Zietelos tarmės būdvardis

Z O D Ž I Ų F O R M O S I R J Ų V A R T O S E N A L I E T U V O S T S R M O K S L Ų A K A D E M I J A A. VIDUGIRIS ADJECTIVES IN THE ZIETELOS DIALECT1 Derivation The Zietelos dialect has mostly adjectives with secondary suffixes; moreover, many of them differ from literary-language adjectives formed in the same way. They are therefore discussed here at greatest length. There are far fewer adjectives formed with primary suffixes and endings carrying derivational meaning; most of them are old and do not differ from corresponding formations in the literary language, e.g.: aklas, auštas “blind, high,” báltas girtas, pilnas, rūštus | rūštas “white, drunk, full, sour,” skìstas, šáltas, šìltas, támšus and others; they are therefore not discussed separately. It is true that the dialect has relatively many loanwords (e.g.: bėrdas, britkùs “ugly,” drãmnas || drãbnas “fine,” gãdnas “good,” jãs nas “clear,” krūglas “round,” krutùs “steep,” kūdas “thin,” prãstas “straight,” prutkùs “sturdy,” slìepas “blind,” skùpùs || skùpas “stingy,” sliskùs “slippery,” slobùs “weak,” tupùs “dull, blunt,” žitkùs “quick, lively, cheerful”), but their form and derivation do not differ from Lithuanian forms. Of other formations, for instance compound adjectives, only one example has been recorded, and that one is suffixed: visadė*ininis, -ė “everyday.” The suffixal derivatives are grouped below according to their most general meanings, as in the “Grammar of the Lithuanian Language”2. Within each group, adjectives with the suffixes yielding the greatest number of derivatives are discussed first. The alphabetical order of suffixes is followed only when the same number of derivatives has been recorded with each of two suffixes. Qualitative derivatives There are few derivatives of this meaning in the dialect, so suffixal adjectives expressing both an individual qualitative meaning and a generalized qualitative meaning imparted by the suffixes are discussed together. First come the derivatives with a generalized qualitative meaning, followed by the individual ones, which are far fewer. For example: -ingas, -a. Adjectives with the suffix -ingas are most often formed from nouns. Only one verb-based derivative is recorded, dėdingas, -a, e.g.: dėdinga višta “a laying hen.” 1This article is part of a larger study of the Zietelos dialect. On the dialect’s morphology, work has been published on the noun, LKK, vol. 11, pp. 147—182; on the pronoun, LKK, vol. 3, pp. 113—131; on the verb, MAD, A, vol. 2(11), pp. 219—231; LKK, vol. 14, pp. 199—219. For a few notes on the dialect’s phonetics, see LKK, vol. 2, pp. 195—213. 2 Lietuvių kalbos gramatika, vyr. red. K. Ulvydas, t. I, Vilnius, 1965, p. 550—586 277 Derived forms mostly denote an abundance or profusion of the qualities expressed by the base word, and sometimes great size, e.g.: stony soil, flax with many heads, a milky cow, a resinous derevėkas “a resinous piece of writing, a stick,” juicy hay “succulent hay,” juicy grass. In other derivatives, a different quality associated with the base word is perceived, e.g.: a funny old man “an old man who makes people laugh.” A particularly large group of derivatives describes the condition of a gravid (pregnant or soon-to-be pregnant) female animal, e.g.: a pregnant ewe “a pregnant sheep, ewe,” a pregnant bitch, a pregnant cat, a pregnant mare, a pregnant sow, a pregnant sow, a pregnant cow. The meanings of still other derivatives are only indirectly related to the meanings of their base words, e.g.: wormy berries “worm-eaten, wormy berries,” a fierce dog “an angry dog,” fierce bees. -okas, -a (cf. -okus). Adjectives with this suffix are formed from adjectives and most often denote not the whole amount, but only a certain degree of the quality expressed by the positive degree. Their meaning is closely related to that of the base words and is best understood from context. The suffix -okas, -a is attached mainly to a-stem adjectives, e.g.: a fairly young old man “a somewhat young old man,” a somewhat bitter cucumber “a slightly bitter cucumber,” a somewhat bitter grass, a somewhat deaf person “a slightly hard-of-hearing person,” flax with rather large seeds, a somewhat old lad “a young man who is getting on in years,” somewhat old grass, a somewhat wet road, today is somewhat cold “it is rather cold today,” somewhat short sled runners. The variant -okus (no feminine forms of this stem have been heard) is recorded only with adjectives having an u stem, e.g.: it was already rather dark “it was already somewhat dark,” not tasty, rather sour || rather sour “not tasty, somewhat sour,” rather sour beer3. The u-stem variant is disappearing, and people already also say rather sour, -a, rather sour. -ėtas, -a. The few derivatives with this suffix are formed mainly from nouns with an ė stem and denote a surface quality of things, e.g.: pitted soil, pockmarked bread, pockmarked sled runners, a pockmarked neck “a neck covered with boils and sores.” Derivatives formed from words with other stems also occur with this suffix, e.g.: hilly soil; compare the compound suffix -inėtas in the word linen-clad, e.g., we’ll take the linen-clad ones to dance, and throw the tow-clad ones outside “we’ll take those dressed in linen clothes to dance; those dressed in tow will be thrown out into the yard (outside).” -otas, -a. Adjectives with the suffix -otas, -a are formed mainly from nouns with an o stem, e.g.: bearded men, a shaggy dog, a feathered pillow “a feather pillow,” a branched tree, although derivatives from a-stem nouns also occur, e.g.: a pot-bellied cow, a moustached man “a man with a moustache.” -(i)uotas, -a. Adjectives with this suffix are formed mainly from nouns with an (i)a stem, although not consistently, e.g.: a crested hen “a hen with a crest,” a tufted broom; hairy hands, but: a feathered bench “a feathered bench,” more often feathered. Derivatives with the suffix -(i)uotas mostly denote the possession or presence of added surface qualities, but it has also formed adjectives denoting an internal quality of abundance, e.g.: clayey soil “clay-rich soil”; gravelly field “sandy field, plot, soil.” 3 For the suffix -okus in other dialects and older written sources, see P. Skardžius, Lietuvių kalbos žodžių daryba, Vilnius, 1943, p. 134; J. Otrębski, Wschodnio-litewskie narzecze Twereckie, t. I. Kraków, 1934, p. 168; A. Valeckienė, Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos įvardžiuotinių būdvardžių vartojimas, „Literatūra ir kalba“, t. II, Vilnius, 1957, p. 291–292. 278 -iškas, -a. Few examples are recorded with this suffix. They are formed from nouns and indicate a similarity or affiliation expressed by the base word, e.g.: bóbiška vãsara “Indian summer” (an idiom), lietuviškos giẽsmės. Instead of this suffix, -iškis, -ė is more commonly used, cf.: lietuviškės giẽsmės, lietuviškei žmoni’s, vyriškis šlìkas “men’s hat”. -(i)vas, -a. There are few adjectives with individual qualitative meanings formed with this suffix. Some are derivatives of adjectives and adverbs, e.g.: anstìvas, -à “early”, vėlyvas, -à; others are derived from nouns, e.g.: rūpelsìvas || rūpẽslìvas, -à “careful”. Loanwords frequently used in the dialect often coincide in form with Lithuanian words, e.g.: paršìvas, -a “bad, worthless”, utarlìvas “talkative, chatty”, vizglìvas, -a “angry, irritable”. Other adjectives with individual qualitative meanings have very unproductive suffixes, and only one or two examples of each have been recorded. Without specialized studies, it is now difficult for many even to identify the word from which they were formed. In the article, they are presented alphabetically according to the initial sounds of their suffixes: -anas, -a. The adjective álkanas, -à, formed from a verb, has this suffix. -imas, -a. This suffix occurs in only one word formed from a noun: svẽtimas, -à. -ynas, -à. The only adjective with this suffix is mẽlinas, -à. -nykas: Only the following adjectives have this suffix: arìmnìkas norãgas “ploughshare for ploughing”, ras[a]unìkai grybai “mushrooms that grow during the flowering of grain crops”. -onas, -a. The adjectives geltónas, -à and raudónas, -à have this suffix. One or two adjectives are formed from a Lithuanian root with a Slavic suffix, e.g.: -avotas, -a: ilgavóti nasrai “rather long, elongated jaws (muzzle)”. The derivative may be formed on the model of the loanwords duplavótas mẽdžas “a hollow, rotten tree”, parãžavóta mergà “a paralyzed girl”. -ušístas, -a: lapušìstas mẽdžas “a deciduous tree”. Relational derivatives All the adjectives in this group, formed with various suffixes, have a differentiating meaning, that is, they distinguish the objects designated from other similar objects and indicate their kind. -inis, -ė. This is the most