Iš K. Širvydo naujadarų plitimo istorijos

IŠ K. BREED NAUJADARŲ PLITIMO STORIES 1. Cotton The first Lithuanian lexicographer, K. Širvydas, has created many novelties. Since Širvydas’s dictionary K. was very popular, many later dictionaries relied on it, so some novelties were only recorded in later dictionaries, but became established in jo literary ne language. ir Now they are so commonplace that we don’t think that someone has ever created nė them, for example: quality, locker room, printing press, rule, kitchen. One of the iš peripheral interpretations of such ir new creations is found in the K. third—fifth editions of the Širvydas dictionary: vilna ant medžio auganti, medžiavilnė (cotton. Linum xylinum, linum gossipinum, lana xyli gossipio e seu xylo frurice) SD*8. It is not known, ar K. The first word in the dictionary was woodwool. (about 1620) the permit. The only surviving defective copy of this edition begins with the word cechuję. Judging by iš N. Folkmaro—B. The Fountain Dictionary "Polonicolatina", article in K. the first edition of the Širvydas dictionary "Bawelna" had to be. Only a few iš K. lexicographers, perhaps, copied directly the new work of Širvydas’s dictionary: D. Poška „Constituent of Lithuanian language, i Tacitic Polish“ (1825), G. Nesselmann ,,Wėrterbuch der Lithuanians Sprache" (1851), F. Kuršaitis “Lithuanian-German Wörterbuch’ (1883), A. Lelys English-Spair nish Dictionary (1915). G. Neselmanas, F. Kuršaitis presented the word cotton two forms of connective vowel — be ir su with a connective — vowel medžiavilnė. F. Kuršaitis newcomer cotton (without consonant) gave preference. Both variants of the word cotton wool ir he wrote in square bracketsheld them unknown, se — Eastern Strangers in Prussia. Subsequent lexicographers — J. Baronas, "Russian-Lithuanian Dictionary" (1932), M. Nydermanas "Lithuanian written language dictionary" II t. (1951) took the word cotton iš F. English-Curacao Dictionary ar tų sources where the word is used as a connective be vowel. Medžiavilnė su connective vowel maybe because to ir not spread that the first component tree toknown to the eastern southern Highlanders is ir an archaic form. ir Be dictionaries, we still find cotton At Dawn 1885, 24 (used by J. Šliūpas), in pre-war Soviet ir writings. The most Širvydas’s K. innovation in cotton could take hold iš F. Kuršaičio “Lithuanian-German Worterbuch- (1883), ®, which had a major impact on the At the end a. of the 19th century, the Lithuanian literary language was perhaps helped by ir In “Aušra”, o especially A. "Lelio, J. Baron's Dictionary". Some lexicographers, botanists — L. Ivinskis in the Polish-Lithuanian dictionary, Emphasis A. In the Botanical Garden (1900), J. Ambrazius ,,Polish-Lithuanian-Russian Languages 1 K. Širvydo yno first ir (approx. 1620), ir the Polish Latin (1631, 1642, 1677, 1713) register of the ir second—fifth editions is not original, but taken from Polish lexicographiš ers N. Folkmaro "Dictionarii guadrilingūis..." (1613) of the ‘Polonicolatina’ part ir G. Knapskio ,, Thesaurus polonolatinograecus* (1621). K. Sirvydas translating N. Folkmaro ir G. Knapskis’s dictionaries contained ir many Latin words in Lithuanian, but į there were no equivalents in the spoken language, so he had to create new words himself and interpret them periphrastically. 240 The word (1907) — was borrowed from Bowel. S. The manuscript Polish-Lithuanian dictionary (po used 1851) the borrowed bovelna ir periphrase wood wool. The word cotton, widespread in many dictionaries, in some writings, has almost taken hold in the colloquial language. ir However, the Germanic bovelna, which came through Polish, was still widely used in the ir colloquial language. Today, in Lithuanian literary language, cotton is used in three meanings: a plant of the Dedevskine 1) family, whose seeds are covered with fluffy hairs; plant fluff, hairs of which fabrics are woven, 2) to iš ir 3) iš to fabric made of plant fluff. In plant systematic terminology, such a usage, when the same word cotton refers to a plant of the