Palatvės vakarų aukštaičių nedėsningos fonetikos žodžiai ir jų kilmė

LITHUANIAN SOCIALIST REPUBLIC ACADEMY OF SCIENCES PALATVĖS WESTERN HIGH TATAR UNDESESSIVE PHONETICAL WORDS AND THEIR ORIGIN! A. JONAITYTE Sometimes in dialects there are words that are not quite adapted to others. Some of them are not typical of the dialect, sometimes even irregular, others in a way break its usual phonetic laws, others are unclear: whether their “abnormal” construction or phonetics, it is just difficult to say. This is mainly an attempt to analyze another phonetically not quite usual word spoken by PVA. First of all, the phonetic irregularity of these words usually only becomes apparent when they are compared with their equivalents in neighbouring dialects. In other words, their phonetics does not violate the dialect sound, i.e., they do not have any foreign sounds or their combinations. It is true that often the phonetic irregularity is only apparent: it seems so only at first glance, but after a closer examination of the origin and composition of such words, everything can be explained by the facts of the dialect itself, sometimes quite typical, sometimes permissible as a certain exception. For example, at first glance, some words of the PVA and neighboring Žemaičių dialects are phonetically quite similar. PVA nėvešuoklis Škn and Kuršėnų Žemaičių né-vesuoklis. Since the dialects of the Highlanders in the western part of the Lowlands of this region contain a multitude of lowland dialects, it may appear that in this case we have a word borrowed from the Highlanders and not phonetically transposed into the Highlander dialect, all the more so that the geography of the word does not contradict this." However, in fact, we have here the derivatives of two different suffixes —aukštaitiškas -uoklis, -ė and žemaičių -oklis, -ė (pronounced -uoklis, -i). For example, the following derivatives of the Altay adverb -uoklis, -ė: Šakynos girtūokle "plant or berry Vaccinium uliginosum", pakaruoklis, -e, paspiruoklis,,,spyrys, paspira", sapnuoklis, -ė || sapniioklis, -e "distracted", svi'riuoklis (about birch), ūžmirš(t- )uoklis, -e.,l. užuomarša, 2. užmirštasis“, Gruzdžių uZmirsioklis, ir paties vidurio aukštaičių paribio —Skaistgirio, kur žemaitybės jau paprastai nebesiekia —nėvešuoklis, uZmirstuoklé lis. lr plg. kuršėniškių žemaičių priesagos -oklis, -ė vedinius: nė*vešuoklis ~ nėvešoklis, pa-karuoklis ~ pakaroklis, sausūoklis ~ sausoklis®. These 2 different suffixes are linked! The Palatvė West Highland dialect (hereinafter abbreviated as PVA) is here called the šnektas of Kruopių, Sakynos, Gruzdžių, Žagarės, Skaistgirio neighborhoods. * By the way, that this is not the opinion of all, an example can be the great Lithuanian language dictionary, in which the word névesoklis is presented from Šakyna, purified from “lowly” words, see. Lithuanian Language Dictionary, (hereinafter LKŽ), vol. 8, Vilnius, 1970, p. 755. * The words of such action have ir "I'm a man, I'm a man, I'm a man, I'm a man, I'm a man, I'm a man, -e I'm a man". Recently from Ik. words with the suffix -oklis, -ė here only change the suffix, but sometimes get variantusi ne r su -uoklis, -ė, e.g. stu'mod'klis stu'muoklis || stuimūoklis. || 31 only one undergrou- — nd highland snake in the vedas su -chassis, -e frequently occurring solid-start overturning. Ją PVA could probably have received the iš dialectally sounding Žemaičių suffixes -oklis, -eh. The firm-headed usually get a break. ir iš 1k come words su suffix -važiklis, -ė, e.g., the name of the part of a ar tractor car called važuokle. Ne lending, o different creation explained by ir such PVA words like: g'd'rbanuoc, gd'rbanuota, kertūoc, kertūota "square", external coincidence of Žemaičių ga'rbanuoc curbanotas, su kertūoc kertotas ~ ~ Break. Žemaičių those words made su suffix -otas, -a (tarm. -uoc, -uota), o neighboring highlands — su -uot, -a. Plg. still also made PVA words: curly fox"lei Look, it's a slow run Darg’, lowered shoes Darg, smaliioc Skn. Such a ne very common use of the suffix -a -uotas, spreading iš in part perhaps helps that PVA very widely used suffix of adjectives -intoc, -intiota. Su ja words usually made to describe the surface characteristics of an object, e.g. druskirtioc, -tiota ,,salted, salt-coated”, softened, -ed „tešla