Iš baltų kalbų puodininkystės terminijos istorijos

LicL iB Ta ail ąų TB RAM J: NO La. Gal J A LIE TU V. O'S TSR MOK SLY ACADEMY S. KARALIUNAS TRANSLATIONS FROM BALTISH TO ENGLISH STORIES In the linguistic studies of individual peoples and their groups there are noticeable tendencies to study the whole of the craft terminology in a synchronic as well as diachronic aspect. The description of the terms of one language or group of languages provides the necessary knowledge about the terminology system of a given field and its characteristics, the functioning of terms, their changes and trends in addition. The description of the whole of terminology and historical research reveals the specificity of that language, shows the area distribution of terms, helps to describe the oldest relations between languages, determine their nature. The study of the terminolir ogy of individual ir crafts (knitting — spinning, woodworking, blacksmithing, pottery, etc.) has acquired great practical theoretical significance and becomes relevant. Iš of the recent Slavic crafts terminology works is first of all noteworthy the excellent O. Trubachev's monograph "Terminology of Crafts in Slavic Languages", where the origins of the terminology of several crafts are revealed in a newly ir qualified way by group reconstruction. J. Trier's etymological studies of pottery terms in Germanic and other Indo-European languages were so important in their theoretical-methodological assumptions that they laid ir the foundations for modern research of craft terminology in all Indo-European languages. The terminology of Lithuanian crafts is synchronically not studied at all, diachronically almost not. For the above mentioned reasons, the study of craft terminology should be considered one of the most urgent tasks of Lithuanian linguistics. The relevance of the research of craft terminology ir is also shown by the fact su that craft ethnography ar and archaeology are interpreting linguistic matters related to representatives of other specialties. It cannot be said that the origin of the names of the central pottery — savannahs resulting from ir jo the flowering — action is not explained. On the contrary, whistling, pot ir jų relatives in other Baltic languages have long attracted the attention of etymologists, mi jų interpretations of origin are more or ar less satisfactoir ry in ir phonetic, semantic terms*. Interesting, quite possible is the ir new O. The etymology of Trubachev, 1 O. H. TpyGaues, PeMecnentas TEMPORARY B CJIaBAHCKHX s3bikax, M., 1966. * J. Trier, Lehm. Etymologien zum half-timbered building, Marburg, 1951. 3 But they always do ne it well. For iš essentially false is the statement that ,,Linguistic research has shown that the Lithuanian word ‘‘žiesti’ is of Slavic origin’ (I. Mulevičienė, About the term "The Flower Wheel" MAD, A series, 2(36), 1971, p. 129). No linguist has ever to said. The article contains ir more reckless statements: "Rotational movements are more typical of the word 'Zžiesti' (|), ‘light type wheel’, ‘heavy type wheel’ (light, heavy type ?!). * E. Fraenkel, LEW, p. 668, 1307 (su lit.). — Bed. pitodas, lat. poor binding su s. isl. fat "indas, rykas®, s. vok. height. makes ‘t. p.” etc. not sure because germ. *girl- < *podo- „indas, rykas“ 125 that pijodas is the result of the iš prolongation by apophony of the root balsj® (plg. sl. dial. vagnb < *fire ‘fire’: grapevine < *fire ‘forge’). But one must bear in mind one circumstanje ce, which the author of this etymology has noted ir himself:,,Cpsi3b npaGajir. *poda-s u *pada-s HaM KaxeTCcs BIIOJIHe OUEBHJIHOK, OJĮHAKO IIOHHATb ee MOXKHO YOU ARE Ha AUTHORIZED TO USE THIS WEB SITE ONLY FOR THE PURPOSES SET OUT BELOW. B GaJITHIICKOM He CynmlecTByeT KaK TaKOBOK““, This article, however, wants to analyze from the internal linguistic point of view, meanwhile, the main pottery terms žiėsti, pot equivalents in other Baltic languages, focusing on the discovery of related lexems of the same ir jų language, which often allow the interpretation of the origin of the examined lexem to turn in a completely į different direction. 1. Liet. pot, lat. pudds relatives The lexicon pot in Lithuanian now means ,,metal container for cooking food; moline (ppr. someone to keep), pottery; bucius, impedance; coklis’". It is used in all dialects of the ji Lithuanian language. Often this word is found in ancient written ir dictionaries ir (M. Daukšos, J. Bretkūno, S. Chilinskio, K. Širvydo, Krauzes), where it has a meaning "clay pot, pottery". Therefore, this value ir should be considered older už “a metal pot for cooking food”, which, no be doubt, arose as a result of changing realities. Similar effects are ir observed in the mouth. Be potidine ‘(adj.) paišinas, suodinas’ The most common examples : of a semi-conductive material are polymers, such as polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene glycol and polyethylene terephthalate. ‘clay vessel (ppr. to pour milk); a kind of old-fashioned cockle with a deep su hollow”, in the poem “pottery workshop; clay pot for poppy seeds, hemp milling’. Priesaga -yné is quite commonly used for a place (plg. Smoker ‘fish smoking method’) ir for smokes (plg. wicker, scalpné "a certain wicker for carrying feed", laundry "washing board", ir etc. )?. It is usually found on the ground, but sometimes on the branches of trees. ir laidyné : ldidyné, lindynė : lindynė, rūgštynė : rūgštynė, so pot ir pot pot. : Separately, it should be noted that podynė is also widespread in all Lithuanian dialects, but in meanings ,,clay pot for poppy seeds, hemp grinding“ ir „a certain old-fashioned cockle with a deep recess“ su this word, according to available data, is known only to the north-western Žemaičių dialects (Dovilai, Leckava, Plikiai, Viekšniai). «origin is still disputed: it may be traveling even inide. term of origin, see J. Hubschmid, Schlduche and Fasser. Word and factual Investigations..., Bern, CH 1955, p. 156—160. — Suom. spades ‘pot (for cooking), pottery“, est. on „t.p.