common suffix in this group, often replacing even other suffixes, e.g.: lapìnė gìrà “deciduous forest,” smalìnė màlka “resinous, pitchy log,” etc. Derivatives with this suffix are formed mainly from nouns (e.g., namìnė paišštė), less often from adjectives (e.g., visadìninė rūbai) and verbs (e.g., šùtinei šùlai); moreover, most of them are formed from underived words. The more important meanings, usually distinguished on the basis of the relations between the base words and the derivatives formed from them, are as follows: a) The material from which or with which something is made, e.g.: agūnìnis pìenas, añ(k)slìinė màlka, aržolìnė ašìs, avižìnis kisìlis, beržìnės šakõs; cementìnis galąstuvas, dròbinis añtas, gelažìnis norãgas, grìkinė pelai, jelaũkinės vùogos, “juniper berries,” kana- 279 pinis pantis, kopūstinis kvõšas “cabbage brine,” kunõdinė košė “potato purée,” kvietinei miltai, lininei pelai, miežinės kruopos, pagaline koja “wooden leg,” pagalinis brentas “wooden pack-saddle,” pãkulinis audiklas, ruginė putrà “snowymountain,” “snowdrift,” šarinis šapetis, šiaudinė stribchėlė “straw-roofed shed,” šilkinė plõštė. Some adjectives with the suffix -inis, -ė in this meaning, when combined with the word they modify, sometimes denote a single concept, e.g.: geležinis kelas “railway,” kunõdinė miltai “starch,” žirninė rugiẽna “pea rye.” b) Belonging to or associated with the object denoted by the base word, e.g.: an(k)slinei pūsai “alder buds,” arklinė mėsi̇ka, kaulinė dešra, vištinė mėsi̇ka, živinė vudegė “fish tail,” seserinė dukte. c) The place where something is, lives, occurs, or is kept; position in space, e.g.: apatinis norãgas, apatinė spadnìčia “underskirt,” kampinis daũtis, kopūstai balinei “white cabbages,” laukinis kelas “country road,” laušinė pusė “left-hand side,” pakutinis kampas “place of honor, corner by the hearth,” tìsnis šònas “right-hand side,” vandeninė paištė, žõdinė ratai “rear wheels.” d) The purpose, function, or suitability of the object denoted by the base word, e.g.: avìkinės žirklos “shearing scissors,” pūdinis aĩtas “pot holder,” sėklinė kunodà “seed potato,” pavasarinis ir žieminis ōbuvis “spring and winter footwear,” šūtin ei šūlai “sewing thread,” šventinei rūbai, visadieninei rūbai. e) Some other distinguishing feature present in the objects denoted by the base word, e.g.: ausinis šlikas “earflap hat,” daržinė žėmė, dūminė pirkà, girinė obolė “wild apple tree”; lapinė girà “deciduous forest,” plietinė chmora “rain cloud,” melžinė kãrvė “milch cow,” namìnė dùona, plaukinės kanãpės, žanikas šaudinis (|| šūdīnis) “a worthless fiancé, son-in-law, or husband.” f) The manner in which something is made, e.g.: klotinės kanãpės, šūtin ei čeravikai “sewn shoes.” g) Abundance of some quality, e.g.: bõčei religinei “religious parents,” smalinė mãlka. i) The time or period with which an object or action is associated, e.g.: yearling pig, spring pig, autumn pears, spring and winter rye, winter wheat. Compound suffixes have been formed by combining the suffix -inis with certain formatives inserted between them. 1) -utinis, -ė. Adjectives with this suffix are formed from nouns, numerals, and adverbs and express the position, order, or limit of the modified object (quality or action) relative to other objects, e.g.: paskutinis gražuminas, paskutinės kojos, vidutinis kampas, vidutinė dukte “middle daughter (by birth order),” viršutinis akmūo; 2) -otinis, -ė, e.g.: savõtinis, -ė “relative, one’s own,” skurõtinis, -ė “leather, made of leather”; 3) -ujinis, -ė. This suffix is recorded alongside the suffix -utinis, -ė only with the noun vidùs, e.g.: vidujinis vaikas, vidujinė mergà (alongside vidutinis, -ė). -ykščias, -ia (dialectal -yščias, -ia). Adjectives with this suffix are formed mainly from adverbs. They usually distinguish the designated object or its type by time, e.g.: dabariškas piẽnas, nu niškà putrà “today’s soup,” pẽrniškas šienas, vakariščios kumõdos. -iškis, -ė. Adjectives formed from nouns with this suffix generally denote things or persons in terms of their origin, current or place of residence, or affiliation, e.g.: 280 dainaviškis kėlas, krėliškis laukas “a field in Krėliai village,” kurpešiškė gira, lietaviškis (|| lietuviškis) liežyvis “the Lithuanian language,” zieteliškis žmogus. -ienis, -ė. Derivatives with the suffix -ienis are rare. They denote origin from the object named by the