apsivėlęs, išteptas“, pieninūoc „,pienuotas“, plaukinuoc „hairais apkibes, apsivėlęs“, plunksnintioc,,plūsnomis apkibęs“, putrintioc,,putra aplaistytas, suteptas“, Zemintioc,,Zemétas®. Sometimes, however, there are words that have arisen ir from the duplication of constructive elements. For example, it has its own very unformed minor diminutive suffix -okšlis, p.g.: krumo'kšlei Skn, pievé-kslis Dilb ir different meanings, but also, it seems, derogatory word perd'kšlis,,breeding, nest“ (GROANS) Kyb. In addition to the words su with a high-Germanic suffix, in the subterranean language, for example, about ir su Šakyna, we heard words made of the same suffix in a Germanic form, for example: gi"vuokšlis hybrid ir mū'džiuokšlis ,,what a mean creature, an animal”, cf. The skeletal remains of ~ the animal were found. True phonetically “abnormal” words seem to be more common in the paribinés transitional type dialects, the characteristic representative of which is the spoken ir palate western highland dialect. This is a natural thing, because such words are usually the result of the interaction of dialects. However, this interaction is very complex and multifaceted, and in addition, it can often involve various aspects of the dialect itself: analogy of other words, peculiar constructive tendencies, sometimes folk etymology, etc. For example, the Shakinsky Highlanders have the words gilti'ne, ké'mpi'ne, md'Iki'ne, "malky rietuvė", te:tervi'nc, and their eastern neighbors —giltine Dam, tėtervinu' ~ tetervinų Kyb. With a short i, except for mdlki'ni ~ malkynė "pile, heap", these words are also used by the Žemaičių dounininkai from Kurėnai, but at least some of them with the elongated i of the lowercase are used by the Žemaičių dounininkai, cf. gé-lté'n(e) Vkš, tėtervė'ne Akm. The long i of the above-mentioned words in the Shaki language is probably related, primarily by analogy, to such own words that have the long i here by law, e.g.: cipi'ne, gruū'sti'ne, padari-ne || pa-dari-ne, paldridi'ne, šmirkšti'ne, ta"rški'ne, tri"ški'ne. However, the generalization of the long i may have been influenced by the elongated i of the lowercase accent of the Žemaičių dounininkai, all the more so because there are traces of lowercase accent in the very pažemaitė and Vysokiai dialects. 4 The article uses the abbreviations of the Lithuanian language dictionary for place names. In addition to these, the following additional routes have been added: Auks —Auksučių km., Siauliy r., Dam —Dameliij km., Joniškio r., Darg — Dargaičių km., Šiaulių r., Dilb —Dilbinij km., Joniškio r., Kyb —Kyburių km., Joniškio r. 32 The folk etymology creature, perhaps, is the dialect word méa-tuoge® metiigė" , Oh, damn. This is possible because the dialect itself of the words ūgis, ūgėjimas, -ūgėti has no, has o only various root derivatives: dugums, (augagas, etc. ir Be As far as we can judge from the material now iš available, other dialects that know the form, su except for the middle-highland Ionians, simply tą do not relate either. ji Plg. Vegerių For grains ",,metūgė", Viekšnių mėtū'g(ęe)s. Nearby Žemaičių mudininkai pronounce mė"tu'gi Krš, ar ta form reflects metūgę, ar metuogę — unknown. So this The PVA form is most likely to be regarded as a reworking of the dialect itself, where the second component of the compound word is replaced by the word uoga. It is possible that PVA may have m@ originated as a hypernormalism, dialectically "transponing" mė'tu'gi of mud ir miners from Kurėnai. So, almost every specific phonetically quite ne The circumstances of the emergence of the “normal” ne word are only complicated, ir but different. What phonetic deviations of such words are most characteristic of the dialect, comes from its neighbors, because usually in the phonetics of these words are reflected the peculiarities of neighboring dialects. Descriptive The PVA dialect distinguishes the Žemaites from the middle according to (o some features from the eastern) Highlanders, so ir its irregular words are usually ir su tų dialectal characteristics. In individual cases, dialect words may be influenced ir by borrowings from other languages, e.g. Pagan Slavic borrowings ko-šeli'na, sometimes ko:šeliena Sk „šaltiena“*, padli'na ~ padlyna „dvėsena“ is made of hybrids of ir the same type dvė“seli'na, spré-geli-spro-geliena na || (r.) (Neighboring Žemaičiai, it seems, do not have such hybrids, cf. kuésali-na, but dviéseliena ~ dvéseleéna Krš, kiosalien(a), dvieselien(a) ~ dv&selena Vks.) The use of su the term "ethnic minority" is į controversial for various reasons. The main iš ones are probably two: the borrowing of individual 1) words, the fact that the most 2) important phonetic isoglosses are sometimes not very strict: in the area of a dialect only su the main area of the phonetic feature coincides, but certain cases of its manifestation, finally, individual words. su ta feature penetrates far beyond už the main range. In the PVA dialect, the most obvious example of such a gradual isogloss is the distribution of hardening: full / regular ir (and before) ė, ir before ei) e, hardening boundary coincides with the su western boundary of the middle highlands, partial hardening (before ei) €, gradually weakening covers a relatively wide stretch of the western highlands, individual o words hard even reach su the / Žemaičių border. In individual cases, the two main causes are difficult to distinguish from each other. su The third reason for the emergence of incorrect words is that in the area of the descriptive dialect different areas of the Žemaičių eastern — Highlands ir lexicon often come — together. Sometimes words from different areas are used in dialect as equivalent equivalent synonyms, but more often the ir meanings are slightly specialized. jų equally often used bala, pė'lke, ir but bala ir usually means wet, poor meadow, pasture (may beand rarely spread su out trees bushes), pė'Ike already ar more rare o wet, peat — growing bushes, even a forest with frequent bad grass wicks covered bushes, lean, Lygiagrear "extinguishing" related su ir ir For example, in dialect 5 E. Frenkel component of this word - fruits are su related to height. See. E. Fraenkel, Lithuanian etymological dictionary, Heidelberg-Gottingen, 1955 — 1966, p. 446. 5 On origin Zr. E. Fraenkel, Lithuanian etymological dictionary, p. 283. | 3. Lexical researches ći used rūpu'že krūpis, but ir when talking about the toad caught for medicine, it is always ir said only krūpis: krūpi padufi ant §akes; krūpi sužo:vint; Dof krūpe ball'm no" new-ses disease pan. ir O sometimes one katras of different ranges word The PVA reaches the full complex of all the meanings and is used more broadly only in one specific meaning. For example, in the dialect area, the name of the Nettle is confronted. ir Aukštaitiškas dilgi'ne used for perennial nettle, white — nettle — (baltd dilgi'ne) to ji refer to nettles in general, without ir distinguishing species. One-year-old nettle is called a compound word, the second component of jų which is the Žemaičių name, usually slightly changed, e.g.: gūdno“tere Žg, Dilb, Sk, Kyb, Skn, gūtno'tere Dilb, Grz, gudmo:tere Dam, Skn, Northamptonshiir re net 1990) and Midnight (Vol. The least changed form heard only in the very ta underworld gūdnuotneres gūdnotnerės — ~ Gold. Plg. neighbouring Samogitian ~ nilotnier(¢) ndtnéré Akm, Ver, Vkš, nuotn(i)erie notéré ~ Pp, nudtnierié ~ notnéré Break. In the highest part, about N. "Fornilotner(¢) ndtneré" ma (in ~ Finnish). Sometimes the word is used in a literal, but only figurative sense, e.g. ne žem. 0 Carriage The meaning of,,stump, ta bush“ in the Shakynai Highlands (kėre) rarely occurs, but here it is widely used to refer to a disorderly tangled, tangled head, the meaning of — which is only known to many dialect — representatives. ir ta ir O sometimes the meaning of the word can even change altogethuž er: e.g. PVA dialect area (in some places already grasping ir the edges of this area, for example, about The highest peak of the ar mountain is called Skarsfjellet. In the PVA dialect the word is also familiar, but here, at least in the village of Šakynai, it is called spruce or pine needles even small forks with all the needles ar su (beside the more common ordinary dialect Word spiglei, vns. spiglis). Along with su the change of meaning, the gender of the ir to word has changed: in dialect, the masculine form skūjei is most commonly used (v.s. shaved). This may be due to the fact that the old dialect word spiglei, when the meanings are similar, may have given rise to the — grammatical expression of the words. ir Now in the dialect skūjei su ąžuoliais vis