“ cannot be borrowiš ed from Baltic languages, cf. Aulis J. Yoki, Urals and Indogermanen, Helsinki, Finland 1973, p. 301. | 5 O. Tpy6aueBs, op. cit., p. 208. 6 Loc. cit. — That the short vowel existed in the dialects of the Baltic language community o (see section 4.4). H. Kasnayckac, K pa3Barnito o6mebanthiickoii cucreMs rjracHbix, BSI, 4, 1962, p. 20—24; V. Mažiulis, Baltų ir kitų indoeuropiečių kalbų santykiai, Vilnius, 1970, p. ; plg. LKK, X, 1968, p. 52 etc.), is not a real thing, cf. Chr. S. Stang, Vergleichende Grammatik der Baltischen Sprachen, Oslo—Bergen—Tromso, 1966, p. 22 pp. 7 „Lietuvių kalbos žodynas- “, t. X (manuscript). 8 P, Skardžius, Lithuanian language word making, Vilnius, 1943, p. 271. 126 Northwest Samogitian dialects (Dovilai, Kretingalė, Laukžemis, Mosėdis, Notėnai, Plateliai, Plikiai, Salantai, Skuodas, Šatės) has the lexicon ir pūdynė, pūdynė „in the furnace dug a ditch to lay; a kind of briquette for masonry furnaces; such a clay vessel, a small pot for hemp tobacco milling”. ir The significance of nė ir the lexical piodyjpūdy)nie is so close that they are, willingly or unwillingly, temporally synonymous. ti Ta the fact that pot pot, pot ir (Barstyčiai, Mosédis, Plungė etc.) ir used in the same section of dialects, do not suggest that they jų have originated phonetically iš from each other, all the more so since these dialects, as is known, retain the vowel wo: ir (dial. pu: ū) difference. The assimilation of vowels, due to which in the Dounians dialects before the narrow vowels of another syllable ou instead appears uy (t. y. from), typical of eastern dounists. The lexical infiltration of the mud dialects, which are too far away, can hardly be thought of either. ar For these reasons, the simplest explanation of the historical connection of the Samogitian ir lexical units pūdynė puodjnė would be that piidjné is an independent lexical-semantic unit, connected by ablative relationships with the single-root lexical units pūodynė pūodas. su ir the lexical pudding in this case according to the aforementioned adverb -ynė construction pattern, apparently, is made of the primary iš noun *powder, having ‘clay vessel (hemp for ar tobacco milling)", "a certain brick, brick" etc. ir values. Piod of nouns : *push (<pūdynė) morphological-pronoun relationship is the same as we find between, e.g., bluézgas,.pleiskana, bluzgena“ bliizgas : ‘t. p. ©, brioZas „rūžas, brūkšnys, linija“: line "brūžeklis, dildė", Ciudpas "a clumsy ir man who has fallen down, chuupna": chuup "who grabs, grabs", pit ‘drevė’ : oak ‘dubuo’, Iūošas "whose leg, arm or other part ar of the body is broken": lūšas ‘t. p.“, floating ‘fibres, scarf’: feathers ‘one husk fiber, karna, plum; atplaiša, skiautė“, sdodys Russ: Shit. ‘t. p.“, wuiognas „water inlet, ma waterway- “: liūgnas “a small ball, a clan, a mud, a ; mud; liūnas, klampyné; the water iš left in the bend ir after the river has spilled’. Next to the vocalism nouns of the acute root, as can be seen, uo there are vocalism nouns with circumflex intonation as it is i between the piodas pūd- — ir : (plg. 200 mg/ day) The mouth, throat, and tail are more or less ar flat. Taken togethejų r, the content iš plan, on one side, clearly distinguishes "clay pot, pottery (for storage, poppy seeds, hemp, tobacco milling)’, iš other “(a certain old-fashioned) cockle (with a deep recess for kiln masonry)’ (from the latter metonymy path could derive the meaning „in the furnace made a ditch to lay“). It is characteristic that we find an analogous relationship ir of meanings in the corresponding Latvian lexicons. Liet. piodas in Latvian, as is known, corresponds to pudds ‘the Pot; der Kessel’ * (plg. still Vedic meanings ir jų cup der , Potf“, kunnenš ‘krūz(it)e’, pot (be k) ‘a vessel, to in which the Food is cooked” ME 454, EH 1I 345). In Latvian there are also names for mushrooms, plg. Poodle “a certain Mushrooms“, puddins® “a young man Birkenpilz“, pudding „bērzlape”, but probably these are new meanings, depending on some external similarity of the named objects. Therefore, historical reconstructions have a more important significance, be Topf", can only be a pot, pot, pot, pot (without k.) ‘the Oven stove". Values ‘clay pot, der Pot’ ir ‘koklis, die Stove (t. y. a certain brick)” coexistence is known elsewhere, cf. ir s. Russian. nauma ‘stone, 127 plyta’ : serb.-chorv. naimuya ‘bowl’; lot. test ‘brick, tile’: "clay dish, pot". Corresponding Germanic (plg. vok. Kachel ‘koklis’ <s. vok. height. chachala „clay pot“ lot. < vulg. *cacculus, plg. lot. caccabus "solvent, brewhouse"?) ir Slavic (plg. Russian. dial. copwkd ‘TycThIe, JIeTKHe KHpIIH4H KJIHHOM, YOU ICD/ICD CBOJIOB’ : 2OpiUOK ,,0KPYIJIbIH, OOJbIH TJIMHSIHBIH COCY4 pa3JINYHOTO BH/IA, BhUKKeHbI Ha orHe!") linguistic data suggest that ‘koklis, die Ofenkachel" has lost its meaning iš 'clay pot, der opf'. T In the Prussian equivalent, we have the latter ir meaning. Ms. podalis "bad pot, will be The morphology of the ir stems is similar to that of the stems. the pot: suffix -alis in both languages has an augmentative and a derogative meaning (plg. the meaning of the Prussian language "bad pot"!). A pejorative shade of meaning marked in the Latvian ir lexicon cup. Thus, the semantic-morphological identity of the derivatives of these three languages actually, apparently, reaches the distant iš past, so that, in searching for pôodas, pudds, pod-alis relatives, the meaning of ir me "clay pot" should be ir guided. At the same su time, the direction of the search for related lexems is indicated by the lexem ir pūd-ynė, which has į not been taken into account so far. In