Lietuvių kalbos lyginamųjų frazeologizmų santykis su aplinka

LEXICON INVESTIGATIONS LITHUANIA TSR SCIENCE ACADEMY LITHUANIAN LANGUAGES COMPARER PHRASEOLOGIES RELATION SU ENVIRONMENT K. VOSYLYTĖ Comparative phraseologisms are considered to be semantic comparisons of constant lexical composition, grammatical: ir structure, which are not created in the process of communication, used by memory as a formula of o collective iš creation. Iš of all phraseological units, comparative phraseologisms are the least studied. Although they are quite productive in speech, for a long time the type of phraseologicšį al compounds was not talked about iš at all. They were little ne interested in them only ir Soviet, but foreign linguists. Very inconsistently they were drawn dictionarieir į s. To date, the question of the composition of ir comparative phraseologisms is being lively debated. Ar comparative phraseology is a binary structure, single-membered, ar the object of t. y. ar comparison is part of the phraseology, only į the comparison itself is considered a ar phraseology ? Let's say, ar phraseology is considered as black as aule, flies as an eye burned, as aule, as an eye burned? ar There are different opinions on this issue. Some linguists believe that comparative phraseologisms consist of two iš elements, are binary structures*, others think that most often only the comparison forms a phraseological unit, less often the object of comparison together with the — comparison®. su There is no consistency on this issue in ir dictionaries. For D. example, Ushakov "The Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language" (I-IV t., M., phraseologisms considered: 1935—1940) cudems kak ucoakax: wa KGK 3eHuyy oka; Kak dee Kanau 60061 (noxoxc); how it went; 6 Dictionary of the Russian Language (I-IV vol., M., 1957 =1961): Goims (cudems) kak Ha ueoakax: 6epeub (Xxpanumo) KGK seruyy OKa; Kak dee kanau 60061; Kak ppGa 8 600th; "The Dictionary of Modern Russian Literary Language" (I — XVII t., M. — L., 1948 — 1965): kak na ueoaxax; kak senuyy oka Gepeuo, xpanums U m.n. ; Obimo, wyecmeosame, eecmu cebs u M.N. Two boys. 6 600th; "The Phraseological Dictionary of Russian Language" (M., kax 1967): Ha U20AKAX; KaK 3rd HUYY OKa; Kak dee Kūnau 80061; How did he go? 6 As you can see, there is no 1 Zr. : A. Tuxounos, P. Kynrypos. O6 ycToliunBbiX cpaBHHTEIbHBIX 060porax pyccKO (B s3hIKe). M — Tpyjisi Cavmapranjekoro yn-a, HoBas cepus, Ne 139, Kparkne cooGumenns, Camapkas 1, 1964, p. 41-42. H. Quasi. Anajina nepsbix u BTOPBIX KOMMOHEHTOB yCTOHUHBBIX CPaBHEHHM il THNA as+ NpHAaraTeJbHOe +as+ CYMeCTBHTEJIbHOC B COBDEMEHHOM aHTJHICKOM SI3bIKe. — Yuenbie 3anickn Boaoroackoro rock. mex. uu-ra, T. 28, Bosoraa, 1964, p. 194-221. H. YepHunmesa. Ppaseosiornst COBPEMEHHOTO HEMELKOTo siabika, Mocksa, 1970, p. 48-59 ir kt * See. : 3. Illyryposa, JI. Poisenson. I'm not sure if I'm right. — Marepna/ibi KOH(pepeHunn , AKTyasbHbe BONPOCH COBPEMEHHOrO 513bIKO3HAHHS H AHHTBHCTHUECKOE Hacaeaue E. HIM. [Moausanosa”, T. I, Camapkann, 1964, p. 104-107. M. Cupopenko. K I'm not sure. o I'm not sure. I'm not sure. —[Tpobaems Pppazeosornn (HcCejJOBAHHSI H MaTepnaJibi), Mockpa—Jlennnrpaz, 1964, p. 126—130. B. )Kykos. Opaseonornam nu ¢Pause tube OKpyxemne. — Yu. 3 a.m. Mockosck. c6aacti. Nenar. uncer. umenn H. K. Kpynckoii, r. 160, Mocksa, mo 1966, p. 225-244 ir kt T* 99 not only between individual dictionaries, but also within a single dictionary. From the aforementioned dictionaries one principle. consistently maintained in the,,Phraseological Dictionary of the Russian Language“. For a long time, in the great Lithuanian language dictionary, comparative phraseologisms were placed together with prepositions, misléms and proverbs, i.e., they were not considered phraseologisms at all. Only in the latest volumes of the Dictionary are comparative phraseologisms given together with other phraseological combinations. This article does not aim to comprehensively examine the comparative phraseologisms of Lithuanian language. Our aim is to try to clarify the criteria by which it is possible to establish the boundary between comparative phraseologisms and their environment, and according to this environment to describe the structure of comparative phraseologisms. Comparative phraseologisms, like other phraseological