Zietelos tarmės veiksmažodžio kaityba

BALTIC LANGUAGES OPERATIONAL SYSTEM INVESTIGATIONS LP EST Ur VFO FSS TSFR. "MO KS LU A KAD E M TJA A. AVERAGE ZIETELOS ARTICLES OPERATIONAL SYSTEM QUALITY About Linguists know most of the Zietela dialect verb iš P. Arum, E. Frenkelio, Chr. Stango ir Z. Zinkevičius' works?, which mainly deal with the rarer, more ir characteristic features. This article attempts to provide, as far as possible, a more complete The image of the Zitelos dialect verb change. The article itself is part of a larger work written by 1957—1961 m. about "There's a little bit of a new stuff in ir the album, but it's just a little bit of a new thing." ir 1. General remarks $ 1. There are four conjugations of verbs: direct, predicative, imperative and ir desirable. The direct pronoun has three tenses: present, past (one ir time) future. There is no separate past tense form in the dialect. Jį buvus shows the conjugated forms būlau, bilo, e.g.: būlau, gitmame visalokas gitsmės "it used to be, we sing (we sing) all kinds of hymns (song)’; bilo, an Pétro kūsa kunodas "was, about Petra (June) 29 kasa potves’. Repeated ir repetitive nature of the action is described mainly by constructive means, especially prepositions -inėti, -dinėti ir etc. There are two numbers of verbs: singular plural. ir The double is no longer used. There is only one sentence of the verbal pronoun dgs. su 1 asm. galūne -wa, incorrectly used 2nd person: drink, so that you will be awake "take care (try) that you may be both” (P. Dicevičiūtė-Chaleckienė iš "K.K." All time dgs. ir 1 asm. forms usually end in -m, o 2 asm. -t But sometimes it is said ir -me or -me, -te, rč. - You. The end vowel is probably -ė introduced by the returning verbs, plg. we, you. The third ir person singular plural forms are always the same. $ 2. Communicative forms are usually abbreviated in dialect, e.g.: dust, béginét, dict, gdėrt, gi‘dot, kirpt, krimst, vargū?t “to struggle”. The end consonant is t hard, but seems a little softer than that of the Southwestern Highlanders. Maybe ! see. P. Arumaa, Lithuanian oral Texts from the Wilnaer Area with grammatical Anmerkungen, Dorpat, (more 1931 — LMT); E. Fraenkel, Der Status of the Research of the im Vilnius areas spoken Lithuanian, — Balticoslavica, t. II, Wilno, p. 14—107; Chr. S. Stang, The Lithuanian Dialect of Zasėčiai im Areas of Wilna, — Norway Journal of Language and Linguistics, t. 18, Oslo, 1958, p. 171—201 (hereinafter referred to as— NTS); Z. Zinkevičius, Lithuanian dialectology, Vilnius, 1966. * Iš dialect morphology is published on the construction of verbs with suffixes su -inėti, -dinéti, MAD, A, t. 2(11), p. 219—231; about the noun, LKK, t. 3, p. 113—131, noun, LKK, t. 11, p. 147—182. For more information on the phonetic of the dialect, see here. LKK, t. 2, p. 195 tt. * Plg. K. Bouga, Zytela's speech (notes), manuscript Vilnius State University V. University of Kapsabet Library Manuscript (hereinafter referred to as — Zš), p. 19 (Writes a letter) 199 may be, such an impression is formed because this f' in the dialect of Zietela is not aspired at all or at least less aspired than, for example, about Kybartai. In addition, in the Zietela dialect, the consonant of the communicative ending that is in front of the sharp consonants or the vowels I, my, n, r and the semivowel j, often becomes sharp, e.g.: f, ldugd~ wait, nudu’dinéd~ nuduodinéti, padarid~ do, pėrnakvod ~ pérnakvoti, ragėd = see, tur'éd~ have, važu?d ride. ~ Gendratys su -ti are less commonly used: aiti, dūmi'ti "smoking", girdėti, glūdi'ti, "licking, stroking", jėsti „to eat, to eat“, varinėti. Only very rarely occur forms su -the ones, for example. : buttie, pjdutie. Pre-existing use is associated with increased incidence of K. Examples written in the bog: yškuotie, jimtie, šienavūotie*. . SangraZiniy verbs usually end in -tis, e.g.: bdrtis, guldavi'tis "to lie down", kultis "to fight, to strive", riūktis "to prepare", vartis, less often — -ties, e.g. turéties "to follow". Often, the particle of return has to be preceded ir by verbs, e.g.: négalu pavefsties "I cannot turn", jėmė žmonės perbudavotinėties an futorū "people began to move to the countryside", also see $ 41. § 3. The dialect has no forms of the present, future, and necessity participants of the objective, typical, and active kinds. The participative forms, e.g. $SI, have also disappeared. 2. Personalization Direct deduction Current time Fatty trunk. $4. There are a few verbs in the Vra dialect that have mostly 3-person athematic or consonant stem forms. Other person forms have either contaminated endings or only athematic verb endings. Most contaminative forms are found in the verb paradigms ait, dät, gi“dot, jėst, mi“got: Singular 1. aimū, dėmū, jēmū“, gifmū, mi‘gmil 2. aimi, démi, jémi, gi*mi, mi‘gmi 3. ait(i), dest, rč. dėst(i), jėst(i), gi“st(i), mitgt(i) aima, dėma, | jėma, gi*ma, mi‘gma Daugiskaita 1. aimam(e), démam, jémam, gimam, mi‘gmam, 2. aimat(e), démat, Jjémat, gi*mat, mi‘gmat Pastabos. § 5. The aforementioned athematic verbs are characterized by a variety of forms. Most commonly used are the contaminative forms with -m-, generalized by vns. 1 person, e.g. aimū, jému, démi, gi*mam, mi‘gmat(e). Only 3 persons are more often used athematic forms: anas ait and ait an darbo „he goes and goes to work“; jogging i&sti danmark "running he eats", chicken in the barn; 'pačėst karžima'; ot, gi“sti gražiai "ot sings beautifully"; jaūš mi“ kt and. And the contaminative form of that person 4 K. Būga, Zš, pp. 11–12. 