Tarptautinių ir lietuviškųjų terminų sinonimija terminografijoje

Lil EIT UV ALŪ 0 TB Rey Mash NiO o LuiOn@iil ds LITHUANIA TSR SCIENCE THE ACADEMY J. KLIMAVICIUS INTERNATIONAL AND LITHUANIAN TERMS STRONOMICAL NAME TERMINOLOGY The problem ir of the relationship of international Lithuanian words is ir complex and multifaceted. The most important part of it, when and why only an international word, when and why only — Lithuanian ir (theoretically, abstractly, practically, concretely), is almost ir completely ignored here. Meanwhile, it is limited to a partial, but no ir less complex, difficult topical issue than the international, Lithuanian Word. ir — ir ir International ir Lithuanian words The problem of synonymy (of terms) is not discussed here either (it is a matter of a separate article). We will briefly state only the causes and circumstances of the phenomenon itself. ir In lexicology, words (in (o terminology, terms) are divided ir according to their chronology of origin into native (inherited and newly created) and borrowed (more narrowly, international) words (old and new). However, such a classification must cover not only the form but also the content. Comparison of the two divisions — lexicological and semantic — and determination of their relationship can show what semantics lie in the aforementioned sections and subsections of the lexicon (terminology). This is not the place to elaborate on the motives of that semantic classification, nor on the whole division." Meanwhile, we are concerned only with those sections of the dictionary in which the synonymy of international and Lithuanian terms is expressed. There are two of them. 1. It is natural that the untranslated (inherited and newly developed) terminology is expressed by lexical elements of Lithuanian (or Baltic, Indo-European) origin. However, the term semantics is often not only Lithuanian (ethnographicisms), but common if not to all, then to many or at least a few languages, and in each of them, of course, it is named with its own words. And in science — precisely because of the commonality of semantics and the internationality of science — international terms are often used, which, of course, are of national origin and acquire the status of internationality only because of the priority of some nation or some scientist, merits in science (that is, for non-linguistic reasons). Therefore, pairs of absolute synonyms of different origins (bilingual) emerge, for example: pluke — anemone (Anemone), wolfberry — iris (Iris). These plants have grown in Lithuania for centuries and have Lithuanian names, so it would be strange if those names were not used in scientific botany systematics?. But they are also quite common and international 1 It can only be noted that such a division allows to very simply illuminate the problem of the most confusing section of the classification — semantic valuables (calks), or so-called “secret borrowings” (P. A. Bynaras, BBejjenne B HayKy O s351Ke, Mocksa, 1958, p. 120). 2 Only in rare cases, due to their small range and narrow sphere of use, native words may not make their way into the terminology of science (perhaps sometimes not without the linguistic ignorance or indifference of the users of the terms). For example, scale, dube in geology, nauge (naugis) in technology, chemistry and physics have not become synonyms of dolomite, kdrst, metal. Although there are no language barriers. 91 synonyms jų (although ir borrowing usage is determined by ne linguistic reasons: there is no need), jų ir jų differentiation is semantic, ne stylistic. o 2. Nomination of borrowed international term sets, if there are no corresponding ready-made tools in Lithuanian language, resources are 0 not functionally sufficient (or at least such appear), realized in borrowed (more — international words), if the o means or resources are sufficient in Lithuanian words, termination of — already existing or creating new ones. But in the ir latter case, especially in the narrow scientific usage especially ir near novels (so, basically also iš for non-verbal reasons), internationalisms function, e.g.: resistance resistance, stone ir disease lithiasis. — — Thus, the synonymy of international and local terms, in the words of P. Ivičius,,,HeH3OexHoOe sBJEHHE BO BCex (dasax pasBHTHS TepMHUHOJOIHH “3, Si synonymy of different origin (dvikalbé) is fundamentally different from the absolute synonymy that has arisen in the same language (mostly from its different dialects), which language, especially terminology, avoids and eschews. R. Budagov correctly observes: "<...>. AUH2BUCMUKA K. A3bIKO3HAKUEe —AaOCOJItOTHbLIE CHHOHHMbI B PYCCKOM SI3bIKe, OjįHaKO yXe TO, UTO IepBoe CYIIECTBHTEJbHOE SBJISIETCHA HHOSISBIYHBLIM TO IIDOHCXO2XKJIEHHIO, a BTODpoe noJtoOHoro XapaKTepa He HMEET, BbICTYINaeT KaK H3BECTHEbIH, XOTS H „TIDHTJIYLIČHHbIĖ“ JKOGepeHnHAJIbHbIĖŪ IIpH3HAaK Me2kjly HHMK““*, It can be said that, to some extent, terminology exists in two variants — national and international. Of course, the general tendency to avoid absolute synonyms, albeit limited, albeit slower, works here as well. It is expressed in two ways: 1) semantic differentiation of such pairs, e.g.: tap "a device for releasing liquid or gas from a pipe and for holding it" — crane, "a mechanism for lifting weights- "; 2) the complete removal of the loanword from the language system, for example, instead of cone, degree, focus, lens, cell, rupor, only cone, degree, focus, lens, cell, speaker® are used. It is necessary to raise another phenomenon, which exists alongside the synonymy of international and Lithuanian terms and arises as a side effect of the formation of that synonymy. This is the heterogeneity (non-uniformity) of lexical microsystems, or the coexistence of Lithuanian and borrowed elements in one microsystem, e.g.: gazas, but gazotronas; degree, but gradient; focus, but focused; cone, but conoid; sankiba, but coherent; carbonate, but carbon; ferrite, but iron; optics, but light; axonometry, but axis (see axiometer — aximeter); hominid, anthropology, but man (cf. humanization —humanization, anthropogenic —human). There is nothing illogical or unfair about this. The heterogeneity of microsystems is a perfectly normal phenomenon, characteristic of many languages. It cannot be the cause of neither Lithuanianization nor internationalization, it cannot cause or stop these processes.” * II. HBuu, K npobsieMe JiuHrBHCTHUeCKOĖ TEDpMHHOJIOTHH H YCJIOBHbIX 0GO3HaueHHil B CJIABSHCKHX f3HIKaX, —„Boripocki s35iKk03HaHHs“, 1963, No 1, p. 19. * P. A. Bynaros, CpaBHuTe/- bHO-CEMaCHOJIOTHYECKHE KHccjiegoBanns, Hagar. MockoscKoro rock. yH-Ta, 1963, p. 185. ® The fact that they still occur in texts only shows insufficient, i.e. textual language culture. Consumption of such borrowings is a violation of the norm, its testimony. o ne ¢ Of course, this does not mean that partial microsystem equalization is not possible. But it is more possible in the creative on the basis of (formants), 92 The synonymy of international and Lithuanian terms is examined here, based not on the texts of scientific