Lithuanian dialects, the pijodas in one case has the meaning of ‘,housing, resistance’: When I went to wash the pot, I found half of the pot full of fish. Perhaps it would be too bold to say that this is the ancient, primary — meaning of pitodas, pudds, pod-alis, but its presence is nevertheless instructive: the difference between the meanings "clay pot" ir “bucius, resistance, t. y. a certain bag even a certain ar barrel" (plg. beings ‘a wicker-braided device for su catching fish with a sucker; resistanciš e; yarn knitted į resistivity With device for catching fish; iš wicker braided closed bag for caught For keeping fish in iš water; su “straw-woven barrel”), historically speaking, is not essential, and thus both meanings can be given by one word or by different, but single-rooted words. The circle of meanings is expanding, adding here lat. pudding* ‘a Spann (legs rise)’ ME Potter III 454, (without k.) ‘the Hintere (?)“ EH II 344 bei liet. puffing, puffing, piading "ass, butt, seat". In addition to these, we can ir jų also use the following types of indexes: ir indexes of the indexes no of the indexes of the indexes of the indexes of the indexes of the indexes of the indexes of the indexes of the indexes of the indexes of the indexes of the indexes of the indexes of the indexes of the indexes of the indexes of the indexes of the indexes of the indexes of the indexes of the indexes of the indexes of the indexes of the indexes of the indexes of the indexes of the indexes of the indexes of the indexes of the indexes of the indexes of the indexes of the indexes of the indexes of the indexes of the indexes of the indexes of the indexes of the indexes of the indexes of the indexes of the indexes of the indexes of the indexes of the indexes of the indexes of the indexes of the indexes of the indexes of the indexes of the indexes of the indexes of the indexes of the indexes of the indexes of the indexes of the indexes of the indexes of the indexes of the indexes of the indexes of the indexes of the indexes of the indexes of the indexes of the indexes of the indexes of the indexes of the indexes of the indexes of the indexes of the indexes of the indexes of the indexes of the indexes of the indexes of the indexes of the indexes of the indexes. Pudy (without k.) ‘the Haufe; the Menge“, pudel (and tar poodle) ‘the Paudel; der Teerpaudel“, pudel (be k.) „a kind of coffee barn“ ME III 445, pudas „old stuff, old clothes, rags“ (pudūt „kramen, aufschichten“) ME 3nd ed. 401, Poodle “bunch, clump”, lat. powder, powder ‘a “Haufe”, powder, powder ‘a Būschel, one shrub with roots; one Haufe; a small Hūgel“, pudurinš, puduritis “a small Wild girl, a Tree group" ME III 401—3, EH II 320—1, let. Pudur "a group, heap, area of densely grown trees, shrubs, crops; „nebesis- “, lat. pudiks,,ein halbwiichsiger Knabe“, pudikis,rinkveidiga želeja, ar kuo tvirtina sanu rope prie laivo malam“ EH II 320. It would be too difficult, and perhaps unnecessary, to look now for parallels in other ides for each part of this semantic chain. (or did not.) in speeches that show-? H. Paul, Deutsches Worterbuch, eighth edition, edited by A. Schirmer, Halle (Saale), 1961, p. 317. 10 B, lass, Toaxossiit caosaps, I, M., 1955, p. 382—3. 128 tume jų regularity, thus belonging ir to mono-rooted lexems. In this, as in other similar ir cases, it is better to raise the question of whether the established semantic chain as a whole can be expressed ar in single-rooted lexicons. ar If we find that a certain meaning or group has lexems of other jų languages or of the same language but of different roots, we can think more boldly about the affinity in the case under consideration. jų ir Thus, the relationship between ar the two jų values of the whole group is shown ipso facto. It should be borne in mind that the associative ir characteristics of objects of the external world reflected in the semantic-lexical system very often ne jų specific physical characteristics (e.g., clay, wood, wicker), but abstract generalized characteristijų cs, e.g., “convexity, ir protrusion”, “hollowness” etc. ir However, such ir similar characteristics, of course, can have several objects, e.g., heap, bundle, clump, hill, etc. ir Due to long-term historical development, such associative characteristics are often intertwined with diametrically opposite characteristics, su e.g., “convexity, protrusion, convexity”. — su “concaveness, concaveness”. Objects of reality with identical associative characteristics, as it seems, can be ar represented by single-rooted lexical images. It should be noted that in the historical ir development, when lexical-semantic units form mutual relations, specific physical ir jų properties of objects have played a secondary role, because ,,,3HaueHHS „TJIHHSHbIĖ“, „TJIMHA“ durypupytor Kak cyryOo NpoMeKyTOYHbIe 3BEHbsi, BTODpHUHO KOHKDpeTH3OBAHHbIe 3HAUEeHHS, BOCXOAAIIHE K HHbIM 3HAYEHHAM, K OOO3HAUCHHSAM HHbIX TEXHHUECKHX JeHCTBUH, rIOJIuac JOCTATOYHO OOIIero TopSheets: ‘BepTeTb’, ‘KpyTHTb’, ‘TIJIecTHK’. Oco6enno HHTepecHa NpH TOM yAHBHTE/IbHAS KHBYYECTh CEMAHTHUECKOH MyJH ,,0NJIETEHHOE, OKpyueHHOe“ > ‘JURISDICTION COCYyjg"... Ha npumepax 3THMOJIOTHYeCKOTO BbI5SBJICHH51 E6 pe/IHKTOB, a TAKXKe Ha KOHCTaTalHH aKTHBHOTO BOCIpoH3BOJĮcTBa ITOH ceMaHTHUeCKOH MINE MbIBIVJIOTHYIO KacaeMmcsi YOU'RE OKEEpaMHueckORH ApeBHocTH MATepHAJIbHOKH KYyJIbTYDpbi IpejįKOB HOoCcHTeJIeKH CJIABAHCKHX JIHaJIeKTOB", The terminology of pottery in the Baltic languages, as mentioned, has been almost unresearched from a diachronic point of view, but the available material in this field nevertheless suggests that the Baltic languages have undergone the same stage of pottery terminology formation as is reconstructed here for the Slavic languages. Quite possible thing that the ir root *pid- ‘(out-, in-) blown’ (see section 4.4). below) used to mean „winding, weaving- “, because the meanings “blow, let go” ir „turn, wield, weave“ are closely related, cf., e.g., lit. ink (-sta) lat. ir tit (net) “wind, wrap, braid”. Therefore, it should not be surprising that, explaining the origin of the main terms of white pottery, pūoaas, pudds, pod-alis, immediately goes to various wicker otherwise curved and iš convex ricks ir (basket, tub, etc.), ir as the oldest objects, whose names, in turn, can be further linked to lexicons denoting various su protruding, convex, resp. convex, concave objects. The following series of different root lexical meanings aim to illustrate ir both the two root lexical meanings of pot-|put-|put and the two root lexical meanings of pot-|put-|put. ir jų vicar sų took the possibility of historical connection: 11 O), H. Tpy6aues, op. cit., p. 228—9. 