgis], trijunf (43a), Gajwulis (43b), Gama (43b), Gavžea (43b), Géadulus (43b), Gimdituwe (44a), glibti (44a), Globstas (44a), Gre(a)tas (44b), Gribaužis (44b), Gribztas (44b), Gr’aužinas [= griaužynas] (44b), pagrimti (44b), Grižalas (44b), Junklas (45a), Juot, Juoteasgi (45a), Keavelis (46a), Kewealu(o)ti (46a), Kewelauti (46a), Kibal’a (46a), Kimbeti (46a), Knaukšėti [= kniaukšėti] (46a), Komiti (46b), Kuwis (47a), etc. 9 “Tauta ir žodis,” vol. I, pp. 352–354 198 Since K. Daukša was an eastern Lithuanian, words from eastern dialects occur in extracts from his dictionary, for example: Birgintie(a) [= birginti “to save, to be frugal”] (41b), Blindus, i (41b), Blodetie [= blodėti “to act arbitrarily, to lead a dissolute life”] (41b), Bu(o)ngus (41b), Dukanas (42b), Dr’ukseti (42b), Ekstus (43a), Galwokas (43b), Gars’uoti (43b), Giesuoti [= gėsuoti “to desire intensely”] (44a), Girdalas (44a), Gleboti (44a), Glitea [= glitė “mucus”] (44a), Grenea [= grienė “membrane, layer”] (44b), gribštauti (44b), Grinda (44b), Gun’oti (44b), Gudas (44b), Kajrinti (45b), Kauksoti (45b), Kleajoti (45b), Keapszeti (45b), K’austi (45b), kikoti (46a), Kirbinea [= kirbynė] (46a), Najguris (44a), and so on. Words from old writings also occur, especially from K. Širvydas’s dictionary, for example: Gintuvea [= gintuvė “fortress”] (44a), gidituvea [= gydytuvė “hospital”] (43b), Kiekibea [= kiek ybė] (46a), and others. Because the extracts from K. Daukša’s dictionary are rich, varied, and important, we present them in full up to the letter L, so that part of this significant dictionary may be accessible to linguists and preserved for future generations. [41a] Ag, indeed; Ag ir nugi przypominam sobie – “Agaras, water chestnut – Ajł’a, row, line; Ajman, alas! Ajmana, despair; Ajmanūtė v. ajman’otie to despair; ajmaningas despairing – Ajris, sweet flag – Ajrinas v. ajrine(a) sweet-flag gatherer; Ajrinis, e(a), of sweet flag; – Alnis (z Alinis) deer Alne(a), doe – alitie, to frolic; ahjimas, frolicking. – Almetie atmejaw almu(o), to trickle, flow slowly, seep; almejymas, trickling, seepage. – Ahudis, beer vessel; Alwenikas, hand lotion. – Amalas rust – Anaj, again. – anot, according to. – aplomis, excessively, very. – Aplumas excess; aplus, excessive. – aprit’naj v. skirimaj. – Apuszaj, projections. Apvalajsmis, rounded thing – Apvi’ d’a read apwdzia, hop garden. Išara, ploughshare arbagi, arbag, or. Ardway, spaciously – paardwau, I spread out; ardwetie ardwu(o), ardvejau, to become spacious. ardvintie, ardvinu(o), ardvinau, to make spacious; ardvibe(a) spaciousness; ardvuma, space; ardvumas, expanse; ardvus spacious, roomy, slow. – Armide(a)ris v. ermide(a)ris. – Arunda v. pasumda. Asis, forest horsetail. – asiuklis, water horsetail. – Asz, aszen, aszenaj, I. – Aszeris, perch. – Aszis, an axis, a fathom of wood asztuonelio (rio)pas, eighths. Atasieja, otosa or odosa. Atpetutie atpetuoj(o), atpetav, to requite, compensate, repay. Aturietis, pl. aturie’t’aj, spring wheat. Avdaklas, linen cloth. Avdra, pain with itching; Awdretie avdr’uo avdrejav, to ache with itching; Nieavga, dwarf. Avgstinis, chimney top. Avgstivapas; boor; Avgstivapautie v. augstivapuotie, boor. – Avgus, luxuriant. – Avka, sacrifice. – Avme(a)n’uotie, nuoju(o), niavav, to despair; aume(a)niotie nioju(o), niojav, to despair; awmeniawimas v. aumeniojymas despair. – Avmuo, me(a) nies despair, grief. – Avrie, over there; Anavrie, farther on. Azar’t’os, on a steep slope. – Badamiris glutton (cf. Balamir) [41b] Baile(a) v. bajme, fear. Bajlingas, fearful, timorous, timid. – Bakanas v. klepas, loaf. – Barbtie, barbietie to buzz. Barbintie to jingle; barbymas, barbie-jymas, buzzing. Bav v. jaj. – Baude(a)lis v. kotas. – Bavże(a) v. gavze(a) v. galwa. Be(a)de(a)łas something dug up (cf. Bdelium); be(a)stie, to dig; bedejas digger; be(a)diklas, digging stick. be(a)-diklis laborer and sometimes a digging stick. Avksilas, gold paint. Benj, i (?). Be(a)rg ż’al’as v. bergż’d’as, barren. Bila, matter. Bławiete(a), castle. Bimbeti, to become numb. Bingti, to digest, to beat. Prabanga, pra-bingte(a), luxury. Bingus Bu(o)ngus, terrible, fierce. – Birgintie(a), to use sparingly. Birginymas, using sparingly. – Birż(e) hazel. – Bindinietie atpomas to run, flee. Bledis, pl. injustice 140 p. v. b. – Bleka v. plastake(a). – Bleidnas, pale. Blinas, pancake. Blistie v. tiemt i, bliestu, blindav (cf. blind. German). Blistiesi it becomes cloudy, hence blindżiosi, blindžiausi; prie-blinde(a) or prieblindis, twilight; Blindumas cloudiness. Blindus, i overcast. – Blistus v. Blindus, overcast. – Błodżiaj, wantonly. Błodus, wanton (блудь, Russian). Blodetie, to behave wantonly, hence błodu(o), błodejav. – Bluktie, blūksłu, blūskav to become thin; išblūky s, emaciated. – Bluwus, i, talkative, garrulous, boisterous. – Bradas v. brasta. – Brāuna, edge; briauna pe(y)ło knife heel. Brindas, pl. croup (cf. Bryndza, surname). Bro(o)du(o)łas v. Brindutas, kernel, pit. – Brinktie, to clink, swell. Brinkymas, swelling, shaking. Brolenas, nephew. Broma 199 or Uonga. Brožtie brožų(o) brožiau, to become bolder, to injure. Brun ktas small ladle; Brusas, beam, bar. — Brusgalis, brusgolis, peg, gag; Bruvis vel Un’t’akis Bružas, front (cf. surname). Bublis v. Baublis bittern (cf. surname). Budealis, executioner. Budrus, alert, vigilant. Bugti, to grieve; pabugys saddened v 150. Buginti, to sadden. Bujlis, carrot patch. Bukłaj, necessarily, indispensably. Bukłas, was Buklus, firm. Buklea, abundance, inheritance. Bumeanis vel Bumuo, presence, (livestock). Bu(o)nda, shearing. Bundinikas one who has sheared. Bunditisi, to have sheared. Bungas v. Wilnis, Bungio-ti, bungiojau… Burbti, burbstu burbâu, to become crusty. Burbti b’u, b’av, to grumble; babble, bleat. Burb eti, buo, vel b’u(o) bejaw to crust over; grumble. Burbėjimas crusting, grumbling. Burblienti, to grumble (cf. Purplis) — Burbolea, knob. [42a] Burbul’ukas little bubble. Bur d ijau, Burditi, to strain, injure. Buris vel gardas, herd. Buwealis, resident, miabuwealis, nonresident. Dabar dabartel dabar telos dabar’t’os now; Dabariks’t’as, Dabarikstis, present-day. Dagelis, siskin. Dagilis, burdock. — Dal’aj, artfully, neatly, shapely, skillfully. Dala, dalis, part, fortune. Dalgea scythe. Dalba, lever. Dargana, bad weather (cf. Ukana). Dargus, ugly, filthy, vile (cf. Dargis surname), Darus vel daringas active (cf. Darius, name of the Persian king). Dar mea vel dear mea, agreement (cf. Darma, in Indian mythology (Darva vel dearwa). Davgalis, many, multitude (cf. Daugas, a name). Davingas or Davus generous (cf. Davi, name of a people). Padauža, rogue. Deageasis, dust. Deageas’aj, scorch, burn mark. — Deagu t’us tar-maker (cf. Deguczej, name of a town and person). Deavineal(r)i nine, a group of nine—Deavineal(r)opas ninefold. Deavin’olikintas v. deavinioliklis nineteenth. Dej vea, dievea, goddess; Demea sign, placing; nupodemea sin, transgression. Dedanardzis, cowshed. Dienagalis, decrepit. Dieneti neju(o) nejev, to serve, work. Dieneji-mas, service (daily). Digtisi, to measure oneself, to be disgusted, to feel nauseated. Dikinis, idler (cf. historical name Dikeneus). Dilbti, to aim at something, lie in wait, watch. — dilti to take care; Dildimas, looking after. Dilimas, taking care. Dilinti, dildinti, to make, file. Dilis, file. Din’a, gourd, squash. Dilgŝieti, łgsia, siejo, it throbs. dilgsterieti, it gives a throb. Dilgsejimas dilksteriejimas, throbbing. Direanti, dirinti, dirianti, to prick. Dirgti, dirgstu, dirgau, to become dirty, defile oneself. Dirwonas, fallow, uncultivated field; Dirva ni va, field. Diwas v. stebuklas v. pra javas. Diwinas vel miraculous. Do, da, dar, still (German der). Dora, beauty. Doras, fit, worthy, capable, honest. Doribea, fitness. doristea v. doribea. Dorinti, to make fit. Doroti, oju, ojau, to put in order, tidy up. Drajłiti, to pierce with wire; Drajlis, wire. Dra j k’t’us v. klajdunas, wanderer. D ramasguoti to associate, mix with someone. D ramasgavimas, associating, mixing. Draug, together, jointly. Drautinikas, spearman (cf. Roman Velites). Drautis, draut’u s, (spear, lance). — Drebtu was, shepherd. Drebulis, shiver (cf. in Lithuanian mythology Drebkulis). [42b] Atodregis, thaw, mild weather. Dregti, gst u, gav, to become damp, get wet, soften. Dregnu v. dregnai, damp (Dregnu is said of a place). Drekstinea linta, roof lath. Driekti, to stretch. Drieżłas, lizard. Drignea, slush. Drikti, drienku, drikaw, to get tangled. Drimbti, m’b’u, b’aw, to tramp, stamp; Drimblinti, to walk clumsily; drimblinieti, to walk awkwardly. Drimbimas, trampling. Drimbliniejimas, clumsy walking. Drimbloti, to walk, drag oneself along awkwardly, e.g. like a bear; hence the noun drimbło jimas. Drin vel deal, del, dla… Drożikas, plane, smoothing plane. Dro-żėas, shavings, wood chips. Drugis, butterfly. Drugis, fever. Dr’ukseti, s’u, to slip through; likewise dr’uksoti, Dr’uksojimas. Drukte(a)rejau ju(o), ti, to slip through. Drumsheas, muddling. Drunga, summer warmth. Drungus, lukewarm, mild. Druniti, ju, jau, to decay, rot; Drunijumas, decay. Drusus, bold, brave, fearless (cf. Drusus, Roman name). Drutaj, thickly, densely. drutu, thick; Drutuma, thickness; drutowność, thickness. Duba, hut (cf. Latin Dubienus for dominus). Dubl’aj, entrails, guts. Duburis, heartwood, center of a tree. Dudaunikas, Dudinikas, Dudorius; bagpiper. Dudenti, to rumble, boom. Dugn is, bottom. Padujos, remnants. Dujoti, dujti, to begin to go blind. Du, dujeaj, dujean, dujeanai, two, two. Dukanas vel sartus dark chestnut-colored. Dukas, fool. Dukti, to become foolish, go mad. Dukinti, to wander aimlessly. Duklus, ample, loose (of clothing). Duksoti, to stand or sit inattentively. Dulba decrepit old person, an old and decrepit man; Padulbaw, I grew decrepit. Dulbeti, to grow decrepit. dulbinti, to walk like an old person; dulbeti, to walk like an old person. Dułsoti, to stand or sit decrepitly. Duleti, to grow weak. Dulejimas, weakening. dulinti, to walk inattentively; dulinieti, to walk inattentively. Dulis chimney. Dułoti, to dodge, slip away. Dułojimas, dodging. Dułsus, sluggish; dusl iaj, sluggishly; dulsumas, sluggishness. Duma, mis-lis, mustis, thought. Dunga, clothing. Dungtis, roof. Dungujejis, v. dungiszkas, blue; dungu-jejis in the shortened form dungujis—these are words used only in solemn speech. Dunkseti, to knock; Dunkstiti, to insert teeth. Duobas, stump. Dubti, to make holes, hollow out. duobimas, boring, hollowing. Paduobis, a hollow. Duolis, without horns, hornless — [43a]. Duoloti duoloti instead of da-winieti. Duohumas, without — difference. Duongintisi, to enter a forest through brushwood and fallen timber. Duorti, 200 rstu, rau, to become silent. Duosł(n)ibea. Duosł(n)ingas, duosł(n)us, generous, munificent Durpale(o)ti, durs-titi, to cobble together. Durpale(o)imas, durstimas, cobbling together. Dusas, asthma, founder, Dūžas, large. Dusulis, asthma, founder. Dwajinti vel dvajilti, to double. Dwajlin(i)imas, doubling. Dwa(o)kas, fool, inattentive. Dwokinti, nu, nau v. dykinėti, to idle, to walk aimlessly, inattentively. Twaras vel dwa-ras. – Dwearti, rstu, rau, roller. Dweslina, a weakling. Dwidesi(m), (ms) (mti) mtis, twenty. Dwikartea, twill (dwilinks). Dwīlas, dun-colored, brown (cnf. Roman name Duilius.). Dvilikintas, dvīlikis, twelfth. Dwokas vel dwakas (a person) inattentive, aimless. cnf. Wokietis. Dwa(o)ki-neti, dwokinti, to walk aimlessly, inattentively; Dwoksoti, to stare aimlessly, inattentively. Dᶜ’ugis, triumph (Džu-gas, a name). ᶜD’ugulis, merry fellow, веселчак Dzida v. ragotinea. Eajebea, confusion, chaos. Eajbeti, aju (o), ejaw, to cause confusion. Eajdinikas, a plodder (cnf. surnames and place names Ejdiniki). Eajagstis, eaji-mas, a