Termininiai frazeologizmai su asmenvardžiais

J. Dagys chaired the committee. The Dictionary Commission met for about 10 years. After all the terms had been approved at those meetings, the dictionary was edited in the next stage according to the plan of the Institute of Botany; the editorial committee consisted of the chief editor, J. Dagys, and members A. Lekavičius and V. Mališauskienė. The dictionary was completed in 1962 and submitted to the Mintis publishing house, which published it in 1965. The published Dictionary of Botanical Terms is, in fact, Part II of the earlier Lithuanian Botanical Dictionary. Preparation of this part took about 20 years. The work did not end there. The Botanical Dictionary Commission, which operates as a subdivision of the Lithuanian Botanical Society at the Institute of Botany of the Academy of Sciences of the Lithuanian SSR, has undertaken to review, revise, and supplement the plant nomenclature anew, and to prepare a new edition of Part I of the Botanical Dictionary. The work is proceeding systematically: several new specialists have been brought into the commission’s work—G. Jankavičiūtė for algae names, J. Mazelaitis for fungi names, A. Kuzas for moss names, A. Lučinskienė, head of the Vilnius University Botanical Garden, for ornamental plant names, and R. Jankevičienė as commission secretary. Members of the Terminology Group of the Institute of the Lithuanian Language and Literature of the Academy of Sciences always attend the meetings. The work is already halfway complete. J. Dagys TERMINOLOGICAL PHRASEOLOGISMS WITH PERSONAL NAMES Terminological phraseologisms are found most frequently in colloquial folk speech. Although scientific and technological progress and new conditions of social and political life call for ever-new terms, both single-word and multi-word, folk terminological phraseologisms enter contemporary scientific terminology relatively rarely. Even more rarely do they appear in scientific terminology as translations from other languages. Terminological phraseologisms occur most frequently among plant names, for example: hare’s cabbages “wood sorrel,” frog’s little tears “forget-me-not”; less frequently in animal terminology—wood goat “roe deer,” Biržai thief “dragonfly”; still less frequently in technical disciplines, for example, in astronomy—heavenly brightness “comet,” and in geology—thunderbolt “belemnite,” and so on. A distinct small group of terminological phraseologisms consists of expressions that are in some respect connected with onomastics, since one of their components is a personal name, for example, Marė’s leaves1, Jonis’s clover, and so on. The names incorporated into such phraseologisms are almost exclusively Christian, and therefore they also provide a rough indication of the historical period in which such terms arose; that is, they began to take shape in Lithuanian after a certain period of time had elapsed 1 In writing this article, the following literature and manuscript collections were used: J. Dagys, Lietuviškas botanikos žodynas, I, Kaunas, 1938; I. Edelmanė, Daži augu nosaukumi, kas saistāmi ar krāsu, garšu un smaržu nosaukumiem, — Veltījums Akadēmiķim Jānim Endzelīnam 1873–1973, Rīgā, 1972, p. 274–292; J. Elisonas, Zoologijos sistematikos terminų žodynėlis, Kaunas, 1920; Jacoby, Litauischen Litterarischen Gesellschaft, II, Heidelberg, 1887, p. 133–143; J. Kalvaitis, Lietuviszkų wardų klėtelė, Tilžė, 1910, p. 72–84; K. Mülenbacha, Latviešu valodas vārdnīca, II, Rīga, 1925–1927; the card index of the Academic Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language and the collections of the Atlas of the Lithuanian Language held at the Institute of the Lithuanian Language and Literature. Some terminological phraseologisms were recorded by the author herself from dialects. The meanings of the terminological phraseologisms are given in the appended list. 248 to