Delphinaceae family, hairs, raw materials, products of this plant is ir inconvenient. — For example, in Russian and German, the plant is called xaonuamuuk, Baumwolpflanze, plant hairs, raw products xaonok, Baumwolle. o to ir For to ir In our botany terminology also started to be called differently: the plant wool, the — hairs of o this plant, raw material, products cotton. The first ones — called the plant of the dedesvin family wool tree A. Vireliūnas ir S. Tijūnaitis in the Geography Textbook (1924). The term "Wool tree" was established in the Lithuanian Botanical (1938), Dictionary edited J. Dagio. It is too late to replace cotton with wool, which has become established in contemporary literary language. In the post-war iš years, the word cotton was derived from the words cotton farming, cotton farmer. Cotton farming in the academic,,Lietuviy kalbos žodynas“ recorded in m., cotton farmer 1949 — 1963. It is unusual that the new word was first created for the cotton-growing branch, much later the cotton-growing nomen agentis. o Cotton became a common — word in — literary language perhaps because it was a Lithuanian substitute for the borrowed ir bovelna. ji E. Frenkelis “Lithuanian etymological dictionary”, Heidelberg, 1962, 424 psl. notes that cotton is a purist innovation. K. Širvydas, as we know, loved to purify the Lithuanian language. He gave Lithuanian equivalents to some international words and borrowings. For example, a philosopher was called a proto-lover, a Catholic a — universalist, etc. — ir These jo reforms were unsuccessful. K. The new additions to Širvydas’s dictionary, especially the enriched ones, are a good criterion The influence of,,Dictionarium trium linguarum” on literary language when ir the authors of the dictionary, translators, writers did not indicate where the word was taken. iš 2. Printing Su house book printing ir Reformation XV — XVII per a. Poland į In Lithuania came borrowed iš German words printarnia, drukorius, printavoti. The first to use the printed loanword in Lithuanian script M. Mažvydas in the book "The Form of Baptism" (1559), K. Širvydas trilingual Polish-Latin-Lithuanian dictionary in the first edition me (approx. 1620), J. Carrot In the Postilae (1653), Books Author of paganism ir etc. We find the printer already M. Daukšos ‘Postilės’ (1599), 1605 m. anonymous catechism title pages. 16. Terminology in Lithuanian 241 In the first edition of the trilingual dictionary K. Širvydas dictionary article,,Drukarz. Chalcographus, typographus" left without a Lithuanian equivalent, "Drukarski. Typographicus" —explained the printer. The word press now used is K. Širvydas- 's remake. It is found in the third edition of K. Širvydas- ’s “Dictionarium trium linguarum” (1642) and repeated in later editions of this dictionary. In the third edition, K. Širvydas created two novelties for the printer who had borrowed the first edition: the press and the printing press. The New Yard Press could have been formed from the first edition word press | press. Linum| "wine pressing device" example. The word press was used in the meaning of “a device for pressing wine” by J. Bretkūnas, the creator of East Prussian Lithuanian script, and P. Ruigys, the lexicographer. K. Širvydas The manuscript of J. Bretkūnas’ Bible, which used the word “press”, could not be made available. Thus, K. Širvydas- ’s new work was produced and used by the printing house independently of J. Bretkūnas. K. Širvydas- ’s new printing press in literary language did not spread immediately and indirectly from the,,Dictionarium trium linguarum”. The other parallel print shop of K. Širvydas was used only in F. Kuršaitis’ Lithuanian-German dictionary (1883). In the 18th and 19th centuries, the word spaustuvė competed with the borrowed drukarnia, drukarné and other Lithuanian derivatives, hybrids and borrowed words. In addition to drukarnia, drukarnė, spaustuvė in the 18th and especially in the 19th century, Lithuanian Vedic words were used: spaudynė (S. Dauk?, Sut, LCI885, 31), drukudyklė (J), spaustuvas (Bt), hybrid