Kai kurios Gervėčių tarmės veiksmažodžio ypatybės

BALTIC LANGUAGES ACTION METHOD STUDIES LITHUANIA TSR SCIENCE ACADEMY E. GRINAVECKIENĖ KAI KURIOS GARLIC ARTICLES OPERATIONAL SYSTEM FEATURES Gervėčių (BTSR, Grodno district, Astravo district) isolated Lithuanian dialects (it is used around Gervėčiai town in Lithuanian 12 villages — Gaigiliai, Galciunai, Geliunai, Girai, Kerplesina, Knystūškiai, Miciunai, Miltičės, Mockosė, Pėtrikai, Pelegrindongė, Rimdžiūnai) are described in more detailed ar summarized studies so far we have almost no, although the Lithuanians of this region are accused of ba End of a. 19th. The collection of dialect material in these districts was particularly active during the Soviet regime. Be Recently, the authors have also published a paper on the semantic dialectism of phraseologisms used here?, described the phonological system of that dialect®, ir and studied some aspects of the lexical semantic influence of Slavic languages on the Lithuanian language of the region*. ir to ir A considerable amount of this dialect material is in the academic in the Lithuanian Language ir jo Dictionary*, in the Lithuanian Language Atlas®, in the academic ir "Lithuanian Grammar", Paulauskas Studio J. „Functions of verb prepositions in contemporary literary Lithuanian language“*, in Z. Zinkevičius’ book “Lithuanian dialectology”* ir etc. Attracts į attention to itself the system of verbs in this dialect, some of the conjugations, verbs, jo meanings, etc. ir peculiaritijo es, gender archaic remains ir recycled. This article tries to shed ir light on one more such verb characteristic, : ! 3. Boasrep, JlutoBCcKkasi XpecToMaths, Bam. 2, CIl6, 1904, p. 396—402; P. Arumaa, Lithuanian oral Texts from the Wilnaer Area with grammatical Notes, Dorpat, 1930, p. 7—18; Dialects of Lithuanian (Chrestomatija), Vilnius, Lithuania 1970, p. 394— 395. * Lexical Research, Vilnius, (A. 1972 Vidugiri ir J. "Lipskiene's Articles". * T. M. Cygnus, K XapaktepHcTHKe (OHOJOrHYECKHX CHCTEM JIKHTOBCKO-CJIABAHCKOTO [lorpauuwaa (Kau. auccepraums), Mocksa, 1970. 4 JI. T. HeBckas, O JiekcHuecCKOM H CeMaH THYECKOM B3aHMOJIEHCTBHH JIHTOBCKOTO H CJI2BAHCKHX S3bIKOB (Ha MaTepuaJie reorpaduueckKoli ane si THBHOIL TeEpMHHOJIOTHH), — CoBerckoe cJaBsHOBeneHHe, Mocksa, 1972, Ne 1, p. 90— 104. * Dictionary of the English I— Language, 1st Edition, 1941—1970; jo file, stored Lietuvos TSR MA Institute of ir Lithuanian Language and Literature. $ Lithuanian language atlas card library ir phono library, preserved Lietuvos TSR MA Institute of ir Lithuanian Language and Literature. 7 Lithuanian language grammar, I, Vilnius, II, 1965; Vilnius, 1971. * J. Paulauskas, Function of verb prepositions in contemporary literary Lithuanian language, Literatūra — kalba, III, ir Vilnius, 1958, p. 303-453. * Z. Zinkevičius, Lithuanian dialectology, Vilnius, 1966. 221 1. In addition to all the vowel roots of the verb used here (kl/égae'®- 'speaks', laidzia 'lets', girdz 'hears', does'), there is also one other verb contaminated with the I-th person singular ending of the consonant root, e.g.: būmū (his -mg most likely appeared according to es-mi+u analogy'') 'banu', demu 'I give', ditomu 'I give', dziūmu 'I dry', eimū 'I go', ému 'I eat, I eat', giemu 'I sing, I sing', miegmū 'I sleep', sviemu 'I am fresh'. The whole present tense paradigm is made and used here on the basis of this new form, e.g.: demi 'dedi', déma 'deda', dæmam 'dedame', démat 'dedate', dioma 'gives', dziūma 'dZiusta', eima 'goes', éma 'eats, eats', giema'sings, sings', miégma'sleeps', sviema'sweats'. Especially often contaminated genders occur with prepositions, e.g.: padema "helps", padooma 'helps', izdziima 'is out', areima 'comes', ateima biilo 'could come', ifeima 'is going', nuveima 'goes', wieima 'goes in', suvéma "suėda, suvalgo', pagiema'- songs, sings', pérgiema- 'sings, sings over', némiegma 'does not sleep', pasviema- 'smiles'. However, not all of these verbs