su dar yra susiję, ir because, as far as I have noticed, at least in Šakynai, when talking about kadugi, it is usually said spiglei. True, it is still unclear, ar to the change of meaning of the word sometimsu es is not related to Latvian, because in it (usually used plural form skujas) also means spruce pine needles twigs with all the needles. ar ar su When a word moves away from its main range, loses a wide complex of meanings, becomes isolated, it is more prone to various changes, even though ir such a word is sometimes still tried to adapt to one of its dialect words. This can be illustrated by the already ir mentioned example of the gudnots becoming gudnotes." 7 Sometimes it happens that a pure dialect word is phoneticalir ly changed incorrectly. For example, about Šakyna ir Sometimes, the word is used to refer to people who speak a dialect of the language. In individual families, the word sali *klas pronunciation sai'klas, — pūsesere pūzereze. It seems that in this case the phonetics of the word is changed so that a person, due to some individual jo The word of Jim's tą qualities would be easier to pronounce. Later, the iš children inherit such a pronunciation from their parents, but the general dialect norm usually suppresses such deviations for them later. Occasionally, such incorrect phonetic deviations occur in singulars to express the particular intensity of the action, e.g.: tikš(t) (to express a mild fall), ar fi'kš(t) (heavily) ir flowing (for very strong); (trzeszcz(t) (for mild tremor), tra k(t) (smarkiam), frėikš(t) (very strong). 34 Words with su phonetic characteristics of adjacent dialects PVA meuniformly abundant. Su some of jų them contain only a few words, su others can — contain several or po even a dozen. Here we will ir review the most typical cases of influence of neighbouring dialects. Let's start with words with a depalatalized / before e. There are at least several in their dialect, e.g.: abišala || abišals, "thick, large slice of bread (not necessarily through the whole loaf)", dundūla "thick, sitting woman; hard-headed woman, stulbė“, mėleta || mélata, 6 bela || d:belė“ (ret.), pakela || pakele, pundūla „such a straw-woven thick-bellied vessel for pouring flour or the like; "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs: The Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs: The Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs: The Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs: The Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs: The Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs: The Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs: The Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs: The Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs: The Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs: The Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs: The Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs: The Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs: The Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs: The Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs: The Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs: The Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs: The Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs: The Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs: The Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs: The Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs: The Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs: The Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs: The Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs: The Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs: The Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs: The Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs". These words all ne have the same origin: abišala (and the jo processing abisals), dundiila, pundūla ir tetūla are Eastern borrowed through the Middle Highlands?. The word dundila has į come into the dialect only in figurative su sense (in some eastern dialects it is a synonym for dundula). For this word to live In the PVA dialect, they may help themselves a little. the ir verb of that dialect dundė“*f, meaning primarily „to vanish, to decrease, to daléti, to break up“, but widely used to refer