Kaip buvo rengiami lietuviški botanikos terminų žodynai

In the third edition of the dictionary, K. Širvydas used the word combinations composed according to G. Knapski's "Thesaurus Polonolatinograecus" (1621) —mokslas ižspaustuvės |drukarska nauka. Typographical|; Pressure in liters |druk. The letters are printed in a metal letterhead. In the 18th century, the concept of printing was described by the loan print (ŽCh), and in the 19th century not only by this loan (N, K, S. Dauk, I, LC1886, 10). but also with Lithuanian equivalent stamp (N, K, Al884, 318). The whole of printed publications was initially called borrowed prints (M, I, A.Baran). The Lithuanian equivalent in the press did not take hold quickly. F. Kuršaitis „Deutsch-- Littauisches Worterbuch® (1870.1.5) used the hybrid drukavonė,- ,spausdinimas“, and the Aušrininkai replaced drukavonė with spaustuvė (1884, No. 96). As we mentioned, instead of the borrowed word „druka“ „spausdinimas“ one of the first Lithuanian equivalents „spauda“ was used by G. Neselmanas, „Worterbuch ber Littauischen Sprache“. From G. Neselman's dictionary, the word press came into F. Kuršaitis' "Lithuanian-German Worterbuch®", the magazine "Aušra" (1884, 318). The word “press” in a new meaning, “the whole of books and periodicals” was first used by “Aušra” (1885, 75) and later by J. Balvočius. In literary language, the word press in both meanings seems to have been established by K. Būga. In the Polish-Lithuanian dictionary L. Ivinskis first wrote the borrowed words druka, drukas, and then the word combinations spaudimas knygų, spaudimas rašto, S. Daukantas in the Polish-Lithuanian dictionary gave preference to the Lithuanian combination spaudimas, and used the borrowed word druka as a synonym. In the academic Lithuanian language dictionary, the word "drukas" in the meaning of "font, printing material" is recorded only from the Eastern Highland dialects. One of the first to use the word "pressure" to describe a typeface to mark a printed letter was J. Baronas in his "Russian-Lithuanian Dictionary" (1923). K. Pakalka After the establishment of two higher education institutions in Lithuania (the University of Lithuania in Kaunas in 1922 and the Academy of Agriculture in Dotnuva in 1924), in which botany was taught, the lecturers were concerned with the unification of biology terminology and plant nomenclature. The initiative in this matter was taken by Prof. L. Vailionis in 1926. In 1927, a commission of 10 members was formed to prepare a dictionary of botany, consisting of representatives of all branches of botany: 8 from Kaunas University and 2 from Ž. ū. the Academy. Its chairman was J. Vailionis, secretary — J. Dagys. Invited by a certain call various persons interested in botany terminology issues (biologists, doctors, pharmacists, linguists, foresters) 5 The word press in the meaning of “support” was first used by K. Širvydas in the book,,Punktai sakymų“ (II, 1644). 7 F. Kuršaitis treated the word spauda as unknown from the East Prussian dialects and marked it in square brackets. | to help in the preparation of the dictionary, several persons responded by sending manuscripts of 244 ir kt) old literature with plant names. ir su The work of the dictionary commission was materially supported by Lietuvos Landscapes A friend. Iš of the collected literature to compile the Botany Dictionary was assigned to ta už a certain remuneration J. Dagiui, at the time biology specialty III year student. In the compilation of the library, mainly Latin names of plants were taken, the family name, Lithuanian, German, Russian, Polish, Latvian names of the ir respective plant were entered. The following is a list of the to plant's habitat, distribution, practical use and flowering time. ir The main sources we used to collect plant names were: 1) Dr. J. Staugaitis "Dictionary of botanical names", compiled in 1891 Šakiai, Lithuania, 2) J. Emphasis ‘Botanica or Taislius auguminis", published United States, Shenandoah Well, m., 1900 3) P. Matulionio „,Žolynas”, II part, Vilnius, Lithuania 1906, 4) L. Ivinski calendars (1846—1866) ir 5) Dr. K.. Griniaus "Botanikos žodynas", Lithuanian Latin part. These were the names of plants collected by 1904 m. iš literature ir human languages Marijampolés—Pilviskiy apylinkėse. Iš Old Lithuanian dictionaries (Širvydas, Neselmanas, Kuršaitis, ir Milkės others) plants names