works, but on the dictionaries of terms — terminography?. From the already quite abundant and diverse Lithuanian terminology to choose physics?, chemistry? and polytechnic! dictionaries. This choice is determined by: 1) the need to limit oneself; 2) the proximity of these disciplines; 3) the synchronicity of these dictionaries (because the degree of identity of synonyms can change over time and be reflected in different ways in dictionaries of different periods); 4) the matter of improving these dictionaries (already partly realized). Although these dictionaries do not cover the entire synonymy of international and Lithuanian terms, they sufficiently reflect its scope and diversity of lexicographical presentation methods, being closely related fields, well illustrate the inconsistencies of the presentation of individual synonymic pairs and allow to draw more general conclusions about the problems of international and Lithuanian synonymy in terminology, especially about the degree of identity of that synonymy. First, we will examine the methods of synonymy presentation of international and Lithuanian terms. International and Lithuanian synonyms are presented in the aforementioned dictionaries of terms in three main ways. 1.The first way of presenting international and Lithuanian synonyms is their mutual association (A—> Bir B —A, or A, Bir B, A). For example: thermistor (=thermal resistance) „TepMucTOp (= TenJioconpoTHBJIeHHe)“ FTZ, 95?2 and thermal resistance (=thermistor),,- TenyioconpoTuBenne (= TepmMucTop)“ FTZ, 7 The use of such synonyms in scientific texts has its own specificity. In the texts there are more borrowed words from the language system that have already been pushed out, new ones that are only just coming in, more variety, fluctuations and dynamics of changes in general. Only from the texts it is possible to determine the statistical and stylistic differentiation of international and Lithuanian terms. 8 For the term terminography, which is still not widely used, but is certainly good and convenient, see I. I. KoBanuk, OcHoBna npoGjeMarura cyuacHol ykpaikcbkoi TepMikojiorii, ITepma HayKoBoMEeTOAMYHA Hapaja 3 NpoOjJIeM YNoOps/ĮKYBaHHA i HOpMAJIBanii TepMiKOJOTril, Tesu ponosigeit noBiuOMJIEeHb, Kuis, i 1970, p. 14. * Dictionary of Physics Terms, editor Lithuanian SSR MA akad. P. Brazdžiūnas, the dictionary was reviewed by the Terminology Commission of the Institute of Lithuanian Language and Literature of the Lithuanian SSR Academy of Sciences, the publisher’s editor Ch. Lemchenas, Vilnius, 1958, 124 p.; Lithuanian-Russian [abbreviated FTŽ,]; Dictionary of Physics Terms, red. P. Brazdžiūnas, editorial committee: T. Banys, J. Batarūnas, P. Brazdžiūnas (chairman), H. Horodničius, S. Jakutis, A. Juodviršis, E. Makariūnienė, A. Puodžiukynas, J. Stanaitis, K. Ušpalis (vice-chairman), S. Valentinavičius, [d. 1], Vilnius, 1971, p. 1-419 (rotoprint), [d. II], Vilnius, 1973, p. 418-965 (rotoprint) and Supplementary, 37 p. (rotoprint); lietuviy-- rusy-angly-deucieiy k. [abbreviated FTZ, and FTZ,P]. 10 K. Daukšas, Chemijos žodynas, dictionary reviewed by the terminology commission of the Institute of Lithuanian Language and Literature of the Lithuanian SSR Academy of Sciences, publisher editor Ch. Lemchenas, Vilnius, 1960, 450 p.; Lithuanian-Russian [abbreviated as CHZ]. 11 Russian-- Lithuanian Polytechnic Dictionary, editorial board: doc. techn. m. kand. A. Novodvorskis (chairman), Ph.D. L. Kumpikas, Ph.D. J. Mikuckas, chief. 100 mg/ day J. Stanaitis, doc. techn. m. kand. S. Vasauskas, prof. chem. m. kand. J. Vidmantas, publishing house editor Ch. Lemchenas, Vilnius, Lithuania 1959, 520 p. [abbreviated PolŽ]. 12 Abbreviation Zr. ausn. 9—11, Roman numerals next to the abbreviations mean parts, Arabicswing (=inclination- ),,ckioHeHHe, ji — pages, 93 91; Inclination (=tilt) ,,AHKJIHHALHs, CKJOHEHHE FTZ, 36 ir uHKmHauus* FITZ, 67%; approximation, approximation FTZ, 1 23 ir approximation FTZ, 1 26; stimuli (= stimuli) ChZ 261 ir encourage (= stimulate) ChZ helicopter, 254; helicopter “renukKonTep (= BepTOJET)’ PolZ 65 ir Helicopter, helicopter,BepTOJIET* PolZ 42; adapter, sound emulator "ananrep" PolZ 12 ir sound emulator, adapter,,38ykocHuMaTeb PolZ This 1144, order of presentation seems to indicate the complete lexical identity of synonyms- ?'s. However, the inconsistent — even triple — presentation of them with species determinants makes this somewhat doubtful. For example, the structure and structure of the new “Physical Terms Dictionary” project are presented as completely identical terms: structure, structure FT Z, II 789 and structure, 13 The order of presentation of foreign language equivalents of international and local synonyms is considerably inconsistent. For example, in the second pair, the Russian synonyms are already given after the comma, not in parentheses after the equal sign. In addition to these lexicographical technical flaws, there are also greater imperfections in the structure of the Zodyn. For example, in some cases the Lithuanian pair (own + international) is accompanied by a Russian pair (own + international), in others — only one of its members: scintiliacija (= flashing),,- cuunTHAsiuAs, senbiwka® FTŽ, 79 and blykstelėjimas (= flashing),,- pensuunka“ FTŽ, 12. Sometimes, in both cases, only one Russian equivalent is given next to the Lithuanian pair (although a pair actually exists), e.g.: makrokosmas (=makropasaulis),,- MaxpokocMoc“ FTŽ, 57 and makropasaulis (=makrokosmas),,Makpomup* FTZ, 57; mikrokosmas (= microworld),,MAKpPOKOCMOC* FTZ, 60 and mikropasaulis (= microcosm),,mukpomup“ FTZ, 60. However, the examination of the order of presentation of foreign equivalents, its (also the Lithuanian part) inconsistency and registration is not the purpose of this article, therefore it is only touched implicitly. 14 As we can see, technical synonyms are presented differently in different dictionaries: in the “Physics Terms Dictionary” and the “Chemistry Dictionary” in brackets after the equal sign, and in the Polytechnic Terms Dictionary and the new “Physics Terms Dictionary” project —without brackets, after the comma. Although we are not concerned with the technical presentation here, it should nevertheless be noted that this way of presenting identical synonyms is preferable, because the equal sign is commonly used in lexicography to direct a non-presentable word to a presentable one. In the Russian part of the Polytechnic Dictionary of Terms, such cases of synonyms as 2eauxonmep eepmonēm), are very rare, random, they are usually not linked. In the Lithuanian part of the (= Polytechnical Terms Dictionary, the order of presentati- — on of the pords members of the synonyms is usually adequate for the terms of the Russian part: the Lithuanian synonym is given first, then the international one, if they correspond to the Russian word of the Russian part and, conversely, the international term is given first, then its Lithuanian synonym, if they correspond to the international word of the Russian part. However, there are ir deviations. They are dual: the terms of 1) the Lithuanian part are presented in reverse order, e.g.: cmpykmypa sandara, struktūra — PolZ 412, o cmpoenue — structure PolZ 411 — these are obviously mistakes; in the Lithuanian 2) part of synonyms pords members are given in both places equally, e.g.: eepmuxanbKbiū vertikalus, stačias — PolZ 42 ir oecnowię — vertical, vertical PolZ or 253 depexm deficienc- — y, defect PolZ 88 ir nopox — defect, fault, flaw PolZ which 308, total identity jų makes very doubtful here — rather the first one is given preference (see section 4.4). post. 2). '* There is a certain amount of doubt about the adequacy of such technically inconsistent pairs: for the conjugate reaction see. — associated reaction ChZ 155 ir related reaction (= conjugate reaction) ChZ 267; substituent — see substitute ChZ 263 ir substitute (=substitutes) CHZ 210, because see reference. In lexicography, it is used when a less prominent word is directed to a more prominent one. į But it's probably just technical issues, o ne compliance with the principle. 