units, are used only in the environment of certain words. Their relationship and degree of connection with the words of that environment are different and depend on the structure of phraseology and semantic and grammatical characteristics. The lexical meaning and use of some phraseologisms are independent (e.g., bag of diseases; bag of lazy people), others have only an independent lexical meaning, but are associated with other words by control or interweaving (e.g., to bend ears where, from what), third ones do not have an independent lexical meaning and are always associated with a certain semantic group of ZodZiai®, the latter type also includes comparative phraseologisms. Words closely related to comparative phraseology usually retain their lexical and grammatical independence and do not enter the composition of phraseology. Comparative phraseology, in turn, also has a certain grammatical structure and content, but its meaning and grammatical function emerge only in the environment of words of a certain semantic group. The firmly established set of lexical and grammatical elements of free use, which is constantly associated with phraseology and without which it would be impossible to use it, we will call the necessary phraseological environment. The environment together with comparative phraseology forms a constant comparative construction and is a unit of the language system. Since comparative phraseology is closely related to the environment and meaning, and grammatical structure, it is sometimes difficult to determine the lexical composition of phraseology itself. It is not always clear, we will say, whether the object of comparison forms the environment of comparative phraseology, or it is included in the composition of phraseology. In this case, the components of the comparative construction must be examined functional and semantic, i.e., to determine the grammatical function and lexical meaning. For example, in comparative constructions plepa as buza nedavirtas, tauškia as drignių apsiėdęs verbs plepa, tauškia are closely related to comparisons, but they retain an independent lexical meaning and verb function, that is, they do not form part of phraseology, but are only associated with it. In turn, comparisons like buza nedavirtas and as drignių apsiėdęs here have the lexical meaning of "many, empty (plepa,tauškia)" and perform the function of an adverb. In the constructions drunk as a bag, drunk (isdykes, drunk) as a poor pork in phraseology is considered as a bag, as a poor pork, because adjectives or participants of adjective meaning drunk, drunk, drunk, drunk have independent lexical meanings and perform the function of an adjective, and comparisons perform the function of an adverb and have the meaning "very (drunk; drunk, drunk, drunk)". Thus, here verbs and adjectives or participants of adjective meaning do not enter the lexical composition of comparative phraseology, but form its environment. | 2 See. B. 2000-2001 )Kykos, ibid. 100 Now let’s look at the following comparative constructions: as drums beat “,all talk a lot”: All parakvije as drums beat Angry. as for the ear throw (thrown, thrown),,fast eat, eat, drink; išgėrė, suvalgė ką“: Just give him—throw him like behind the ear Kp. Throw a pot of corn in the evening and bury it behind your ear. My pig eats very quickly, as behind the ear throws upt. In the evening, the father threw the porridge away like a ball BsV 264. What is such a man —as if behind the ear thrown, and quite Skdt. In these comparative constructions the object of comparison are the verbs muša, meta (išmetė, uZmeté), but they do not have an independent lexical meaning and grammatical function. Only in combination with comparison do these verbs acquire the true meaning that they have in the comparative construction. So here the verb enters the lexical composition of comparative phraseology. All comparative phraseology performs the function of a verb. There are few such comparative phraseologisms in Lithuanian. Thus, the main criterion for determining the lexical composition of comparative phraseology is the following: words that are constantly associated with phraseology do not form part of its lexical composition if they have an independent lexical meaning and grammatical function. Both the words of the composition of the