walk, walking. Eajkštea, view, appearance from outside. Eajunas, Eajvis from whence ateajimas, ateajwis, iszejajunas, iszejavīs, newcomer, emigrant, užeajunas, successor, Ealgitsi, giuosi, climbing, advancing. Ealgeata, beggar. Ealgeatuoti, to beg. Earžti, žu, žaw, to neigh, to whinny. Earželas v. Drygontas. Earžymas, neighing. Edrauti, to forage. Eduo, io (of a nose) hair. Ekas v. n’akuris, someone. Ektšaj, delicately, carefully. Ekštumas; delicacy, care. Ekštus, delicate, careful (as for cattle feed, when they get somewhat poorer fodder, immediately they will …). (cnf. Latin Sixtus, a name; lit Sizksz-tas). Em’aw, imu imti v. Jem’aw. – Gabana, burden. Gabea(e, i)anti, to outweigh, to surpass. Gajdis, rooster, cock, cockerel (hence kokosz), glutton. Atsigajeti, to revive; azsigajeti, to starve oneself. gajgoti, to lack fodder. Gagojimas, lack of feed. Atagaja, recall. Gajmuris, weakling. Gajmuroti, to be weakly (cnf. Chimera). Gajstras v. gajsras, fire. (cnf. aušra; auštra) gajsti, to perish. Gajsžint giwenimu, to torment, to nag. Gajšlus, sugajšlis, nuisance. Gajwale(o)tisi, to revive. At-gajwaw v. atsigajejaw. Gajvas, element, life force (cnf. Chaos). [43b] Gajwulis, poor fellow – creature. Gajvus, hearty. Gajžus, tart, sourish. Gālwanos, flax heads. Gafwokas, cap. Ga-ma, lineage, nature. Gamas, lineage; apgamas, birthmark, natural mark; ażga-mas, offspring. iszgamas, freak; nuogamas, afterbirth; užgamas (tevuta, tauta), nation. Gaminti, to prepare; nugaminti, to make. Garbus, praiseworthy. Gardas, enclosure, fenced area; apigardea, circle, vicinity. Gardus, tasty; gardu, tasty. Gardumas, flavor; gardulis, delicacy, moist sauce for dishes. Gardis v. kartis. Gargalus, the one who hawks, sobs. Gargti, … Gargožea, a beggar. garmeti, to crumble, become impoverished, bog down; garnis, heron. Gars’uoti, to use as a tether; gars’avimas, use of something as a tether. Garsus, loud, emphatic, famous, lofty. Garsvīt’a v. garstvīt’a, mustard. Garšva, thistle. Gavbti, to cover. Gavdēsis, … (cnf. Gaudezsius, a name). Gavžti-si, žu’nosi ž’avsi, to bend down. Gavzea v. galwa. geasti, to go bad, hence pageadas, scoundrel, pageada, defect. Geadeti, to wear mourning, to be in mourning. Geadejimas, mourning, wearing mourning. Geadulai, laj, lingaj, mournfully. Geadulus, łas, lingas, mournful. Geadula, geadulea, listea, mourning. Polish gzegółka, Lithuanian gege, gegele. Geabti, stu(o), bav, to faint. Geałaznikas, a blacksmith. Gealta, yellow wool; geantis v. gintis. – Gearbti, b’u, b’av, to suppose, to maintain. prigearbti, to suspect (in one’s mind). Gear-bimas, supposition. Geardas p 14 v. 3, news; girdalas. – Geardavti, to feast (jokingly). Geardini-kas, a wit. Gearklugas, a litigant, quarrelsome person; gearu, well. Gearvea, crane (bird); 2) a stream in the wilderness. Gebale(o)ti, ju(o), jav, to care for; Gebale(o)jimas, care (cnf. Gebeleizys, a Lithuanian god). Gelas, sweet, e.g. gelas pienas, sweet milk (cnf. Latvian lot, jells). Geabti, to have a dull ache or cutting pain. Geałažonis, tears, Russian железа. Gehuo, geluonīs, sting. Geras, lamb v. Eras; gerealis, little lamb; geringen awis, which sheep. Geris, the one who drank. Geris, drink. Gisti, gistu v. genstu gesav v gea-sav, to go out. Gisti, gist(o) gǐdav, to begin, to sing. Geartuvea, tavern = gidituvea, hospital. Gidi(e)mas, treatment; giedru, clear. Giedrus, clear (hence the surname Giedrus). Giedrumas, clear weather (fairness), hence the surname Giedrymas. Gieteeas, butterbur. [44a] Giesuoti, suoju(o), to insist (the Biržai first-person present form ends in -o in Latin, e.g. amo instead of amu(o)). Giesavimas, insisting, demanding. Giesti, gienstu giesav v. geasav, to go out. Gietra v. cetra, tent, taterb. Gieżti žstu, žav, to feel aversion. giežimas, aversion; pagieža, cf. 59, aversion. giežimas, aversion. gihu, deeply. Gilbti – pagilbti 226. ewang. v 27. Gilis, gzyk. Gimdytuvea, maternity hospital. Gimis, portrait, coat of arms (person). Gimtis, gimtistea v. gintis, gintistea, as żimkłas and żenkłas. Gintuwas, a weapon-fitted implement, e.g. a cart fitted with scythes. Gintuvea, defensive tower (fortress, stronghold). Gimdituwas, a birthing bed or chair, while Gimdituvea, maternity house. Girdalas, news. Girinikas, Girnikas, forest dweller (hence Girniki, a village and hill near Kurtowiany). Giris, praise; Giriszks, hermit-like. Girklas, drink. Girtavav, avnu, avju, uoju, auti, uoti, to get drunk, to become intoxicated. Girtuoklea, drunkard, tippler. Girunas, braggart, lca 201 (kajp giruno puodas. Gir'us, boasting. Giwąsakejai, resin (cf. Lithuanian siwaj, sap, liquid). Giwis, insect. Giwomis, alive. Givonis, living creature; giwoninis, pertaining to living creatures; giwulis, little animal. Gizas, pest; giži, to ferment. apgižis, picture-like; Giž(ea)(i)(ie)nti, to pester, be a nuisance to someone; giesuoti v. gizuoti, to insist; gizawimas v. giesawimas, insistence, demand. Glajvėa, slime, sludge. Glajvedinti, to order, allow. Glajvėti, to become slimy, grow numb. Gląžnas, głaźnus, weak for work, feeble. Glèbti, bstu, to become slimy. Glebotis, glemoti, to paw, knead. glibti, mbu, bav, to become slimy, limp, hence glibdinti (cf. gribas, krumblis). glitu, slippery; glituma, sliminess. Glitea v. sn'urg, slime. Globstas, protection. Gludus, smooth, sleek. Gn’užtis, ball of yarn. Gnižas, pest, nuisance. gniž'eal[i][ie]nti, to irritate, be a nuisance. Gn’usas v. Najguris; Godas, greedy; atsigosti, atsigodoti, to surmise. Godoti, to strive. Godulis, greed, avarice, gluttony. Gamuris, palate. Goptoti, ju/o/, jav, to protect, rescue, foster (cf. Gopło, a lake). Goruoti, ruoju/o/, to demand, hurry, desire; goravimas, demand, desire, haste, hurrying. Grajtisti, stau, s’t’av, to understand something. Grajstimas, a measure of understanding, a semblance of understanding (e.g. from seeing or hearing once). Grajtas, quick. [44b] Graksztas