to a hard head in ir general, caused by old age or otherwise weakening ir the mind. ar Others are old 5 words of the same dialect, only have variants depalatalized su /. The presence of the / depalatalized in these words is clearly determined by the neighborhood of the Middle Highlands, but it may still be slightly influenced by the peculiarities of the dialect itself, ir which create favorable conditions for the influence of the Middle Highlands. It is first of all that in the dialect there is quite its own Words with an su old normal final syllable -/a, e.g. : d'nékala Škn ūškala || „on the sleigh crossbars placed a foot, walking along the track“, drambia,,drimba, storas, nerangus žmogus“, || dru:(k)tvila dru:(k)tvila ,,storulis, -ė“, laptingola, plikSala, sūuzgė'la, stipla, tabala “who likes to walk”, vadala “walking”, 26pla et al. ir Thus, the word iš from the eastern neighbors with depalatalized su ending fits quite well with / ir iš e the normal a ending of its own words su -/a. For a fairly easy depalatalized su spread of / words can still help ir PVA some peculiarities of word formation. Because here the enriched words are liked to be made with su a connecting vowel g. If the component of the compound I word ends, then naturally /, such words appear as: arkladantis arkladantis "Man with big, ugly teeth", arklaganis arkliganas, arklapalaikis || arklapalaikis, arklū"ru"kšte larkla-rukste, arklašeris arklišeris, arklavagis arklavagis; || gré-bla-dantis grė:bla'dantis, || grē'blū'ko*tis, grē'blako"tis gré-bla-ko'tis, grē'blako'tis; || kapladantis kapladantis || "with outstretched || large teeth"; kaild-dirbis kailadirbis, kaulasnūkis, || kaulasheri kaulišeris, meilamedis || „decorative shrub with pairs of small pink flowers“, meilū"špuogis, meilū"žoles, || varlamušis, varlaro-mis varlaro“mis || su || ,,about a blunt knife or too small a knife“, žvirble rii'tas žvirblū“ru'tes. || There is no Te material ir available to determine the exact range of many other words mentioned in the article, since they are not included į Lithuanian language atlas material collection program, but at least some understanding of geography gives jų The dictionary of ir jo Lithuanian language is repeated, so it is usually used here for this ir purpose. Thus, for the spread || of bilateral mutualism see. LKŽ, t. 1, Vilnius, 1968, p. 9 For the meaning of the word "Dundalkir ", see Dundalk (disambiguation). Ibid. t. 2, Vilnius, 1969, p. 855. pundulė (pronunciation pundula) in the dictionary record available iš Joniškėlio, Vaškų, Pašvitinio, Lauksodžio, Pušaloto, Pakruojo, Linkuvos, Baisogalos ir etc. In the tetula dialect it is known only as a iš mockery word by ir various singers, in all other cases the borrowed word éoce ciocé is used. ~ ~ 3* 35 bant already about such regular enriched words, as: karklavi-snes,,- vélyvosios vyšnios, žagarvyšnės“, mė:šla"vežis, mė:šlakabe, ne mė'šlakrate (about the fork), sti'plakajis, -e ir kt The analogy of similarly sounding su dialect / words may have helped to firmly establish the variants of individual words. O generally for double forms d'bela || d-belė:, pakela || pakele, šalikele || šalikela ir kt to exist very favorable conditions consists of the fact that The most common form of the phenomenon is the asymptotic variation of the normal distribution. — jį PVA knows some more ir words that have adjacent forms hard e.g.: bai“kle baikla, su bezdi:kle /, bezdi-kla, jo'di‘kle || jo:di"kla || || ,who likes to jode, to duck“, paleistūvis palaistūvis || palaistūus, || rūkšle rūkšla, || saulé li-dis sauléleidis saulé-laidzei || || (dgs.). However, it is likely that ne these are ar borrowed words from the Middle Eastern Highlanders, only o differently constructed, some of which iš may even have come from the Žemaites, cf. scarecrow (4)*, Krš ir In the garden, ~ runnin', runnin', runnin', runnin' (2) Krš, laistėjaus ~ laistėjas Akm, Vgr net ir Zr, rubbish Krš, roksla Vidsodis, sauliolaidé: Akm. As the middle iš Highlands words obtained before depalatalized so su Žemaičių e diphthongs ie, /, instead of iš — su uo ė ir o. But here, too, it is necessary to distinguish real borrowings some words of ir phonological origin, which, although jų ie ir match su They do not have a common name, but are known by the name of the species, ir P. philippensis. It