the period following the introduction of Christianity. In some folk terms, personal names most likely arose because most flowers and plants had long been used in folk medicine, and the time when they bloomed and were gathered for medicinal purposes coincided precisely with calendar feast days established by the Church. This may also explain why the most frequently occurring terminological phraseologisms, more than others, are clearly Lithuanian and contain a personal name in their structure: Jonas, Jonis (e.g., Jono barškutėlė, šv. Jono lineliai, Jonio žolės, etc.). By contrast, the terminological phraseologism — pamatų jūzapas ‘toad’ may most likely have arisen for euphemistic reasons, as a way of referring to the creature in gentler terms. On the other hand, its emergence may have been aided by a relic of ancient beliefs—the former custom of worshipping certain creatures. In addition, perhaps the personal name’s popularity also influenced its inclusion in the phraseologism. After all, most such phraseologisms are formed with the names of popular saints (cf. Jonas, Juozapas, Jurgis, Marija, and so on). In other terminological phraseologisms, the personal name probably entered Lithuanian through the translation of a term from another language, e.g., Benedikto kardas, cf. Latin Cnicus benedictus, or kardų benediktas—cf. Russian кардаобенедикт, Jono duonmedis—cf. German Johannisbrothaum, and so on. It is worth noting that Latin has been particularly useful to scientific terminology, as most terms in Lithuanian have been translated from it. Some such calques differ in structure from the usual terms of this type and may perhaps be considered less than successful, e.g., žilė jokūbaitė is the name of a plant that blooms quickly and becomes overripe, whose seed tufts at the tips appear to have gray hair (cf. Latin senecio Jacobaea—Latin senex ‘old man, gray-haired’). The terminological phraseologisms under discussion are mostly formed from the main part of a word combination—a noun (the head word) and a modifier. Although the head noun retains its characteristic inflectional features (it can be declined), it most often occurs only in the singular and plural nominative. The word functioning as a modifier in such phraseologisms is most often expressed by the genitive of a personal name, e.g., Jurgio raktai, Marijos lineliai, etc. In Lithuanian colloquial terminology, instances in which the modifier is expressed by an adjective agreeing with the head word in gender, number, and case are comparatively rare (cf. paprastoji barborytė2). By contrast, nominal terminological and even non-terminological phraseologisms of this formation are very characteristic of Russian3, cf. грудная клетка ‘rib cage’. Moreover, in Lithuanian terminological phraseologisms of this type, the personal name often also denotes the genus 2 At present, the spelling of personal names incorporated into compound terms varies considerably in some publications. Sometimes names are written inconsistently within the same work, e.g., kardų Benediktas, Žilė Jokūbaitė, vaistinis juozapas, laukinis jokūbėlis, Jurgio raktai, or: Benedikto kardas, Marijos kardas, jurgio raktai, etc. In this article, personal names are capitalized when they function as modifiers in compound terms and are used solely as possessive genitives, that is, when they are not declined within the compound term (e.g., Jurgio raktai, cf. Sodė daug Jurgio raktų). Those written with a lowercase initial are the ones that function as the head word in compound terms, are used as common nouns, and can inflect for case and number (e.g., laukinis jokūbėlis, cf.: Atnešk priskynus man laukinių jokūbėlių). Phraseological names of the latter type are especially characteristic of the language of scholarly works. 3 А. П. Мордвилко, Очерки по русской фразеологии, Москва, 1964, p. 25. 