phraseology itself and its environment can form synonymous lines. However, that criterion also allows a clear distinction to be made between them in this case. Let's compare the following examples: a) as [like] lightning “very fast, very strongly (runs, runs, flies, etc.; ran, flew, etc.)”: He like lightning pargriaudé from Valkinyko Vlk. Flying like lightning Krin, Ms. Flew like lightning Ps. As lightning poured Kis. Kap Lightning quickly sold Brt. The horse pulled back and smoke like lightning through the fields Jnš. Dr. How he got out (he learned to run), that's a lightning bolt! Knv. „very slowly, slowly, hardly (goes, slides, moves, etc.)“: Slidink kaip padvėjęs Vdk. Ropes as cooled YVkš. Korula (rolls) like a cooled Plt. You're like a walker, and you can't walk faster than Vvr. as a poor pig „„very (bad, naughty, rude, etc.)“: Pasileides kaip ubogo poršelis Plng. "Uzv, Vvr. He was born as a pigeon. He's just like a poor pig Sd. "Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse (LTR)". It is also known as the P-357 Piglet. b) as in the head (galvon, galvos, galvą) beaten [perdaužtas, duotas, beštas, skiltas] "fast, urgently (runs, runs; flew, ran, etc.)": Bėga kaip galvon duotas Ds. He ran away as if he had been stabbed in the head. Grigo's girlfriend... like a headshot back to the house. Runs like a head-on J. Jabl. He was thrown out of the house as he was beaten in the head. It was like a head-shot J. Jabl. Runs like heads sold Krtn. as [as] upside-down [inverted| teeth „without willingness (eats, chews)“: Eat with upside-down teeth Gs. Chews like a tooth-in-the-- mouth Gs. In the examples of the first group, synonymous rows are made up of lexical and grammatically independent words, that is, they are comronants of the environment of comparative phraseology. The second group of synonymous words are neither lexical nor grammatically independent, so they are considered components of phraseology itself. * Abbreviations as ,,Lietuviy kalbos žodyne“. 101 Phraseologisms of the same structure can perform various functions. The function of phraseology depends heavily on the grammatical environment. jo Therefore, it is important to determine what categories of ir words make up the environment of comparative phraseologies. Most of the comparative phraseologisms in Lithuanian are adverbs, only a small part of ir them are verbs. Adverbial — functions of comparative phraseologyenvironmental words are: mų verb 1) (occasionally jį substituted singular word ar combination), adjective of 2) the non-comparative degree or the genitive form of the adjective, adjective substituting part of speech participant, — noun 3) originator. I. Equatory phraseologisms of the adverbial function 1. Most of the comparative phraseologisms of the adverbial function have a verb as their environment, rarely a verb-replacing word combination, e.g. : ar Giti, giti the house i as requested (about a goat) Vrd. Most of the time, environmental verbs are intransitive, meaning movement (e.g., Runs to the grave Pls. Parkiiré like smoke home An. ), physical ar mental state (e.g. Sitting equal bitches maids Klt. He's standing there, swallowing a stick Vick. ), the iš transition from į one state to another (e.g., Zakaito kaip žarija rš.), one characteristic another, etc., iš less commonly transitive. į Intransitive ir verbs are closely related — to comparative phraseology, so other words rarely interfere between them. su In transitive verbs, the controlling finalis usually jų interposes between the comparative phraseology of the verb, e.g. : Watch the chickens as your eye in your forehead, so that they do not take the wheat ir į Sk. The mother už as ears three viedrus iškuksėjo (drank) Ds. Sometimes the verb-controlled suffix is said before the verb, e.g. : ir You see, you found this piece like an už ear Out. In Lithuanian, adverbs usually go before the verb (e.g., runs fast, shouts loudly), comparative phraseologisms are usually o postpositional, only occasionally prepositional. The ir environment of — comparative phraseologisms usually consists of the personified forms of the verb. Iš jų We consider the following as the basic forms: the third person present — tense of the action verb, the third person past tense of the event verb. — For example: as [lig] bestrēnis pie biezpiena „„slowly, lazily (goes, slides, slitikira ir etc.)