išspaustinyčia (R1187) and borrowed printarnyčia (N, K, M), drukaunycia (R87), drukarija (K1266), drukorija (K), drukarnija (M). Some 19th-century writers and lexicographers —A. Klementas, M. Valančius, L. Ivinskis next to K. Širvydas’s new printer’s press in parentheses still wrote the borrowed drukarnia. M. Miežinis ","Lithuanian-Latvian-Polish-Russian dictionary" (1894) considered the main word "press" and the hybrid "printing house" pointed to it. K. Širvydas’s novelties in literary language were mainly spread through F. Kuršaitis’- s,,Littauisch-deutsches Worterbuch®, but the printing press probably established itself through many other books of the middle and end of the 19th century, in which he was written on the title pages. The entirely newly built printing press was used in Vilnius by J. Zavadskio typography, which printed most Lithuanian books. Other Vilnius printing houses must have followed J. Zavadski’s example and started printing K. Širvydas’s novelty on the title pages of their books, renouncing the borrowed printer’s name. Aušra, Vilnius Žinios and other newspapers, as well as J. Jablonski- ’s publications, contributed greatly to the establishment of the printing press in literary language. „Lietuvių kalbos sintaksė“ (1911), because this term was constantly repeated in their .on the front pages. The Lexicographers and Literates of Žemaitija —S. Valiūnas, D. Poška, A. Klementas, S. Daukantas et al. —K. He was highly regarded for his dictionary, but did not approve all of his novels. For S. Daukantas, K. Širvydas' dictionary and his newly built printing press were good Zinomas, but S. Daukantas, as his remarks on G. Neselman's dictionary (Wor-? Abbreviations are used the same as in the academic,,Lietuviy kalbos žodynas“ I—IX vols. * For example, Ivinskis Laurynas,,Mety skaitlius- “, 1846 in Vilnius in J. Zavadskio printing house, 242 terbuch der Lithuanians The newly-founded press wanted to replace the newly-built printing press with a new-style press. S. Daukanto some Books printed in Peterhof (,,Badas®,,,- 1845; The Lives of Great Warlords“, 1845; ,, Songs of Samogitians1846) ", the se headline pages are printed with spaudyné®. Be S. Daukanto raštų, žodį spaudyné dar D. Sutkevičiaus ,,Gardener in Lithuanian-Latin-Polish“ (1848) ir ,,In Lithuania Ceitungoje“ (1885 m., Nr. 31). UnfortunatelS. y, Daukanto’s new printing press did not succeed in the Lithuanian literary language. Drukorius K.. In the third edition of the Širvydas dictionary, the Lithuanian equivalent is replaced with squeezer. Other lexicographers avoided ir the printer: A. Krauzė (in the first half a. of the 17th je century) in the manuscript German-Lithuanian dictionary used book printer, presser; G. Nesselmann „Wėrterbuch der Lithuanians Sprache" (1851), F. Kuršaitis “Lithuanian-German „Wörterbuc- — h“ presser, presser, presser; M. Akelaitis in the Lithuanian-Polish dictionary, Lelys A. "Dictionir ary of Polish-Lithuanian Languages" (1922) — the press. We find a loan printer P. Ruigium “Lithuanian-German and German -Lithuanian Lexicon" (1747); F. Kuršaičio “Lithuanian-German "Wörterbuc- (1883), h" in the ir writings of other authors. The hybrid printer was used G. Nesselmann in his dictionary (157 p.), o iš he, probably, re-wrote F. Kuršaitis į „,Lithuanian-German -Wėrzbuch". In the current Lithuanian literary language, the word spaustuvininkas was created At the end a. of 19th. The presser was first used ,, The Guardian Magazin- “ e. (1899, No. 3) the meaning of ‘printing house owner’. Printer „printing works specialist, typographer“ meaning we find recorded St. In Dabušio translations, Lelio A. Polish-Lithuanian dictionary (1922), J. Barono "Russian-- Lithuanian Dictionary" (1972). Rejecting the borrowed ir printavoti jį replace Lithuanian squeezing started A. Vilentas "Gospels and Epistles" (1579), J. Bretkūnas ‘Kancionalo’ (1589), The Duchess of Windsor (1589), M. Daukša ‘Postilės’ (1591), The Catechism (1595), S. Vaishno Devi Temple The title pages of (1600) "Žemčiūgos teologiškos" ir are other. K. In the third