5 Forms with two accents indicate that they can be pronounced twice, e.g. jēmu, jémi, jēmū, jēmi, etc. ir 200 less frequently used: already all aim anamop; sazdéma an kaisnūko do ir gūno, “seats down in one place and goats”; and they all took it “and so all eat”; moterės ir prig darbi gi*ma "women sing while working". Most likely, other thematic 1-3 person verbs are composed according to these ir forms, e.g.: grūmu kap mčdžas; skimmed wheat. Sometimes there are forms made iš 3 asm. thematic ending of su athematic forms -a, e.g.: gi“sta „sings“, jéstasi „is eaten“, li¢ksta licka“, , peršta „perches“, skauda “hurt”. Some of these forms can be made by suffixes -sta (drying, drying) derivatives. Some dialects sometimes use asm. 3 forms made from the past tense stem, e.g.: dėja „deda“, gitdėja „sings“, mi‘gdja „sleeps“. And those who can read or have communicated with representatives of other Lithuanian dialects use the verb eiti and lk. endings: ain, aini, aina. § 6. There are many different forms of the verb to be. The generalized form i'ra usually denotes a person in the conversational moment: I i'ra ndi mažesnis "I am the smallest", fu i'ra did@snis kap aš; But jail visits are there. The present tense of the athematic verb root es is written only in the form sti (heard unnaturally pronounced with two accents): apskalduna ru'būs, and again grūžu's Asti. The most commonly used forms of the root with the meaning “to live” are: where you dwell; who struggles, and who will be well “who struggles, and who lives well”; més itep and housing; Where do you live? These forms are used to form the communicative verb busti, and sometimes to form the pronoun forms, e.g. dai mūmi nė Ča būsti, nė vaZi°ti, „now we are neither here nor going“, lagadnai būstumėm, „we would live well“. The noun būsti'"mas "living, being" also has this root. Both representatives of the Pagirų village used more frequently contaminative forms with the formant -m, e.g., aš būmu daiktė „I live in the city“, seneik būmu an sviete; I don't want to die, if it happens; Let's go and catch the first one. Like the form bustu, the form būmu, sometimes occurs with the accent at the end bu'stū, bu'mū. Besides the forms, there is a busta, a būma, and occasionally there is a biiva. In the 3rd person sense, even communicative biiti is sometimes used: Sen atait Gnas i biti "here it comes and there it is". For short and frequent presence, the dialect usually uses the form beenti, e.g.: ana Ziteloj dažnai buvėja; And I've been there before. § 7. From the verb dare, the athematic 3rd person form dwsti is rare: ani's jam viso dū"sti "they give him everything". The secondary verb pazdu?zdinėjasi "gives up" is probably made according to this form, more often du?dinėja. Today, the most common forms are duu, du?ji, duoja, dicjam, dujat, as šlūoju, shioji, Shioja®. § 8. There are also more verbs in the dialect that have only one, usually 3 person atemating form, e.g. -likt(i): ir ūnas ait, ne atsilikt nami“ vi¢nas,,ir jis eina, nepalieka namie vieni“; then bėči' very varinéjasi, not to lag behind,,later the father (child) very follows, does not lag behind“; nits; ko' ni*Sti nėkap "somehow itch the foot"; punch: manimp gérkla® knife; = 4 Chr. Stangas believes that they originated from the influence of Belarusian nao, naer, nae, zr. Chr. S. Stang, NTS, vol. 18, p. 194. 201 paūst(i): inside pain; my fingers hurt very much. His is. 1. In the 3rd person ending -ti there are also forms that are usually only thematic in the dialect. Often in one sentence there can be two athematic forms: one old, the second probably newer, usually coinciding with the communicative, e.g.: sėsti: bėginėdami jėsti ūnas, nesėsti „running he eats, does not sit“; grind: agūi"nu" samalt do jést "grind and eat poppy seeds"; virsti: gitsti družina, až pirka vitsti “sings like a young man, even when he buys he turns, falls down”; uZmdésti: an pelii ižm esti do per kūkla and aiti,,an shoulder throws, also through the neck goes“. ir Sometimes the athematic form of such verbs is also single in the phrase, e.g.: dusti: kap nūima nūg snauničos, tai jail austi, kai nuima nuo mestuvy, tada jau audžia“; mišt: cow mist in blood; pinti, razskėlt- :rask lt ana jas and pinti “she moves them (the roots) and pins them”; ratist: d-ikeir aust, kab iškabina, to kap plu'gū "The pigs are weaving, when they are hooked, it is like a plough"; vomiting: and he vomited, not vomiting, vomiting. All these forms indicate the abundance of atematiniy verbs in the dialect. a trunk. § 9. One of the most characteristic features of the dialect a stem verb construction is that some present tense verbs of different roots are adapted to the other basic forms (present tense and communicative). This is: a) verbs that es. l. has a vowel e in the root before the sonants, e.g.: kifpa: kirpo, kirpt, krimta: krimto, krimst, lifida: liūdo, list, pifka: pirko, pirkt, riūka|| rotūka: riūko | rotūko, rinkt, sliūka: sliūko, sliūkt, vija,,veja*: vijo, viti, vira: virė, virt*; b) verbs that lk. has an insertion, e.g. brida „„brenda“: brido, brist, lipa „Jęimpa- “: lipo, lipt, plūka „plunka“: plūko, plūkt, sniga: snigo, snigt, svila: svilo, svilt, šila: šilo, šilt; c) also verbs: gija: gijo, git, gima: born, born, lija: lio, lit, lika: left, likt, mira: died, die. But this present tense feature in the dialect is probably not old, because next to it is often said: gija, gimsta, kerpa, kefta, kremta, laiida (< lenda), lija, ména „prisi-, atsimena“, li*ka || lika, miršta, perka, prikemša, raiika || rerika, svila, šila. With intarpu a kamieno es. 1. in the dialect of verbs is very small: patirika: liked, raida: found, sapranta: understood, Sufita: Suto. Most other verbs with a root are the same as Ik. : duck, aina, runs, works, deep, takes || jima, bite, k@pa, lip, mints, mine, can, pin, risa, rita, skins, shovels, Suva, turns, Sala, dance, lead, v@Za, sucks || Zvinda. (n)a root (or suffix -na) verbs are rare in dialect. These are mainly forms that have -ovbefore the ending in the present tense, and -auin other forms, 7 That suchy es. The I. forms were more influenced by the past tense forms than by the communicative forms, as shown by the verbs whose communicative form differs from the es. is to be. 1. forms, e.g.: list, likt, virt. 202 e.g. džduna: džovė, pjduna: pjovė, rduna:rové, sagduna:sagdvė, sakrduna: sakrovė, krauna, rč. blood; (st)a, (5t)a stem (or suffix -sta, -$ta) verbs in the dialect is considerable, e.g.: apgirsta "in the hole", dušta, diksta~ dygsta, žūsta, gaišta "disappears, falls", gėsta, grišta, isigūsta, išplūksta "floats out", ištrūksta, išvista, klurn(p)sta, mėgsta || mėsta "loves", mirksta, miršta, nuvista, pažista, plišta, prijūnksta, prirūksta~ pririigsta, rūksta |,,smilksta", Įsasilksta "longs, gets tired", tinsta, virsta. With the suffix -sta, -šta, there are more such verbs that Ik. does not have that suffix, e.g.: dulksta „,dust“, guršta „Fūžta“, išpulsta „ispuola, iškrinta“, pusta „puva“, hibridas nutiksta „nutyla“. Many of the verbs with -sta (-šta) have various other genders, e.g. džūsta || džuna, gimsta || gimė, gista | gija, gija, grista, rč. grūna, ištrūksta|| escapes, mé(k)sta, rč. mėga, lipsta || lipa „limpa“, pavoksta, dž. véga „vagia“, pririgsta || priru'ga, sastiksta || sastika, sasitifika, uskefrsta || ūskerd(ž)a „,paskerdžia“, tėmsta || tėma, tinsta || tina. Atskiri Ik. Verbs with -sta suffix in the dialect are with another suffix, e.g. sasialkūnina „hunger“, senėja „age“, slizgoja(si) „slip“, vargija „work hard“. § 10. a stem verbs are personified as follows: Singular 1. bėgu, nešū, viru, mé(k)stu, pjaunu, mokinu 2. bégi, nesi, viri, mé(k)sti, pjduni, mokini 3, béga, nėša, vira, mė(k)sta, pjauna, mokina Plural 1. bėgam, nėšam, viram, mė(k)stam, pjaunam, mokinam 2. bėgat, nėšati, virat, mé(k)stat, pjaunat, mokinat Only 3 personal verbs and, nėr occur with the fallen vowel a. ia trunk. § 11. Most of the verbs of the ia stem are the same as Ik., e.g.: dudža, braūka, daūza, graudža, gréba || gréba, jēja, kdéika, keriča, klauša, klėja, laidža, Iška ~ Iėkia, laiika ~ leiikia, lėja, mėlža, praūša, rduga, raūša, reika, sėja, stoja, šuiiča, stūma, šaūka, trduka, vėma, verča, voga, ždidža "cut, play". Several ia-root verbs have moved to the a-root, e.g. deriga, "covers", gniba, kvėpa "smells", tėsa "continues- ". Some verbs of the ia root have moved to the «a root for phonetic reasons, i.e. because of the hardening of the stem consonant r, e.g.: dra ~ dria, gira ~ giria, gėra ~ gėria, kara ~ kūria, skira ~ skiria, tvėra || tvėra, vėtra || vėra. Sometimes the ia stem is used for verbs that lk. has a different root, e.g. girdža, ž. girdina „girdo“, grūdža, dž. Grain, crimped, d. Cry, cry, cry. Some forms of this stem sometimes have t, d instead of the Afrikaans č, dž, e.g.: duda, grauda, laida, skerda, spauda, šuūita. 203 § 12. Verbs of the ia stem are personified as follows: Singular 1. klėju, dudu || dudžu, praušū, šunčū || Suni; klėji, audi, prausi, Sunti 3. kldja, dud(%)a, praiisa, suiifa || Suita Plural 1. klėjam, dud(ž)am, praii§am, Suritam || Sufiéam 2 klėjat, dudžat, praiiSat, Sunifat Ends have no vowel sometimes primary verb reik || reika and sometimes secondary, e.g.: kas po bala’ braidžoj, pasunta špūros kas po balą braidžioja, iššunta tarpfingščiai“; whenever you think, you are sweating; Nobody's driving for the sake of drinking. i trunk. § 13. The present tense i stem verbs are few in the dialect, e.g.: gali, gūli, nori, p@ni, rūgi ~ regi, ravi, rūpi, sėdi, stovi, tili, tingi, turi, usigavi, židi, žūri. Only a few examples have been heard with the suffix -s-i: kūtkudaksi "kudaksi, kudakuoja (hen)", lopsi "blinks (with eyes)". In the stem there is also the word nakvi (rč. nakvoja) and the suffix -elėti Vedic: dušteli,,papulia, atsikvepia“, ldpteli „„blinkteli“, stakteli, žvil(k)teli. § 14. the verbs of the i stem are changed as follows: Singular Plural 1. stovu, turū, nakvū = stovim, tūrim, nakvim 2. stovi, turi, nakvi stovit, tūrit, nakvit 3 stovi || stou, turi, nakvi In addition to the word stou, the endings i sometimes do not have gd/"can" and tur "have". o trunk. $ 15. I am. l. o root verbs can be divided into two groups according to the communicative suffix: a) and the root verbs, having conjugation with the suffix -oti, are few in the dialect, e.g.: bijo, ji‘sko || ju°sko (greta jitškoja || jū"škoja), karo, Zino || žėno; b) more is es. l. o-stem verbs, which have conjugation with the suffix -yti, e.g.: ardo, būdo, dailo „,„dalo“, daro, gūno, klaiiso, krūto, lizo, maišo, sūko, samdo, vaiko, vūro. Many present tense forms with the communicative suffix -yti are usually made with the suffix -ina, so they are of a different (a) root, e.g.: gdudina, gidina, késina, ldistina, métina, skdldina, zobraza, šdldina, šildina, taisina next to ldisto, mėto, skdldo, taiso. But, unlike lk., sometimes next to rakina is said ižrako,,uZrakina®. $ 16. Here are the paradigms for the personification of stem verbs: Singular Plural I bijaii, krataii, métau ||métinu —bijom, krdtom, métom 2. bijai, kratai, métai ||métini —bijot, kratot, métot 3. bijo, krato, méto || métina § 17. In the dialect, the unprecedented present tense verbs are pronounced almost the same as in lk. (except for unwanted variations in the point of impact). 204 The pronunciation of prepositional present tense verbs differs much more. In contrast to lk., the accent moves the prefix: į diphthong verbs of the a) strong-end root, e.g.: dtait, ataima, atprauša, atšunča, ifitait ‘in’, ‘out’ "goes out", nėgirdžiu, nėdenga, nékopa „neslepia“, nėmi“gmu, nėkenča, nėranda, nėskaust „neskauda“, nėverka, nézuri „nežiūri“, nūšunča, nūveima || nūveit, keserdu, „paskardžiu“, pasunta „iššunta“, prahait ,,passes", covers),,covers", primirksta, primulka "eats", priverpam, rč. understands, understands, || understands, understands, understands, understands „sušąla“, uskerda,,paskardzia“ next to rč. atait, atprailSa, nekenla, priveipa etc. ; ir verbs with a b) short root, e.g. négali, néturi, némira "does not die" dies, dies „supports, maintains“, sdvira ‘suverda’ (plg. Vira „verda“) etc.: ir sometimes c) verbs with a ir strong root, e.g.: dtgru'sta „falls down“, atjunko, indirbam „we work into“, ižgitst „užgieda“, nėbu'sta, nėdirba, nėkeika, nėmiršta, nėpu'sta, nėžinda, nūmiršta, pabu'sti „„pabūna“, padirbu, pagirdža ‘pagirdo- ’, pajéma „paēda, pavalgo“, pastovi, priru'ga || priru'gsta, razgru'sta, sasti‘ksta, dz. repulsed, dismissed, rejected. Unlike The verbs that do not have a į prefix are: nekalba, nekūsa, nevėga, sakalbū, nupirka, pripila, ž. talks, buys, pours. But these are already laws, fluctuations. ne o Verbs always su pronounce the prefix: pdraiti, pdrnesa, pdrverča, ptrverst. The past time is a o trunk. § 18. Most past tense stem verbs are the 0 same as For example: dugo, adbrūko "threw, pushed", atjūnko "nuunko, nuprato", at"dko “decreased”, put, worked, grain grain, grain collapsed, || dried up*, escaped, went, ~ lay, came out, died, “destroyed”, remained, mourned, disappeared “disappeared, collapsed”, grounded “splittered, collapsed”, broke “wetted”, planted, sowed, stood, followed. Which-not-which-be verbs have conjunctives, root gender, e.g.: atldidé atldido, neldidė neldido I. t. y. o ir ė || || (plg. 1 asm. paldidau, pdrlaidau), grido, grūdo, rč. lumps; Papuan, d. papūvo, pasale, pdriale || pasdlo, saddle || sušalo, sagové, rč. sagavo. Always 0 the trunk is Sie short root verbs: dasikiso ,,prilindo®, palūpo „tear off, tear off“, parrito,,- pargriové, pervertė- “, rišo, skūto, Sūvo, sūpo, sūko. Individual primary verbs be. 1. used with prefixes, "e.g. : iZmigoj "slept", nepažnoj(o) "did not know" and others. § 19. Be. 1. o-root verbs are personified as follows: Singular 1 rail, paving, guléjau, river 2, radai, klėjei, guléjai, river 3 rddo, klėjo, guléj || -éjo, Si®ndu || -dvo 8 Forms dried up, grain || gridé su short u probably appeared later according to forms: was, were, were rotten. 205 Plural I. radom, klėjom, guléjom, Sicndvom 2. radot(e), klėjot, gulėjot, ši“navot § 20. The whole 3rd person ending o after the consonants j and v is mainly preserved by the diphthong o-trunk verbs: dėjo, jojo, klojo, lojo, sėjo, stojo, vijo, gavo, pūvo, buvo, djo, aijo, ėjo, greta dj, rč. a.i.j. However, those verbs with prepositions are usually already without the ending -o: indėj, inkloj, paséj, pazdėj "looked", intūj, parūj, nuvėj, sagdu, rč. apėjo, ats@jo, indėjo, sagavo || sagovė. The polysyllabic 0 stem 3 person forms almost always do not have the ending -o after j and v: mokėj, noréj, skaudėj, žu'rėj; braids, hearts, beats, trembles; I'm drowning, I'm driving. With a healthy limb these forms occur only occasionally: mdn viso davinėjo; littūvei aidinėjo; You're gonna need help. he knew everything; if the blood has settled; Dafne went crazy. Forms with -ėlėti full endings are not heard at all. $ 21. From other past tense verbs 3 person forms stand out the form bit, biti "was, lived", e.g.: danas bit macintulis "he was a little one"; bit manim(p) ku'dėlo; ir b6fo ne bit nami’; jėmė jū kap Zona’ and biti tendka “took her, married her and lived there”; ana sa boéu nebiti, that is ana i nemoka “she didn’t live with her father, so she doesn’t know (Lithuanian- )”; bečs iž bit septinazdesmit septinis metai; ana prabit Adesė penkazd@sim métu. In other persons, bit(i) rarely occurs, e.g. I bit aisa chvara "I was very ill", dz. ddr I was alive; I was healthy; Form buvdjo means a short-lasting repeating action, being, e.g.: neilga aš iš tavė rodo buvėjau “for a long time I was happy with you (for a short time I enjoyed you)”; karūp you were yesterday „where you were yesterday, visited“. The form bir(i) found