“: so Ko sliūkini, kap bestrēnis to varškė? LTR(Brt). Sliding like a beast to the curd Willow. as camphor be pepper "suddenly, completely (disappeared, disappeared)": disappearbe ed like camphor pepper Brs, Vdžg. Faded like camphor pepper be LTR(Jrb). There are phraseologisms, the environment of which usually consists of only one of the personifiedfoiš rms of the jų verb. In such cases, the form is considered the ta main: as your ir ears (ear) iron. ,,completely (will not see, will not ir hear, will not receive etc.)“: You'll see as your ears PPr399. You'll see the money as your ears Alz. You'll see in your ear Lz. He will see the darkness as his own ear on Earth. I can only say thank you to them for the už jų service ir hard o work, and they will see as their ears A. Come on. The comparative environment of phraseologisms of the same meaning consists of verbs of the same semantic group. If one ir to the environment of the comparative phraseology itself consists ar of verbs of two more semantic groups, this comparative phraseology has as many meanings as the semantic groups of the verb it is associated with. su 102 In this way, the environment enables the meaning of comparative phraseologisms to be distinguished. For example: as a sheep liver be 1. "Jabai (shooting, mocking)": Sélk like sheep liver be Db. 2. "without reason, for nothing (wears, slampinėja)“: Wear like a sheep liver be Dr. 3. „hardly, slowly (drawn back, ir opened up, etc.)“: It echoed like a sheep liver be Brs. Here, the environment of comparative phraseology consists of verbs of three semantic groups, and therefore phraseology has three meanings. Comparative phraseologisms of the verb-verbal environment usually define the intensity of the mode of action: as ar [like] on needles "Very restlessly (sitting, standing, lying down)’: All the time he's unsettled, sitting like on needles Ins. She's wrapped up like she's lying on needles Kt. We're all standing on needles. the voice of the bishop's a nė carriage Zem. like a stone į water (in water) 1. .,suddenly, completely (disappeared, perished)- “: perished į like a stone water LTR. Lost tomb stone in the water LS. Breaks like a stone in the water Svn. 2. ..very cool (fall asleep)’: The stone was placed in a stone pit. Šį Saturday Severya, as usual, was tired of the day's work and fell like a ir mi stone into the water... like a black horse,,working hard, hard“: Working like a black horse Cross. as ears už (behind the ear) ,,very quickly, greedy (suve, sušveitė, išgėrė ir pan.)“: I gave a bliūd, batvinius sušveitė as ears už Suck. The mother už as ears three viedrus škuksėjo Ds. Maya, you've found this piece of wood už like an ear Out. Bacon's been thrown out of the way. as be salts.,nothing, empty (talk, tarnish ir etc.)“: Speech as salt be LK. That he's such a fool, talks like salt be Cf. as [equivaleiš nt to] flute ..very strongly (rain, snow)’: Which pours — kap flute iš Grl. The rain is pouring on the iš pipes You're rude. Rain kap siipteré, it's like a flute iš Rtn. as smoke iš 1. “,unanimously, by consensus (does, did what)“: Singing kap dūiš mo Mtl. Everyone as dimo iš rose went out ir Srv. 2. "okay, nice (growth, greening)’: All blossomir ed green as smoke iš SIE. 3. ,,very good (sekasi, einasi)’: Goes like smoke iš Dv. | as [like] hedgehog (hedgehog) toad ‘very (stresses, torments, torments ka)“: Work like a hedgehog toad Ggr. He chases like a hedgehog a toad Plt. Trouble like a hedgehog a toad Krtn. | as [it] tooth (dancio, tooth) burning 1. ..very (distracted, unsettled)- “: Maudžia (nerimsta) kaip dantį gniamas J.Jabl. Shiny it tooth burning M. Valanč. Maud? ir Mauj (doesn't calm down) when a — tooth gnawing doesn't go anywhere NR. Diffuse it tooth burning S. Dauk. 2. ‘very (raukosi)’: Rauko as a toothpick J. Jabl, PPr411. 