have that form in the present tense. Some of them have purely vowel forms, e.g. prabiiva "stays", némiega 'does not sleep'. The latter takes over. There is also a purely athematic form of the I-th person plural of the present tense amė ‘we go’ (in addition to its adjacent variant amėte ‘we go’), which has passed into the imperative system. The present tense forms of the permittive form of the verb be are without the signs of a consonant stem and their construction is quite different, e.g.: tėsta būna, tebūv, tebū, tebui'* "let it be'. Whether all the verbs with relics of the consonant stem used here have had a consonant personification in their origin is difficult to say from the available data. Perhaps the most doubtful are the forms dziūmu, dziūmi, dziūma (izdziūma- )... There is no evidence in the literature that this is a type of consonant personification. It is therefore believed that it was probably created by analogy with other such relative forms. Similar forms of the consonant stem verbs have also been recorded in the neighbouring Lazūnų dialect, e.g.: išdema "išdeda', padema 'helps', ūždema 'puts on', dūomu 'dudv', wundioma 'gives', pardiiomu'sell', aima 'goes', uiieima 'goes', išeima 'is going', aimam 'we go', éma "valgo, éda', préma 'adds, eats', neéma "neėda, nevalgo', suvéma "suėda, suvalgo', giemu'songs', giema'songs', sviema'sweats', pasviema "sweets'. However, as the examples show, neither the forms dzitimu, dziiima (izdziiima), nor biima, būmū are used here. 2. The forms of dialectal conjugative verbs are also worth noting. The endings of consonant verbs usually have the consonant particle abbreviation -s, e.g.: kalbėcis "to talk", juokiatės, suksiuds, prausiés, ėmeis "to appear", stojis 'to stand', stotūsbi "to stand up", sėstūsbi "to sit down", gultūsbi 'to lie down'®, But here compared 10 dialectal examples are given in the usual 1k. (=literary language) characters, in all cases trying to reflect their pronunciation. For this reason, / is still used here, because after the hardened /, the dialect -i (< *-&n, *&n), y, in, ė are backward. In addition, the vowels i, y, and ė are also backward and after the consonants s, §, Ž, r, V, c. Z. Zinkevičius, Lithuanian dialectology, p. 346. 12 According to our data, the form tebii "let it be", bui "be" in Gervėčiai dialect is a real fact, and not a misunderstanding, as Z. Zinkevičius claims (Lietuvių dialektologija, p. 372). 13 The presence of a consonant particle between the ending and -bi shows that -bi is nothing more than a postpositional particle. Moreover, it is added here newly, after the addition of the particle of return to the ending of the verb. 222 widely used and healthy particle -si. First of all, it is preserved in the III-th person ending of the present and past tense (rarely in the pronoun), e.g.: darosi, dzyrbasi "is happening", dūmaliojasi "is smoking- ", gaminasi "is preparing", juokiasi, klėasi 'rises', kėpasi, klausia "is asking', pjdunasi, praiisiasi, rūkaliojasi'smokes', sūgasi "is sewing', sėdūvinasi'sédasi', sūkasi || rotasi, sūpasi, stukénasi "is knocking- ', vėjasi, velkasi, winidjasi 'is riding'; dzyrbosi "was done, was going on", gulėjosi 'gulési', klaūsėsi, kumeliūvosi, meldėsi, radosi, sėdosi; laugh. It may have been partly helped to survive by the analogous forms of conjugative verbs in Belarusian. But even here, alongside the whole forms, forms with the abbreviation -s are less common, e.g.: kėlias, klaiisos, dairos, rūgis'seeing', sūpas, sūkės "turning". In prepositional verbs, as in literary language, the conjugation particle is usually between the preposition and the root, e.g. asigeidė (< ažsigeidė) "I got caught", unsibediau "I got stuck". However, forms with a negation, denoting a permanent characteristic of the performer of the action or having an impersonal meaning, are used with two consonant particles. One of them is in the ending, the second —between the negation and the root, e.g.: neskūndziojasi ‘does not bite, does not bite (about a dog)', neslėikosi ‘does not bend’ (about a stick), nesndris "doesn't want to', nesragėcis (alongside said and nesragécie) ‘doesn't see’. This, a possible object, indicates a certain blurring of the morphological meaning of the conjugation particle between the negation and the root, probably due to the incorporating influence of the Belarusian language, in which conjugative verbs, not having grown with the negation, as well as all other prepositional verbs always have the conjugation particle only at the end, e.g.: nademaarics, Hasapviracs, He 3ascHerqcs, He cadO3enaca. In dialect, there are regressive forms with a self-evident meaning, e.g.: dzyrbasi "goes", klėasi 'rises' (about the sun, wind), dūmaliojasi 'dumuoja', rūkaliojasi 'riksta'. LK. in similar cases, the native meaning is usually expressed in non-singular forms*! *, but in academic "Lithuanian Grammar" gives examples (especiališ ly in Eastern Europe) Lithuanian dialects), where the possessive action can be expressed in the recursive ir form! *. LK. Grammar provides more non-recursive forms for usage, but justifies recursive ones as well (K. Būga considered them to have arisen due to the influence of Slavic languages'- ®). In the Gervėčiai dialect, the regressive forms of verbs of own meaning are not quite usual. Even if, in accordance su with the grammar, ir we would be inclined to consider them Lithuanian, we could not reject the opinion that the influence of Belarusian verbs of mo analogous meaning has clearly contributir ed to their emergence. The influence of the Belarusian language is ir probably explained by the different meaning of the regressive forms of individual verbs, e.g.: asipikcin "supyko" (about a witch, cf. Belarusian saxaanayiracs), asiverkiau "pravirkau- ', prazbūdo 'awakening- '. kiindziojasi “kanda’ (about a dog, cf. belarusian xycaeuya), holds "leaning" (cf. belarusian 2Ke4ga) ‘dilgina’ (about nettle, cf. in Belarusian nausyya). Prepositional verb return particle - always remains intact if the prefix ends with a consonant, e.g.: acisūkė (<at+he-+said) "responded', overturned "turned', accelerated "rise, rise up', unsispyré ‘isispyré’, asisviedė "užsimetė', apsisagé ‘apsisegé’, asipikcino 'pissed', as I cried,'reversed', un- '4 English Grammar, II, p. 207. 15 Idem, p. 208. '* K. Būga, Rinktiniai raštai, II, Vilnius, sitaisė 1959, p. 113. 223 "arranged himself", asibaidė 'finished', asildidé 'downed', asigeidė'stood up', neisimoko 'did not learn', aciskaldudo 'washes himself off', unsimaišis'- stood up'. If the prefix of the verb ends in a vowel, the syncope of the consonant particle occurs (it is phonetically shortened to -s-), e.g.: nesuzbarém ‘we didn’t look at each other’, pazdairė ‘watched over, guarded’, susciko ‘he met’, prizdé ‘he came’, nūstįsė ‘he was tired’, pastvėrė ‘he was afraid’, pazbijéjom ‘we were afraid’, nūzdaužė ‘he turned around’, nuzguiido ‘he was afraid’, nesldidzia ‘he didn’t leave’, nusmainius ‘changed, gone out of his face’. In cases where the prefix ends with a vowel, and the verb root begins with a s, §, ž consonant, syncopes of the consonant particle may not occur, but can occur in parallel (newly) (then consonant geminates are formed), e.g.: prisisvéikina "says hello", nusispyrė, nusisagė 'nusisegé', rasižėjo "snored out"; tessiū 'tesisiuva', težžūr 'tesižiūri', tessėdz 'tesisédi', téssuk 'tesisuka'; "I'm going to get a little bit of a break," he said, "but I'm not going to get a lot of a break. In some dialects, the genders of the past tense of the Ill-ieth person of some regressive verbs are pronounced in two ways: at the root and at the ending, e.g.: davės || davės "strayed, threw, fell', dėjėos || idėjos "was, was done', ėmės || ėmės "began, appeared', rados || rūdos "was made, appeared', rinkės || riūikos 'gathered', sėdės || sėdos "sat down', stojés || stojos "arose', sviedės || sviedės "nusimeté, puolé', vijos || vijos "chased". The plurals of the first and second persons of some verbs of this period also have a dual - root and ending - declination here, for example: davėmės || davémés "we worked, we worked", davėtės || davétés "you worked, you worked', kratėmės || krūtėmės "we drove shaken', kratėtės || krūtėtės 'you drove shaken', sėdomės || sédomés "we sat down', sėdotės || sėdotės "you sat down', stojomės || stojome 'we stood up', stojotės || stojote "you stood up". Similar cases of pronunciation still occur in many places in eastern Lithuanian dialects and in some old (M. Daukšos) writings. The pronunciation of these forms at the ending shows the old final pronunciation of these verbs that has been preserved here!" However, in the Gervėčiai dialect, the double pronunciation of these forms is still very closely related to their different meaning, which is undoubtedly newer. The forms with the accent at the root are usually used here to denote the non-isolated past tense, denoting an action that takes place in the moment of speech, while the forms with the accent at the ending here already denote an isolated action that took place in the past well before the moment of speech, e.g. : And she stood up and went, and ran to the other shore, and sat down and went away; Their children will stand on the stakes; From yesterday- 's morning meFgas rifikos vugduc; Anas smagei émés linū rduc and From where has that beauty come; The cow was dead, ale radds. However, all the other verbs (most of them) in the 2nd person 1st person are pronounced only at the root, e.g. brūkės'spraudési', gyrdés 'heard', sūgės 'followed', šėrės 'fed', vėžės 'carried'. Due to the latter's influence, the meanings of double-pronounced verbs are not always clearly differentiated here. The two-syllable consonants (i)a, i kam are pronounced only at the ending. imperative forms of verbs without -k, e.g.: barfes“* "barkis', imies ‘take on’, 17 Lietuvių kalbos gramatika, II, p. 301. 18 The prefix of the ending -ies in this dialect, judging by the ear, clearly sounds strong; i.e. contradicts the generalized statement of Z. Zinkevičius (Lietuvių dialektologija, p. 372). 224 mušies "muškis', nešies 'neskis', vedys "veskis', dedzies || dedzis "dėkis', veŽis'® "vežkis', kelies || kelis "kelkis', sėdzies || sėdzis'séskis', gulis "gulkis*, klojis "klokis', stojis "stokis', laidzmės "leiskimės', sėdzmės || sédzmetés® "sėskimės", prausmés 'prauskimés', gulmės || gulmetės "gulkimės', dedztės 'dékités', muštės "muškitės', stotės ‘stokités’, sit'sit down'. Returning 0 to whom. imperative forms of verbs, like ordinary ones, pronounced at ir the root, e.g. mdkais 'learn', mdkaités "learn', darais 'do', daraimés 'let's do', dūraitės 'do'. 3. Interesting in their form, functions, iš origin of the ir part The prefixes of verbs are used in Gervėčių dialect. Prefix an- (tarminal un-, before lipsticks p, b > um-, sangr. unsi-~ ansi-) I'm going. responds to -, e.g. umbrazdéj "wrinkled, soaked, burned" ‘idéta’, indioj ‘idook’, ufieina 'enters', ungrūvo 'fell', unldiscie 'letting go', uiikasé 'letting go', untėjo 'poured, poured in', unspiers "inspire, inspire, and inspire" "shoot, shoot', untaisė "installed, fitted', ufitepé 'installed'; unsibediau "I got dressed", unsimaišis "I got dressed", unsiriiiko 'apsirengé', unsispyrė 'isispyré', unsitaisė "I got dressed, I got ready". Prefix ančia, as ir Lazūnų dialekte (: ungrūvo ‘ikrito’, unduoc "enter', ufieima "includes'), always used in the final be -f ir greta does not have its variant in-, which sometimes occurs parallel to unt in some eastern highland dialects? !, Precisely for this reason tend to believe that here, too, ir In Lazūnai, it is not the result of prefix inuntmišimis, probably an old ir independent prefix an-, analogous o (both in form and meaning) Prussian ir an®? ir Latvian ie*® (the latter, in our opinion, could have originated iš *en, plg. lat. piekts, Prussian penckts, Lithuanian