is a iš non-adjective, adjective, or adjective-substantive. Judging by the iš material in the dictionary record, in the Altays the word reaches "Jones". Another very strongly į dialectal Žemaičių word is piepf ",weakening, weakening, weakening, weakening, being sick" su all the way through his Vedic nitopiepa, — drawer, -e ir kt !2 Dialectal forms of this word su -ei-: pėipf, nup@ipé-lis, etc., are apparently -e ir contaminative, resulting from the connection of the Žemaičių piepf with its very similar word geipi ~ geibti. su In addition to the verb knė:pčo:i ~ knéblioti, „peSioti, stumdyti, skriausti“ in the dialect it is je said knfepčo'f, This word may ir be a phonetically incompletely transposed Žemaitijos loanword, cf. of the same meaning in Kurišėniški Žemaičiai kniepčiuti, but could be its own word, only ir with different root su vocalism, cf. knot pi ~ knoė'bti || kniept ~ kniepti (pronounced)*. Humility should be ir regarded as western PVA ploto dalies žodį trieksi, nutriekšt „nuspausti, nutrėkšti“, plg. žemaičių trieksti Krš. Some words are also available with the Žemaičių uo instead of the High German o. ?* For more detailed descriptions, see below. LKŽ, t. 1, Vilnius, 1968, p. 556. 10 In the glossary iš PVA area has neviekšla, ir neviekšlis, which have not been heard in the dialect, although, deciding the Kurėnai Žemaičių iš nevieksla, so pronounced forms could be ir PVA: the same Šakyna's nevėkšla, iš apparently, must be considered in a collateralized form, because su - That word isn't used in the area. 11 for his aapproximate distribution, cf. LKŽ, vol. 8, p. 753-754. 12 The material of the dictionary's archive shows that the word is Žemaitinis: in the living language it is iš reliably written from the area of Žemaičių dialects and the subterranean Highland speakers: Ž. Kalvarijos, Tverų, Mosėdžio, Ylakių, Alsėdžių. Skuodas, Veiviržėnai, Seda, Salantai, Plateliai, Gargždai, Mažeikiai, Viekšniai, Plungė, Užventis, Kuršėnai, Šaukėnai, Upyna and others. 18 For the approximate distribuir tion value of zr. LKŽ, t. 6, p. 236—237. 36 It's in the west PVA area part next to your word skaptiofused verb skūopt ",snatch- ," stands out. Plg. kuršėniškių žemaičių skuopti ~ skobti. Su žemaiticku wo probably is all over ir PVA area has the word va-buols ,; vabalas’ Skn, Žg, (and a Sk beetle ,,the name of the black cow’’ Skn), plg. adjacent Zemaičių dialect words: va'buols vabolas, ~ šuū'dvabuolis šūdvabolis ~ "Königsberg ~ (Königsberg)" (in German). kicker.de. ; in Through the Žemaites the words kristuols have also come into the dialect. kriStolasTM, krišpuols "blue stone" mikuols ir ,,Mykolas* plg. Jam. crystal ~ Kr§, mikuols ~ Mikolas Krs. Not very clear the origin of the word apa-stuols, but PVA that word is clearly unjustified. su gu The adjacent Žemaičių dialects now seem to have no such form, but in general they are familiar to ji the Žemaičiai. This would show, for example, the example of Valančius' writings in ir the first edition of the first volume of the Laukuvos dialektas dictionary of Žemaičių mudininkai. Iš žemaičių dounininkų su netransponuotu uo vakarinė PVA area part has žovambuole vūmbuolė:. di || True, this word is not very common here, its true meaning has faded, it is usually used in comparisons and phraseologisms to emphasize some small bug, seed, jo etc. ir ar size. Especially jo liked to be caught hyperbolically describing the size of lice (ūtė'/es kai vambuoles; ūtė'les čin kai vambuoles etc.). ir The word in the local language means a carp beetle or a dung beetle. Iš once may appear that PVA has a tą semi-exalted word: transposed, and uo to 0—no. am But in fact it was borrowed without changing anything at all, because a large area of the eastern Dounians —up to Mažeikiai, Luokė and sometimes even further —has this word with the diphthong am not quite usual to those speakers: varmbūol(e) ~ vambolė, and only the western part of the Dounians with the waiting om?