base word, or belonging to that object. In the dialect, such adjectives are heard describing types of straw, e.g.: avižėnei (|| avižėni), kvietėnei, miežėni šaudai, but rugini (|| ruginei) miltai. Adjectives formed from numerals with the suffix -okis, -ia differ considerably from derivatives of this group in meaning and formation; they denote the number of types of things, e.g.: dvejōkis alūs “two kinds of beer,” dvejōkos suraviškos “two kinds of russulas”; cf. also pronouns of similar formation: visōkis alongside visokis, visokās, visoka, rarely kitokās || kitokis, visalokās || visalokis. Adjectives of this type are sometimes also used with the suffix -okas, -a, e.g.: dvejōkos sōtkos “two arable plots, two homestead plots.” Diminutives Many diminutive adjectives in the Zietela dialect are formed with suffixes different from those in standard Lithuanian. -itkas, -a. This is one of the most productive suffixes. Derivatives are generally formed from primary adjectives of qualitative meaning or from adjectives bearing primary suffixes. They acquire not so much a diminutive or endearing meaning as an intensifying effect, emphasizing the quality expressed by the base word. Derivatives with the suffix -itkas, -a are generally formed from a-stem adjectives, e.g.: auštitkas mädžas, baltitkà drōbė, gār itkas berniukas, geltōnitki lapai, grīnitkas šōnas “a completely bare side,” gīvitkas su nūs, jaunītkas bėrmas, kreivitki beržai, ilgitkas sūlas, līgitkas laūkas, milītkas vaikas “a dear little child,” svīēitkos (|| sveikitkos) kunōdos “perfectly healthy potatoes,” svīēžitkas sviėstas, žilitkas dīedas “a very old grandfather.” With u-stem adjectives, -itkus, -i occurs occasionally, e.g.: gražitkùs bėrnas, gražitki mergà, pig itkus sviėstas, pigitku’s obᵇolėi alongside gražitkà duktė. It is possible that derivatives with the suffix -itkus, -i were formed on the model of basic u-stem adjectives; however, as the analogous use of adjectives with the suffixes -okas, -okus shows, they are not new. It should also be noted that some speakers of the dialect sometimes pronounce this suffix with a long i, e.g.: graži·tkūs, māci·tkas “tiny,” žāli·tkas, žīli·tkas. The suffix -itkas, -a is most likely also regarded as a variant of the suffix -ickas, -a, e.g.: baltickà skā(p)e/ta “a very white kerchief,” mackickà (less often maskiskà) mergitė “a tiny little girl,” trumpickas šakalūkas “a very short little twig”⁴. Only a few adjectives are recorded with other suffixes, e.g.: -elis, -ė: dėdelis, didelė alongside didelė. In the dialect, as in standard Lithuanian, it has no distinctive meaning (the base word didis has not survived here). Both in formation and meaning, the derivative daūgelis has come close to this word (cf. daūgelis nvažūn Li·dōn alongside daūgis nuvāei Zietelon); according to its inflection, it should be considered a noun denoting a quantitative quality; 4 For the origin of the sound c in the suffixes -itkas, -a and -ickas, -a, as well as in the word māckas, -a, see P. Skardžius, Lietuvių kalbos žodžių daryba, pp. 123–125; cf. J. Otrębski, Gramatyka języka litewskiego, vol. II. Nauka o budowie wyrazów, Warszawa, 1965, p. 273. 281 -intulis, -ė: macintulis (|| macintulis), macintulė, more often macintulitkas, -a; -ukutas: mažukūtas. Adjectives with the suffix -ėlis, -ė that do not have a diminutive meaning stand out. Derivatives with this suffix are formed from adjectives or participles and have an emphatic, distinguishing meaning, e.g.: abrizgėlis pienas ‘soured milk’, mergą pabuvelė ‘an ageing girl’, pūvelė pirkā ‘a partly rotten cottage’, rūštėlė gruše ‘a sour pear’, saldėlis obolis ‘a sweet, very sweet apple’. No prefixed adjectives have been recorded at all. Inflection General remarks Gender. The adjective in the Zietelas dialect, like in standard Lithuanian, has three genders: masculine, feminine and neuter, e.g.: gėras, gerà, gėra, gražùs, graži, gražū, šaltōkas, šaltokà, šaltōka. Unlike masculine and feminine adjectives, neuter adjectives do not have number or case categories. Most recorded are neuter adjectives with an a stem, e.g.: ča aũ(k)šta augti; kas girdėtis tavim?; ar gėra ar pikta; màn drūta be priegelo ‘it is hard for me without a pillow’; Vilnei visa kalta ‘everything is the fault of Vilnius; everyone is guilty, in debt’; lañgva ítari; min(k)šta gulėt; mõža ką nauja radai; nemįela bit níko dirpt; visur jō pilna; kap