v. gražus. Grasiti, to threaten. Gr’audulis, thunder; gr’audulinis, thundery; gr’audulinea świętea, thunderbolt gr’ausmas, thunder, rumble. gr’ausmus, threatening. gr’austinis, thunderclap. Graužas, gravel, pebble. Gr’aūžinas/ea/, gravelly place, gravel. Gr’āzulis, dandy, pretty boy. Gre/a/tus, cohesive. Grea’t’aj, together. Greatea, adjacency. Gredos, slats, little beams. Grejimas, cream skin on milk. Grenea, a film on a liquid or a layer, e.g. snow on the ground. Gresti, su, to defend, prohibit, forbid. Gribea, mushroom. Griblausis, glutton. Gribsz-tas, petty thief; gribštavti, to steal small things. Grimti, stu pagrिमti, to come into use, become fashionable. Grinas means fat, delicate to some, and thin, not delicate to others. Grinda, bridge plank, paving board. Grižalas, drawbar. Grižulas, wheel in which horses are exercised for running. Grot, ju/o/ jav, to play (cf. Russian грачь, bird). Groti, gróju, grójav v. Krunk’av. Grosdaj, market stalls; Grosdojimas, trading; Grosdoti, to trade. Grum, /ea/ /i/ /ie/enti, to threaten, grumble. grums-da, grosba, threat. Grumsdu, threatening, slippery. Grunda v. grinda, bridge plank, paving board. Grumtas, clod of dried earth. – Grusdai, rubble. Gruža, return. Gružá v. Pugklis, sausage, uk. Gružalas v. grižalas, drawbar. Guburis. Gudrus, witty, cunning. Gudumas nakties, gloom, the middle of the night. Gołetuvea, bedroom. Gulta, bedchamber; Gultinikas, bedchamber attendant. Gumbas, lump, a certain kind of illness caused by overeating, e.g. they say “gumbas nea mego.” Gumbažalea, red gentian, or bitterwort; Gumbingas, full of lumps and afflicted with the aforementioned illness. Gumbuotas, lumpy. Gung’s’titsi, tausi, v. Kejoti. – Gun’oti, to scare; gun’ojimas, scaring. Guoba, gabina (tree). Guodas, vessel, judgement. Guotas, ball, company, herd; Guotea, saffron milk cap (perhaps from the preceding word). Gurbas v. Kutea. Gurždeti v. girždeti, to creak. gurinti, to slip away (after drawing near). Gurksnis, gulp, swallow. Gurklis, dewlap, chin, double chin (hence the surname Gurklewicz). Gurnas, protruding bone. Gurneti, to roll, tumble, fall from above. Gustis, hence iszgustis, swallowing; hence the surname Gustis. Guwus, skilful at catching. Gužeti, žu, to shout, e.g. sugužejo, they came in noisily. Gūžis, cabbage head; gužetas, having a head (of cabbage) – gužta, nest; gužineti, to play blindman’s buff; gužtati, to nest. Gužetaėreti, guž’t’oti, to wriggle. [45a] Words from Dauksza’s Dictionary. Gwiežtisi, ž’uosi, ž’ausi, to hurry; pasigwiežti, to hurry up. leng v. ing. Ierbea, hazel grouse. Iewa, ieva-ra, uses. Ilgajniuj, shortly. Ilsus, weak. Ing, in, i; into, to. Inkilas v. Awilis, aulis, hive. Inksteti, to stutter. Jnkstiras, tick (insect). Inkstulis, stutterer, stammering person. Intea, sister-in-law. Inus, hoarfrost, frost (Russian иней). Ipatus, particular, peculiar (Hipaciejowski). Ira, iraj, ir; is. Irejas, helmsman. Jrti, to steer, row. Jrkłas, oar. Irmedea, nausea. Irmedeti, to feel nauseated. Iwajrus, Iwi-jas, serpentine, winding, twisting. Izas, icicle, chunk of ice. Jadra, measles. – Jaj, if. Jaknos, liver. Jaukus, i, y, sumptious. Jāwkta /jungkti/, strap for tying an ox to the yoke. Jaunas, young (hence the names Jaunius, Jaunutis). Jaunamartea, young lady. jaunaweadis, bridegroom. Jaunasaj, groom. Jaunauti, to behave recklessly. Jegti, g’u/o/, g’av, to know something; nuojega, knower. Jegimas, knowledge. Jetis, arrowhead, spear, military spear (cf. Latin Velites). Jetinis, having a point; jetinikaj/s/, spearmen. Jiemus, jiemingas, passive. Justi, jundu/o/, judav, to begin to move, be agitated. Judis, movement (sujudis, commotion). Judra, grass in flax; Judreatea, cress. Junkłas v. Junkikłas, lure, bait; juodimas, black thread. Juot, rather, even. Juoteasgi, indeed, quite so. Iursta/u/s, dirty, murky, unclean. Jutus, sensitive, alert. Pojutis, feeling. Kablis, hook, gaff, crowbar (hence a surname). Kadaj, when, e.g. kadaj buwaj, when you were. Kadaj ka’du, when was that, a very long time ago. Kadokoti, to cluck; kadokojymas, clucking. Kados, kadu, e.g. kadu busi, when will you be? Kadu/o/n-gi, since, because. Kagienti, to honk. Kaj, when. Kajkuomet, sometimes. Kajmas v. kiemas, kajmea v. 202 so’d’us. Kajmene/a/, livestock. Kajn’oti, to fool around /also płatać, pajnioti/. Kajnojimas, fooling around. Kajp, kajpo, kajpomis, how. Kajtulis, inflammation of the brain. Kakti, ku/o/nku, to strive, to set out somewhere. Kake/a/łe/a/ teat. Kał’ėdos, kał’edaj, the Nativity of the Lord. Kaleti, tu, te, jaw. [45b] to deafen. Kalejymas, deafening. Kałmogaj, kałamashka. Kałpokas v. galvokas. Kalsti v. Kaustiti. Kamuoti, mouju, mavav, to torment, to exhaust. Kamavymas, torment, confusion. Kamienis 2. stem. potato stalk. Kanika amaranth. Kanikas village sideboard. Kapanoties, to fidget. Kapinis, minced meat. Kapi-nis, sepulchral. Kapas 1. gravestone; kapaj graves. Kardas sword /weapon/, sound, echo, tone. Kar-’d’aj, sonorously, echoingly. Kardinti, to announce. kardintiesi to report oneself, to appear. Kardus sonorous, echoing; kardumas, sonority. Kajrinti to irritate. Kajrin’ymas irritation. Karka, buttock, shoulder blade. Karkti, k’u,k’aw to fidget. Karkymas, fidgeting. Karkle/a/s v. Kope’t’os. Karksoti, to stand about bored. Karmonas, carpenter's plane in Ewang. 248. Karoblis, ship. Kar’one/a/, war. Karsis, a certain fish. Karta/o/klis, book offal. /hence charta lać/; Kartu together, jointly. Kas’a, little sauce; Kaś-kis v. Nieżas. Katil’or’us, Katilus, coppersmith /hence the surname Katel/. Katruj, Katrul, Katrur, wherever. Ka’t’ukstis, feline. Kawajtinti, to drag oneself along. Kawaitineti to wander, to roam. Kawajtininmas, dragging oneself along. Kauksoti, to caw. Kavkseti, to bark. Kauksojymas, cawing. Kiaukszejimas barking. Kiauksżti, to bark. Kiaukszimas, barking. K’avkutas, scale. Kavs’ti, šstu, hence ika ušav podpilem. Kavśea barrier. Kauśinti, nu/o/, isdž zgzybialė. Kavtimas, caring. K’aus-ti, k’autu k’autav, to care. Każis, Każis 2. v. Kumelis. Keajoti, to wander about; Keajojimas, wandering. Keal’olika, a dozen or so. Keal’olikintas, keal’olikis, twelfth. Keapszeti, ś’u, to beat like a small child. Ke/a/ptuvas, bread-baking oven. Keaptuvea, bakery. Keapurea, cap. Kearas, shrub. Kearuoti, to become shrubby, Ewang. 