today only in the Zietela dialect was used in other Lithuanian dialects and in old writings*?, cf. Latvian bija „buvo“. $ 22. Sometimes (probably in the Slavic example) instead of the verbs reikėj(0), reikė (being 1.) the present tense form reika with the auxiliary verb buvo or bit(i) is used, e.g.: reikabit padarit „should have done“; everything needed to be brought by myself, “everything needed to be brought by myself”; I needed it. Apparently, here the verb reika is perceived as an adverb, cf. brus. Tp36a, Russian. Hello, HY>KHO. trunk. $ 23. In the present tense, the ė stem verbs are significantly fewer in dialect than the Ik. Many verbs with the ė-root, which have a communicative suffix -yti, have passed to the (in)o root, e.g.: gdudino „caught“, mokino „taught“, pramėtino „pramėtė“, primerkinaii,,primerkiau®, satrdukinau „shrunk“, šaldino, šildino, etc. The other ones will be skeletons. |. verbs are the same as lk. These are verbs that: (a) be. I. has the same root vowelism as es. l., e.g.: drė: ara, dudé: dudža, dūrė: dūro, daūžė || daūže: daiifa and so on., defigé, kūsė, keiité, kraté, laukė, liėpė, mėtė "thrown, left", intardė "draw in", nėšė, patrdukė "exploded", skaldė || skaldino, šuritė, taisė, vėdė, verté, ždidė; * A. Schleicher, Handbuch der litauischen Sprache, vol. I, Prague, 1856, p. 252; F. Kurschat, Grammatik der litauischen Sprache, Halle, 1876, p. 278; A. Bezzenberger, Beiträge zur Geschichte der litauischen Sprache auf Grund litauischer Texte des XVI und des XVII Jahrhunderts, Göttingen, 1877, p. 206. 206 b) be. I. has a different root vocalism than es. 1., e.g.: apšavė apšau || apšaūna, : davė dau diėja, || džovė : diduna, gėrė gėra, : gimė gimsta : pan., jėmė, krovė, kūle, : miné, mirė, ir pakėrė, pile, pinė, pjovė, rėmė rėmė, sagovė, skéle, skyrė, šlūvė, šovė, trinė, vogė. The root of individual || words alternates with the stem, e.g. gile, rč. ė su o gūlo, kūsė, rč. kūso, pagūdė, d. pagadino, reiké, dz. reikėj(o), usirakė, ž. rakino, ždidė, rč. žaidįž)o, cf. § 18. § 24. Be. |. ė-stame verbs are personified as follows: Singular 1. ldukau, davail, (j)édau, krataii 2. laukei, dave, (j)ėdei, kratei 3; lauké, davé || dau, (j)éde, kraté Plural 1. laukém, dūvėm, (j)ėdėm, krūtėm laukėt, dūvėt, (j)ėdėt, krūtėt 2. > r, $ 25. 1. Current time vns. 1 asm. ė stem has a soft stem consonant. Unlike Ik., instead of the stem-ending Afrikaans č, dž all the ė-stem forms of that type of dialect have t, d: ardaii, dudau, iskraiai, išveriau, iždidau, jėdau, kentaū, metaū, nūšuniau, pagadaū, paldidau, pasamdaū, pastataū, pdrkrataii; pérlaidau, saspdudau, gatai. It is possible that in the dialect of Zietela this form was not used before, because lk. afrikatas here are newer! ?, In addition, the ė-stame forms of other persons, e.g.: dudei, suntei, dudė, Suiité, audėm, Sufitét, probably prevented the appearance of afrikats here. Occasionally occurring forms are translated and considered to be accidental, resulting from the communication with other dialects. representatives. With the fallen -ė (after v) from the 3rd person ė-stem forms Aik is written viénd another, namely: apšau basanil’s,,apsiavé basnirčia“; to dnas man dau ita’ rasti-“so he gave me this rod”; nėdau jdm niko ani's; I sat down. an saiido "surrendered to the court". $ 26. Most past tense verbs are pronounced the same as Ik. However, next to each other and differently WE form, Kitą kirčio vietą papuvė, apšale, nūšale, pasale. x Other individual accent irregularities are mostly of an accidental nature: pagrudžau, nekeldinaii, neveftė, prikišau, sagričbau, ž. pagrūdo, nek déldina, prikišo, sagriebau. Future tense § 27. The future tense genders of the dialect, like the lk., are made from the communicative. The verbs of the future tense are personified as follows: Singular 1. būsu, kabisu, ždisu, nešū, jimsū, lisū 2. busi, kabisi, Zdisi, nesi, jimsi, lisi 3. bus, kabis, žais, nėš, jims, lis 10 See J. Otrębski, Grammar of the Lithuanian language, vol. I, Warsaw, 1958, p. 299, 207 Participant Acting participants § 44. In the Zietela dialect, only past participles are used. The present and future participles are no longer present. Some other forms are used in their place. For example, es. In the case of non-participants, there is an inactive participant. I. form standing, e.g.: standing vandi? vekail išala "standing water freezes quickly". It is often used as a loan word. ; kur stoj aščas vandi?, ten ani's busta "where there is standing water, there they live", cf. kalūščas "drilling", letūšča "flying", etc. $ 45. In the present time, the active participants in the dialect now have only one fixed vns of the second-person singular. ward. form with the ending -e (pronounced e, after hardened consonants -a"). The ending -us (<-usi) is written only from P. Chaleckienė: aš būčap bijojus sakit "I would have been afraid to say". The same being. 