*. Do Latvian dialects have a word with -amšį? *, it is quite clear how the PVA adjective apuolus, -i,,apvalus® relates to the corresponding word of the neighbouring Žemaičių dialects, cf. neighbouring Žemaičių dialects: forms: apuolus ~'apolus, apuolė ~ apolia|| a"puols ~ apolas, apuéla ~ apola Krš, apūol(o)s —apolus, apiiol(e) ~ apoli Akm, but apal(o)s ~ apalūs Vgr. This adjective with the diphthong uo reaches even the eastern Highlanders, e.g. dpole ~ dpuolio Ne Bučiūnų km, near Pašvitinis, but round su —Žeimelis. It may have been created as a result of the influence of the Žemaičiai, but it may also: be an independent processing of the dialect itself: in order to facilitate the pronunciation of the word, apvalūs may have become apuoliai over time. This is why it is possible to use the word in a way that does not involve the use of the word in the context of the phrase, such as in the case of the word "smoke". Compared to other dialects of Lithuanian language, with the unusual wo there are also PVA words lakstinguola®® and meduogalis „,nuodėguliš“, but they have nothing in common with the Žemaičių dialektas. ir 1 1 KZ, vol. 1, Vilnius, 1941, p. 147. 15 Lithuanian language atlas. In the database with am the word is written in Knabiku, Dapšių, Zastaučių, Purvény, Kivylių, Gépaitiy, Padvaréliy, Sablauskių, Avizliy, Luokės, Medingėnų points, and with om —Skliaustės, Židikų, Salantų, Gintališkės, Mišėnų, Babrungėnų, Lieplaukės, Plungės, Šakinių points. 16 See. K. Mūlenbacha Latvian language dictionary, vol. 4, Riga, 1929—1932, p. 466—467. 17 See LKŽ, vol. 1, Vilnius, 1968, p. 267. 18 This word with -uoturimas and in some other dialects of Lithuanian, cf. TKŽ; ti 7, p. 97. 37 So far, we have reviewed such groups of words, which PVA appeared either due to the influence of eastern or western neighbors. However, there is one case where these two influences often work in the same direction. These are words with mixed diphthongs am, an, em, en. Some of them are in the middle and some in the upper parts of the mountains. In some cases, the influence of the Eastern Highlanders encourages the change of individual words with those diphthongs or transmits their words with translated diphthongs to the dialect. Of course, this category of words does not include phonologically derived consonants and their consonants, which can have both am and um, e.g.: būm(t) || būm(t), plūm(t) || plūm(t), pūm(t) || pam(t) and so on. and būmsė't || bamsé'i, būmbint | baū"mbini "to beat, to smash", pumpini || pd-mpiiit, tūmpinit || ta'rmpint "to beat, to ťti", bumbé-i || bambė:t "to murmur, to niurnėti" and so on. But the adjacent Žemaites can already help to the very strong establishment of the adjacent forms of those words with um. In turn, the consonant forms of such words with wm create favourable conditions for words with um from other dialects to come and take hold as consonant forms. For example, in addition to the forms of the verb skalūmpi- 't || skalambi- 'f "jote, tongue beat unnecessarily" is widely used and the form skalūmpi'i || skalūmbi:- f. Forms with um may already come from Žemaičių, cf. skalumpi'- ti ~ skalampyti Krš. Some of the most common forms of pampé-i are pampėti, pampėklis, -e, pumpéi, pumpėklis, -e, plg. pumpieti ~ pampėti, pumpėklis ~ pampėklis. Break. The verb pami ~ pampti,.- tinti, pusti, brinkti's adjacent form piimf is related to the Žemaites. The relationship of some PVA words with their equivalents in Žemaičių is difficult to determine, but sometimes the borrowing of a word with an unrestored Žemaičių diftong is very obvious. For example, in the PVA area, the fruit of spruce or pine is called kukūtis. However, the western PVA outskirts also have a Žemaičių name, transposed in one place according to the laws of the dialect in full, e.g. kankorėžis Šiupyliai, elsewhere mixed: kankorėžis || kunko'rė'*- žis Skn, kankūoriežis ~ kankorėžis || kunkūoriežis ~ kunkėrėžis Auks, elsewhere —with a completely untransposed diphthong an: kunkuoriežis ~ kunkėrėžis Krp. Example: konkiiorieZ(e)s ~ cankerworm Pp, kunkūoriežė* ~ cankerworms Akm, kunkiiorieZ(i)s ~ cankorézis What's up, this ~ cone-spider? There is one other word with untransposed in < en. It is from the eastern Altay dialects, and perhaps sometimes from writings, the word kimsas (and kimsi'ns, kimsi-ne)’. By the way, sometimes there is kemsi'ns, kemsi'ne, meaning wet land. ir Both from the eastern Highlands and from the Zemgale region could come a witty "travelling pseudo-doctor with a crooner". In addition to kėmi ~ kempti ir || kembti "dry, vanish, stirti, stingti" and ké':mpéi "dry, vanish" there are sometimes adjacent forms with im: kimi, kimpė'i, but it is unclear where they originated: whether they are borrowed from other dialects, or simply im expresses a greater intensity of action. An interesting case is the word pair pė:ndė'if and less frequently pindė'if (sometimes pindė'f), "to vanish, to weaken, to dry up, to be worthless". As shown in the dictionary, the variant pėndėti has PVA adjacent Žemaitijos dialects, and pendėti (dialect pindė'f) — eastern Highlands. In the PVA area, both of these variants meet and intertwine. However, as far as can be judged from the 19 Substance iš Lithuanian language atlas. | 20 For the aapproximate spread and use of the word, see LKZ, vol. 5, pp. 563-564 and 803-804. 