9. Terminology in Lithuanian 129 1) heaps of “reticle or cretile sides, crevice, crevice; rise of the paw of the foot, rise; shoe place at the rise", edge "a device on which the threads are weaved before winding them on the throwers", "handle of a shovel, shovel; rėčio arba kretilo šonai, kreias, graižas“, kraūkas „handle of a shovel“, krėjis „wire-woven device used on a horse-drawn straw-cutting machine to shake straw so that chaff, with grains, emerges from it“, lat. kreja „ein kleines Zugnetz- “, liet. krija „sides of a rattle or kretil, bow; wooden lining around the mill to prevent the flour from falling apart during grinding, tub; the frame on which the lampshade is supported; a ratchet sieve; the bottom of the bed made of strings; a device on which the threads are weaved before being wound on the throwers, a "big piece of ice, sex", a chalk, "réCio" or kretil sides; steep edges of the cover; the side of a hat or hat, bow; the sides of the cabin; bato classrooms; a ratchet sieve; the bottom of the bed made of strings; a sieve made of fibres for draining the stack; a device on which threads are weaved before winding them on the throwers; honey from honeycombs to turn the part of the device; the shaft of the machine to which the detonators are attached; bent iron attached to the carriage to facilitate the turn of the sink”, lat. krija, krijs, krijš „die Lindenborke; abgerissene Linden od. Spruce bark (from the lime bark were made different counter-- ends, e.g. sledge, saddle, control box); the bastrand of one Sieves, mesh sieves; sieve loader, small; the top of the crest, the bottom edge of which is braided; a basket of linden bark; ein Lindenbrett®, lit. krijélis, "a device on which the threads are weaved before winding them on the weave; “part, cross, circle of the butter beater” (: krjti,Jlenkti, kumpinti- ®, kriti, kréja, kriéri, krieja, kréja,tiesti, vynioti); Carp 2) ,,(ganu) ciba; an oval hdlzernes Box; one out Bark(s) made Tuite zum Beer collecting, from plana délifa (aspen, birch or aspen) longitudinally aspen shaped bent, small pot etc.,,,die Warts; one Leichdorn®, carp ‘,Ine Shell shell®, left. kdrpa “small skin rise hardening; ir protrusions in the hardened leaf ar of the tree bark; krūties nipelis etc.“, lat. Cartridge, carton “a flat and almost round Fishing boat to Lachfangen“, „ciba, a round, wooden Gefūss, in das Butter, thick Milk, also Fleisch getan wird“, cėrpa, cérps ‘the Himpel, ein Erdhéduflein, a cast Sandhole; long Grass, be careful. im Bog, grass hedgehog; der shrub; one tree stump; tree roots; das Her, sober. engaged, buschichtes®, cérpufi ,,small with Berry perennials overgrown Hūmpel in Siimpfen®, Lithuanian currant “a small, tiny plant, charming on stones, trees, roofs; sponge, braid; tree cover, tuber; thick, cracked, browned birch bark; a loaf of bread, a corner, a loaf; The sedentary part of the human body; pig’s muzzle uZrietimas, knyslé etc.’, kerpla, kérpla “very branched trunk; velėna“, kerplé, kėrplė ‘root su stump, keras, former stump roots; a tree translated with su roots; head; what is fatty, thick; what is disorderly, messy”, kérplésa, kerplésa “a tree with all its roots; the roots of a su fallen tree; old, rotten tree trunks, covered with moss or grass; the backpack; beard overgrown with hair, droopy, rude person ir etc.“ kirpti, -ia (: „what we weakly ar began to bind“, cut,-a "to grow wide, to expand, to 3) prosper- "); creation, creation ‘one Diite aus Erlenod. Birkenrinde, worin namentl. strawberries are collected; one Reservoir out Birch bark: one Fishing boat to salmon catch; an oval, heart-shaped Kistchen®, “the Warze*, carabiner ‘a Basket, 130 one box; the roof tile; ciba, a round, heart-shaped Gefiss, in das Butter, thick Milk, also Meat is done etc.," lied. kdrba „such an old-fashioned counting tool tree iSpriustytais — rumbiukais®, su kafbas “bag, wicker, frame; large wicker for carrying feed, dockle, „,warp, rink, edge, inpiova, prevention; dislocation, unevenness, tearing of the edge; stick for marking numbers su with incisions”, kerba (without k.) ‘kekė (fruit)’, kérbiné ‘t. p.“, kirba ‘clamp, liun; multitude, knypava, kirbinė“, kirbinė ‘basket; border; the cock; “flock, bunch, gang”, kirbiné (without k.) "wicker, basket", wicker ,stagaras, augalo stiebas“ (: kerbti, -ia — ,,loosely bound; netvirtai, prastai pinti“, kifbti, -sta „gižti, pradėti rūgti“, ap-kirbti, „augti, apkibti“). 4) let. Squirrel ‘kauburys’, lat. Kaiiba „mountain peak“, lit. cowgirl, cowboy (without k.) „wooden carved dish, wooden bowl“, kaibras „low relief“, kaubrė, kaūbrė “hill, hillside; kupra, kūbrys“, kaubrjs ‘mountain, ridge, peak; back, rise; what a boast, rise," hubbub ‘mountain, ridge, peak; kupstas, pakilima“, lat. cobalt (without k.) ,,where Hugel, a cow "mountain peak", "mountain hill"; mountain, ridge, peak; kupstas, pakilimas, koks pasipūtimas, pakilimas“, lat. cube ‘the Head“, kubele, kubela ‘the Eichel (at the monthly Gliede)“, kubis ‘the Zulp fiir Sauglinge" (For the meaning, see pg. knupis ‘a Bind cloth on in which something is worn; der Zulp fiir Sduglinge*) tub, tub, tub ‘the Kiibel, Bottich®, sheet. kublulis (without k.) “excavated wooden container- ”, dial. (jam.) Kubel ‘kubilas’, lat. Cube ,,(verichtl. Demin.) a small Kūbel“, kubals ‘the Kiibel, Bottich“, kubils ‘t. p.