1. participle form with -e can Denote both singular and plural, both masculine and feminine, e.g.: | Mr. vns. nas dtait insirbiūka“ “he comes dressed, dressed up”; ndēkur inšila' izajei "somewhere you went out warm"; ké tu ižlūpa' galva' tép aimi „why do you go with your head so high“; ataūj sasmainea" "came changed, changed- ", tas jail kriipa padauga' nuvaZdu "he went away a little bit grown up"; I put my ears in and listen; 'a buck of yellows is sucked'; sits anas rasikét®- ’, feet found; against. g. vns. stou obolė išauga“, large; vaiščoja ana kepelisišaudini' iždėjae“, chvūsta" vištos inkis@* „she walks wearing a straw hat, with the tail of a chicken stuck in it“; Senior Director General (dvs.) kūlasi išaja’ an kėlo; assists the watchers; bit du brolu nesidaila' "there were two brothers who were not separated"; tep ir važi?jat rasis®@- ge’; "There's been a few months since I've been out of the house, and I've had a lot of trouble with my feet." — G.W. žūri kap varnos rasižėva' "looks like crows with their teeth out"; paskila: traffic size. i Sometimes this generalized form of the noun is used in the sense of other verbs, e.g.: išuntė vira' nejėda' laukan "sent a faint man out into the field". Instead of other funny participle forms, the characteristic arising from the action is usually described periphrastically, by groups of words, e.g.: mūza liko pirkū, kad nesadegė „maža liko nesudegusių pirkių“; itai bobai, kad chvara, nešam pieną "We bring milk to this sick bob." The participle form always retains the accent and preposition of the past tense verb. Inactive participants $46. The forms of non-active types of participants are comparatively more diverse and better preserved than those of active participants. However, there are almost no passive participles of the present tense in the dialect, except for two written forms of doubtful authenticity: melZama ana, jaū melžasi"?. Participant es. |. forms are tried to be described in other ways: with suffix -inis, -ė —melžinė kdrvé, „milked cow“; '* The forms are taken from Bernadas Žukelis, whose brother studied in Vilnius, and from Adam Zukelis, who worked for some time in Ukraine, where he communicated with Lithuanians of other dialects. 214 sūtinu' šulu' komolūkas "ball of sewing thread"; by word groups —pi’das, that virt, dirptas iš mėlo, „boiling pot made of clay“, in the past tense —nezinétas žmėgus atdj „a known Man came“, by hybrid processing —vdiséojom kap savi nežiniami žmonės (cf. Ke3nakKoMbIe JOH). § 47. The inactive participants of the present tense are replaced by relatives, numbers and participles. Their endings are the same as those of a, o stem adjectives, see paradigms: Singular V. kaéptas, kepta, virtas, virta, dūmi'tas, -a K. kapto, keptos, virto, virtoOs, dūmi'to, -os N. keptam, képtari, virtdm, virtai, dumi‘tam, ai G. kėpta", virta", dūmi'ta' I. keptu, keptai, virtū, virtdi, dūmi'tu, -ai In. baked, baker, boiled, boiled, boiled Il. keptan, kepton, virtani, virton, dūmi'tan Ad. kepti(p) kepti(p), dirptaip, Plural kepti, képtos, virti, virtos, dumi‘ti, -os keptū, virtū, dūmi'tu" keptiėmi, keptomi, pjauti*mi, dūmi'ti*mi, -omi keptūs, keptas, virtūs, virtas, dūmi'tus, -as keptais, keptomi, pjautais, pjautomi, dūmi'tais, -omi V. K. N. G. Į. In. kepti®s(a), keptosa, virtii’s(a), virtosa, dumitu® sa, -osa It. keptisna, keptosna, virtisna, dumi‘tu’sna, -osna In the dialect, more use is made of the prefix Sdéléti bat. 1. passive participants: apkaltas, apsukti, apringdinétos,- nurinktos“, inspdustas,suspaustas“, inkastas, isastri‘tas, islangvitas, iSkastruotas®, iSdldi‘tas „„užšaldytas“, isustas „išsiųstas“, pakulta, pasamdita, paraskulta „sužeista“, pdrlaistas, paisneZdinéti, pririzdinétos, uZrumbi‘ta,taiyta, atsiūlėta“. Next to the chief. ir against. g. forms quite often used be. ir I. unnamed genus of passive participants: dicta, dirpta, aplipita, neatardinėta, išdusta, nesužynkta, padarita, pridirpta, pradirta, užvarita, ūškasta. Be. I. active species are pronounced mostly the same as I'm going. Only the pronunciation of individual (more often prepositioned) participants varies, e.g.: apdeiiktas, apaitas, atvėsta, iškauta, ištėstas, ištėsta, ižvėštas, nekūstos, nuriūikta, pakaptas „laidotas“, palipta „nupelta“, raskifstas „perkirstas“, sakėpta „iškepta“, uzdenkta, uskdstas, more often adengtas, iškastas, nurinkta, sikepta, uZdenkta. There are no future participles in the dialect. There is also ir no use of the non-recursive noun forms of passive participants. The Time of Our Lives ir ir $ 48. There is no direct relation between the initial tenses, made by both active and inactive participants. su Only enriched perfect tense su is used. 215 There are two forms of present tense: the present and the past tense. 1. Present tense compound forms that never have a connective auxiliary verb are: (a) sick. r. Zmaogus jail apsilaida' barzddi "The man is already slackened, with a grown beard"; young and drunk is 'young and drunk'; inside rotten® bottom; vi“nas būsas, kitas apsėve*; all kinds of scraps; all prijūnka: at their litživo; which is separated, is made heavy; foot iStin®' "foot swollen"; kara jaū atsikėla' "The fish is already awake"; ana, kab rope, twist'; kundos apsilūpa'; vesėj sasrhiūka: many bobs; blood runs out of my eyes; (b) inactive. r. arklis ddr nekaltas „the horse has not yet been slaughtered“; may invariate cvitkas; the finger is broken and broken; well-padded woolen wool; slimsli stamped Siénas ‘weakly tightened hay’; and mixed “she is of mixed blood”; ski'lž prakulta; mana moma pakopta; we atSu-'sti; ragi, kap sanešėoti čeravi'kelei; all the tables on the table are finished; white peas mixed with mushrooms; anos druskdi pasūdi'tos "they are salted with salt". 