were completely ir collected carefully listed J. Staugaitis, an active public figure, is a ir great lover of Lithuanian language. Jo In the compiled Botany Dictionary no handbook, arranged according to the Latin names of plants, the Lithuanian equivalents are listed in the form of a column, each with an po abbreviated indication of the source from which iš the word was taken. There are dozens of synonyms for po some plants. Let's take as an example Myosotis palustris. — Jai J. In Staugaitis’ 21 dictionary we find the name, namely: J, dangaus ašarikas sky teardrop kė Ch, yellow grass K. (Coadj), Ch, grass K, (Coadj.), sleepy grass J (N), mentioned Mat, minetenės pelkės Iv, minietenė Al (zem), minietene swampy lv, nightingale Mat, not a moth Iv, don't forget, Ž, don't forget me B (Ec), rasutes St (Flat), sun tears St, the frogs (approx. Alvitą), frog tears K.G., varnakutis Al, I'm sorry. K,, Zaizdra Ch, Zaizdros Zolikés J (Prok.) Iš the names given only 2 the very J. Live iš languages of Staugaitis people collected (rasutés ir saulės asarélés) ir others du K. Green's hand written, iš people hear (Frog ir tears), other 17 iš literature. Iš other sources we have found for the same plant: katrytės (Pn), candy grass (Pet), of calf (Klv), frogs (Ked), frog's nest (Pn). In this way already 26 the names iš gathered of which The botany dictionary commission had to choose the best one to ir recognize jį as the main o one, the others either to leave as synonyms, adapting them to the current Lithuanian spelling, or to publish them as false. Such elections of the best name were made Botany Dictionary Commission meetings, 0 corrections in terms of language made by the editor, in doubtful cases after consulting linguists su J, Balčikoniu ir Ms. Let's kill him. Some names of plants J. Staugaičio The Latin names are written at the end of be the dictionary of botany, because the author did not know or doubted where to insert them. A list of such names, indicating iš where they were taken, 18 takes pages. Some of them have German equivalents or are written for what they are used for. Here are some examples. Blind — medicine for cattle with the po tongue of nuog tining: su when the grains ar have grown, po rub them with ir whey su mixed with vinegar and feed them. Byron's — medicine for 245 cows, so that bad eyes do not prevent undamaged milk: in the spring, when ir they leave the pasture, the verba mixes grass į for smoke. su tą ir The one — who su hears her berries, he gets "besotes": eats eats ir to be ir satisfied be weak. ir Bulb wild medicine — nuog tridos small children; dried herbs boil drink. ir Toothpas- — te root is a remedy for the greatest tooth biting: rubbed su with sugar, su cotton wool on the tooth to weigh. Moth, drug herb — medicine nuog drugio: when starting to breed, slicina su jaja on the charcoal, or viral jų drinks. Avid — medicine for man to animal: ir with su boiled roots that he heard, he eats very greedy or greedy. Hatter's — that calf throws hands legs, po go ir iš jų drink tea in the morning and — evening, then it o will bind the hair of the head. į Cough — medicine for cows to give more milk; They also shake pots with it to fix the pot. Lagersted real cure for fattening obese goats. — ir It is a medicine — for cows to prevent them from breaking when they run. Herb remedy for — old people with difficult breathing. TrukZolé is a drug for pain relief. Vengrykštis, vengrukštis — nuog slogų, nuvaro ligas. ir — 9 The herb — is a cure for weakness. Iš of these explanations we see that J. Staugaitis collected material on ir the use of plants in folk medicine. Dr. K. The Grinius Dictionary of Botany, arranged in alphabetical order in large tin boxes, also gave us a lot of new material. In it, as far as I remember, there were ir folklore elements related to su the names of plants. The dictionary also included the names of plants whose scientific (Latin) name was not known to the author, for example, the horsetail is a herb used by some men as an aphrodisiac. — J. Emphasis vocabulary we used iš A revised version į of the text was published in America. There were be no doubts that there were some inaccuracies, because the compiler managed to ne make the Žemaičių dialektas a kind of ir J. Highlights the transcription used to accurately translate the į common language. Some of the distortions have been corrected by the