94 structure FTZ, II 640?*. In the case of a structure, only the specific 5 terms are given. ir su — FTZ, II 640, nucleus structure FTŽ, II 640, structure of the material FTZ, 11 640, Molecular structure FTZ, II 640 ir internal structure FTZ, 11 640, o to structure, composition specific terms given in the su relative structure — the same as those given in compositiir su on, namely, atomic structure FTZ, II 789, nucleus structure FTZ, II 789, structure of the material FTŽ, II 791, structure of the molecule Free Trade Zones II 791 ir internal structure FTZ, II 793, as well as many other structuretų s: secondary FTZ, II 789, multilayer FTZ, II 789, cellular FTŽ, II 791, Alloy FTZ, 11 791, mosaic FTZ, II 792, small FTZ, II 792, coarse-grained FTZ, II 792, complex FTZ, II 792, tinkline FTZ, II 793, Universes FTZ, II 793 ir kt "" Therefore, there is duplication, ir non-identity ir of synonyms®. Of course, the ir structure and structure have differences in usage: Lithuanian structure is more o common, more popular, — international structure is rarer, more scientific. Thus, the ir more common, more popular species terms are su used more frequently su in terms of structure than structure. However, it is perfectly possible to ir use the rarer species terms in ir su the structure, for example, lsteleliné structure, ir netliná structure, etc. But not jų said. Not even a deadline The structure of the universe, which is not rare. In other words, if the structure and ir composition are absolute synonyms, the identity must remain when presenting jų them as species determinants. ir su Therefore, it is best to give all species terms, avoiding repetition, in one place to both relatives, to su the other relative to o leave only a reference to them. į The present way of presenting generic terms in all — two su relatives, some only in o one relative element su contradicts the absolute identity of related — terms requires a change in the order of presentation ir jų (zoom in to ją III of the presentation — method on this See. post. 3). In other cases, all generic terms are presented in one place by only one ir synonym. su For example, to radiation, radiation "w3nyuenne, JIYyueHCIYyCKAHHG, pauuauusi radiation — — Radiation" FTZ, II 590 not one kind all nė at radiation, radiation — ‘wanyvenmne, taking radiation — — Radiation" FTŽ, II 744: atmospheric radiation FTZ, 11 744, electromagnetic radiation FTZ, II 745, gravitational radiation FTZ, II 746, cosmic radiation FTŽ, IT 747, neutron radiation FTZ, 11 748, radioactive radiation FTZ, II 18 Also structure, composition PolŽ 411 ir construction, structure PolZ 412. "Chemistry: A Dictionary of Chemical Terms". — structure ChZ 244 ir structure ChŽ 263 (for this presentation, see mo post. 3, o for such presentation inconsistencies, see — ,,Synonymy presentation O inconsistencies“), “Physical Terms Dictionary” is just a structure For more 88. information on similar tų differences in the presentation of synonyms in different dictionaries, see. sk. ,,Synonym presentation inconsistencies“. '7 Somewhat inconsistently ir presented other language — equivalents related: cmpoexue FTZ, II 640 ir cmpykmypa, cmpoenue FTZ, II 789, Construction, structure FTŽ, 11640 ir Structure FTZ, II 789 ir species: inner structu- — re innerer Construction FTZ, 11 640, nucleus structure — Nuclear structure FTZ, II 640 (=Core structure, plg. Core structure FTZ, but 11789), the structure of the atom — Atomic structure, atomic structure FTZ, 11 640, structure of the material — Structure of the Matter, structure of Matter FTZ, 11 640, 0 molecules sandaranet — Molecular structure FTZ, II 640, molecular structure of matter — Structure of the Matter FTZ, II 791, Although the molecular structure — of the Structure Free Trade Zones II 791 ir Mr. 18 The polytechnic dictionary of terms is even more inconsistent: at structure, sadra presented ma layered structure PolŽ 411 ir peat structure, peat composition PolŽ 411, o to structure, structure fibrous, — grained, coarse-grained, fine-grained, flat, spherical structures PolZ 412, 95 749, penetrating radiation FTŽą4 II 750, ultraviolet radiation FTZ, 11 751...2 This is a clear contradiction: radiation and radiation are ir presented as completely equivalent synonyms, but the presentation of the specific terms only by radiation denies this. su Thus, in order to confirm the ir identity of the values of radiation ir radiation, the generic terms should be presented su in both. O if it is recognized that these terms are not du homogeneous, then ir jų the presentation should be changed to: radiation see radiation. The matter is further complicated ir by the fact that radiation is synonymous with emission, ir although all specific terms are given only emission su (see section 4.4). FTŽ, I 153—155). Probably, because of the new “Physics Terms to Dictionary” project, the issue is presented in the supplements of the Lithuanian be synonym (see section 4.4). FT Ž, P 9), o radiation FTZ, P 35 — be radiation. Order is made, but quite mechanically. First, it is hardly ar realistic to completely abandon radiation®®. Secondly, the Lithuanian equivalent would ir be useful for emission, but according to the etymological meaning of emission it should be radiacija, išradinduliavimas*- ". ne o Thus, it would be possible to abandon the tautological ir term emission radiation FT. Z, II 745 (= radiation). In other words, the "radiation" emission would be ir different from the "emission" radiation. Radiation ir Radiance**?. In this way, the ir emitter ,,oMuTTEp — emitter — Emitter should be synonymous with emitter ne (see section 4.4). FTZ, I 155), o isradiuotojas®. There is also radiation — rus. 0o01y4erue, angl. irradiation, exposure, bombardement, vok. Bestrahlung, Bombardierung FTZ, 11 830, but irradiation is also irradiation FTZy 1 241, exposure FTZ, 1 140, and bombardment FTŽ, I 23. However, the relationship between radiation, irradiation, exposure and bombardment is not clear from the Dictionary. Shooting (bombing) is perhaps only a technical term (more professionalism), not physics. Radiation, from an etymological point of view, should mean as well as,,spindéjima, radiance”. However, the glow is ceeuemue —glow, light —Leuchten, Leuchtung FTZ, 11 830, although luminescence FTZ, I 416 would also mean “glow” in Lithuanian, cf. gyvasis šviestėjimas —bioliuminescencija [„Moksleivis“, 1973, Nr. 11, p. 36 19 Not all the equivalents in other languages are given consistently. For example, all Russian species terms are given with the genus u3ay«exue, but somehow kopnyckyaapras coineqnas padOuaų us FTŽ, II 750 is distinguished, although kopnyckyaaproe u3nygenue FTZ, T1745 and coanearnoe u3nyvsekue FITZ, 750. 