2. Present tense forms always have the auxiliary verb bit(i), buvo’; (a) sick. r. anas bit very insiragavar; horse bit bad, dries up'; sadige: there was flax; pripūva' bit kvitčei "Moldy, rotten were the wheats"; neinšala: bit akmeni's; ana daugėst kap mėna' rasilaida' bit "it (says) bloomed for more than a month"; and numira' bit; (b) inactive. r. one broken bit; dnas and Chanaik bit krūpa' mēki'tas; "RaJūlinas bit žmonėsa pripratęs ki*k. "Rapolas buvo kažkiek prašviečiamas žmonių", Tarmėje yra gana nemažai sudėtinių es. is to be. 1. forms made with an anonymous genus of active species participants, e.g.: es. l. jaū manip all forged, made; I learned everything, I learned everything. everything is raised; nedū“ta jėst, nature is all infested, infested; ddr neatardinéta, and the grass was taken "not yet tilled, and the grass has grown"; if ddr is not used to it “it’s not usual for her here”; be. I. forced stone bit; greased bit; streicha an streichds sabrukta was “the roof on the roof was collapsed” welded bit snow. The compound forms of the future tense are heard only with the passive type: kėlas būs nuklėtas žmonėmi; then all will be done; all the dead will be iSarta. § 49. In addition to the aforementioned conjugated tenses of the direct pronoun, the dialect also uses the conjugated and the pronoun forms of the indirect pronoun. Most of the time they are made with active participants: būčap žinėja', tai nevaZiva' "if I had known, I would not have gone"; were we sitting’ and ūtarina:; "'Eat, drink, and be happy': 'There's no better way to eat than to be happy'". The phrase of Mrs. Chaleckienė: I would have been afraid to say, so that she would not be angry. Inactive forms of the compound pronoun are rare: kab ne li'tūs tsaik to visa jaū būtu'p kapjouta and parinkta "if it wasn't for the rain, then everything would have been harvested and picked up (from the fields)". The skeletal remains of the skeleton were not found. Sometimes there are a kind of compound forms of the past tense active kind, which are made up of both participants, i.e. instead of the auxiliary verb was, bit(i) is said buva', e.g. :aš jisagėva' būva' "I had caught him"; I'm not going to let you down. 216 However, in general, there is a tendency in dialect to degrade conjugated forms, e.g., that waited' p nedála', to ana zaostali "that she had waited a week, was behind"; if I didn't drink yesterday, I wouldn't drink today; "If he hadn't run away, they would have found him," she wrote. Half participant $ 50. In dialects, the conjugated forms of the semi-participle (which are neither numerical nor gender-neutral) are used. They are usually made from the communicative root with the suffix -dami, e.g. : Mr. vns. o danas neželėdami ait paz Idvi' "and he unwillingly goes to the trough"; the wind, giving him this nostalgic feeling, swept; and the little man, going home, went to the bar; this year the li'tūks rained without digging; beginnédami jėsti únas; without paying, they refuse to agree; I utter, o danes juuri, kab durnas neZinbédami; by the wise? "s corner sitting to be in a place where "now at home sitting you live badly (i.e. without working you will not live)"; dnas took her away gi*d6dami; against. g. vns. and lying on the back; ran his own sight; I (myself) took you into slavery; and sitting in the midge; at the end of the day, the buyer only has to work; Sr. and Mot. G.Dgs. més kap padegēm, that is, when Zin 6dating rasidjom, rasirbtūkom; unwittingly we all ruined the sheep; més tadaik kū du mddami sakom; apajom ji‘Skodami; With the help of Valérika®, you can go to Barnddika- '. Forms with -dami (<damie) can be generalized from the senior g. plural? ?, because we do not have an analogously generalized mot. g. dgs. the ending -damos in occasional forms: ūni's ūtarino Če g@&rdamos; just when the cows come up for a meal; "I'm not sure if I'm going to be able to do it." Forms with -damos are confused with the forms of the sangraZinio participle with -damosi, e.g.: vifnas būdamosi tai ir numirs „one living and one dying“, kopdam®dsi ištrūko anas,slepiantis pabėgo jis“; and laughters, "and listens with laughter." Next to it is said another generalized form and with mot. g. vns. ending -a, e.g.: moZa vazi®dama numirs "maybe she will die while driving"; I've got my own (read) while I'm grazing. The form with -damu is also recorded on the tape recorder, e.g.: vi‘nas vifna' dastojinėdamu kab jėmėsi do ir ištezdinėdami ir visi trys ani's tei (sunk). Dividend $51. There are only a few forms of Ik written in the Zietela dialect. and other Lithuanian dialects present participle forms, but used in place of the semi-participle, e.g.: iš kokū nedėlu' kėtufas itai visa iskulam tep pasistorėjant "in about four weeks all this we get out trying"; from Čė važūavant rep nūšuntau lūpa' "I sent a letter while driving from here". These are probably new forms®, because the participle functions in dialect are usually performed by the semi-participle and the active participle forms. 18 Mr. Skardžius believes that these sexes are generalized from the binary, see. P. Skardžius, On the Development of Semiparticipants, Archivum Philologicum, vol. 6, Kaunas, 1937, p. 105. 