saũsa, tai geràst ‘when it is dry, it is better’; nesvįeka, kap karšta ‘when it is hot, it is unhealthy’; chõts žãma, ale išdžūs ‘although it is low, it will dry out’. The neuter of adjectives with a u stem is also used fairly often, e.g.: baisù vūžo, kab neinkaištu; be galo brangù visa; itep gilu bit; gražù, kap po ražù; nerūštù sa visù; gardù visa; visa pigù bit; paždarė tàmsù; labai tankù pìrkų musìm. Fewer neuter adjectives with an ia stem have been recorded, e.g.: visa naũja reika bit pìrkt ‘everything new had to be bought’; šlãpa bit visa ‘everything was wet’; mušìm vãsarai žãla, gražù ‘here with us, it is green and beautiful in summer’. Many adjectives with an a stem and the suffixes -itkas (-itkus), -okas (-okus), -onas, among others, also have a neuter form, e.g.: šìltitka, kab sãule žìbina ‘it is warm when the sun shines’; visa žãlitka ‘everything is green’; gražìtkù ča; nu'nãik šaltōka ‘it is rather cold today’; jaũ tàmsokù bit ‘it had already become somewhat dark’; geltōna, mėli'na ir raudōna. Adjectives with an ia stem and suffixes have no neuter forms at all. In addition, no neuter forms were recorded for a-stem adjectives with the suffixes -anas, -ėtas, -imas, -ingas, -iškas, -yvas, -otas, -uotas or for non-suffixed adjectives grìnas, -à, jáunas, -à, kurčùs, -à, plōnas, -à, trùmpas, -à, among others. However, there are adjectives that have only a neuter form, e.g.: ar verta pìrkinėt ‘is it worth buying’; do ir vargù màn būt ‘and it is hard for me to live’. Neuter forms are fairly often used in place of adverbs, e.g.: gràita atài ‘he/she came quickly’; ar ilga tu ča suksìs; gražù padarita visa ‘everything has been done beautifully’; pigù ùdavė ‘they gave it away cheaply’; visa lìgu ‘all the same’. It seems this is not an old feature but an innovation that arose under the influence of Slavic languages, since, for example, Belarusians do not distinguish the neuter gender from the adverb. 282 Adjectives with the suffixes -ingas, -a, denoting a particular state of female animals, have only feminine gender, e.g.: dėdingà hen ‘a prolific hen’, jėringà avìka, kalingà kãlė, katė katingà, kumelingà kumãlė, paršingà kaũlė, telìngà kárvė. The masculine gender occurs only in comparisons, e.g.: ãnas vaišioja kap telìngas ‘he is very pot-bellied, fat’. Number. The adjective in the dialect under discussion has two numbers: singular and plural, e.g.: bãltas, bãlti, bãltà, bãltos, jaunãšnis, jaunèsni. Dual forms occur only with the numeral du, dvi: dù gražù bérnu nuvažàvō Pólščun ‘two handsome lads left for Poland’; jaíp dvì gražì mergìti bit ‘she had two pretty little girls’. Case. Adjectives have no separate allative or vocative form. Thus, there are eight cases in all. The singular adessive is used mostly when referring to animate things. However, the dialect has no plural forms of this case at all. The dialect has no pronominal adjectives. Their former existence is indicated, if anything, by the surviving instrumental singular feminine forms generalized for all nominal words (cf. sa bãltai || baltài, gražù, kurčài, pūvėlai, širdingai || širdingái⁵), as well as by remnants of pronouns in other cases⁶. Various suffixal derivatives are usually used to express emphatic or distinguishing characteristics, e.g.: armìni: kas norãgas, dievė mãno áušìtkas, jaunitkas (|| sėnitkas) bērnas, rūštėles ũgos, šaldēlei obolei. Degree The adjective in the Zietela dialect has two degrees: comparative and superlative. The comparative is formed from the positive form with the suffix -esnis, -ė (after hardened consonants, -asnis, -ė), e.g.: gardèsnis, gardèsnė, gerãsnis, gerãsne, mažãsnis, mažãsne, plonãsnis, plonãsne. The superlative is most often formed from the comparative adjective with the Slavic particle nai (which is usually stressed), e.g.: náididẽsnė gīrà, náiplonãsnis, náisveikẽsnė, náisenẽsnis, náišaltãsne, náimažãsnis. The superlative degree of adjectives formed from the positive adjective form with the suffix -ausis || -ausias occurs only occasionally, e.g.: vesėj ãnas senãusis bit; macnãusas mãdžas áržolas. The absolute superlative of adjectives is also used; it is formed from the comparative form and the pronoun pats, e.g., põnai jėdė pãča gerãšnė-silkà, išdaužė mažãsni· pãti: ‘she killed the very smallest one (brother)’, or from superlative forms with the suffix -ausis, -ausias and the particle nai, e.g., pakinkino náigerãusa· árkli; náigražãusis bérnas, náigražãusa mergìtė. Many qualitative adjectives with suffixes also form degrees, e.g.: an(k)stīvas, -à, an(k)stīvesnis, -ė, nãian(k)stīvesnis, -ė, vėlyvas, -à vėlivėsnis, -ė, náivėlivėsnis, -ė, širdingas, -à, širdingẽsnis, -ė, raudõnas, -à, raudo-nẽsnis, -ė. The adjectives artẽsnis, -ė, nãjartẽsnis, -ė, tau-lãsnìs || tolãsnìs, -ė, nãitaulẽsnis, -ė have no positive form. Its former existence is indicated by adverbialized nouns— 5 Cf. LKK, vol. 11, pp. 166—167. 