249 name (e.g., rudeninė elenutė, cf. Latin Helenium autumnale. Also compare another phraseologism of this type, in which the personal name does not denote the genus name, e.g., laukinis jokūbėlis ‘bitter fleabane’, Latin Erigeron acer). The semantic structure of such terminological phraseologisms is broadly similar to that of nominal non-terminological phraseologisms, but it also has distinctive features. The nouns incorporated into botanical terms almost invariably belong to the domain of botany (e.g., dobilėlis, lelija, etc.); in the compound, they retain their literal meanings, while the transferred meaning is concentrated in the modifier, cf. Juozapo lelija, Marės vyšnia, and others. Only a few such compound terms are formed with words from other spheres of life (e.g., ašaros, kardas); most often, the decisive factor has been the similarity of the plant’s shape and appearance (leaves or flowers) to some object. There are comparatively few relatively motivated compound terms of this type that are associated with concepts from the sphere of birds or animals (cf. St. Juozapo kvilys). It is worth noting that very often the entire compound term is used figuratively and is associated with a free word combination in which the individual words are used in their denotative meanings. Consider, for example, the compound folk botanical term Jurgio raktai, probably arising from the image evoked by a flower whose appearance somewhat resembles a key, and the free word combination Jurgio raktai, which directly describes an object belonging to a person—Jurgis (cf. čia Jurgio raktai, ne tavo). The same can be said of the botanical term Marijos čebatukas, the zoological term šv. Južapo kuilis, the astronomical term Jokūbo lazda, and so on. In one or another term of this type, traces of a certain artificiality are also easy to discern. A term for a single concept has probably become a compound word combination in pursuit of rhythmic sound patterning, e.g., marytė—katrytė, mariuška—petriuška, etc. In some dialects, the same little beetle—‘ladybird’—is sometimes called by a single word, e.g., katrytė, marytė, petrelė, barborytė, while custom probably made it possible for it to become a compound term. For instance, people like to say to a little beetle that has landed on their hand: “marytė—katrytė, show me the truth: if it’s going to rain, stay; if the sky is clear, fly away.” It should be said that some terminological phraseologisms of this type have relatively clearly defined areas of distribution in Lithuanian dialects. For example, the aforementioned marytė—katrytė, usually alongside dievo karytės, is used fairly regularly in eastern Lithuania, in the environs of Biržai, Joniškėlis, Panevėžys, and Vabalninkas. Some terminological phraseologisms of this type, like non-terminological fixed nominal expressions, can be used polysemously across the Lithuanian language area. Different plants are called by one and the same compound term; for example, in botany šv. Jono karkliukais denotes: 1. ‘bittersweet’ (Solanum dulcamara) and 2. ‘twiggy spurge’ (Euphorbia virgata); in zoology dievo karvele denotes: 1. ‘ladybird’ (Coccinella septempunctata) and 2. ‘a small, light-red-colored beetle’ (Trombidium holosericum). It should also be noted that richer synonymy is especially characteristic in botany of plants whose medicinal properties have been known since ancient times. It may also be added that synonyms are most often expressed by a single word rather than by terminological phraseologisms. 