In the edition of,,Dictionarium trium linguarum“ he ir borrowed to se print books with periphrases. — S. Bitneris ‘New Testament" (1701) on the front page po printavoja vartojo spausdino spaustuvoj... The Lithuanian equivalent to squeeze, especially It was widely used in the 18th century and until the middle of the 19th century. The verb to print (books) taken up late, only At the end a. of 19th. Some of the first printers used F. Kuršaitis “Lithuanian-German Wörterbuch’ (1883), M. Miežinis, Lithuanian-- Latvian-Polish-Russian Dictionary” (1894), K. Jaunius in the manuscript work “Language matters”, some translators of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, J. Jablonskis on the title page of “Grammar of the Lithuanian language” (1901). 4 See. J. Kruopas, S. Daukanto komentarai apie G. Neselmano dictionary, Issues of Lithuanian Linguistics, V, Vilnius, 1972, p. 238. $ Vienos S. The Book of Dawkins (,,Forage grasses”, printed in Vilnius 1854 m. J. In the first page of the book is a newly-released printed K. version. 164 243 In the third edition of the dictionary, K. Širvydas used the word combinations composed according to G. Knapski's "Thesaurus Polonolatinograecus" (1621) —mokslas ižspaustuvės |drukarska nauka. Typographical|; Pressure in liters |druk. The letters are printed in a metal letterhead. In the 18th century, the concept of printing was described by the loan print (ŽCh), and in the 19th century not only by this loan (N, K, S. Dauk, I, LC1886, 10). but also with Lithuanian equivalent stamp (N, K, Al884, 318). The whole of printed publications was initially called borrowed prints (M, I, A.Baran). The Lithuanian equivalent in the press did not take hold quickly. F. Kuršaitis „Deutsch-- Littauisches Worterbuch® (1870.1.5) used the hybrid drukavonė,- ,spausdinimas“, and the Aušrininkai replaced drukavonė with spaustuvė (1884, No. 96). As we mentioned, instead of the borrowed word „druka“ „spausdinimas“ one of the first Lithuanian equivalents „spauda“ was used by G. Neselmanas, „Worterbuch ber Littauischen Sprache“. From G. Neselman's dictionary, the word press came into F. Kuršaitis' "Lithuanian-German Worterbuch®", the magazine "Aušra" (1884, 318). The word “press” in a new meaning, “the whole of books and periodicals” was first used by “Aušra” (1885, 75) and later by J. Balvočius. In literary language, the word press in both meanings seems to have been established by K. Būga. In the Polish-Lithuanian dictionary L. Ivinskis first wrote the borrowed words druka, drukas, and then the word combinations spaudimas knygų, spaudimas rašto, S. Daukantas in the Polish-Lithuanian dictionary gave preference to the Lithuanian combination spaudimas, and used the borrowed word druka as a synonym. In the academic Lithuanian language dictionary, the word "drukas" in the meaning of "font, printing material" is recorded only from the Eastern Highland dialects. One of the first to use the word "pressure" to describe a typeface to mark a printed letter was J. Baronas in his "Russian-Lithuanian Dictionary" (1923). K. Pakalka After the establishment of two higher education institutions in Lithuania (the University of Lithuania in Kaunas in 1922 and the Academy of Agriculture in Dotnuva in 1924), in which botany was taught, the lecturers were concerned with the unification of biology terminology and plant nomenclature. The initiative in this matter was taken by Prof. L. Vailionis in 1926. In 1927, a commission of 10 members was formed to prepare a dictionary of botany, consisting of representatives of all branches of botany: 8 from Kaunas University and 2 from Ž. ū. the Academy. Its chairman was J. Vailionis, secretary — J. Dagys. Invited by a certain call various persons interested in botany terminology issues (biologists, doctors, pharmacists, linguists, foresters) 5 The word press in the meaning of “support” was first used by K. Širvydas in the book,,Punktai sakymų“ (II, 1644). 7 F. Kuršaitis treated the word spauda as unknown from the East Prussian dialects and marked it in square brackets. | 244