20 It is supported by the adjective radiačný. By the way, the adjective determinant radiacyjny and the noun radiacja should also be synonyms. However, they are most often used each for itself. For example, pyrometer, temperature is radiation, -ė (see FTZ, II 539 and 854), and law, pressure, density — radiation (see FTZ, 1 99, II 714 and II 839). *! And in the same,,Physical Terms Dictionary“ project, emit synonym is radiated (see FTŽ I 155). 22 Only incorrectly laser radiation is translated as Laseremission FTZ, II 746, night radiation —nčichtliche Ausstrahlung FT, II 748, Is the radiant, by the way, interpreted differently in two places —,,HK3JryuaTejib, pajinuaTOp — radiator —Strahler, Radiator“ FTZ, II 753 as well as,,usnyuatess —emitter —Emitter“ FTZ, P 36, and the radiator „panuaTOp, usnyuatenb —radiator —Radiator, Strahler* FTZ, II 591, also the discussed emitter, iSranduliuotojas, in no way related, but related by similar equivalents in other languages, are three, or two, or one thing, from the Dictionary is not quite clear. Jy species names are almost all different, but in Russian they are all given with the relative 4341y4ameno6 (except for axoOwotii paduamop FTZ, II 591), and in German — with Strahler, not to mention that both the beta emitter, beta emitter FTZ, 1 155 (= beta emitter), and the beta radiator FT Ža 11591 are 6ema-usay4ameno, Betastrahler; and the gamma ray FTZy P 36, and the gamma ray FTZ, II 591 are camma-usAyuameno, Gammastrahler. 96 (2x)]. Exposure would basically mean "irradiation, illumination (see Belichtung)". But illumination is oceem; enue —illumination, lighting —Beleuchtung FTZ, I 24, though illumination —iliuminacija FTZ, 1 229. In addition, though, Wk. Bestrahlung is radiation FTZ, 11 830, Bestrahlungsdosis is not radiation but radiation dose FTZ, I 120 (and Strahlungsdosis is radiation dose FTZ, I 120). It may well be stated that the national terms — radiation — radiation; glow —glowing (—glowing) —lighting (also rus. usayuenue — o6Aysuenue; ceeuenue —oceemįenue; vok. radiation — radiation — irradiation; Leuchtung —Beleuchtung —Belichtung, although these subsystems are not completely adequate to Lithuanian ones, e.g.: o6ayuenue, Bestrahlung — radiation, not irradiation), because of their systematic functionality and the obvious comprehensibility of their functional meanings, would form a simpler, more harmonious and semantically transparent microsystem than the international ones radiacija —iradiacija; emission, illumination, exposure, as well as emanation. However, it is up to the specialists themselves to perfect it and differentiate it unambiguously, and linguists can only help them. There are three different types of phrases, some in one place, others in another. For example, at radius, radius FTZ, 11 751 — the radius of the circle, radius of the circle FTZ, II 752, and at radius, radius FTZ, 11 597 — the atomic radius FTZ, II 597, nucleus radius FTZ, 11 597, gravitational radius FTZ, 11 597, inertia radius FTZ, (1 597, outer radius FTZ, 11 597, ion radius FTZ, II 597, curvature radius FTZ, II 597, interaction radius FTZ, II 598, operating radius FTZ, II 598, Earth radius FTZ, II 598, etc. Thus, here the radius is left only for geometry (although the radius is also added to it). For in physics, the ray has another meaning —,,iyu —ray —Strahl® (cf. FTZ, II 751). Similarly, in the Polytechnic Dictionary of Terms: paduyc —radius, radius PolZ 341, but here most of the species determinants are given with radius (action PolZ 341, bending PolZ 341, inertia PolZ 341, curvature PolZ 341, rotor PolZ 341, turning PolZ 342), only two with both related synonyms: calculated radius, radius PolZ 342, recommended radius, radius PolZ 342. But in the terminology of mathematics and in the literary language in general, the radius is deeply isiSaknijes, used for more than 50 years? * and does not cause any confusion in physics, because its beam (wave FTZ, P 35, electronic FTZ, II 752, laser FTZ, IT 752, natural(- s) FTZ, 11 752, light FTZ, 11752 and others) and rays (secondary FTZ, II 741, infrared- (s) FTZ, 11 742, cosmic FTZ, 11 742, monochromatic FTZ, II 743, X-ray FTZ, II 743, ultraviolet FT Z, 11 744 and others) are completely different. Finally, it would be possible to distinguish the sun ray from the sunlight ray. Thus, the radius Zodyn should be abandoned2?, and to the radius „,„pannyc“ (this would be a homonym for the radius „nyu“) add the certificate mat. (by the way, similar certificair tes would be useful in other cases). | 2. The second way of presenting international and Lithuanian synonyms is their unilateral association (4 —B, or A, B). For example: * Zr. Z. Žemaitis, Geometry and Trigonometry Terms Collection, Kaunas, 1920, p. 32; Contemporary Lithuanian Language Dictionary, Vilnius, 1954; II p. Id., 1972; Russian-Lithuanian Polytechnic Dictionary, p. 341. * Of course, this also applies to radial, e.g.: radial velocity FTZ, 1214, radial eg FTZ, I 272, radial field FTZ, 1 381; radial acceleration, radial acceleration II 515. 7. English terminology . 97 space (=visited) FTZ, 49; component (=dedamoj?*) FTZ, 47; continuity (= seamless environment) FTZ, 48; point (=smile) FTZ, in 68; reverse order: composition (= superposition) FTZ, 88; mess (=chaos) FTZ, 63; diffraction, curvature FTZ, I 110; constant, constant FT Z, 1 329; contact, contact FTZ, I 334; contraction, (su)shortening FT Z, I 336; convection, mixing FTZ, I 339; criterion, characteristic FTZ, 1 357; reverberation, echo®® FTZ, II 615; in reverse order: definition, definition FTZ, 120; assembly, installation FTZ, II 802; tonnes (=shade) ChZ 285; wadding (=medvilné) ChZ 299; dimension (=eyes) ChZ 78; autostop, automatic brake,,aprocTon* PolZ 11; brandspoitas, ugniagesiy Svirkstas „„OpanjienoH T“ PolZ 31; Briology (science of moss®) ,,6puoJiorus PolZ 31; infiltration (heaviness) ,anuabrpanus* PolZ cuff, 125; sleeve Maker PolŽ 181; mobile, agile ,,Mo6ubHbI“ PolZ 199; ramp, inclined ma ‘naugnyc’ PolZ permanent, 262; permanent,,nepManeKTHbik“ PolZ 277; positive, positive ,,TIO3H THBHBIH “ PolZ 299; polychromy, colourfulness ‘TOM XpOMus" PolZ 303; priority,,- npuoputet* PolZ 321; forecast, prediction "nporno3" PolZ 324; speedometer, speedometer®® 'cnunoMerp' PolZ 397; friction, friction coupling "Opaxunon" PolZ 471; economy, savings,,5 KOHOMHS * PolZ 508; expert, expert "aKcnepT" PolZ 509; in reverse order: gazebo, gazebo,,6ecenka® PolZ 26; water separator, dehydrator "BonoornenmaTeJib" PolZ 49; remove, eliminate,,- u3bsiTh* PolZ 122; observer, observer,,- nabmonatenb*" PolZ 209: real, authentic,,- nopuHbl PolZ 295; transformation, transformation, transformation "npeBpamenne" PolZ 314; concentrated, concentrated "cocpejioTOueHHbIė" PolZ 395*?, 26 A more practical way would be to use the emphasis, or the sand, which is widely used in literary language and other terminology (e.g., linguistics). 