68. Keareti, r’u/o/, r’ejav, to bewitch, to cast a spell; nukeareti, to enchant, to persuade. Kearpeti, to impoverish. Kearvinti, to walk clumsily; kearvineti, to walk clumsily. Kearvinejimas, clumsy walking. Kearvonas, caravan. K’eaturis square. Keatvirtainis, quadrilateral, square. Kebl’aj, clumsily. Keblinti, to walk clumsily like a bear. Keblineti to walk clumsily; keblinejimas, clumsy walking. Keblinimas, clumsy gait. Kebłoti, isd’ clumsily, hence kebojimas, clumsy gait. Kebtu, clumsily. Kebtus, clumsy. Keb-soti, to sit awkwardly. [46a], Kebszeti v. seabszeti, to beat like small children. Keburoti to play /e.g. move a child's hands, fidget. Kedoti, oju/o/ dojav to scatter. Kedojimas, scattering. Ketoti, oju/o/ to spread, lay out, wave. Kesti, kea’t’u ketav, to stretch, spread, unfurl, hence issikė-tęs, sprawling. Ketojimas spreading /laying out/, waving. Kevealis, translator, wanderer. Kewealo/u/ti v. Kewełauti, to roam about. Kewe/a/łojimas, wandering, roaming. Kezęti, žu/o/ł to crack; Kezęjimas, cracking. Kezęti enu/o/, ejau, to slander; Kezęjimas slander. Kibala 5, misfortune /гибель/. Kibek-lis v. kablis. Kibi/u/rkštaviti v. tuoti v Kibi/u/rkšliti, to sparkle. Ki/u/burkštavimas v. Kibi/u/rkštijimas, sparkling. Kibi/u/rkštis, spark. Kiek, how much; kiekaj, somewhat; kiekas, how much; kiekibea, quantity, amount. Kiekierz(u)oti, to boast. Kiek/l/olika, a dozen or so. Kiemas, courtyard, homestead, e.g. buwaj kiemi, I was visiting. Kiemineti, to host guests. Kieminejimas, hosting. Kiem’onea, peasant woman, village woman. Kiem’onis, peasant, villager. Kiklikas, little shape, collarbone. Kikoti, to rock. Pakil’a, pitcher, flask. Kil’epas, pickaxe. Pokilis, feast; kłotli, to lift; kilojimas, lifting. Kiltis, family. Kimti mustu, mav, to be hoarse, to stiffen; apkimti, to become hoarse; ažukimimas, hoarseness, ażukimis, hoarse. Kimbti, bu/o/, mo’av, to cling. Modl. 232. Kimbeti v. kabeti, to hang. Kirbas v. Kajlis, sheepskin fleece. Kirbinea, a bundle, e.g. Kirbinea raktu. Kirkti, to croak. Kisielis, kisielus, kisiel. Kiszka, shin. Kłajdea, error, falsehood. Kłajdus, deluded. Kłajdunas, wanderer, translator. Kłajkus, timid, sorrowful, creating; Kłajkastis, fear. Kłajkinti, to create. Kłasta quarrel. Pakłajko, the creation was completed. Kłausus, v. Kłaużadus, obedient; n’akłaużada, rascal, disobedient. Kleabearis, clapper. Kleabeti to move about, to be slow. Kleabea(i, ie)nti, to knock, to rap. Klejka v. klej-kea, nag. Kłesti, ‘t’u, v. kłesteti, ‘t’u to thicken. Kłestiti to whip, to lash (хлестать). Kłest(e)j (y)-mas, thickening. Kłestimas, whipping. Kłestumas, density (of tree leaves). Kłestus dense, e.g. kłestus łapaj me’d’o, dense tree foliage. Kliedeti, to wander while ill, be manic, wander, walk about at night; hence kliedejimas wandering, mania, night-wandering. Klijas, glue, karuk. Kli-uoti to glue. Klikti, to call out. Klimpti, to get bogged down. Klineti, to wedge. Klingea, door handle. Klintis 7. cliff, rock. Kripti v. Klipti, pstu, pav. pod. to fall, collapse, become poor. Kliszas, Kliwas, Klivis, lame, bow-legged. Klivinti klivineti, to go, walk with a limp. Klodas, layer; pakłodea, sheet. Kłustineti to spread; kłustimas, spreading. Kłotas, kłotinis, salty, to salt. [46b] Klu-diti to hit, catch (grab). Kludimas, hitting. Kluga, twine. Klukinti, to stumble. Klukseti pilwie, to rumble in the belly. Klumbea(i, ie)nti, to knock. Klumbinti, klumbineti, to walk with a thumping step. Khum- 203 pa, klumpinea, klumpuma, shoal, mud. Klumpu, boggy. Klumpus, boggy. Klupuris v. Z’upsnis small lump, pinch. Kl’ur kseti, to snore. gearvea klurk’sa, crane snoring. Kl’utea, Klutis 7. v. Kl’autis 7. obstacle, obstruction, hindrance. Kn’agas, noisy person. Knajbiti, to pick, dig. Knajbimas, picking, digging. Knak(p)sojav to linger. Knatas, fuse — knaukseti, to yell. Kneazeti, to rattle. Kneażinti, to crush. Kneażejimas rattling; kneażinimas crushing. Knebo ti, to peck at one another: knebojimas pecking at one another. Kneksejimas v. Kn’auksejimas. Knekšeti v. Kn’avkšeti: Kne(i)binis, craft. 2. Kniboti, to pick, dig. Knibojimas picking, digging. Kniebti, kniembu, arba, bstu, to droop, fall (cnf. Nimbus). Knebimas drooping, falling. Knirkti, k’u(o) to squeak. Knisti, knintu arba knitu v. kniteti, tu(o), to nag, bother. Knitejimas, knitimas, nagging. Atsiknoti (from knoti), to come unstuck, peel off. Kn’okti, to shout, yell. Kn’okimas, shouting, cry, yell. Kn’oklis shouter, yeller. Knopa, horse's hoof frog. Knopinti, knopineti, to go, walk stumbling; pakonpstomis, stumbling. Knopsoti, to stand awkwardly. Kn’ubti, kn’umbu, bav, to fall face-first, droop. Kn’ubsoti, to press. Kn’ubs’t’as, lying face down. Sukn’ugždav, I began to squeak (from kn’ugzti kn’ungzdu). Kn’ugždėti, to squeak. Sukn’užav, I crushed myself (from kn’užti kn’unžu arba Kn’užstu,). Kn’užeti to crush oneself. Kn’užinti, to crush. Koloti, to insult, disgrace (slander). Komiti v. Kamuoti, to torment, exhaust. Komijimas vel Kamavimas. Kopti, v. lipti. Pe(a)rkoris, from korti, butcher of sausage. Korinti, korineti, to go, walk butchering sausage. Kovas v. V’epla rook. Krajg’oti, to wave, krajg’ojimas, waving. Krajtealea, box. Krajtealea pinta, wicker basket. Kraj tis 2. box, outfit. Krajpintas v. Keasealis, basket, hamper, basket. Kras’a, stool. Kr’avseti, to clear one's throat. Kr’avkutas, varlu kr’avkutaj from the air, mass like dough. Krawpas, rough, rugged. Kr’avsis seashore and kravtis,... Krea