peiiktas). Prefix ap- (apsi-) I'm going. reflects tą the same ap- (apsi-), e.g.: apsūkcijos "apsukti', apsvaidzycie "apmėtyti", apdrdém "aparėme"', apdécie 'apdéti'; apsidziaugė ‘apsidziaugė'. There are examples where the prefix apcia is used in a denotation, e.g. : ir The children will scratch the berries; The mouth of the mouth (= Grandfather cleanly, completely scratched pupa); I want a little bit of you. (= He wanted to strip the feathers). Ši prefix revelation is not characteristic of Lithuanian language. This is probably the morphological value of iš Belarusian language (plg. ju abadpays, abapsaus). '* The two adjacent forms also confirm our statement that the limbs -ies provisional strong beginning, because only strong beginning terminal diphthongs could unbalséti shortédami, thus beir du iš -ies could have appeared next to a newer -is. But plg. Eastern Highlands *darys, vazids < *will drive. With this in mind, the basis be remains Z. Zinkevičiaus spėjimas (Lithuanian dialectology, p. 372), jog The Lazunovian ankle limb is most likely adapted to stokis. ** Plurals of the imperative pronoun I-th person form sėdzmetės... is probably a contamination, made to the non-recursive form of this person by adding the recursive plural 2nd person singular singular. This form is used only in cases where there are iš several other persons in mind, e.g. ji be J. Otręebski, East Lithuanian Turingian nares, Krakow, I, 1934, p. 385; Z. Zinkevičius, Lithuanian dialectology, p. 373. * Plg. Z. Zinkevičius, Lithuanian dialectology, p. 416. ?*2 See. J. Endzelins, Old Prussian, Riga, 1943, p. 94, 141. The enun prefixes in the anprų language are considered unvariants ir by their construction: ungreičiausiai vėlesnis < *an, O engalėtų susijęs ankaip su beginning of the word e su a. *2 See. J, Endzelins, Selection of works, I, Riga, 1971, p. 562—567. 15. 902 Next to the prefix ap-, responding I'm going. It is often used in the form of a prefix, such as a-, to indicate ir iš the presence of a substance. į It is used only in foreign languages, e.g. : Abyre (api byrėjo) + médzialakštai gu (=Leaves of fallen trees), cf. Belarusian acinaJics. Prefix at- (ac-) 1k. responds at- (atsi-), e.g. : atdjo "came', came 'came', acimįsiu 'I will remember'. There are many examples of the word being used with a foreign meaning, e.g. : ar Kūma atpjou (=cut off) his neck; To kick his head (= He wanted to cut off his head); Atkapoj (=cut off) jdm wings; Kill the weeds; Anas atūj The house. AtvaZavo (=drove over) crying. In addition to this prefix, the syncope-induced prefix atis found here, ir which has been assimilated into iš a-, e.g. : Typing aduodzyc (<to+give "to marry"); Adavė (<ati+davé) jų back. Prefix až- (asi-) used regularly instead of 1k. over- (uZsi-) usually used to mo mark the end, e.g. : The wolves strangled one of (= them, the other — aZeidé (=wounded- ); The boy aždžyrė (=hit) the cow; Anas aperta (=she shook) her head; Gaidzjs ažgiedėj (= he sang); The goose opened (=closed) tvdrkon (=door); That I could see, see), (= aždaūščiak (=to kill); Kifvi shark (=smiling) až (=for) peciū; Anas asikrutė (= uždirbo) money. This prefix is sometimes used for the meaning of ir some other prefixes, e.g. Ašpjdu (= papiove) tų girl; The horse was afraid; Asildidė (=landed) sdutė; Anna laughed. (= laughed, laughed); The morning of the day ‘Svinta’; The water will make you blind (=semia). The last prefix až-(ažsi-) is probably borrowed. J. In Endzelynas's opinion, the prefix už ažsenesnir is is a direct derivative of azslavic in ir Latvian dialects. 