27 The abstract form of the adjective —aidumas would be better. 28 Could be samanothry. 29 It would be better to have a speedometer (see Dictionary of Contemporary Lithuanian Language, chap. II, 1d.). 30 Quite often, in the Polytechnic University Dictionary of Terms, the order of the members of the international and Lithuanian synonyms pair does not depend on the Russian equivalents. E.g.: niekalas, brokas „Opak“ PolZ 31; kaupimas, recruitment,ep6oska* PolZ 41; kolonėlė, grafa „rpadpa“ PolZ 74; smulkintuvas, dezintegratorius „pnesunrerparop“ PolZ 85; kryptutė, trūkstama linija, zigzag,,3ur3ar* PolZ 115; šildymo galvutė, kalorizatorius,Kanopu3arop“ PolZ 130; atbraila, karnizas „xapam3“ PolZ 135; (su)skirstymas, klasifikacija,Knaccnuįpuranas“ PolZ 143; nuorašas, kopija,,xonus* PolZ 156; medienos kalimo mašina, xylografas,,xcunorpap* PolZ 170; angas ląsta, angas „mok“ PolZ 180; pilot, pilot,,nunot* PolZ 281; pleated, pleated, nauccHpoBaHHkIK“ PolZ 285; pamina, pedal „mepnans“ PolZ 266; nuopiova, segmentas „cerMenr“ PolZ 375; išpiova, sektorius „,cexrTop“ PolZ 376; vinilės, teksai „,vekc (Taxc)“ PolZ 421; acidometer, acidometer „aunjpnoMeTp“ PolZ 19; šoferis, vairuotojas,.Boputens PolZ 47; kategorija, skyrius (2.),,paspan® PolZ 347; terminas, laikas ,,cpok* PolZ 400. Some of these examples are, of course, mere lexicographic inconsistencies. E.g.: push, accelerate sĖdopenpoBars“ PolŽ 468, but acceleration, push, popenpoBra“ PolZ 468, injector, jet pump,uuxexrop* PolZ 124, but steam pump, ejector,- ,*kexrop“ PolZ 508; export, export,,- ssi803“ PolZ 57, but import, import,,803* PolZ 40. 98 It should be assumed that the term that appears first® is the main one. This idea seems to be confirmed by the fact that most of the pairs of synonyms presented in this way consist of synonyms whose second member —the Lithuanian equivalent—is new, usually very fresh, sometimes not yet established or rarely used at all (although most of them are perfectly composed and accurate- ). E.g.: echo sounder, aidomatis FTZ, 1 127; maximum, didmé FTZ, 11 422; separator, divider FTZ, II 656; hinge, hinge FTZ, 11 821; font (=presses) ChZ 269; press (=slégtuvas) ChZ 228; showcase, shop window,,sutpuna“ PolZ 46; wafers, grooves, rauklés, rintés,,rohpbi* PolZ 73; griffon, drill,,v pu“ PolZ 76; grot, didburé „Tpor“ PolZ 76; catapult, | blastgun „KaranyJnbTa“ PolZ 136; ornitopteris, blastgun,- ,OpHHTOTITEP PolZ 246; plafonas, dailialubés,,nnagon* PolZ 284; farvateris, boat „dapBarep“ PolZ 463; cipher, encrypted lettering udp“ PolZ 497; steering wheel, steering wheel,,IITy pBaJI“ PolŽ 50532, The order in which the species terms are presented suggests the same: they are usually given only with the first relative Word. For example: barge, baidokas, vytinė PolŽ 23, but all kinds only with barge PolŽ 23; dock, shipyard PolŽ 93, but kinds only with dock PolŽ 93; log, diary PolŽ 103, kinds only with journal PolZ 103; niche, inside the trench PolZ 227, kinds only with niche PolZ 227, series, row PolZ 377, kinds only with series PolZ 377; signal, sign PolZ 379, kinds only with signal PolZ 379; flange, joint PolZ 466, kinds only with flange PolZ 466—467; body, body PolZ 170, kinds only with body PolZ 170; process, process PolZ 332, kinds only with process: adiabatic process PolZ 332, isothermal process PolZ 333, chamber process PolZ 333, cyclic process PolZ 333, reverse process PolZ 333, work process PolZ 333, technological process PolZ 333, etc. It is true that there is some inconsistency. For example, occasionally the generics are given with the second genus term, e.g.: avion, dirižablis,- ,niupuxKaban* PolZ 91, but the generics rigid dirigible PolZ 91, soft dirigible PolZ 91. The order of presentation of related terms is apparently to be corrected here. Sometimes the generic terms are given with both relative members: 1) all with both, e.g.: regeneration, regeneration FTZ, 11 609 and waste regeneration, waste regeneration FTZ, 11 609, nuclear fuel regeneration, [nuclear] fuel regeneration FTZ, 11 609; compressor, press FTZ, 11 714 and Briuel compressor, Briuel press FTZ, 11 714, hydraulic compressor, hydraulic press FTZ, II 714; 2) some with one, others with another, e.g.: dam, embankment PolZ 80 and embankment dam |!) PolŽ 80, surrounding dam PolZ 80, fashing dam PolZ 80, filtering dam PolZ 80, but covering embankment (summer) PolŽ 80, protective embankment PolZ 80, non-covering embankment (winter) PolŽ 80, longitudinal embankment PolZ 80, current-- diverting embankment PolZ 80%; 3) some generic terms are presented with both genitives3 This, apparently, also applies to the presentation of synonyms of,,Physical Terms Dictionary“ and,,Chemical Terms Dictionary“ in parentheses after the equal sign.,,Physical Terms Dictionary“ is noted in the preface:,,- In parentheses after the equal sign are printed substitutes which, in the opinion of the commission, can also be used“ (p. 3). However, this technique, as already stated (see verse 14), is very imperfect. # Even though occasionally similar innovations are presented in reverse order, e.g.: water cannon, hydromonitor „runpoMonnaTop“ PolZ 67; quarry, pit, peat pit, quarry „Kapbep“ PolZ 135; line, roulette, „pynerka“ PolZ 366. % And also the shore dam PolŽ 280, although the dam is not listed in the related terms. 7 99 laminar (= layered) flow FTZ, 93, but only laminar flow FTZ, 52; cohesion (=adhesion) FTZ, 47 and the cohesion force FTZ, 47; clutch? FTZ, 78and its clutch force FTZ, 78, and its jéga FTZ, 40 — the jéga of the clutch (= cohesion) The most 40. interesting group of non-uniformities in the presentation of international and Lithuanian synonyms is the presentation of the same pairs of synonyms in different dictionaries in different ways (in one A —Bir B —A, or A, Bir B, A, in another A —B, or A, B, in the third A —B, or A, B, in the fourth A —B, or A, B, in the fifth A —B, or A, B, in the sixth A —B, or A, B, in the seventh A —B, or A, B). A — B, or A, Bir B). For example: : meridian, diurnal FTZ, 11 446, but diurnal, meridian "Mepunnan" PolŽ 192; starter, starter FTZ, 11 775, but starter, starter "IMyckaTreJib" PolZ 336 ir trigger 'craprep' PolZ 405; correction, amendment FTZ, 1 343 and amendment FTZ, II 528, but correction, correction"? PolŽ 158; fermentation (=fermentation) ChZ 241 and fermentation ChZ 94, but only fermented fermentation, fermentation PolZ 32; biux — see weighing glass ChZ 49 and weighing glass ChZ 267, but only weighing glass, vessel,,610kc* PolZ 35; marsh gas — see methane ChZ 213 and methane ChZ 178, but methane, marsh gas ‘Meran’ PolŽ 193 and methane, marsh gas ‘Gonornubiū ras’ PolZ 62; milk sugar (=lactose) ChZ 217 and lactose (=milk sugar) ChZ 163, but milk sugar, lactose