3. ‘very (whistles, groans)“: whistles like a tooth-grinder Mc. like a kitten from a candy bar 1. ‘very (spyriojasi, shakes, shakes what)“: Ko purtaikap si kitty from sausienés (braised potatoes, troskés)? LTR(VIkv). N espirify like a kitten from January rs. 2. ,very, strongly (sneeze)“: sneeze kitten from the wall Ms. as [it] cat, tail broken,,many, angry (niurzga, burt ir pan.)’: Niurzg like a cat, tail broken Krtn. Ir kniaukia it katinas, uodegą lauZiamas Pln. Ko narni like a cat, tail broken LTR (Ms.) 103 as a bear on the smoke (on the smoke) „,suddenly, angrily (falls, dances, screams at what)“: Šoka kap meška an dūmo Gs. Tell him what, it will jump like a bear on a smoke Vlkv. When you squeal (rėki) kap beška in dūmų Arm. Sometimes the comparative phraseology in the sentence is not directly related to the verb, but complements or reinforces the meaning of the adverb, e.g. : The sparrows live like bears in the ear KrvP(Rod). He ascended high, as from leaven Ps. Comparative phraseology can also be associated with the answering word in the sentence, indicating the syntactic function of phraseology, e.g. : I need them now, put some salt in the pot Kbr. He shook his hand a little, then let his throat loose, as if bitterly led by Jrb. But even in such cases, phraseology is syntactically dependent on the verb. With the elimination of the adverb, the function of phraseology and the structure of the sentence remain essentially unchanged. The environment of these comparative phraseologisms is therefore also a verb. From the above sentences, we derive the following comparative constructions: lives like a bear in the ear; came out like yeast; need as a salt pot; he lowered his throat as if bitterly led. Occasionally there is an ellipse of the verb environment. Usually this happens when the main component of the structure of comparative phraseology is a verb, and therefore the whole comparative phraseology in the sentence becomes quite independent, e.g. : Russians —digging ice with kremt Azr. I'm like ice breaking. Such phraseologisms are very close to those that perform the function of the verb in the sentence. However, even these comparative phraseologisms are usually used in language with the verb of the environment, and thus are inseparable from phraseologisms of the adverbial function: Skaito —kaip ledu kremta LTR(Grk). He talked like he was chewing ice... There are cases when the environment of the same comparative phraseology can consist of both a verb and a noun of close meaning — the abstract of the verb or the name of the action. Such phraseologisms are considered as variants of corresponding phraseologisms associated with verbs, and the nouns themselves as the comparative variant environment of phraseologisms: „as [as if] on fire (in fire),“fastly, sharply (runs, flies; flew away, flew away, etc.)“: Lekia tartum in gaisro Kvr. Vampteléjo every word, and runs [shocks do] as on fire... Peter, who had not been able to escape, fell asleep in the fire. ||,,smarkus, nepaprastas (bėgimas, bėgsena)“: And those Zmoniybégsena— like on fire! Skd. 2.The second relatively productive group consists of comparative phraseologisms, associated with adjectives of non-comparative degree of qualitative meaning, the participant that replaces it or the form of the adjective in the infinitive genus. And in constructions of this type, comparative phraseology has as many meanings as the semantic groups that make up its environment. Comparative phraseology usually supplements or reinforces the meaning of the adjective, indicates a greater or lesser amount of the property of the object, and usually has the meaning "very". a) Examples with a non-comparative adjective or a participle that performs its function: as a cucumber 1. „very (fat, full of a person or animal)“: Būsi tu pilnas kap agurkas Lp. Horse pine gets cucumber Lp. 2. „very (large, bulging around the nose)“: Bulging nose like a cucumber from the slanksto Ssk. as an eye „very (full, spreading what about a vessel, room)“: The bleed is full as an eye, you will knead it a bit —and you will pour it out! Ms. Filled a glass full of cap eye Alk. Peat as an eye 104 “the bag as an eye, hardly beažriši Ds. Nako (such a surname) full of hay like an eye Slm. spreads cool water J. Avyž. Clear milk soluble as eye Slnt. Grey as a shadow 1. “Jabai (a dry word about a person or animal)”: Pig’s bodies when they are eaten by Shlu. "Aska Wickramasinghe". They were thin as eyebrows, and pale as bulby sprouts, stretched out in a dark shadow. 