3aatitikmuo- ®. Since it is used only in the eastern ne In Lithuanian dialects, but in the old ir (including ir Western Europe) B. In the letters of Wilens, it may be related to the Prussian su assa esse*. || Adjacent prefix up- (asi-) forms have not been found, although ažu is sometimes found next to až the prefix, e.g. : ir až (=for) her; až (=for) the day; až kernel (= už 200 mg/ day) caro au (=please dear). In addition to this prefix, the prefix uZis used here, ir which in dialect has turned into ušin all cases. į Sometimes it is used in its old directional meaning "on something'**, although less frequentir ly it is charactesu rized by the coincidence of meaning až-, e.g. : Bear slipped (= and climbed) um foot; And there came out a um weed; Enrich tų me with un your lift; The blade ir turned into a um bear's tail; Uséko cock un lazdés; Ušvydo gati head courtyard (= death); The girl looked at the fire. The prefix uš is the direct equivalent of Latvian uzlietuves. The ir complicated variant here is generalized in all positions jo probably by the prefix of-< from- (plg. Latvian iz-, Slavic u3-). In our opinion, this is the only explanation for the appearance of the prefix uša in other ir eastern Altay dialects. The prefix da- (dazdasi-) is relatively common in the dialect, e.g.: ~ dazdūmojo ‘he came up with’, davėšč ‘to force’, nedagéris ‘he didn’t get enough’, dačdė. The prefix iz- (isiizsi-) is used as lk., e.g. : ~ ir Out Zmud iš megė2% J. Endzelins, Selection of works, I, p. 321—323. 25 pp. ibid., p. 324. 26 pp. dar P. Arumaa, Lithuanian Oral Texts from the Vilnius Region, p. 54. 226 lio "A man comes out of the woods"; I looked good (=looked good) jduns; Mother brought out of the shelter stiri; Washed in white; Isiritiiodavo (=issirisdavo, evirsdavo) from the kėlmo ugnetė; You're a fool. The prefix nu-(nus-|| nuz-|| nusi-) is used as 1k., e.g. : Nudged (=killed) blackberry; NumirSaii (=forgot) to speak; Dbuoli (=dbuoli) dbuoli; Nugrūna (=falls) of the vine's leg; né Not stopped (=rejects) Ijcie; Let's buy a cow little by little; Ūpė nūzdaužė (=she turned away) and Gervėcių; Very nusmanis (=faced out), iš tomorrow he may die. Anas nuzguiido (= ir frightened) died; You've sinned, || you've sinned Take off your clothes. The prefix pa- (paspazpasi-) is used as lk., e.g. : || || ir Look at me; Send the child; Tent wings; One thread held) (= brought ir back; Come and be together in the morning); (= Undué papldudė (=washed) with crafit; Raikia pasmokyc; Pazbijéjau aic; Sit down and || get a couple of obeldities. Sometimes the prefix is used in other meanings, e.g. : Shepherds are waiting for you (=country); Parifiko (=gatherir ed) boys took away; Paldužė (= broken) wheels; Ana dobra: she looked after the children (= took care of them, nurtured them, raised them); Anas negdli pamirfcie (=died). The last prefix is probably borrowed. The prefix in the adverb denotes the complete completion of an action (usually repetitive) in the past (or the possibility of such jo termination in the future). In that case, is this prefix here, as in many other dialects of the southeastern ir edge of the Lithuanian language*", the example of the Belarusian language? ** is added to other prepositional verbs or is even repeated several times, e.g. : ir du And they're all gone (=extinct); The fish will feed in order "The geese will po hate each other in that barn"; Parasea (<pa+raz+si+ėjo "strayed') wherever; Pasuvėj (=gathered) all for one; ik Papariūiko (=gathered, elected) iš our yard (=village) all bérnus; Papadūriau (=I met iš several times, in several places) leg; Papanuvėj (=separated, walked away) each other. až The Slavic prefix padis characteristic ir of dialect verbs. (plg. Belarusian nad-), responding 1k. pri-, ap-, e.g. : Anas brought baby jop ‘He brought the child to her’; Anas maf fingering “He deceives me.” In dialect, the verb prefix par- (parsparzparir si-) || ~ I'm going. par- (parsi-), e. g. : Kdrvi pardiociak ‘I would sell a cow’; What will jų rain ‘Kas parsives’. ja VerbZodZiy The prefix per- (perspersi-) in the dialect, like lk., always ki- ~ ir Cited, e.g. : AtvaZiodé pérverzdzinéc people savés un viéros ‘He came to turn people’s faith’; human pérverté į pigeon pox; Sumirko IS suslapa) undenin pėršalo; (= ir Pérvyto (= obsolete) that one, already so ne beautiful; Pérsmainé Zoo "Life has changed'. The prefix of verbs is rare in the south. LK. responds to ap-, e.g. : Anys piericola (=dressed) jų in white. 