“, liet. Kubilai “a barrel with a wide bottom for storing flour, grain, fermented vegetables, liquids; closed barrel for storing clothes; a hopper; excavated large wooden container with a double bottom, pit, etc.“, su kubūlkė, kubulkis (without k.) “wooden vessel”, lat. cube ‘the Kübel, Bottich", cube ‘the Kiibel, Bottich“,,,nelidzenums, cinis“, kubris ‘the Hump, stool, song. Cyprinus carpio “back to neck, hump, withers; nugara, kupra; mountain peak, ridge; a hill, a hilltop; unevenness, elevation", cube (without k.) "big wooden spoon to take the virus", kubar "a bunch of land broken up by the crop", cube "small, fat man", cubed “hill, protrusion, mound; krūva", kuburjs "peak"; a hill, a rise; the backpack; "Undercover", lat. kuburis “a not well-fitting Stelle am Suit," he sang. Kuburka, kubufke , wooden dish, lat. cubic "Quark in soup milk“,,,a big ciba; a hdlzernes Drinking guppy; one with one Lid supplied Gafiss out Birch bark, in which one Berry collects od. tobacco is preserved; one Earth block; cin kleiner cinis: one Breaking; one Stiickchen Bread: one small Erhdhung“ (: nu-kiafibti, -ia "disappear, disappear", hang, -sta , tend to (prie "Lat". cubindt ,,cover, ap-kubindt „replace“); ; 5) Puné, piiné „laying uZgardis pour chaff, ash; barn, day-room, shed; hut, tent; ola, urvas“, pūnė “egg void”, lat. Pine ‘one Barn, hay barn, a Heuod. Straw barn; a small, barn-like Gebdude am Seaside. Lakeshore to Storage of fishing tools; telpa kits tuvuma luopbaribas glabūšanai etc.“, punis eine kleine Shed fiir Hay, straw and Coffee; Hay barn im Walde etc.”, pins ,eine Bauerhiitte®, pina tine, a , large, round hdlzernes Container with Deckel®, fluff* „a damp, swampy 02. 131 forest, a swamp covered with small pines, etc.”, puns, puna, pune, punis „an earthy mound, a bump, a tuber, a knot, a hard growth, a knob, an outgrowth on a tree, a hedge“, pauna „the swamp; the forehead; the head; das Maul“, paiina, paina, paunis „a little mice; a backpack, backpack; a little bow; a ring, a ring; Rags, hugs; "Biebel, Child". Some of the words in these five leksemy series (e.g. pūnė, kubilas, piidele) may raise doubts as to whether they etymologically actually belong to the roots to which they are here assigned. These doubts do not arise for phonological, constructive or semantic reasons, but purely for reasons of a different nature (the use of the corresponding word somewhere on the border of the Lithuanian or Latvian language area; the existence of an exact lexical correspondence in larger and thus more influential neighbouring languages'*, etc.). The meaning of that word is part of a coherent semantic chain, its relation to other parts of that chain is repeated in the lexicons of other roots, and therefore it can also be part of an organic historical process!- ®. The constructive characteristics of that word are the same as those shown by the constructive model operating in that language- !*. Therefore, it is not possible to consider absurd the view that gives preference to the possibility of interpreting the origin of the lexicon by internal means of language. The last series of Words acquires a special etymological significance for the identification of pot, pot, pod-alis and other pud-| pudlexeme because, as K. Būga has already stated! *, they belong to the same root as pūd-| pudleksemos. That root probably. is an idea. *peu-| *pou-| *pii-"blow, out, inflate"! *, 12 It must be said that this opinion is not infallible, because, by confusing different historical epochs, the geographical and cultural relations of the present it takes us to distant past times:,,a) the geographic area of the Baltic speakers in his day [A. Bach is meant] was very small in comparison with that of the speakers of Germanic languages; b) that in fact in rather recent times the Baltic languages borrowed a great many loanwords from German. For the prehistoric situation then he also considered a similar possibility; c) for decades, it was assumed that there were guite a few borrowings from Proto-Germanic into Baltic but, for some unexplained reason, that Proto-Germanic did not reciprocate by borrowing from Baltic“, —A. Klimas, Baltic, Germanic and Slavic, Donum Balticum, Stockholm, 1970, p. 264 —35. In the distant past, these relations could have been fundamentally different, and the Baltic dialects could have been not only recipients but also givers (not only to the Finno-Ugric, but also to the Indo-European languages to the east and west). 13 See, for example, the excellent motivation given by K. Būga for the semantic connection of pūnė „,vartas“ with other lexical units: K. Būga, RR, II, p. 525—6. 14 For example, regarding the suffix kūb-ilas, see the following names of tools, rakes: brizgilas, „kamanos“, kratilas, krétilas, „didelis rétis iškultiems grūdams iš pelių išsijoti“, ratilas, „apskritimas“, ratas, lankas“, rétilas, „pelams siausti rėtis“, spragilas „kultuvas“, trainilas, „raty jungiamoji šatra“. Not a single derivative of the suffix -ilas is ultimately based on a verb, cf. brizgilas (: brizgas): brigzti, brizgėti; sprūgilas: to crack, to explode, therefore kūbilas: to crack. On the semantic relationships of the kūbilas, see also. LKK, XII, 1970, p. 181—3, Slavu kalbu kabsl» may be an old loanword from the Baltic languages (cf. raka, rataj, etc.), which has also entered the Germanic languages (cf. Kausche, Kaddig, Daggut, Elen, etc.) Lithuanian kab-ilas, kūb-elas has an etymological equivalent in Greek, cf. x9Bo"Xov, "elbow"; for suffixes *.el/l-: *.glryšio pg. obelis: apple; for the meaning and suffix see also gr. »imeilov „cup“, made from the parallel root ide. *kup-. —Kitaip E. Fraenkel, LEW, p. 304 (transl.); V. Urbutis, Baltistica, VIII, 1972, p. 205; B. Vanagienė, V. Vitkauskas, LKK, XIII, 1972, p. 222. 