stud. Bielinio iš The manuscript in Vrublevski's library was exactly copied ir L. Sent to Vailionis J. Emphasis botany glossary description (although the author was not mentioned). J. Emphasis we considered the greatest authority in lų the creation of water names, because he was the pioneer of this work, The full nomenclature of Lithuanian flowering plants. However, jo there are polonisms in the chosen plant names, for example, orphan is called piolka (In. Violek), nasturti- — um nasturtium or misturtium (In. nasturtia). But the iš names collected by the people's lips jo ‘Botanical je or It is a very high-growth plant. Iš Latin translations of plant names The accents in the dictionary are also quite good, e.g., turrit (Turritis), cesnakiiné (Alliaria), hedgehog, or snake-billed (Ophioglossum), algae (Limosella), adoxa (Adoxa), hieracium (Hieracium), lycopus (Lycopus), centunculus (Centunculus), and hydrocharis (Hydrocharis) etc. ir Very good that J. Emphasis used many Lithuanian mythological names for plants, for example, Jasione montana was named after the bee goddess Austeja, Festuca after the lamb god — Erakion, Sisymbriu- — m's underworld god "Bryum moss god". — The name of the castle. If a Catholic priest found it possible to keep the names of pagan goddesses in the memory of the people, it shows great patriotism, which jo encouraged to preserve the vanishing jį diamonds of our language. The Botanical Dictionary Commission highly appreciated ir Lithuanian Foresters jo Teacherprof. P. The name of the plant is derived from the name of the plant. Jo We found about the 246 2000 names of plants in „Golyne“. P. Matulionis, šį compiling the namebook, relied mainly on J. Emphasizes established plant nomenclature, but many ką ir supplemented. Some J. Highlights entered plant names P. He had some changes, e.g. The name of the tribe, šliandra (szlądra) by Pabrėža, he corrected to šliaudra į (perhaps it (o was a proofreading error). Andromeda family J. The emphasis called a balsa, o P. Matsumoto į recalled the ball. The Chara tribe, called šaltinue in Pabrėžos writings, was replaced by Matulionis as šaltinuola. The botany dictionary commission did not limit itself to literary sources, but tried to supplement the nomenclature ir iš of plants of the living language. Almost all of the members of this commission presented collections of plant names heard in their homeland. Be to, he worked a lot, collecting plant names, doc. J. Alison, working for a long time He is a natural sciences teacher at Panevėžys high school. During the summer, he instructed his students to collect herbaria and write on the leaf labels what the ir jų local people called the plant. tą Such herbarium leaves are very many (about du thousands) were Gymnasiums in Panevėžys ir Teachers' seminars in the nature cabinets. Director J. Alison kindly let me look through those herbariums to see the names ir of the plants. iš jų I'll write it down. ti (with precise indication iš of which county ir village the names were collected). Also Inspector of primary schools of Birzai district J. Alekna showed me her pupils A beautiful herbarium collected in Biržai county, which contained quite a lot of Lithuanian kų plant names. Thus, the material was ir collected in the form of a archive, which then, 1929 —1933 m. The Botanical Dictionary Commission considered, added many new o additions, and its secretary prepared the text for the press. A long search for a publisher for this fairly large work was made, but the search did not yield any results. Finally, the Chairman of the Botanical Dictionary Commission Prof. L. Vailionis decided to publish the work at his šį own expense, ir he 1938 m. came out iš of the press. So, from the beginning of the work to the appearance of the I dictionary (plant nomenclature) appeared 12 years have passed. The further work bar was Preparation of a dictionary of botanical terms (plant anatomy, morphology, ecology, phytopathology, physiology, genetics, geobotany). ir It was started 1939 m. Since prof. L. Vailionis died that year, so The president of the botany dictionary commission became prof. V. Vilkaitis ir held that position until 1941 m. The Commission was 2 supplemented by the following members: E. Gimbutiene for genetic terms ir J. I call for the — collection of forestry terms. The Great Patriotic War interrupted šį the work. It has been updated 1945 m. LTSR MA The initiative of the Botany Sector of the Institute of Biology. Doc. M. NatkevičaitėIvanauskienė ir S. Čižauskaitė collected botanical terms iš from literature for three years. 