jda, chalk, Cretaceous chalk. Kreajwokšl(i)n’is, crooked. Kreap’sea, small chest; kreapśis, basket. Kreasnus, congealed, stout. Kreaseti, to congeal. Kre asnumas congealed state, stoutness. Krifjas, brim. Krikti, to quack (of a duck). Krikle, teal. Kriuoti, to hesitate. Krilavimas, hesitation. [47a] Krimslea, cartilage. Kr’ogas, snoring. Kr’oguoti, to snore, krokšti, to snore. Krógavimas snoring, krókštimas, snoring. Kr’oglis, one who snores. Kr’okulis, hammer. Kropti, to cheat, swindle. Krumas, shrub, bush, thicket, plural krumaj, copse, woodland, shrubbery. Kruminas, brushwood, shrubbery. Kruminis, woody; Kruminis duntis, molar tooth. Krumplis, knuckle, joint of the fingers. Krumpl’uotas, knobby. Krumslis, clod. Kr unas, asthma, wheezing. Krunuoti, nuoju, to cough, become asthmatic. Krunklis v. Varnas. – Krunkšti, krunkštauti to choke, gag, cough. Kru(o)ntas, shore. Kru pti, mpu, upav, to prick, stiffen, become clumsy. Krusnis 7. stoneware stove, pile of stones. Krušinis apple cake 2. – Kubil’us v. Kubil’or’us cooper (cnf. wies’ Kabilunaj). Kubris 2. back, nape. Kudra, mud, silt, sludge. K ujas hammer. Stulbis v. kujnas. K ūlimas, spring grass. Kulipka v. riduolea, ball. Kumpa, hunchback. Kumpti, to decline, sink. Pakumpti to sink down. Kun’aveajkti, to insult. Kundea moth. Kunigena, priest's daughter. Kunka, clasp. Kunkulas, boiling water, bubble, water blister; kunku luoti, to boil. Kuntas v. swaras, pound. Kuntripčhas, front counterpane, tin. Kuodis, lark. Kuaja, fence, picket fence. Kuokas, skittle, club. Kuokšta, tuft. kuo, ku, im, czym; Kuo-tuo, with this and that. Kuopa, community, common people, commotion, crowd (hence Latin populus, hence the festival Kupało). Kuopti to tidy, clean. Kuoras, tower, fortress. Kuosa, jackdaw. Kupl’aj, luxuriantly. Kupumas, luxuriance. Kupūs, luxuriant. Kupra hump (hence the surname Kupris). Kupris, hunchbacked. Kupsta, heap. Kosm, mound. Kupstuoti, to seethe; Kupstavimas seething. Kurkea, turkey hen; Kurkinas, turkey; kurkitis turkey-like; Kurkitur, elsewhere. sukuštav, I began to whisper. Kusteti, to whisper. Kūstinti, to gnaw, eat away at, bite. Kutuoti to dye clothes. Kusti, sstu(o), hence źlewe(a) kusta unt me’d’u, the bark sticks to the tree. Kutealoti, to tickle. K’utinti, to walk slowly. Kutriti, kutrinti to pester. Kuweti v’u(o) vejaw, to feel ashamed, repent, do penance, regret one's sins (hence perhaps Latin Kuwento, monastery). Kuwejimas, feeling ashamed. Kuwekseti, to whimper. Kunis 2.v. Sarmata, shame. [47b] Kwakšeti, to cluck. Kwarasiti to beat. Kwarma v. tajsituwas, form. Kwarsinti v. Pikrin tisi, to cover oneself. Kwatotisi, to laugh aloud, laugh excessively. Kwearkšlea, kwolzka. Kwe puoti, to pant. Kwieslis, caller, one who summons the invited guests. [4.] Lithuanian–German and German–Lithuanian vocabulary... 1730. Halle. More than one thousand four hundred and seventy words transcribed from F. W. Haack (60–67 b): Abbejeip, beyderley; Abbejets, beydes; abbe jey, beyder bey adv; 204 Akkies-Wokas, o, Angenlīd; Akkies-Wyzdis, džio, augapfel; auklas móze od auka; Andaj; Ankstybas i Ankstrīwas, Annot wie dort; Antaj, dorten adv. monstr.; Apdangalas, to die Kleidung cnf. toga, lat. and so on. Various notes are added to some words, for example: Erytis, cio ein Lamm (Lammazwierż w Ameryce) (61a), Kammara ros Kammer, pro Kambala od kamba, kampas (61b), Prakartas, to, eine Krippe (u nas Prakartis) (63a), etc. [5.] Nektóre frazesa polsko-żmudzkie [some Polish-Samogitian phrases]. According to K. Būga, these 34 expressions (88a–88b) were not written down by A. Kašarauskas himself; K. Būga published them after the other excerpts10, for example: Kad stroks, tūkart pri Diewa – When thunder strikes, a hundred times to God; Yra tai garbie ant garbiu, turieti ležuwi už dantu – This is a virtue above all virtues, to keep one’s tongue behind one’s teeth; Garbie ysz patjis burnas, atsydouod – Propria laus sordit, etc. [6.] Wyrazy Żmudżko-Litewski [Samogitian-Lithuanian words]. In K. Būga’s view, these too were not recorded by A. Kašarauskas, but are words noted down by someone from different dialects (Samogitian and Aukštaitian) that found their way into his manuscripts (89a–95b). K. Būga published them in sequence, adding numbers (248 in all)11. Here are a few examples from the beginning (98a): Inumis – Kumpnikas, Gasznus – puykus, Pakažnas – walnias, Skanu – gardu, Wins szuka – vienas puncziosi, Pakojes sukabinti – abudu supunczioti, Saykint – wiest prisiegon, Preykżus – Užkuris, etc. Thus A. Kašarauskas made word excerpts from various sources and obtained some material [5, 6] from others. It is conjectured that, at his initiative, someone copied the vocabulary from J. Pabrėža’s work “Taislius auguminis,” which he later possessed12. A. Kašarauskas’s word lists and his entire manuscript “Litvanica” are a rich and varied treasure trove of material, which it would be worthwhile to examine carefully once more and transcribe everything that was inadvertently overlooked. As A. Kašarauskas himself says in his article on Lithuanian-language dictionaries, he did not intend to undertake lexicographic work or compile a dictionary of the Lithuanian vernacular, but contented himself with excerpting words from various sources and compiling word collections that might be useful to him in writing about the Lithuanian language and that were available to his friends and acquaintances. Nevertheless, word has reached us that A. Kašarauskas distinguished himself as a compiler of a Russian–Lithuanian dictionary. His work was discussed in the press. For instance, in “Tėvynės sargas” (1896, issue II, pp. 21–22), Vaižgantas appealed to the public in search of A. Kašarauskas’s Russian–Lithuanian dictionary: [21] “Where is the ‘Russian–Lithuanian Dictionary’ of the priest Ambr. Kossarzėvskis?” We could liken Bishop Motiejus’s time in Samogitia to Adam Mickiewicz’s time in Vilnius; as here, so there, a great literary movement emerged. Samogitian clergy and laypeople learned and wrote together. Many of their works were printed, 10 “Tauta ir žodis,” vol. I, pp. 367–368. 