15 K. Būga, RR, I, p. 332-3. 16 For her see. P. Persson, Beitrūge zur indogermanischen Wortforschung, I, Uppsala—- Leipzig, 1912, p. 241—250; J. Pokorny, IEW, p. 847. 132 plg. arm. friend "quickly ir hard to breathe" (*peud-), (h)ogi "smell, breath, spirit" (*powio-), vid. water. That way, Kimr. Ewyn, Breton. eon ‘puta’ (*pou-ino-). This primary root is based on su the formants -nir -dBaltic languages may have formed new roots punpiinpaunpudpūdpaud-. | | ir | | Be In this case, the | root pudpūdpaud can be | distingui- | shed: lit. pudėnti ‘kedenti, purenti’, lat. pudit (-ju) “continue; celt nuo miega augša steigu“, -tiės sich beeilen ar (do zu something- )“, , sa-puditiés himself for a Travel from. Make the ride right®, pudatiés „long time un to be respected*, sa-pudat iés) ,"(sich) in alte Wrap clothes tightly®, let. pitting, pudding (-ija) „to drive, drive, push; pulti", poodle ,easily scratched, birus®, lat. pudlavat, pudjavat ,,ween make yawn (z. B. the Bunder des Head polish from Winde said)“, pudulas (see section 4.4). (see above) „netvarkingas, susivéles, susipuduliaves žmogus“, pidulioti, pūduliūoti „velti, taršyti, draikyti, kratyti, su-pūduloti ,suvelti, sutaršyti“, pūdaloti, pūdalioti, pūdalėti, pūdelioti, pūdalėti „draikyti, velti, taršyti, kementi“, apsi-pūdaloti „thickly dressed, sitting down“, pūdeliuoti, pūdeliuoti „, crumble, shred; (hair) blowing, worshipping, puddle ‘aked’, lat. Pudel ‘the Married her“, piideris "with puffed hair", puddered, powdered ‘shredded (hair); „dekoruoti, dažyti“, iš-pūderioti „to dismantle, to tear apart, to unfurl“, piiderétis „to decorate, to dress; "I'm gonna play, I'm gonna play, I'm gonna play, I'm gonna play". piideret ‘hauen, schlagen, priigeln’, paūdėt “make visible, under the Bring people”, paist (-zu) "make known, publicly disseminate". There is no doubt that these lexicons seem to belong to one family of related words. How do primary iš values "blow, blow out, blow up" „to wash, to dust, to moisten“, „to ir shake, to shake“ etc., beautifully shows lat. pudlavat content plan. Reconstructing the oldest value „(aus-, pri-)blästen“, makes it si quite clear as pūd-| pud-, so the poedelxems acquired easily ir 'distinguishable associative characteristics of the content plan "convexity, protrusion, convexity", "hollowness" etc., which, therefore, in their origins rely on the concept of ir inflated. į In both root punand root pudlexeme, ir the historical semantic development naturally led to such meanings as „ryšulys, gniužulas, krūva, ein Haufe" (puddle, puddle, puddle, puddle, patina) "dust, dust, Kaffscheune" (puddle, puddle, puddle, puddle), "resistance, house, bag, ein Backpacks, backpacks, one Rūnzel, ein Paudel", "clay pot, pottery, pot, ein Pot, one Boiler, single Gefūss", which have pot, pučdds, pod-alis, piid-yné, pūdele, pina, paūna, paūna. Since, as the developmental hypothesis here shows, the vocalism of the root pijodas, puods, pod-alis may belong to the order of vowel change, the root may wu have appeared jų *poud-, may have ji changed later due to phonetic development į *pod-, iš where pr. pod-alis, lit., lat. pot(s). 2. Liet. Ziésti, lat. ziest semantics ir relatives Liet. Ziésti (-dZia) is a verb widely used in the Altay dialects. Wide is ir jo the circle of values. In most dialects (Alovė, Butrimonys, Leipalingis, Miroslavas, Rudamina, Seinai, Švenčionėliai, Šventežeris, Valkininkai, Žilina, etc.) ir it means ,,(nicely, beautifuką lly) do (klumpes, šķūpjus, samčius, sledes, vagonus, namus)’. To this value is attached "(to) make a child" Leipalingis, 133 dėti miltėti", bloom (blooming, blooming, blooming, blooming, blooming) “to be rings; su moldy, greenish; be white spots; sirgti menstruacija’. su It should be noted that lit. ir ring, ring ‘mold; aging, hardening“, on the one hand, iš as mentioned, may be related to the lexical meanings of flowering, flower, but, on the other, it is su used in contexts whose semantics would hardly be iš satisfactorily explained, having in mind ir only the mentioned kind of meanings. nė ar Those contexts are like this A. Yuškas ir J. Jablonskis recorded sentences: mė Žesužiedė- = jo užpuolė, sukietėjo J: As the flying sand blossoms, it will be a (= good ir meadow. J; Sandwich masonry, blossomed, hard to grow (J. Jablonskis iš (2nd ed.). So in these contexts where we talk about earth, sand, mara, the verb Ziedéti in its ir use and meaning is ir very close to the verb žiėsti, žiesti, which, as already said, means making, turning clay. iš Therefore, we can assume that žiėsti, which is a verb of action, is to be considered as a verb of state žiedėti, because of this morphological relationship cf. giėžti (-žia) „to eat, gnawing, gnawing (in the throat); gaiZuliui būti“: iš-gfežėti „to raise, to raise up“; gniėžti (-ia) „to very much want, to knietėti“: gniežėti,nieZéti, knitėti“; kliesti (-džia),klejoti, svaičioti“: to deceive, to deceive, to lose consciousness, to speak meaningless, unrelated words; talking while sleeping; wander to wander’; viėžtis (-iasi),.kestis, apsikęsti; dare, have courage, desire”: nusi-, žsi-viežėti (-ia, -ėja) “to endure”; zniėbti (-ia) “thin spinning, thinning (threads)”: zniebėti (-ėja) “thin spinning”. In addition, ringeati may also be historically related to the lexical meaning of burning, shining, glowing, since semema means “hard; hardening“, seems to have originated from „burn, heat“ (i.e. „dry, drying“), cf. gr. oxXAnpėg „dry, hard“: cxėMAo „drying“ (intr. aor. EoxAnv, perf. Eoxhnua); s. sl. gesture "hard" (cf. Russian dial. aceeue instead of vcecmue "harder"): s. sl. žegą, žešti “burn”**; lit. kietas, lat. ciéts, hart; fest“: kaisti (-čia) „to put a pot on the fire to heat it“, (-sta) „to heat, to be hot...