2. „labai (išbalęs, baltas, išbalęs apie žmogų)“: That you girl is pale kap ašaka Vlkv. kaip brauktuvė „very (thin, skinny about a person or animal)“: Laiba mergiotė kai brauktuvė Ds. Cow's trunks as a ride Ds. as sheep spirit „very, completely (stupid)“: Kvailas kap avies dvasia Lnkl. b) Examples with the adjective’s genitive form: as on the palm, “very, completely (clear)”: Aišku kaip ant palno Ds. From the beginning to the end it was clear to him that this connection was impossible, Paukštaičia would lose Vaižg for him. as day,,very, completely (aišku)“: Aišku kap dieną Plv. What he said, everything is as clear as day Jnš. as in the claws of a wolf,,very, completely (dark)“: Dark as in the claws of a wolf SkrT. as davatkai našparas „very (beautiful)“: Ot gražu —kai davatkai našparas (misparas) DI. In language, comparatively often only a comparison is used to describe the quality of an object. In such cases, the comparative phraseology is quite independent and its function corresponds to the adjective: as thunder- 's buckwheat "Jabai reti ppr. about grains“: Your grains are like thunder buckwheat Ds. as guba,,very large, large ppr. about a woman“: Ok you're my, boba like guba! Slm. It is like a spoon, and its legs are like spoons. as and ubago lazda,,Jabai ilgas apie snargli*: Sniurglys as and ubago lazda PnmR. as ice,Very good, great about the weather- “: Today pagada as ice St. as a drunk prayer,,- very bad, unsuitable about whose work and so on.“ : Your work as a drunk prayer VP46. However, most comparative phraseologisms are used with an adjective context, sometimes with and without an adjective context. It is a full-blown cucumber Lp. || Man — when cucumber, herself — when pupa LTR(Dkk). The nose is bulging like a cucumber from the slanksto Ssk. His nose is like a cucumber. The pig's bodies when it's time to eat. They have neither fences nor gates, horses as hoes, cows as hoe, and pigs as heaps of bristles... 1. Simon. It should be noted that the adjective environment in comparative constructions is more often variant than the verb environment. A variant environment of this type of comparative phraseologisms are considered to be co-roots or abstracts and verbs of adjectives of one semantic group, e.g.: white as canvas, faded as canvas, could also be whiteness — as canvases. Some examples with sentences: as [like] a canvas „„very (white, pale, pale about a person, his face)“: Išbalęs kaip drobulė Sln, Sug. Breaks home white when canvas Prng. All nubales as a canvas InSk. Pale and pale as a canvas, he lay in his beautiful bed, Mr. Ball. ||,,labai (pabalo, išblyško)- “: Pabalo like a canvas Ins. They complained, you say!.. And what is the same pabalai as a canvas?.. V. Krev. 105 As [like] cats (cats) mourn "Jabai (dry, broken, tired of man)": It is like a cat's mouth. Dry, pale — when the cats mourn Eri. He was broken and finished like a cat's mourning Gs. || „labai (sudžiūvo)“: You have dried up like a cat's muck Erž. as parašėlis,very beautiful about a person or animal“: Merga —as parašėlis Sim. || „extraordinary (beauty)- “: Beauty of a girl —as parašėlis Kp. 3. The environment of comparative phraseologisms of adverbial function can be the noun originator. Constructions of this type are not very productive. In these, the comparative phraseology usually has the meaning of a quantitative adverb: kaip amaro,.labai daug ko apie gyvas būtybes ir negyvas daiktus": Priperinau šįmet vištukų kap amaro, ale vištaičių nedaug, vis gaidukai Plv. A full trio of children came to LS. Full of treetops crows cap amaro, probably, will be melt Plv. Berry like amaranth — all the land like marsh covered by V.Krev. as from the mud, a lot of ppr. About living beings": How from the mud that picked up people Kp. How from the mud of those flies Slm. as with a dog fleas,a lot about living beings and inanimate objects“: At a rich relative as with a dog fleas Ins. She has money like a dog fleas LTR (J. Jabl.). At the moment free rooms as at the dog fleas rs. as December,a lot about living beings and inanimate objects": Children of children —when December! P15. Even branches tilt: apples when December! Trgn. as colostrum (colostrum- ),.very much ppr. about laughter, talks“: There was laughter when Kp. Laughed cap whey Al. The laughs of the boys were like whey Vaižg. It was then that the language became known as K'iche'. as ice "very much ppr. about inanimate objects": That, brother, will be money as ice! 18. So I bet peas on ice! Lzd. The environment of many such comparative phraseologisms can be formed by the origins of nouns of very different