6 Cf. LKK, vol. 3, pp. 129—130. 283 Adverbial forms of nouns arti, toli alongside tauli. The noncomparative form of vyresnis, náiviresnis is probably a former noun vyras. Neuter-gender adjectives are also compared. Their comparative forms are exactly the same as those of adverbs, e.g.: lañgva, langvẽst arba langváust, náilang-váusa. In the dialect, as in 1k., there are also quite a few adjectives that are not compared, e.g.: bã-sas, -à, darbùs, -ì, as well as derivatives with the suffixes -inis, -ė, -yščias, -ià, -ėtas, -otas, -uotas. Declension Masculine gender a stem Singular Plural Nom. gyvas, ligitkas gi·vì, ligitkì Gen. gyvo, ligitko gi·vų, ligitkų Dat. gi·vám, ligitkám⁷ gi·viemi, ligitkiemì Acc. gi·vą, ligitką gi·vùs, ligitkùs Instr. gi·vù, ligitkù gi·vaĩs, ligitkaĩs Iness. gi·vañ, ligitkañ gi·vùos(à), li·gitkùos(à) Ill. gi·vañ, ligitkañ gi·vùosna, ligitkùosna Adess. gi·vám(p), ligitkám(p) The singular inessive forms are shortened through paradigmatic leveling; no form with the full ending has been recorded. The singular adessive ending is also shortened, e.g., gi·vám, gerám, less often jaunámp, senámp (< jaunámpi). The accent of the stressed ending is usually acute, though it is occasionally pronounced circumflex, e.g., rodnam̃p bočip būstu ‘I live with my own father.’ The usual plural dative ending is -iemi (naujíemi, širdingíemi ‘to the angry ones’, žilitkíemi). Sometimes the diphthong ie in this ending occurs monophthongized and shortened, e.g.: gerimi žmonėmi geraì būt ‘it is good for good people to live’, jaunìmi tai geraì, o senìmi tai blogaì. Besides the plural instrumental ending -ais, sometimes -mi is also used, e.g., nėr kur būt sa mažìemi ‘there’s nowhere to live with small children’. The ending -mi here was probably generalized from personal pronouns and the plural instrumental of nouns with certain stems⁸. The adjective mažūkutas, which is inflected like a noun, cf. singular dative mažukùtu vaĩku pãmetė nėkiek asmóku ‘he left some money for the little child’, plural dative abaronkàs išdaildinėj mažukùtami vaikaĩmi ‘he distributed bagels to little children’. 7 Forms with two accent marks indicate that they can be stressed in two ways, i.e., on the stem (ligit-kam) and on the ending (li·gitkám in dialect). The forms of the paradigms were established with the help of Katryna Žukelytė—Jodienė, a former teacher at the Zasetsiai primary school. 8 Cf. LKK, vol. 3, pp. 117, 127—128; LKK, vol. 11, pp. 167—168. 284 ia stem Singular Plural N. šlāpas, sāldēlis šlāpi, sāldēlei G. šlāpō, sāldēlō šlāpų, sāldēlių D. šlāpām, sāldēlų šlāpėmi, sāldēlami A. šlāpa·, sāldēli· šlāpus, sāldēlius I. šlāpù, sāldēlù šlapeis, sāldēleis I. šlāpām, sāldēli· šlāpūos(a), sāldēlūos(a) Ill. šlāpān, sāldēlan || -in šlāpūosna, sāldēlūosna Adv. kurčām(p), didelip Some ia-stem adjectives have i alongside the final vowel (i)a, e.g.: sg. nom. šlāpis, sg. acc. šlāpi·, sg. instr. laūšim “left” (cf. sg. nom. lāušis || laušis), sg. ill. laušin. This ending probably arose on the model of adjectives such as girinis, gražāšnis, sg. acc. girini·, gražāšni·, etc. Polysyllabic adjectives often have an adjectival ending alongside the nominal plural nominative ending (cf. an(k)slinei pušai “alder buds,” kvietinei miltai, dabariščei arkleĩ, nāisenėšnei mažžei), e.g.: girini žmonės “wild people,” avižėni šaudai, pērni·sči burōkai, pirmutini atvažāu zasečiški virškei, like disyllabic adjectives (balti, geri, žili). Polysyllabic adjectives with the suffixes -ēlis (e.g., abrizgēlis, pūvėlis), -elis (dāugetelis), and -int-ūlis (macintūlis) are declined like the adjective sāldēlis, i.e. nominally. Derivatives with the suffix -iškis have two sets of endings (both adjectival and nominal), cf. sg. dat. dainaviškam, zasečiškam and pagirišku, zietelišku. All other polysyllabic adjectives are declined just like disyllabic ones, e.g.: sg. gen. dabariščo, sg. dat. girinam, sg. acc. kvietini || kvietinin·, mu·ni·šća, sg. instr. paskutiniū, sg. loc. pērni·ščam, sg. ill. pirmutīnan || pirmutinin, sg. adv. senāušam(p) || nāisenāušam(p), pl. dat. senesnēmi, etc. u-stem Singular Plural V. gardùs, gražitkùs gárdu·s || gardi, gražitkùrs || -itkì K. gardauš || gárd(ž)o, gražitkaūš || grārd(ž)ū, gražitkū N. gard(ž)ām, gražitkām gard(ž)ēmi, gražitkēmi G. gárdu·, gražitku·, d ž. -itka· gard(ž)ūs, gražitkūs Įn. gard(ž)ū, gražitkū gard(ž)eis, gražitkais Įn. gard(ž)ām, gražitkām gard(ž)ūos(a), gražitkūos(a) Il. brangūn, gražitkān gard(ž)ūosna, gražitkūosna Ad. gard(ž)ām(p), gražitkām(p) This is one of the weakest stems. Alongside the singular genitive gardauš || gárdo || gárdžo, singular dative gardžām || gardām, etc., the singular genitive gárdo, sāldo, singular dative gardām, singular instrumental sāldū, singular illative li·gan, singular adessive brangām(p), plural genitive sāldū are also used; that is, purely a-stem forms. Entirely (and sometimes sporadically) they have shifted to the a-stem 285 adjectives aštras, gūdras, rūštas ~ rūgštas, stipras, sūras, tiesas (|| tiesas “right-hand”). Among polysyllabic adjectives with u-stem endings, masculine singular nominative and neuter forms occur most frequently, e.g.: gražitkūs, pigitkūs, rūštokūs, gražitkų, pigitkų, rūštokų, tamis[k]ių, tamsokų. Their other forms are rare. Feminine gender Feminine adjectives of all stems (o, io, ė) are declined almost in the same way as the corresponding nouns. For comparison, we present the paradigm. Singular N. gi·va, šlapà, gardì, sáldelė, gražitkì || gražitkà G. gi·vōs, šlapōs, gard(ž)ōs, sáldelės, gražitkōs D. gi·vai, šlapei, gard(ž)ei, sáldelai, gražitkai A. gi·vą, šlapą, gard(ž)ą, sáldelą, gražitką I. gi·vai, šlapái, gard(ž)ai, sáldelai, gražitkai I. gi·vōj, šlapōj, gard(ž)ōj, sáldelēj, gražitkōj L. gi·vōn, šlapōn, gard(ž)ōn, sáldelēn, gražitkōn A. gi·vìi(p), šlapēi(p), gražitkāip Plural V. gi·vos, šlapōs, gard(ž)os, sáldelės, gražitkos G. gi·vū, šlapū, gard(ž)ū, sáldelū, gražitkū D. gi·vomi, šlapōmi, gard(ž)ōmi, sáldelēmi, gražitkōmi A. gi·vàs, šlapàs, gard(ž)às, sáldelas, gražitkàs I. gi·vomi, šlapōmi, gard(ž)omi, sáldelēmi, gražitkomi I. gi·vosà, šlapōsà, gard(ž)osà, sáldelēsà, gražitkosà Il. gi·vósna, šlapósna, gard(ž)ósna, sáldelēsna, gražitkósna On the basis of the singular nominative gražitkì, we would consistently expect other io-stem forms as well, but these are very rare (singular genitive gražitkōs, singular instrumental gražitkái, plural nominative gražitkos), whereas o-stem forms are used almost exclusively. Alongside the usual plural nominative ė-stem forms, io-stem forms are sometimes also found, for example: mi·žūnos krū·pos, rudenìnos grūšos. Accentuation Adjective accentuation in the Zietela dialect is considerably mixed. Since the Zietela speakers speak this dialect less often than Belarusian, they have therefore forgotten many regular features of their own dialect. Most accentual deviations occur because of analogy. Probably following adjectives with a circumflex or short root (Lithuanian standard dialect accentuation class IV), many forms with an acute root (accentuation class III) are often accented, e.g.: sg. nom. an(k)stìva, dabarìščà, nu·ni·ščà, sulingà, širdingà, vėli·và, dialectal variant an(k)stìva, dabarìšča, širdingà; sg. dat. baltái || baltái, gri·nai, li·gitkai || báltai, grinai, lígitkai; sg. instr. blogù, -ái, drùtù, -ái “hard,” girtù, -ái, min(k)štù, -ái, nu·ni·ščù, -ái, širdingù, -ái, vėli·vù, -ái, dialectal variant blogù, -ai, drùtu, -ai, nu·ni·šču, -ai, širdingu, -ai, vėlivu, -ai; pl. 286 nom. an(k)sti'vi, galvingi, ratoki, raudoni || an(k)štivi, galvingi, ratoki, raudóni; pl. acc. baltùs, -às, girtùs, -às, nunìščius, -às, širdingùs, -às, vėlivùs, -às, dialectal variant bál-tus, -as, girtus, -as, nunìščius, -as, širdingus, -as, vėlivus, -as, neut. gender ru'(g)štokù, tamsokù || ru'(g)štokù, tamsokù. In two ways, i.e. on both the root and the ending, all forms of the adjective didelė paradigm are accented. All these examples show a clear tendency to accent almost all adjectives uniformly on the ending, i.e. according to accentuation class IV. Sometimes forms of certain derivatives with the suffix -itkas occur with the accent of the base word retained (most often a word with a circumflex root), e.g.: sg. instr. ligìtkai, šalditkai, sg. ill. grìnitkan, ligìtkan, pl. nom. geltónitki, lịgitki, pl. gen. ìlgit-kù, ligìtkù, pl. acc. báltitkus, jaũnitkus. However, far