250 Below is a list of some terminological phraseologisms formed with personal names. Variants, synonyms, and equivalents in other languages are also given alongside them when they can be seen to contain a two-word root, one element of which is a personal name. Geographic information is provided only for compound terms recorded from dialects. Plant names: a) when the personal name functions as a modifier, e.g., Benedict’s sword bot. “blessed thistle” (Cnicus benedictus). Cf. var. sword Benedict. Also cf.: Russian кардобенедикт, German Benediktenkraut. Birutė’s orache bot. “seaside orache” (Atriplex litorale). (It is said that this plant was found in the vicinity of Palanga.) Jonis’s clover bot. “mountain clover” (Trifolium montanum). Cf. var. St. John’s clover: St. John’s clover grows in the meadows4 (Skr). Jonis’s herbs bot. “wood cow-wheat” (Melampyrum nemorosum). Cf.: Latvian Jāņa zāle, Russian иван-да-марья, German Hainwachtelweizen. John’s carob tree bot. “carob tree” (Ceratonia Siliqua). Cf. German Johannisbrotbaum. St. John’s rattles bot. “rattle” (Alectorolophus): We call it St. John’s rattle (Šd). St. John’s kidney vetch bot. “kidney vetch” (Anthyllis vulneraria): St. John’s kidney vetch still grows here (Pbr, Brž). St. John’s bittersweet bot. 1. “bittersweet” (Solanum dulcamara). 2. “twiggy spurge” (Euphorbia virgata). St. John’s toadflaxes (Kd) bot. “common toadflax” (Linaria vulgaris). Cf. synonym Mary’s toadflaxes. St. John’s fern bot. “ostrich fern” (Onoclea Struthiopteris). St. John’s keys bot. 1. “bird’s-foot trefoil” (Lotus corniculatus). 2. “cowslip” (Primula veris): Only yellow St. John’s keys grow in our homestead (Sk, Jnš, Žml). Cf. synonyms George’s keys, St. Peter’s keys (little keys): Yellow St. Peter’s keys grow in the woods too (Skn, Vdšk). St. John’s herbs bot. “St. John’s wort” (Hypericum). Cf. German Johanniskraut. Joseph’s lily bot. “Madonna lily” (Lilium candidum): To me, Joseph’s lily is the most beautiful of them all—it smells very pleasant (Sk, Jnš, Kair). Cf. var.: Josephine lily: Some say Joseph’s lily, others say Josephine lily, whichever they prefer (Kair). Joseph’s rod (Vdšk) bot. “garden gladiolus” (Gladiolus communis). Cf. variant St. George’s rod (Kn). St. Joseph’s little flowers (Brž) bot. “wood anemone” (Anemone nemorosa). George’s keys see St. John’s keys. Mary’s leaves bot. “costmary” (Tanecetum balsamita). Cf. synonym Mary’s little wreath. Also cf. German Marienblatt. Mary’s cherry bot. “sour cherry” (Prunus cerasus?): Mary’s cherry didn’t look right to me; you’d think something was missing from it, the core was white (Trgn). 4Abbreviations are as in the academic Lithuanian Language Dictionary. 251 Mary’s herb bot. 1. “St. John’s wort” (Hypericum perforatum). Cf. variant Mary’s little herbs, synonym Jesus’ woundwort. Also cf. German echtes Johanniskraut. 2. “devil’s-bit scabious” (Succisa pratensis). Mary’s tears (Pn) bot. “quaking grass” (Briza media). Mary’s slipper (Vnd) bot. “blue monkshood” (Aconitum Napellus). Mary’s sword bot. “milk thistle” (Silybum Marianum). Cf. variant Mary’s sword. Cf. German Mariendistel. Mary’s cross (Trgn) bot. “cuckoo flower” (Cardamine pratensis). Mary’s lily bot. “martagon lily” (Lilium Margaton): They said they would give me a Mary’s lily, but I don’t know it (Trgn). Cf. synonym Jesus’ lily. Mary’s little flax plants see St. John’s little flax plants. Mary’s mint (Sld, Rdž) bot. “lemon balm” (Melissa officinalis). Mary’s maiden lily bot. “marsh grass-of-Parnassus” (Parnassia palustris). Mary’s rose bot. “midland hawthorn” (Crataegus oxyacantha): You should see what a Mary’s rose I got; it blooms as if covered in snow (Trgn). Mary’s little crown see Mary’s leaves. St. Peter’s little keys see St. John’s little keys. b) when the personal name is used as a modifier, e.g., common yellow-cress (Barbaraea vulgaris). Cf. German echtes Barbenkraut. upright yellow-cress (Barbarae stricta). Cf. German steifes Barbenkraut. autumn sneezeweed (Helenium autumnale). Jacobaea vulgaris (Senecio Jacobaea). Cf. Polish starzec Jakóbek, German Jakobskreuzkraut. (The plant blooms in July, around the calendar feast day of St. James.) wild fleabane bot. “bitter fleabane” (Erigeron acer). hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis). wild timothy (Phleum Boehmeri). meadow timothy (Phleum