2* Zr. Z. Zinkevičius, Lithuanian dialectology, p. 424. * Plg. Belarusian nanacmpaasem, nananpbimato, More examples see Kypc cyuacnaii Geaapyckaii siteparypuait Moen, Mapdanorisi, Minck, This 1957, p. 152—153. = 227 same prepositional verb occurs ir In the Lazūnų dialect*? ?. His origin is doubtlessly me related to be the preposition su piepolišny ir -pi (< *pie) is ir the direct Latvian equivalent. J. In Endzelynas' opinion, Lithuanian pie(-) next to the diacritic -pi could have independently occurred alien ir be (Latvian language) influence*?. The prefix pra- (prasprazp- || rasi-) is here ~ usually used as I., e.g. : Everything is gone; Started the run; Anas unksci prazbúdo. There is jų another example where the prefix is used with a meaning not typical of Lithuanian, probably a loanword, e.g. : Avurkūs (= cucumbers) pradzygindzinėjam (= sprouting, cf. Belarusian npapacmaem) pirkidj; I woke up, plg. Belarusian npauryacs) ryti. The prefix pri- (prisprizpri- || si-) is most || commonly used as ir I., e.g. : Nuzgundaū, nėt plaukų pridgo priaugęs) (= full of bread; Priklegém (=we talked) about everything. I'm coming — closer. "Coming closer — the forest grows'; Duck duck (=pridibo) stream; ir I don't have kop prizglaiiscie "I have no place to hide"; ko "Pripirkdzinėj maZutditiy vistditiy "Pripirko mažučių viščiukų"". Sometimes this prefix is widely used here with the meaning of other prefixes, e.g.: ir pripažinaū véido Aš po "I recogniziš ed a face"; Greets) (= everyone; su Nériu, kad prildukciak (=I would have) sons; Drinking a child drinks a child's health); The (= daughters į are dressed beautifully; You looked at me, you looked at me. Ar || ‘Have you seen what he is like’; Anas wise: primano (=knows); Prirūšė (=wrote) ūnas him a card letter). (= The last prefix is probably a loan. Dialectal verbs are characterized by the Slavic prefix raz- (rasiraz+ ir < +si-), used I'm going. pa-, etc. ir prefix meanings, e.g. : There were nineteen lavukų (= valakai), all ir rapirko (= redeemed); A cloth for straightening (=iStraightening, un straightening) the roof; Kūcinas razvertė (= pavertė) viral; Rastūsė (=extended) duncym; Pie ju (=about her) she always told the (= story); Tu gerail rasidai (= take a look, look around). The prefix su- (sussuzsusi-) || is used as lk., || e.g.: sumusé; buckwheat, em; Jy Ky ty The fire is burning in the house; Suveidé (=gathered) every evening; Rugins sustaciam (=we recommend); Susturite (=shut up), ky klėgat (= you speak); You've got || to get out of here. ‘Gird up your clothes’; Suzgriebé (=understood), cik per vélai. In individual cases, dialect consumption I'm going. with ir altered values, e.g. : "Undeniūi asirgo sick". ir (= Sudiiré (= overwhelmed) them, who yr; ce It's going (= to break down, it's di going to (= come out. In addition to this prefix, the prefix sair (sassasi-) is sometim- ~ es used here, e.g. : Nesascikdiaii (=I haven't met) such as mari veizét (=to be sought); Anas all wrote down, wrote down), provijau pasakojau). The (= prefix found in kų aš the former (= Grodno Governorate because of the many Slavisms present there J. Angelus was inclined to consider arising due to the iš Slavic ca- (<co) jtakos®. Kad Blackberry satay could also have arisen due to Slavic influence, paremia 29 For J. example, Senkus, Some Peculiarities of Lazūnų — dialect, Lithuania TSR Journal of the American Academy A, of Arts and Sciences 1, p. 191. 20 J, Endzelins, Selection of works, I, p. 470. 31 Also, Belarusian p. 496. 228 verbs with this prefix are used here (caermpakxaenya, cacKOtviub, cacmasiyya). The prefix re-(tes-|| tez-|| tesi-) is used in the permissive form of the verb, e.g.: teprūšai, tebui 'let it be', tevakščioj 'walks'; tesmoko ‘tesimoko’. E. MH. 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