fewer instances of this accentuation have been recorded. They should therefore be considered uncharacteristic of the dialect. A few words should also be said about the accentuation of adjectives with the suffix -inis, -ė. Most derivatives with this suffix are accented on the suffix, i.e. according to accentuation class II, e.g.: an(k)slìnis, apatinis, arklinis, aržolinis, avbkinis, beržinis, drobinis, geležinis, kopustinis, miežinis, naminis, pagãlinis “wooden,” ruginis, vištinis, žirninis. Indeed, some derivatives formed from nouns of accentuation classes I and II are also still quite often accented on the root, i.e. with fixed accentuation, e.g.: agù'ninis, dù'oninis, kaũlinis, ku-uõdinis “potato,” mė̃tinis, mõlinis, pãkulinis, pù'ūdinis, sėklinis, švẽtinis. The adjective macìntulis || macìntulis is also accented consistently on the root. Comparative and superlative adjectives are also usually accented on the ending, i.e. according to accentuation class IV, e.g.: sg. dat. geresnám, náigeresnám, pl. nom. gražãsni, náigražasni, pl. gen. senesnìų, náisenesnìų, pl. dat. svi'kesniemi, náisvi'kesniemi, pl. instr. žamesnẽis, náižamesnẽis, pl. instr. žamesnẽsà, náižamesnẽ-sà, žamesnùos, náižamesnùos, dialectal variant žamesniù'sà, náižamesniù'sà. Only the adjectives aršasnis “uglier, more impudent,” vìrasnis, náiaršasnis, náivìresnis have fixed root accentuation. In conclusion, it should be said that, among all the parts of speech discussed, the adjective in the Zietela dialect perhaps has the least “exotic” character. One of the most characteristic features of adjective formation in the dialect is the relatively large number of derivatives with the suffix -itkas, -à, and, less often, -ickas, -à. The latter suffix variant is also used in other southeastern border dialects of Lithuanian, for example around Dieveniškės, Lazūnai, Rodūnia, and elsewhere. The stem forms and accentuation of some adjectives vary considerably. These are probably phenomena of an interference type, determined both by the local Lithuanian dialect itself, which is receding from active use, and by the local Belarusian language, which is in active contact with it. The examples of adjective formation and inflection presented here reveal the poverty of the dialect. On the other hand, however, it must be acknowledged that this endangered Lithuanian dialect has still by no means been studied exhaustively and that further, more detailed and in-depth research could yield more valuable material, which might well lead to substantial revisions of the picture of adjective formation and inflection presented here. Gauta 1973.IV.16 287 А. ВИДУГИРИС THE ADJECTIVE IN THE ZIETELA DIALECT Summary The article describes the derivation and inflection of adjectives in the Zietela dialect. Adjectives with the suffix -itkas, -a are especially characteristic of the dialect (e.g., báltitkas, -à, grínitkas, -a, žilitkas, -a), sometimes with -ickas, -a (e.g., balticka, mãčkickas). The variant -ickas, -a is also known in other Lithuanian dialects, predominantly on the southeastern fringes of the Lithuanian-language area, for example in the Dieveniškės, Lazūnai, and Rodūnia dialects, among others. The superlative degree of adjectives is usually formed with the Slavic particle nai ‘most’, e.g., náididėsné, náiplonėsnis, naigeráusa, naigražáusis. Singular adessive forms are used, e.g., gi˙vám || gi˙vám, gi˙vaip, kurčámp, didelip, didelaip. Since Lithuanian is falling out of active use in Zietela, the dialect exhibits considerable variation in morphological forms and especially in stress placement, e.g., nominative singular didelė || didelė, didžáusas || náididėsnis, genitive singular didelės || dideles, nominative plural kvietinei || kvietininėi || kvietini, miežinės || miežinos, accusative plural baltūs, -às, širdingūs, -às || baltūs, širdingus, and so on. The scarcity of the examples presented in the section on word formation gives an indication of the dialect’s limited vocabulary (many adjectives have been replaced by Slavic ones; cf. drãmnas || drãbnas, gãdnas, krūglas, krutūs, slobūs). On the other hand, however, it must be acknowledged that this dying dialect has by no means yet been studied exhaustively, and more detailed research may yield much valuable additional material. Received 16.IV.1973 * 263