38 prevalence and frequency of use, the older is péndéi. It is also commonly used with a regularly transposed en. The eastern variant, meanwhile, has come with the en turned into in. Both of them are likely to have been created by the same person. One more typical case of individual word borrowing is the word pd:stuvi'- s,,lunch". In the middle of the 19th century, the term "average" was used to refer to a person who had a medium-- to-high income. However, the word pd“stuvi- "s also came from the Eastern peoples through the Middle Highlanders. Since the second o in this word is unpronounced, the East Highlanders of the Mūšos river pronunciate it as an unclear o (cf. Voskonių pé-stove laike®), i.e. just as the w, which is very often pronounced by them and has been spread due to assimilation. Such other dialects processed and PVA ready passed words could be found and more. There are also some difficult to explain changes in the phonetics of the word in the PVA dialect itself. As an example, we can mention the word gi-vali's "animal", which is widely used in almost all of its areas (Škn, Žg, Sk, Kyb). It is derived from a form of Zemaitic origin with untransposed uo < o gyvuoljs- ®®, which is still present in the dialect area, e.g.: gi"vuole (vns. origin) Žg, Auks; gi'vuolus (dgs. gal.) See gi'vuolu' (dgs. kilm.) Shkn? ?, However, in some parts of the PVA dialect, there is also a third form of the word with -u-, e.g.: gi"vule (common origin) Darg, gi"vului (common use) Kyb, gi“vulu' ~ animal Dam. This form coincides with the form of the word in the neighbouring Middle Highlands and it is characteristic that in the PVA area it is written from the eastern edge, closer to the Middle Highlands?*. For the sake of curiosity, it can also be said that the dialect form gi'vali's has entered into some of the adjacent Žemaičių mudininkų šnekteles, for example, gri'valis Pakšteliai. It seems that the word mė:bė:'lis has appeared in the dialect itself instead of nebylys, nebylis, cf. the dialect of Kurėnai ne-bi-lis, the dialect of Viekšniai nébi'l(i)s, although in further Žemaitijos dialects such processing occurs, cf. the dialect of Pavandeniai nė“:belis- *?. Instead of the word "we", we use the word "we" instead of the word "we". And not only in the whole PVA area, but also in the adjacent and even not adjacent Žemaičių and Vysokių dialects, only in them ė often alternates with e?". It is true that the e may have appeared here in some places because of the writers' failure to designate the extended i (pronounced ¢) mo and the reduced unpronounced ė (pronounced also e). Of course, in this brief review, not all the “unfair” dialect Zodziai are touched, but the more characteristic, more eye-catching ones. In examining them, it was tried to mention- #1 Lithuanian language dialects (chrestomatija), Vilnius, 1970, p. 247. #2 Lithuanian dialects, p. 217. ** The pronunciation suggests that this is a Žemaičių form, not a derivative of the PVA suffix -uolis. The 2nd and 3rd rows are covered with wood. The only exception is the word ži'dūolis ži'duoli's, which has a confused pronunci- || ation. (right). In the neighboring Žemaičių dialects the word forms are as follows: gi'vuolyss || gi'vuoli's Krš, gi'vuoIli)s || gi"vuoli"s Pp, gi'vuol(i)s || gi.viloli's Akm. *4 The form of this word with -uoiš Šakynos is also found in A. Baranausko dialect texts, Zr. Lithuanian dialects collected by A. Baranowski, vol. 1, Leipzig, 1920, p. 252. * Material for geography of this word is taken from the Lithuanian language atlas database,. 26 See also LKZ, t. 8, p. 603. #7 Based on dialectological questionnaire answers from former Smaller and smaller ones. 39