20 Forms are recorded from Adolis Zukelis and M. Burokienė, many of whom have encountered representatives of other Lithuanian dialects. Teacher Kateryna Jodienė, who worked in many places, used the participants in the same way as lk. ja 217 Instead of the present participle, the semi-participle is used, e.g.: pracując dina maZasné, kap niepracując „working day is shorter than not working- ”; aidama reika atkalbét ražonču' "when going you need to talk about roses"; I raged kiski* running “I saw a rabbit running”; do not yell “going to see”; rugs mowing, summer reika vėsūte' make „rugs mowing, summer need to make shade (rest); man sasilgo namic bu'damūa "I miss being at home"; hot oaths; not being married, it is necessary that the iceberg be" this "in the garden living, it is necessary that there be an angry dog"; the wheel broke off while driving; ale apjaudami čistėst and veksėt “but apipiaustant (shaving the potato) cleaner and faster”; jé brolis Vezduči', važū“dami Slaniman bit vi‘nas “his brother (lived) in Vezaučis (on the road) on the way to Slanim”; When he was asked about the discovery, he replied, "When I found the discovery, I was surprised. Sometimes the semi-participle form used in this way is better to interpret as an adverb rather than a participle, e.g.: stealing nejésk, o padsliūk "stealing do not eat, but pa(si)tract (a plate closer)’. The participle of the active kind is used instead of the participles of the present tense, e.g.: reika nejėda' gulavi'tis "it is necessary to lie down without eating"; negadnai viendm jau likz: "no one is left alone"; rep langvėst, kap apsava' "it is ir easier (for a bass) to be surrounded" etc. No other forms of the participant or their substitutes have been recorded. $ 52. The Zietela dialect verb has a number of peculiarities, which must be explained by the long dialect isolation. For this reason, there are archaic forms of conjugation that have survived in the dialect: these are the athematic and contaminative verb forms, the past tense 3 person form bit(i), the pronoun forms with the postposition -p(ė), -b(ė), the regressive verbs with terminal conjugation, etc. Many of these features are common to the dialects of the southeastern Lithuanian borders, only the form bir(i) leads to the former. Lithuanian dialects of East Prussia. On the other hand, the verb has a lot of novelties: it is the athematically used individual conjugations of thematic verbs, the consolidation of one past tense form of the active participants and its use together with the semi-participant forms instead of the participant, as well as various adjacent stem forms and pronunciation anomalies. The influence of Slavic languages is explained by many factors. non-characteristic returning forms (growing up, living, being born, etc.). Much more Slavic analogies could be traced in the work, which is little touched on here. Other Lithuanian dialects and 1k. elements in the conjugation of the verb observed little. A. BHAYTHPHC CJIOBOUSMEHEHHME TJIATOJIA B 3ETAJICKOM IOBOPE Pe3arome H3-3a gojnrofi H30JisuKH MeCTHOTO JHTOBCKOrO roBopa (OH HaXOAHTCH B OKpyxXeHHH Gej1Opycckoro s3bika) rjtaroJi B 3eTAJICKOM roBOpe OT/IK4UaeTCA GOJibiuKM CB0e06Gpa3HeM. Bo-nepsuix, B HEM COXpaHHJIHCb HeKOTOpbIe apxaHuUecKHe OcOGeHHOCTH, HaNIp., aTeMaTHYECKHE HJIH Ha OCHOBe nx 06pa30BaBLIHeCA KOHTAMHHHpOBAHHĖbIe (DOpMbi raarosa 218 (aiti | aima, eati | éma, miégti | miegma), popma 3-TO JIKA eA. H MH. 4. NpoLuejjuuero BpeMeHH bit(i), dopMbi COCA CATEJIbHOTO HAKJIOHeHH's got a C blast. -p, uHoraa -b(ė) (1-oe auuo eg. u. 3-e nKuo ej. | aifap aičapė| aičapė, gieddėčap, turéfabés, 3-e nKuo ej. H MH. V. atšūstu'p ganitu'pė), Bo3BpaTHbie rjiaroJibi C yjgapeHHeM Ha OKOHuaHHH (3rd JHUO eA. H MH. 4. HACTOALEro BpeMeHH jimasi, sitting, npowemuero BpeMeHH Jémési, stojosi, Oy aywero BpeMenu gulsis, jimsis, rasis) u Ap. BojibumucerBo H3 3THX 0cOGeHHocTEI! XapakTepHbl AJA IOTO-BOCTOHHbIX OKPAHHHbLIX rOBOPOB JIMTOBCKOrO A3blka, TOJIbKO (dopMa bit(s) 3etsackuii rosop NpHOJHKAET K 3aNafHbIM JUTOBCKHM rOBOPAM, HEKOTJa CiIIecTBOBABLIHM Ha TeppHTOpHH OkbiBineit Boctounoit [pyccun. Bo-BTOpBIX, 17151 TOBOpa XapaK TepHbI MHOTHE HHHOBALLMH, HATIP. | HEKOTOPHIE HH UHH THBBI YTI0TPeGAAIOTCA B 3HAUYCHHH H3IMEHAEMBIX aTeMaTHueckux opm (nesésti — neséda, samdlt — sumala, virsti — virsta), HeKOTOPBIM TJIATOJIAM C OCHOBOII Ha @ HACTOSIIERro BPEMeHH CBOKCTBEHHLI (DOpMBI, 06pa30BaHHbIe Ha OCHOBE KOpHSA Mpoleauero spemenn (krimita — kremta : krimito, lifida — lenda: lindo, lipa limpa lipo, — sniga : snifiga snigo), — ouenb : Pe3Ko COKpaTHJIOCb 4KHCJIO dopm jeficTBHTeJIbHLIX MPHYACTHI: H3 HHX COXpaHH/IaCb TOJIbKO OHA HeHsMeHseMas, o6obmennas (dopMa CPeAHEro son MH. 4. npolygonal BpeMenn (dirbe-, išaugę“, sasisike’, Zdide’), 31a Gopma B HaWH JĮHH 3aMeHAeT Take H DOpMbI AeeNPHYACTHSA NpoLieAlIero BpemMenn (reika, nejéde: gold) (neempHuacTHs MPOLIEAWEro BpeMeHH B roBope HeT), a (opMa AeenpHYACTHA HACTOSMIErO BpeMeHH 3AaMeHAIOTCA (opMaMmu noaynpuuactus (working day mazisné kab non-working), xoTOphle TaKkKe ABAAIOTCA HEONHAKOBRIMH (working|working|working). Axuentyaums opm rtaroJia uacTo ObiBaeT ONeHb PA3AHUHOI: ataitijataiti, nėgirdžu|negirdžū, pasunta|pasuiita) u np. B 06pasoBaHHH HeKOTODPbIX BO3BpaTHBIX LJIarOJIOB MOXKHO PATH IIpAMOC BJIHAHHE OKpyxalOunIerO Gesopycckoro s3biKa (biestasi, gimaūs, kandasi), HO B CI0BOM3MEHeHHH TJIaTrOJIA npsAMoe BJIKAHHE CJIABSHCKHX H3bIKOB He3HAYHTE/BHO.