“, lat. kaist (-stu),,heiss werden“, Baltic roots *žeid-| *žid-(respectively *zeid-| *zid-) in this way, on the one hand, we reconstructed the oldest meaning „to burn; shining, shining, shining, flashing“ (from here „hardening, flowering; solid“ and „flowering; ring“) and, from the second, the meaning,.turn(s) (circle), move quickly; mesti, sviesti’. As demonstrated by the linguistic material**, the coexistence of these meanings in the same or related words in Indo-European languages is not uncommon. Therefore, the semantic relationships do not seem to contradict the fact that all the lexems mentioned here are representatives of one root. The end consonant of the root *žeid-| *žid-(respectively *zeid | *zid-) - probably used to be a formant. Primary root *shei- | *sighs-* (resp. *they- | *zi-) ‘burn; spindėti, švytėti, blizgėti, mirgėti sukti(s) || (circle), move quickly; lose butter’, extended by formats -b-, -g-, -ž-, which we find in such lexicons ir as: žičbti (-ca) 32 KZ kartoteka, s. v. ringing. ** F. Miklosich, etymological Dictionary of Slavic Languages, Vienna, Austria 1886, p. 410. Otherwise M. ®acmep, Drumosornueckati crosaps pycckoro s3srKa, II, M., 1967, p. 50. ** But otherwise E. Fraenkel, LEW, p. 252. — In that case, maybe you should ir think about germ. *in progress (ide.*kortu-) ‘solid’ (Voice. hart, angl. hard etc.) historical su connection germ. */errho (ide. *times) ‘foci’ (Voice. Herd, Angl. hearth). 3 V. Urbutis, Baltistica, VIII, 1972, p. 129. 140 “to burn, to create; strongly walk, run; kirti, mušti“, beating, beating, beating, beating, beating, beating "Blitz", squeezed (-sta), lightning (-sta) ‘raibti’, Zibéti (Frog) "To shine, shine, shine", lat. zibėt (-u, -ēju) “flash, shimmer, shine”; peer-to-peer (-ca) ‘rebuild (furnace)- ’, ‘burn’ "to go, to march", horsemen “lively, agile; fast", pa-maršēt (-%jgi, -eja) "to advance a little", lat. zaiguét “to shine, to shine, to shimmer, to flicker”; let. whistling (-žia) “burn loudly iš with an internally blown flame; jerti (Zarius)“, žaižara,,the redness of the sky“ (from jo žaižarūoti "to glow, to shine, to shine"), už-žižti (-sows) "suddenly get very angry" (For the meaning, see pg. injectable “very angry”), ‘fire (in children- 's language); light, torch (in children's language); žarija, čiežirba’. Primary nę Extended Root *shei- | *sighs-* (resp. *they- | *zi-) could have lat. sit “become visible” (plg. maza dienina jau zistas® ‘the Day is rising” EH II 810), ziet(ies), praes. zeju(os) “blooming, to Come to light” ME IV 744 (if it is a real Latvian word). Iš other i.e. languages here may belong to got. us-cyan ‘germinasu ted’, formantu -ngot. keinan, us-keinan, s. vok. height. chinan ‘germins. ate’, angl. cyanide „to explode, to s. release buds“, isl. kin „germ“, as the dental formant of the su Baltic lexemes s. angl. cid, sax. s. Kid, vok. s. height. (cell) white ‘seedling, height’, vid. vok. height. kide, kit “seed, growth, offsprinir g” etc. (root *gei- | *g'i- “germinate, explode, bloom”); ** in semantic terms plg. lat. kvietėt „(Cereals) germinate“, kvietinūt „make germinate“ kvietét : „bleach“ kvietinat „glow, spark, ignite“, kvitét ,glinzen, flimmern“, kvitinat „flimmern, glinzen lassen od. machen”. Having concluded that Ziésti, ziest, as ir Ziébti, Zeibti, pér-Ziegti, čiežti and others The lexemes listed here, probably belong to Roots *Zei-| *Zi- (resp. *sei | *zi-) ‘burn; spindéti, švytėti, blizgéti, mirgéti || sukti(s) (circle), move quickly; to throw, to burn“, the traditional interpretation of the origin of žiėsti, ziest, that the Balto-Slavic root *g'heidhesanti metathesis-derived ide. iš root *dheig'hir kad jų relatives in other ide. in languages containing got. digan ‘mint (clay), mould, glue“, lat. fingo ‘I do ką iš soft materials, stitched; stroking, touching," gr. Dryydvo “touch”, retyos ‘hay; tvirtovė“, toiyoc ‘namo siena’, s. ind. ten ‘iz-, sutepu’, arm. dizene „pri-, sukraunu“, toch. A Check, B check- 'make, make-, make up'*". The į candidates su are the last ones. language lexicons in this case, perhaps (plg. lat. dviezt, -žu, -zu “to coat, smear” ME I 538), svarstytini let. diezti (-žia) "beat, perish" LKZ II? 523, lat. dieet ,,offer, talk up (one Ware)’ ME I 487, let. deyzi (-ca) "insistently asking" LKŽ If only 380, (-ca) “To strive, to fight; tear, wear, wear; beating, washing, whipping; fast, strongly go, pull, travel; (ref.) to care, to care for; (ref.) intending, preparing, preparing, etc.” ib. 598%, Liet. whistling (-džia), lat. see (-žu, -du) is known to have exact lexical equivalents in Slavic languages. Left. zdun "pots, potter" (from sl. *zodun) shows, ** Triibners Deutsches Dictionary, IV book, 1943, p. 123. 7 Bed. see. E. Fraenkel, LEW, p. 1307. — Recently: A. Vaillant, Comparative Grammar of Slavic Languages, t. III, verb, Le Paris, 1966, p. 314: „,„Lethėme balto-slave *žeidrésulte d'une mėtathėse de *deiž-, et la root is i.-e. *dheigh...“. O. H. T py6aueBs, op. cit., p. 209: „H Ganniiekaii, m. caapsHCKuil OGHApYyxXHBAIOT 3jleCb METaTe3y COrjiaCHbIX nepBoHaua1bHOroO u.-e. *deigh-...". ** Plg. K. Būga, RR, I, p. 306; J. Endzelins, Maine, United States I, p. 478; E. Fraenkel, LEW, that the root of p. 98. 141 the Slavic verb in question ♪ to build, to build ♪ (plg. s. sl. ziždu, takoi „to build, to create, to do“, bulg. page “Build”, serb.-chorv. adam, aūdamu ‘build (from stones)“, in Slovenian. zidati ‘build (the wall)“) used to belong to the pottery terminology, although otherwise, as you can see, the meaning is so generalized that it is no longer possible jo to say which link of the pottery production process, casting, ring firing, the verb marked. Similarly, semantics has changed in the Prussian lexicons. — ar — ir Ms. seydis The meaning of Wand, ir form ir (from balt. *zeidas) exactly corresponds to the South by Slavic kalleksemas bulg. 340 ‘siena’, serb.