PolZ 369; fruit sugar (=fructose) ChZ 294 and fructose (=fruit sugar) ChZ 101, but fruit sugar PolŽ 370 and fructose PolŽ 471; malt sugar (=maltose) ChZ 243 and maltose (=malt sugar) ChZ 173, but only malt sugar PolŽ 370; homogeneous (=homogeneous) FTŽ, 34; homogeneous, homogeneous FTZ, 1 225 (also homogeneity, homogeneity FTZy 1 225 and homogeneity, homogeneity FTZ, II 944); homogeneous “uniform” ChZ 122 (and homogeneous catalysis ChZ 122, homogeniné equilibrium ChZ 122, homogeneous system ChZ 122, homogeneous reactions ChZ 122, as well as homogeneity “uniformity” ChZ 122, although homogeneous complexes ChZ 300; homogeneous, homogeneous PolZ 71 (also homogeneity, homogeneity PolŽ 71) and homogeneous, homogeneous PolŽ 239 (also uniformity, uniformity, homogeneity, homogeneity PolŽ 239); heterogeneous (=non-homogeneous) FTZ, 34; heterogeneous FTZ, I 221 (also heterogeneity, heterosexuality FTZ, 1 221; heterogeneous "non-uniform, non-uniform" ChZ 118), as well as heterogeniné catalizé ChZ 117, heterogeniné equilibrium ChZ 117, heterogeniné system ChZ 118, heterogeninés reactions ChZ 118; non-uniform, heterogeneous,,retoporenuslii PolZ 66 and non-uniform, hete- ** The term adhesion is not very suitable because of its effective meaning, but not entirely acceptable and clutch. What is self-coupled is better called a clutch, and a clutch is what is coupled. Similarly, adhesion could be called priekiba in Lithuanian. This disregard of the traditional vowel change in terminology is inevitable due to the differentiation of concepts. Thus, in physics we will have clutch and trailer, and in technology clutch trailer. — ir 0 Of course, better correction (as FTZ,). 106 rogenic “weonnuopojinbiū” PolZ 224 (also heterogeneity, heterogeneity “KeonHopojiuocTbh” PolZ 224), as well as heterogeneous, heterogeneous, different “pa3Huopojiuesri” PolZ 345 (also heterogeneity, heterogeneity, diversity ‘pa3HopojiuocTL’ PolZ 345)41, There are many more such examples than those given here, although it cannot be said that there is no uniform presentation of the same pairs of synonyms in different dictionaries. For example: engine FTZ, 62 and engine FTZ, 99 (here and all kinds); engine, engine FTZ, II 482 and engine FTZ, II 920 (here and all kinds); engine, engine PolZ 205 (here and all generic, but some with one generic term, others — with another: generator — engine, engine with inflator, but wing engine, suspension engine) and engine PolZ 81; derivatives — see. derivatives of ChZ T2 and derivatives of ChZ 68; derivative, derivative of PolŽ 87 and derivative PolŽ 326; extract (=extract) ChZ 85 and extract (=extract) ChZ 128 [although aqueous extract (extract) ChZ 297, but only dry extract ChZ 245]; extract, extract PolZ 509 [although only malt extract PolZ 509] and extract, extract (3.) PolŽ 61. Inconsistencies in synonymy presentation of species terms can still be considered technical fluctuations, inconsistency of approach. However, the uneven presentation of the same pairs of synonyms in different dictionaries, if seen in a consistent way, should be considered either as a different degree of their synonymicity, or as an unsuccessful application of the methods of presentation, their confusion and even the unreasonableness of the differentiation of those methods, as well as as a lack of consistency in the presentation of the synonyms. SEPARATED SYNONYMY AND NON-EQUALENT POLISEMY One of the greatest problems of the presentation of international and Lithuanian synonyms in terminology, which in fact depends not on the presentation and its system defects, but on the imperfection of the terminology itself, is the separate synonymy of the members of the pair of synonyms or their non-equivalent polysemy. It is manifested in the fact that (ax) one international term in one case has one Lithuanian equivalent, in another — another, or, conversely, (B) two (or more) international terms have one Lithuanian synonym [«) A, B, but A, C; B) A, B, but B, C, in more complex cases A, B, but B, G3irrB; "C, D):For example: (a) elasticity ChZ 85 and elasticity ChZ 273, but for stiffness see: elasticity ChZ 258; 8) protein ChZ 230 and protein ChZ 40, but protamines (=proteins) ChZ 230; urea — see urea ChZ 293, but also urea – see urea ChZ 144 and urea (= urea) ChZ 269; a) polishing, ironing,,noaupoBka“ PolZ 302 and polishing, §veitimas, polishing,,nomenue* PolZ 179; #1 Sometimes, even in the same dictionary, the terms of one microsystem are presented differently. For example: binary, binomial “inByunen” PolZ 84 and binary, binomial “OnuomM” PolZ 27, but plural “MHoroujieH” PolZ 199 and polynomial, plural “monunoM” PolZ 302; sensibilization, sensitizing FTZ, Il 655 and sensibilization, sensitizing FTZ, 1 266 (also FTZ, 79 and FTZ, 39), but desensitization, desensitizing FTZ, 1 93. 107 B) gembé, bracket (machine- ).,,KPOHIITEHH “ PolZ 168 and,,xo601* PolŽ 475 console, gembé ir (stat.) ,,concoamb* PolZ 153; trench, trench,,- Tpanues PolZ 438, cuvette, groove,xioBeT* PolZ 171 (in addition, trench,,- kanaBa*” PolZ 133, channel “Kaman” PolZ 132); ventilation, aeration, ventilation “npoBerpuBanue” PolZ 323 and ventilation, ventilation “BenTnnauna” PolZ 41 and aeration PolZ 19; a) gravitational energy, universal gravity energy FTZ, I 157, gravitational field, universal gravity field FTZy I 379 and gravitational mass, masssė FTŽ, II 426; space, universe “KOCMOC, BCeJIeHHas —COSMOS —Universum, Weltall” FTZ, I 344, universe- ,Bcenennass —universe, world —Universum, Weltall” FTZ, II 958 and world,,mup —universe —Universum, Welt” FTZ, II 524; compression effect, pinée-effect FTZ, I 132, pince-effect, narrowing effect FTZ, II 539 and constriction, narrowing, pince-effect FTZ, II 645; (p) agglomerate, deposit,,- ariomepar, cKonJenne —agglomerate, cluster — Agglomerat* FTZ, I 5 and deposit, cluster ‘CrycToK —cluster —Héaufung* FTZ, P 34; chord, sqskambis FTZ, 1 6 and consonant, sqskambis FITZ, I 3292; manipulation, veiksmas,MaHunyJsuMs, JAeAcTBHe —manipulation — Tasten“ FTZ, II 423, veiksmas,jefictBuE —action —Wirkung® FTZ, II 932, but operation, veiksmas,onepauusi, leficTBue —operation —Operation“ FTZ, fractional, partial FTZ, 1185, IT 501; but partial wave, parcialiné banga FTZ,145; gyrostat, vilkelis „TupocTaT, BoJiu0K —gyrostat —Gyrostat, Kreisel* FTZ, I 204, but vilkelis, gyroskopas „rupockon —gyroscope —Kreisel® FTZ, 11949ir gyroskopas,,rupockon —gyroscope —Kreisel, Gyroskop* FTZ,1 204. Sometimes the ambiguity of the Lithuanian equivalent is revealed only by its interpretation (4, B, but 4,,C* or A, Bir C,,B“). For example: sprayer, pulverizer ‘mynbBepu3aTop’ PolZ 335 and,,pas6pei3rusaTens’ PolZ 342, but sprayer and,,popcynka’ PolZ 468; grinding, fachwerk- ,,paxsepk® PolZ 464, grinding,,c Kener’ PolZ 383 and coil grinding ‘Kapkac KaTymkKu’ PolZ 135; refining, refining (=cleaning) CH 234 and cleaning CH 295, but rectification, rectification ‘cleaning of liquids by column distillation’ CH 237. These are the simplest, easiest to notice and unravel cases. However, quite often the ends of international and Lithuanian synonyms do not come together much more complicated: two international terms correspond to two Lithuanian (4,B, —Ar C,, Di „CC,“ or Ar, B, —C;, B,, D,), two international — three Lithuanian (A, Br —Cp A, „D,“ —D,, E)), two or three Lithuanian — five or six international (Aj, B, — Ar „Ci“ —Dy, A; —Ep A; „F,“ —G, „Au“ —I, L„A or Ap“)l or A, Br — By, Cc, mi D; „E, Ya == Dy „E“ —E,—G, „BĮ, GC“ y Fy, I „Dj“ raid H, »D; *) and so on. For example: :: Zemsemé, draga ‘para’ PolZ 95 and Zemsemé, bagger, peat ‘Garep’ PolZ 19; *2 It would be more accurate to call the consonant a consonant. 