pratense). wild field scabious bot. “field scabious” (Knautia arvensis). shining speedwell (Veronika polita). Cf. Russian вероника блестящая. (Besides shining speedwell, the Lithuanian botanical dictionary (LBŽ) lists another 17 plant names formed with this name. Since it also states that the “meaning and origin” of this plant name are unclear—it may apparently be associated with the name of St. Veronica, as well as with the Greek phero “I carry,” nike “victory”—the entry gives only Lithuanian names; cf.: thyme-leaved speedwell, field speedwell, ivy-leaved speedwell, long-leaved speedwell, common speedwell, spring speedwell, marsh speedwell, Persian speedwell, broad-leaved speedwell, fallow-field speedwell, thick-leaved speedwell, brook speedwell, dark speedwell, three-leaved speedwell, stream speedwell, medicinal speedwell, spiked speedwell). Animal names: a) when the personal name functions as a modifier, e.g., St John’s beetle zool. “firefly” (Lampyris splendidula). Cf. variant St John’s little beetle: St John’s little beetle is a little worm that shines in the forest at night (Jnš, Sk). Also cf. Latv. Jāņa tārpiņš, Rus. Иванов червячек, Ger. Johanniswürmchen. St Mary’s little fish zool. “flounder” (Pleuronectes flesus). 252 St Joseph’s boar zool. “cockchafer” (Melolontha vulgaris). Cf. variant St Juzap’s boar5 (Plik). St Peter’s little dove (little cow) see God’s little Barbara b) when the personal name functions as the head word, e.g., God’s little Barbara zool. “ladybird” (Coccinella septempunctata). Cf. variants and synonyms: babuška–mariuška (Eiš, Mrk), God’s little Katherine (Vb), God’s little Mary (Jnšk, Pbr, Pn, Ps), God’s little Peter (Pbr), little Katherine–little Mary, little Mary–little Katherine, little Mary–little Karusyte (cf. the personal name Karolina), little Katriushytė–little Mariushytė (Vb), little Mariushytė–little Katriushytė, little Maruška–little Petruška, St Peter’s little dove (little cow) (Vb), the devil’s little Mary. Also cf. Ger. Marienkäferchen. (It may also be mentioned that in colloquial speech ladybird is sometimes confused with a tiny, light-red beetle (Trombidium holosericum). babuška–mariuška see God’s little Barbara God’s little Katherine see “ “ God’s little Mary see “ “ God’s little Peter see “ “ little Katherine–little Mary (little Mary–little Katherine) see “ “ little Mary–little Karusyte see “ “ little Mariushytė–little Katriushytė (little Katriushytė–little Mariushytė) see “ “ little Maruška–little Petruška see “ “ devil’s Mary see “ „ foundation Joseph zool. “common toad” (Bufo vulgaris) (Mžk). Astronomical names: a) when the personal name functions as an attribute, e.g., Abacuc’s Star astr. “one of the stars”. Grigas’s Wheels (Jnš, Sk) astr. “one of the constellations; a seven-star constellation in the northern celestial region (Ursa Major). Jacob’s staff “one of the stars”. Noah’s dove “one of the stars”. J. Lipskienė TRILINGUAL DICTIONARY OF TERMS V. Kairys, A. Kaminskas, Z. Kudirka, R. Kundrotienė, M. Lipsičas, A. Mačernius, J. Norkus, J. Riaubūnas, J. Stanaitis, B. Stulpinas, A. Šliavas. Russian-Lithuanian-English Dictionary of Computing Terms, Vilnius, 1971, 600 pp. 1. Three years ago, the list of Lithuanian terminology dictionaries was supplemented by another new terminology dictionary. It was prepared by a team of authors—a group of engineers from the Vilnius V. Lenin Computing Machinery Plant and the Special Design Bureau for Computing Machinery. This is a substantial dictionary of computing terminology which, alongside specialized terms in this field, also includes several groups of technical and physics terms. In both its scope and type, it differs in many respects from previously published Lithuanian technical terminology dictionaries, for example, A. Novodvorski’s “English- 5A rich cockchafer synonymy is presented in the Lithuanian Language Atlas (Lexicon), I, map 84 (in press). 253