1950 m. After the establishment of the Lithuanian branch of the All-Union Botanical Society, the preparation of the Botany Dictionary was entrusted to the board of this organization. The Botanical Dictionary Commission was reorganized with new members. ją Its composition included: iš Vilnius State University Botanical Departments (A. Minkevičius, P. Snarskis, Ivanauskienė, M. Bluzmanas, P. Šarkinienė), I. Vilnius iš Pedagogical Institute (V. Rear), iš Kaunas The Botanical Garden (K. Grybauskas, A. Urbonas), iš Forestry Technical College (J. (Galactic). Į Commission meetings, when discussing the deadlines, were invited ir MA Members of the ir Terminology Commission of the Lithuanian Language and Literature Institute: J. Kruopas, N. Grigas, A. Balašaitis ir K. Refresh. To the Commission 247 chaired J. Dagys. The dictionary commission met for 10 about a year. Once all deadlines have been approved at those meetings, the The dictionary was edited by to the Botanical Institute. editorial board: mrs. editor J. Members ir of Dagys: A. Lekavičius ir V. Malishauskienė. The dictionary was finalized and 1962 m. ir handed over to,,Minties® jį publishing house, which published 1965 m. Released The “Dictionary of Botanical Terms” is actually part of the previously published “Lithuanian Dictionary II of Botany”. The preparation of this part lasted about a 20 year. The work did not end there. Now The Botanical Dictionary Commission, acting as Lithuanian Botanical Society LTSR MA Institute of Botany, tooksi iš new review, refine ir supplement the nomenclature of plants, prepare this I New edition of the Botanical Dictionary. This work is being done systematiį cally: several new specialists have been included in the work of the commission: — G. Jankavičiūtė, for mushroom names — J. Mazelaitis, for moss names — A. Kuzas, for ornamental plant names — Vilnius University Botanical Garden Director A. Lučinskienė, Secretary of the Commission — R. Jankevičienė. Always attends meetings MA Members of the ir Terminology Group of the Lithuanian Language and Literature Institute. The work is already halfway. J. Dagys TERM Phraseology SU Term phraseologisms are mainly found in the folk spoken language. Although the progress of ir science and technology, the new conditions of social and political life require new only single-word, but composite ne terms, the popular terminological ir phraseologisms relatively rarely enter the modern scientific terminology. į More rarely, in scientific terminology, they appear as translations of other iš languages. Most of the term phraseologisms occur among plant names, e.g.: rabbit cabbage “haskiakotis”, frog tears ,,memiršėlė“, less commonly in animal terminology — wood goat „stirna“, The Stock Exchange Thief "laumhorse", even more rarely in technical sciences, e.g.: in astronomy the scourge of the sky — "cometa", in geology a thunderbolt — ,belemnitas® ir t. t. A separate group of terminological phraseologisms consists of those that in some respects are related to onomastics, because one component is a su personal name, e.g., "Mare jų leaves", "Ionian clover", etc. ir The names entering into the intricate phraseologies are almost entirely Christian, therefore they partly indicate the iš approximate historical date ir of the emergence of such terms, t. y. in the Lithuanian language they began to form, after which 1 In writing the article, literature ši used ir manuscripts: J. English Dictionary of Botanical Names. I, 1938; I. Edelmane, Some names of plants associated with the names of ar scents, Dedication un — Akadémikim Janim Endzelinam 1873-1973, Riga, 1972, p. 274-292; J. Elisonas, Zoologijos sistematikos terminų žodynas, Kaunas, Jaco 1920; by, Litauischen Literary Society, II, Heidelberg, 1887, p. 133—143; J. Kalvaitis, Lietuwiszky wards shelter, Tilžė, 1910, p. 72—84; K. Miilenbacha, Latvian language vocabulary, II, Riga, Akademinio 1925-1927; Lithuanian language dictionary card and Funds of the Lithuanian Language Atlas at the Lithuanian ir Language and Literature Institute. Some term phraseologisms are written by the author herself from dialects. The meanings of terminological phraseologisms are given in the appendix. 248