meanings. This type of comparative phraseology, associated only with nouns of certain, defined meanings, occurs rarely, e.g.: laughter, speech as curd (curd). II. 1998-1999 Comparative phraseologisms of verb function Comparative phraseologisms of verb function are not many in Lithuanian language. They are more loosely related to the surrounding words than the comparative phraseologisms of the adverbial function, and have an independent meaning, but, as we will see, the meaning of their surrounding words, which in most cases denote the performer of the action, is defined. The verb component of comparative phraseology usually goes through the personified forms of the verb. Comparative phraseologisms of the verb function can have the meaning of personal and impersonal verbs. The environment of comparative phraseologisms of personal verbs is usually formed by the said or implied performer of the action — the person, expressed in the noun vowel: írt mint kidney a zsírba Sim "unexpectedly got a good place, in a good place rateko": Bepigu tau, Marel! As a kidney into fat you fell... Ana like a kidney in fat ~~ incrito in lime J. 106 kaip į ugnį mėtė „Jabai supykdė, supykino ką“: I threw this as in the fire, that I said Lnk. "As I told you that the lord wanted to give us a contract," continued White-head, "as I threw myself into the fire... he pierced me, he beat me... in jumped like in a garden of roses, very jumped out, not in place of what he did, said“: She jumped with her act when in the garden of roses Skr. jumped out like a puppy from the hemp Ds ",svetimo kalbon įsikišo". as [as] with a door (door) invirto „unexpectedly, suddenly said something, spoke, interfered in the speech“: Na, ir įvirto kaip su duris su tokia nelaukta klausimu 1. Simon. It is a 1-door hatchback with front-wheel drive. Simon. Oh, Willy, why did you start talking so ungodly before you said hello? It's like I. Simon got stuck with the door. as on the nail padėjo „very quickly, greedily ate, ate what“: Še, veizėk, ir padėjo kaip ant nago torielką pudros Plt. As on the nail bleud paded Zeml. The potatoes helped the double half-blind Vvr like a nail on the head. With the greatest appetite she put her dumpling on the nail 1. Simon. The examples show that comparative phraseologisms perform the function of transitive (e.g., as on the nail put) or intransitive (e.g., jumped as in the garden of the house) verbs. In the case of comparative phraseologisms, the surrounding words of the meaning of impersonal verbs may be the said or unsaid noun of the subject of the action, or the final noun of the object of the action: kaip rankas paleido, „labai palengvėjo kam“: Visiems daba kaip rankas paleido, vokyčius kad išvarė. as [like] a hand took away [nuémé] what “was completely gone, stopped talking about illness, pain, fatigue, etc.” : J. Avyž took away Aniceto's fatigue like a hand. When he stops pushing the papyrus, V. Kudir takes away the pain like a hand. They saw these corpses, how the hand took away [pain] Skdt. The environment of comparative phraseology sometimes consists of words of various grammatical categories, most often a verb and an adjective. Then the phraseology usually has as many meanings as its environment consists of grammatical categories (excluding the variant environment) and as many semantic groups as the words of those grammatical categories. We will give examples: as harrows 1. „very large, not divided ppr. about a woman“: Bob as akécios, shoulders as ladders KrvP(Ds). 2. "unpleasantly, swinging (goes)": Kervoja when harrows PIS. 1000) is not well-known. cf. 1.,,pamaZu, apgraibomis, prisikišęs (ką daro)“: What is this Zablinéji as without eyes Blnk. "Krapaila (rupture) krapinėlja" (in Lithuanian). This is blind — it is stirring, it is rattled as if it had no eyes Jrb. 2. „heavily, ignoring anything (puola, goes where)“: Attack like without eyes LTR (Shmk). He walked like without eyes — he slammed the pot of fresh milk on the ground Srv. 3.,,difficult without something important“: Without science as without eyes LTR. as hive(s) 1. „very, heavily (whistles, makes noise, makes noise)“: The whole city was whistling like a hive A. Vencl. The whole theatre was sounding and buzzing like a hive. „very (rotten, rotten about a person, part of his body)“: Mun’s legs are rotten 107