11 Ibid., pp. 368–371. 12 This was reported by S. Skrodenis, head of the Manuscripts Department of the Lithuanian SSR State Republican Library, on the basis of a manuscript held there (PR 136). 205 Many still remain somewhere or other, when the time has come for them to see the light of day. I hear that a famous learned man, a member of the Archaeological Society, the priest Ambraziejus Kossarževskis, or, as the Samogitians pronounce it, [22] Kašarauskas (1822—1880), several volumes of whose manuscripts are kept in the library of the Kaunas Seminary, had written a Russian-Lithuanian dictionary approximately up to the word (the latter) “ogonščiki.” After his exile from Varniai, where he had been the Moderator at the Bernardine monastery, to Siberia in 1863, his library fell into the hands of relatives in the Pavandenė parish; they kept it in the rectory, where the dictionary was still there in 1883 [?], but it disappeared sometime between 1872 and 1883. If anyone should come across it, please deliver it by hand or directly to the editorial office of “Tėvynės sargas,” which will gladly acquire it. Somewhat later, inquiries about this and other dictionaries appeared in the Lithuanian-American press: “Where are the Lithuanian dictionaries? Of Lithuanian-language dictionaries, only those of Nesselmann, Kurszaitis, and Miežinis have been published; the important dictionary by Juszkewycz is still being printed in St. Petersburg. But where are the others? It is well known that Dionizas Poška left a Samogitian-Lithuanian dictionary, written up to the letter P. Pocker also left dictionaries (Lithuanian-Polish and Polish-Lithuanian), as did Kajetonas Niezabitowskis (Lithuanian-Polish), Rev. Sutkevičius, L. Ivinskas (Samogitian-Lithuanian), Simonas Stanevičius (Samogitian-Polish), Rev. Kosarzauckas, and M. Akelaitis (the latter two: Polish-Lithuanian and a comparative Lithuanian dictionary). Mr. P. Kriaučiūnas is reportedly writing a Lithuanian dictionary. Besides these large dictionaries, how many little dictionaries might we find, written and being written for themselves by every lover of the Lithuanian language. But where are they…?” Rev. Kosarzauckas’s Russian-Lithuanian dictionary was still in the Pavandenė parish with relatives in 1883, but it disappeared. In 1858, Vincas Bialozor had Dionizas Poška’s dictionary in his possession. Akelaitis’s dictionaries were lost in Paris. Could the Želmens Society have them? Rev. Sutkevičius’s Lithuanian-Polish “dictionary” lies neglected in the Vilnius Public Library. And where are the others? We ought to search for them all.”13 A. Kašarauskas’s dictionary was sought through the press even later14, but it has not been found to this day. It is therefore difficult to say anything certain about it today. We can only speculate about the purpose for which A. Kašarauskas compiled a Russian-Lithuanian dictionary, when he himself wrote that a Lithuanian-Polish dictionary was needed first. In the first half of the nineteenth century, Polish-Lithuanian and reverse dictionaries were in vogue, while Russian was still a new phenomenon in Lithuanian lexicography. One of the first to consider introducing Russian into a Lithuanian dictionary then being compiled was A. Ugianskis (1816—1870), professor in the Department of Classical Languages at Kazan University. He argued that Lithuanians and Poles knew enough Russian, that Polish equivalents were unfamiliar to Russians, and that a Lithuanian-Russian dictionary could be published at government expense15. We may suppose that A. Kašarauskas, a man of broad interests and erudition, while working with the Russian Vilnius Archaeological Commission and the Kaunas Statistical Committee, writing for the Russian press on botany and other subjects, and knowing Polish, German, and 13 “Tėvynė,” 1898, p. 250. 14 See “Žinyčia,” 1901, No. 1, p. 154. 15 “Tauta ir žodis,” vol. VII, Kaunas, 1931, p. 330. 206 French, he must also have learned Russian well. For this purpose, he and other Lithuanian intellectuals needed a Russian–Lithuanian dictionary. The dictionary had to be a translation dictionary, since one can compile such a dictionary most easily and quickly by taking some Russian dictionary as a basis. In the absence of the manuscript and other evidence, it is impossible to say anything about the source of the Russian part of the dictionary. That A. Kašarauskas was interested in dictionaries of other languages and sought them out is evident from a letter dated 1860. III. 15 from L. Ivinskis to an unknown person, asking them to provide dictionaries of other languages for “the brilliant researcher of comparative Samogitian” A. Kašarauskas.16 For the Lithuanian part of the dictionary, A. Kašarauskas could have used words copied from various sources as well as those recorded from folk speech. His lists of Lithuanian words probably served this purpose, at least in part. Perhaps, in preparing the Russian–Lithuanian dictionary, A. Kašarauskas also had scholarly interests in mind. He wrote extensively in the Polish press about the significance of the Lithuanian language for comparative historical linguistics; through S. Mikuckis, in whom he placed great hopes as the compiler of a Lithuanian dictionary, he must have known that Russian linguists I. Sereznevskis, F. Fortunatovas, J. Šachmatovas, and others were also interested in Lithuanian and awaited a dictionary through which they could become acquainted with the language. This, too, may have encouraged A. Kašarauskas to compile a Russian–Lithuanian dictionary, whose manuscript ends with the word “ogonsčiki”. The manuscript of the Russian–Lithuanian