108 single-day — see ChZ 300 and half-fire — see monoxide, suboxide ChZ 232 and monoxide ‘Oxide with one oxygen atom —OJIHOOKHCH* ChŽ 186; compression, compression,,cxatne —compression —Kompression“ FTZ, I 324, but contraction, compression „,cwarne —contraction —Kontraktion“ FTZ, II 805, although contraction has another synonym —(with)abbreviation „cocpamenne, cxaTrKHe —contraction —Kontraktion“ FTZ, I 336; lift, elevator ‘nojįsėMunuk’ PolZ also 299, elevator, lift ‘nudr’ PolZ 178 (and air lift, air lift "Boapnyminbsiėi nojįsbėMHHK" PolZ at 299 erliftas PolZ lift 516), ,,bennkynép’’ PolZ lifting 472, crane, hoist,nonnémubii Kpan’ PolŽ 163 ir lift, hoist "Tpy3onojįsėMunk" PolŽ 77, flights, suspension lift "There" PolZ still 419; good that Oo1Kpam tilting jack, jack PolŽ 94, o sckaramop — escalator PolZ 516; transmutation, transformation "npeBpamenHue, TPaHCMyTauusi — transmutation — Transmutation" FTZ, II 889, transformation,npeBpauienne, riepexojį — transition, transmutation — Transition, transformation, Transmutation® FTZ, II 956, but transformation, conversion,,npeocOpa3oBanue, nepexojį change, conversion — — Transformation, transformation” FTZ, IT 958, conversion ‘KOHBepCHA — conversion — Conversion" FTZ, I 340; also variation ,,a3mMenenne — change, variation, modification — Veränderung, Anderung® FTZ, I 308, change ,u3meHenne — variation — ,,Change FTZ, II 553 ir variation ‘Bapnauus — variation — Variation* gal FT Z, II 919; but, here belongs transformation- ,,rpancopmaunsi, ir npeo6pa3oBanne transformation — — Transformation" FTZ, II 886 ir modification, variety FTZ, II 470 (plg. allotropic conversion FTZ, II 956 ir allotropiné modification FTZ, II 470)% and modulation, modulation FTZ, II 170 (plg. phase change FTZ, 1 308 ir phase modulation FTZ, II 471); oscillation, oscillation, ocunisiumsi, Kojebauue oscillation — — Oscillation, oscillation® FTZ, II 510, but fluctuation, §wavering ,,machine6- — anue oscillation — Schwingung® FTZ, II 811, although the living language makes a clear distinction between the it oscillation of the radiance, ir as well as the oscillation, which in the — Dictionary, unfortunately, is not just vibration "BuOpauKs — vibration — Vibration, vibration” FTZ, II 942, even vibrations ,,machine6aHouse — oscillations, vibrations — Oscillations, vibrations, vibrations“ FTZ, II 950-955 full; by the way, looking at the i Russian ir terms of oscillation oscillations, we will find a lot of identities: anharmonic oscillations FTZ, 11 811 ir anharmonic vibrations FTZ, 11 950, random variations FTZ, II 811 ir random vibrations FTZ, II 951, elliptical oscillations FTZ, II 811 ir elliptical oscillations FTZ, 11 951, harmonic oscillations FTZ, II 811 ir harmonic oscillations FTZ, 11 952, coherentiis Linear variations FTZ, 11 812 ir coherent oscillations FTZ, II 952, free variation(s) FTZ, 11 812 ir free oscillations FTZ, 11952, uncrossed(ed) fluctuations FTZ, 11 812 ir uncorrelated vibrations FTZ, 11 953, basic fluctuations FTŽ II 812 ir basic vibrations FTZ, II 954, Parametric variations FTZ, II 812 ir parametric oscillations FTZ, 11 954, parasitic fluctuations ** Plg.also modification element variant, having different properties’ ChZ 184 ir variant ‘modification, variant’ ChZ is also a 35, modification, the variety "MojndĒduKanus" PolŽ 200 ir Variety, modification PolZ though 345, alteration, modification,,snnonaMenennė“ periodic PolZ 45. 109 FTZ, 812and 11 parasitic oscillations FTZ, 11954, periodic fluctuations FTŽąa II 813 ir oscillations FTŽ, II 954, forced fluctuations FTŽ, II 812 ir forced vibrations FTŽ, II 954, relaxation fluctuations FTŽ, II 813 ir relaxation vibrations FTŽ, II 954, resonant oscillations FTZ, II 813 ir resonant vibrations FTŽ, II 954, spontaneous oscillations, autooscillations FTŽ, II 813 ir spontaneous vibrations, auto-vibrations FTZ, 11 954, own variation(s) FTZ, II 813 ir own vibration(s) FTŽ, II 955, sinusoidal oscillations FTZ, II 813 ir sinusoidal oscillations FTZ, II 955, transverse oscillations FTZ, II 813 ir transverse vibrations Free Trade Zones II 955, dampened variation(s) FTZ, II 813 ir dampened vibration(s) FIZ, 11955, rotational- (s) oscillation(s) FTZ, II 813 ir rotational vibration(s) FTŽ 11 955, linear variations FTZ, II 814 ir linear oscillations FTZ, although 11955, they are not related in any way; what is the o difference between an oscillator _ociusstop —oscillator — Oscillator’ FTZ, II 510 ir vibratoraus ,,BuGparop — vibrator — Vibrator, vibrator, oscillator“ FTZ, II 942 — they are presented unrelated, but that they are identical would show only the German ne equivalents, some species, e.g. : o ir Hertz oscillator ,ocuuansatop Tepua, Bu6parop T'epua’ FTZ, 510ir II Herco vibrator ‘BnOparop Tepua’ FTZ, II 942; is another fluctuation ir fluctuation, fluctuation — "KoneGannue, H3MeHeHHe, OjJuoKTYanuKHSA variation, fluctuation — — Fluctuation" FTZ, II 818, see. also fluctuation ‘,OrrykrTyanus — fluctuation — Fluctuation" FTZ, 1 173, Variation ,,a3Menenue — change, variation, modifi cation, Verdinderung, — Anderung® FTZ, I 308, plg. some species: annual variations,,- TOIHYHbIE BapHalHH, FOJAHYHbIE H3MEHEHHs FTZ, II 814 ir Annual variation,,ronuunoe KaMenKenne“ FTZ, I 309, daily fluctuations ,,cyTouHble KoJebaHHA, CyTOUHBIE H3MEKHEHHS — diurnal variations“ FTZ, II 814and parinis kitimas „cyTouHoe H3Menenue —diurnal variation® FTZ, I 309; in addition, angl. variation in lietuvių kalba is still variacija ir FTZ, 11919, o modification — ir modification, variation FTZ, 470, 11 although this, apparently, means something else (See the previous example — franmutation,...); drift, shift,,npeiip —drift —Drift“ FTZ, I 122 and shift „cMemenne — displacement —Verschiebung, Erregung® FT Zs II 715; they are racially different, and shift „cMememne, ciBur —displacement,. shift, bias —Verschiebung® FTZ, II 558, but it has another international synonym: transliacija, shift,,Tpanciasiuusi, TIepeMemeHHue —translation —Translation“ FTŽ, II 889, cf. zero drift FTZ, I 122 and zero shift FTZ, II 559; there are also shifts “CJIBHT —displacement —Verschiebung” FTŽ, II 494% and shear —,,cuur® (but torsion —Torsion, Drillung“) FTŽ, II 826; band, zone “mojioca, 30Ha —band, zone —Band, Zone” FTZ, I 285, juosta ‘nosc —zone —Zone’ FTŽ, P 21, but zona, sritis,‘30Ha, nosac —zone, region, range —Zone, Bereich’ FTŽ, II 960, sritis —‘oOJiacTb, 30Ha, JHANa30H —region, range, domain, area, zone —Bereich, Raum, Gebiet, Zone’ FTŽ, II 760 and,,30Ha, OOJIaCcTb —range, zone, area —Gebiet, Zone’ FTZ, P 36; as indicated by the equivalents in other languages, range —,,Ananason, OOJIacTb —gamut, range —Bereich, Umpfang (= Umfang)’ FTZ, I 106 and,jauanason —band — Band’ FTZ, P 8 as well as stretch, diapazonas,,yuacTok, JuanasoH —range, region — Bereich, Band’ FTZ, II 636, as well as interval —Intervall, Zwischenraum® FTZ, I 240, intervalas,,uuTepBaJj, TIpoMe44 Plg, also perstima —see shift ChZ 217. 