-chorv. 340 ,,stone wall”, in Slovenian. wall "Siena". Now it is not possible to know for sure what meaning iš verb were these Prussian South Slavic nouns made, perhaps, had ir — iš “build, create, do” the meaning of the verb. However, based on the hypothesis developed here, we can still assume that only the mentioned nouns of the southern ką Prussian dialects are equivalent in ir Lithuanian to ring. vų „on the fingers of the hand wearing a jewel”, the meaning of which, as it is suggested here, is derived from the meaning „circle, bow” iš (the wall can be a circle, ir arc, t. y. circle, e.g. city wall). On the other hand, the Prussian language, as already mentioned, has the ir lexical degree of the extinct root siduko „košiamas puodas, Siebtopf“, reflecting, perhaps, the burning of pots (the meaning „pot“ can sometimes appear in furni, Zaizdras“), iš , all the more so that in Lithuanian the allomorphic Zid-(ex. *zid-) lexicons already directly convey various aspects of the burning of pots. Going through the territory of Baltic and Slavic languages from north to south, the semantic chain “to smear, to glue, to mold” — “to turn (around)” is observed; butter; to move rapidly” — “to burn; “focus, wound” — “to shine, to shine, to shine, to glow; Flowering; ring”, reflecting the technological processes of ancient pottery production (casting — casting — firing), gradual reduction and abstraction: in the case of the root in question in the Slavic and, apparently, Prussian languages, those stages of semantic development have long passed, which are now underway in the Lithuanian language, cf. p. *zodati, *zidati „to build (walls, houses of stones, clay)“ and lit. žiėsti (-džia) „to turn, to make of clay“ —> „(nicely, beautifully) what to do (clods, spoons, spoonfuls, sleds, wagons, houses)“. It is characteristic that the Latvian language, in which we find the verb „tapti, glieti“ —„„Shine, shine, shine, glow; shining, cooling; Zydéti“®®, in our case, is connected to the southern area, i.e. to the Prussian and Slavic languages, but at the same time it extends the northern area, i.e. the Lithuanian language. This semantic chain is best preserved in the Lithuanian lexicon, but there were semantic changes here as well. The meanings of “,Swing (from clay)” and,,(ZiedZiamasis) circle, bow” (later,,moving or sewing Ring”) are Lithuanian. 3 Due to this semantic correlation of the Latvian language and the reduction of the aforementioned semantic chain, it is quite possible that, for example, lit. tépti (teeth), lat. tept (-pju) „schmieren, bestreichen relatives in other ide. languages only ne have sl. s. fepq, tepti ,,to beat, to strike, to give“, but ir s. ind. tapati “heats, burns; kankina“, lot. teped ,,I am warm, lukewarm“ and accordingly lit. lipti (clear) „to hang, to stick to something“ (plg. sticky (lipo, lipia) “molding, gluing; iš "Sweet Potatoeką s" (Lat.) lipt (flagg, flag) ,stick, stick to, lat. lipt (Screaming) “glow, flicker; anziinden’ + (plg. lat. lipit, -iju ,,infecting, infecting“, lipėt I'm going. ,,flickern, schimmern“, sang. Flame "Flame". 142 Innovations that build on older content segments (e.g., “move fast, turn (circle)”); sviesti’). It should be assumed that these meanings and the words denoting them appeared already in the Lithuanian language, i.e. when the Lithuanian language had already separated from the Latvian language (about the middle of the 7th century). This is consistent with the conclusion of archaeologists that the ringing wheel appeared on the territory of Lithuania around the 10th century. * C. KAPAJIIOHAC H3 MCTOPHH FOHUAPHbIX TEPMHHOB B BAJITHACKHX SI3bIKAX Peaiome Jenaercs nonsiTKa OGHapyxHTb BHyTpeHHHe JEKCHUECKHE CBS3H JMT. pitodas, Amul. pudding ‘POPWOK’, nT. It is marked ‘penaTb H3 calm’, at. ziest(-žu) „(06)Ma3aTb- “, KOTODpbIeė ABJSAIOTCHA pyHaaMenTa/IbHBIMH TOHATHAMH B GaaThiicKoil ronvapHoit TepMHHOJIOTHČH. [Ipeanoaara- €TCsi, UTO POJCTBEHHBIMH C pilodas, pudds jekceMaMH ABJSIOTCA JWT. Ana. pūdynė,onpeaenesHOTO pojįa TOpuIOK, KpuHKa“, AT. padele,,KopoOKa“, pidenis,,mecTo ana MAKHHB", pūdis,KYua, rpyaa”, pudas „XjiaM, NOXHTKH, TPANKA, JOCKYT", ANT. padulas,cBs3Ka, y3en, KOM“, aru. powder, powder ‘kyua, rpymna’, powder, powder, Ny4oK, KJOK, KYCT C KOPHAMH; Kyua, rpyaa; Gyrop, Kyprau®“, JiaT. puduras,Ky4a rycto CpoCIHX AepeBneB, KyCToB, XJ1eGoB“, pudénti „jneprath, Tpenath, pbiX/IHTb“, padulioti pūduliūoti „MaTb, TpenaTb, JOXMaTHTb, €pPOLIKTH, CHYThiBath“ H Ap. Jlannbie JiekceMbI, MO-BHAHMOMY, COOTHOCSITCH C H.-e. KOpHeM *peu-| *pou-| *pii- »AYThb, BesiTb; B3AyBaTh, pa3įįyBaTb, HaAyBaTh", H ApeBHHN OGJIKHK KOpHA Aas puodas, pudds, TaKHM OGpa30M, Mor ObiTh *pdud-, BNIOCAEACTEHH H3MeHHBUIHŪICH B *pdd-. Ipeanaraercs HoBass STHMOJIOTHA JeKceM Ziésti, ziest HA TOM OCHOBaHHH, YTO K 3TOMY Xe CaMOMY KOpHIO OTHOCATCS CJAYIOUIHE JeKceMbl: JuT. žeisti (-dZia) ‘paunuTsL’, Zdisti (-dZia) ‘HrpaTb; pe3BHTbCA, 3abaBasThen”, pra-Zdisti (-dZia),NOTEPATH, 32JIOXHTb, 3aKAAAIBATL KYAa-10" ring "Konbuo", Zledéti (-i, -éja) "nnecneBers", Zaidas, Zaizdras, ring "ropu", hearth "ouar, kamu", bloom (žydi, Zydi),6necretb, cBeTHTb, CBEPKaTh, HCKPHTBCH, ropeTb", "nBecTH", ATH. ziédét (-du, -Zu) ‘cBepKaTb, GjiecTeTb, CBETHTb, CHATH, CBeTaTb’, ‘LBeCTH, MJECHEBeThH, ant. žiedas, Zéidas, Zdidas,uperok’ in ap. Tapannenn u3 APYrux M.-e. S3LIKOB H CCbhIJIKH HA COOTBETCTBYIOUIHE (aKThl H3 HCTOpHH MATEPHAJBHON KyJAbTYpPbl TMO3BOJASIOT MNPEANOJaraTth CEMAHTHYECKYIO CBSI3b ĮAaHHbIX I'm sorry. 40 I. Mulevitiené, On the Issue of the Appearance of the Flowering Wheel on Lithuanian A Territory, MAD, series, 2(36), 1971, p. 111 tt.