dictionary is the only dictionary known to have been begun by A. Kašarauskas. He had an opportunity to make a further contribution as a lexicographer, since the Vilnius bookseller and publisher Zavadskis offered him the task of preparing an abridged version of Bobrovsky’s Latin–Polish dictionary. S. Kašarauskas, devoted to the natural sciences, declined this profitable work.17 In addition to the lexicographic works mentioned above (word lists and a Russian–Lithuanian dictionary), A. Kašarauskas made a contribution as a historian of Lithuanian lexicography by writing the article we have cited on Lithuanian dictionaries, in which almost all the most important lexicographers from the beginning of the seventeenth century to the end of the nineteenth are mentioned very briefly. Interested in linguistics, following the linguistic and other press, and associating with the philologists, public figures, and other intellectuals of the time (M. Valančius, M. Akelaitis, L. Ivinskis, K. Daukša, S. Mikuckis, and others18), Kašarauskas must have known what had been accomplished and what was being done in Lithuanian lexicography. At the beginning of the article, the Lithuanian lexicographers are listed, namely: S. Daukantas, K. Nezabitauskas, J. Juška (Juškevičius), A. Ugianskis, M. Akelaitis (Akelevičius), L. Ivinskis, K. Daukša, M. Miežinis (Miežitavičius), S. Prialgauskas, A. Juška (Juškevičius); the very first lexicographer, K. Širvydas; and the recently deceased S. Stanevičius, D. Poška (Paškevičius), D. Sutkevičius, and J. Pabrėža (as a collector of botanical words). Among the figures mentioned in our literature who wished or attempted to undertake lexicographic work, nothing is said about A. Butkevičius, L. Uvainis, J. Plateris, and others, whose lexicographic activity must have been of little significance or had not attracted wider attention in A. Kašarauskas’s time. 16 “Tauta ir žodis,” vol. VII, Kaunas, 1931, p. 342. 17 Prof. A. Dambrauskas, Kun. Ambroziejus Kašarauskas (1821–1882). – „Tauta ir žodis“, kn. III, Kaunas, 1925, p. 234. 18 Cf. “Tauta ir žodis,” vol. III, p. 234. 207. Among the lexicographers of East Prussia, A. Kašarauskas mentions Hako, Ruigys, Mielcke, and Nesselmann at the end of his article. The first two presented only a small portion of the vocabulary, a selection, while Nesselmann compiled a fairly extensive collection of words, yet one that covered less than half of the riches of the Lithuanian language. Nothing is said about the East Prussian manuscript Lithuanian–German and German–Lithuanian dictionaries, especially the two-part dictionary by J. Bradovskis, distinguished for its wealth of folk language and folklore, which is mentioned in the printed dictionaries of Mielcke and Nesselmann. Although, compared with other sources that mention Lithuanian dictionaries, A. Kašarauskas published almost nothing new, the mere mention of our most prominent lexicographers and his brief notes on certain dictionaries are nevertheless worthy of attention in the study of the history of Lithuanian lexicography. Having examined A. Kašarauskas’s work in Lithuanian lexicography, we can draw the following conclusions. A. Kašarauskas left no major lexicographic works or dictionaries of great significance to Lithuanian lexicography. The most important works mentioned were word lists, an attempt to compile a Lithuanian–Russian dictionary, and notes on Lithuanian dictionaries. Nevertheless, bearing in mind the state of Lithuanian lexicography at the time, the small number of lexicographers, and the difficult conditions under which they worked, A. Kašarauskas’s lexicographic activity proves much more significant than it might at first appear. A. Kašarauskas introduced new ideas and proposals into Lithuanian lexicography which, although unrealized, sustained and strengthened efforts to enrich Lithuanian lexicography with new works. These included promoting the idea of a dictionary of folk speech and raising the need to compile dictionaries of personal names, place names, and terms. A. Kašarauskas supported, deepened, and developed the lexicographic movement that began to emerge in Lithuania at the start of the nineteenth century, whose principal task was to prepare various Lithuanian dictionaries intended to serve the learning of the Lithuanian language, the refinement of its literary form, and the creation of Lithuanian literature. He saw that dictionary compilation was proceeding very slowly and that the available resources were few and scattered; he therefore sought to sustain lexicographic work, bring these resources together, and encourage others to join forces in preparing a comprehensive Lithuanian dictionary. A. Kašarauskas collected a substantial amount of material from various sources, which enriched the card files of K. Būga, the great “Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language,” and other lexicographic collections, and is still used for lexicographic purposes today. Particularly valuable are his excerpts from the dictionaries of K. Daukša and J. Jumskis, as well as words recorded from folk speech, which can be found throughout A. Kašarauskas’s “Litvanika.” The excerpts from the dictionaries mentioned are tangible and reliable witnesses from which we can form at least some impression of dictionaries that have disappeared and have not yet been found. A. Kašarauskas listed and documented the lexicographers known to him, thereby contributing to some extent to the collection, recording, and transmission of information about the history of Lithuanian lexicography to future generations. All this warrants including A. Kašarauskas himself in the history of Lithuanian lexicography as one of the few nineteenth-century intellectuals who regarded a dictionary and grammar of their native language as the cornerstones of the nation’s vitality. 208