110 *XYTOK — range (in lots and: interval) — Area (in lots and: Intervall)’ FTZ, P 17 ir tarpas ,,3a30p, NPOMEKYTOK, HHTepBAJI, INPOCTPAHCTBO — gap, interval, space, bound — Air, distance, interval, space” FTZ, II 840; the vast majority of species tapes FTZ, I 285-288 ir FTZ, P 21, Zones FTZ, II 960-961, Areas FTZ, 11 760-766 ir FTZ, P 36, ranges FTZ,1106 ir FTZ, P 8, intervals FTZ, 1 240 ir FTZ, P 17 ir spaces FTZ, II 841 are different but there ir are common (or similar), e.g.: frequency a) band, frequency range,uactoruas noJjioca, Auanason uacroT frequency — band — Frequency band“ FTZ, I 285 (although only pulse frequency band FTZ, 1 286, videodazniy band FTZ, 1 288), frequency range, frequency range ,,iuanason uactor — frequency region — Frequency range, frequency range“ FTZ, II 761 ir frequency range “,jmana3oH uacTor — frequency range — Frequency range® FTZ, I 106; also sound frequency band FTZ, I 285 ir sound frequency range FTZ, I 106; radio frequency band FTTH, I 286and radio frequency range FTZ, 11 761; shortwave area FTZ, II 765 ir shortwave range FTZ,1 106; b) transitional strip I didn't miss him. 30Ha transition — zone — FTŽ, 1 287, jumping zone, transition zone ,nepexoiHas 30Ha transition — zone Transition zone, Transition — layer® FTZ, II 960 ir transitional area(s) ‘TMepexojiHasi 30Ha — transition(al) area — Ūbergangszone’ FTŽ, II 764; c)spectral band, spectrum band FTZ,1288, spectrum range FTZ, 11 764 ir spectral range FTZ, I 240; d) high pressure zone FTZ, 11 960 ir high pressure area FTŽ, P 36; e) Brillouin area FTZ, 11 960 ir Brillouin area (zone) FTZ, 11 761; f) cold zone, non-radioactive zone FTZ, II 960 ir ‘cold’ (non-radioactive) area (zone) FTZ, II 765; g) reserve (energy) bar FTZ, 1 286 ir reserve area FTZ, II 761. Quite often similar discrepancies go through several dictionaries. For example, «) see — identification. Finding ChZ 123 ir Finding ChZ but identify, 234, match "oroxnecTBJisTb" Resurrecti256; on of PolZ — see. reduction ChZ and 34 resuscitation see. — reduction ChŽ 103 ir reduction, reduction "electron giving, electrochemical valence reduction — BoccraHoBJIeHHe’ ChZ but 236, reduction, reduction, conversion "npuBejnenne" Coagulation 318; — coagulation ChŽ 158 ir coagulation, coagulation “, colloidal coagulation coaryusiuusi, — cBépreBanne* CSF 151, contraction — see. coagulation ChZ 267, coagulation ,,dog size® PolZ 145, 1. kreséjimas, sutraukimas (maist.), 2. krešėjimas, koaguliacija (chem.) PolZ 371; refriZeratorius (= refrigerator) ‘OXNaJMTEJIb, XOJOAUILHHKS ChZ 236, Sweetener, refrigerator ‘pedpuxeparop’ PolZ but 362, evaporator, refrigerator „HcnapHTe/Ib“ PolZ also cooler, 126, refrigerator "xonojuJibhnk" PolZ 476 ir cooler “oxnannTeJs” PolZ 259; stability — see durability CH and 258 durability (=stability) ChZ but stability, 213, permanence "craOGHhJibuocTb" PolZ and 401 consistency (mech.), durability, stability PolŽ basic, 460; main PolZ but 20, alkaline (=base) ChŽ 268 ir basic ChŽ 43; 111 effect, consequence; phenomenon ‘sOdĒpekT’ PolŽ 516 ir effect, phenomenon FTŽ, I 127 and phenomenon, effect FTŽ, II 611; dispersion, scattering ,including — dispersion, variance — Dispersion, decomposition® FTZ, 1117, spread ,,pasbpoc, paccesiue — scatter, straggling — Scatter, dispersion FTZ, II 707 ir granule, dispersion ,aucnepcus — dispersion — Dispersion, disintegration” FTZ, II 687, but iSkaidymas, iSkaidymas,,- paccesnne — scattering — Variance* FTZ, I 245 (although all species jų terms are different, only background scattering, background scattering, background scattered FTZ, 11 707 (presented synonymously) dispersing, ir dispersion ,,daleliy smulkinimas’’ ChZ 80; Reflection (= reflector) FTZ, 10, reflector, reflector FTŽ, I 38 and reflector, reflector FTZ, 11 607, reflector, reflector „pedxzekTop“ PolZ but 362, reflector mirror (= telescope) FTZ, 76, reflector, mirror telescope FTZ, II 607; impedance (= apparent impedance) ,JAMIEJaHC, KaXyIleecsi cOnpoTHBJIeHHe“ FTZ, also 35, impedance, apparent impedance ,amnefanc — impedance, resistanace pparent — Impedance, apparent impedance“ FTZ, 1229 ir apparent impedance ,,KaxKyIieecsi CONpoTHBJIeHHe — apparent resistance — apparent Resistance, apparent resistance” FTZ, I 928, but full impedance, impedance ,,noJiHOE CONPOTHnew — impedance, generalized resistance — Impedanz, Scheinwiderstand® FT Zs II 927, as well as full impedance, impedance , and I'm not* PolZ full 123, resistance (impedance),,kaxymeecsi conporHBJieKue“ PolZ full 393, resistance ‘nojmoe conporHBJieKKHe’ PolZ 394; activity ChZ 12 ir activity) (= ChZ is also 299, activation, activation “making the substance more active” ChZ 12 [and inactivity (=inaction) ChZ 193]; active, active, active PolZ but 12, activation (excitation) FTZ, I 7 ir excitation FTZ, 11 808. B) pair see — acute ChZ and 227 needles ChZ 13, acute ‘nopa’ PolZ 307, Lined, Acute ‘Ounbepa’ PolZ gel 465; (=trebuciai) , ene” ChZ and 305 shaking ‘crynenb’ ChZ but 82, drebuciai, gelis,,crynens (reas) PolZ 413, cf. also geliacija —see. Zolious stiffness ChZ and 106 zolio stiffness gelation) (= ChZ 304; erzacas,incomplete substitute’ ChZ and 90 substitute ‘partially substituted for the real product’ ChZ 210, but substitute, surrogate PolZ 415; absorption, absorption (=suggestion) ChZ 7, suggestion (=absorption) ChZ 264, absorption, absorption, absorption PolZ 9 and 291 and imbibition ‘absorption—umbubuims’ ChZ 123 (in addition, adsorption ‘surface absorption, retention, accumulation® ChZ 10, sorption ‘adsorption and absorption’ ChZ 256, PolZ 395, desorption PolZ 88 and autoabsorption); consistency (=density) ChZ 156 and density (=consistency) ChZ 283, but condensed “gases, vapors liquefied; thickened” ChZ 155, uncondensed, unthickened, “Hecryuiaembii PolZ 225; gilzé “paper tube in an extraction apparatus —rusb3a® ChZ 107, but diuzé, tita “mo3a” PolZ 99; dozė, davinys, dovis,,io3a” PolZ 93, but porcija, davinys,,nopuua* PolZ 308, cf. porcija,,nopuusi —parcel, portion, bundle —Portion, Dosis® FTZ, IT 558; slide, slide FTŽ4ą II 688 and slide FTZ, I 105, but slide 112 (2.) ,,kanbka’’ PolZ 130; approximation, approximation FTZ, 1 23 and approximation, approximation FTZ, I 26, but convergence, approximation,,cxomumocts® PolZ 417;, -—declination (=deviation) FTZ, 16, declination, deviation FTZ, I 91, declination, deviation PolZ 85, but also deviation, deviation FTZ, 1 102, deviation, deviation PolZ 254 and deviation, deviation, declination FTZ, II 491 (if we translate aberacijq as anomaly, it would probably also be deviation..- .); commutator (=inverter) FTZ, 47 and inverter (=commutator) FTZ, 45, but inverter, converter FTZ, 1302 and converter, converter FTZ, I 340, single-cell converter, umformer- ,,0NHOsIKOpHBI npeoOpa3oBaTeJib“ PolZ3 15 (although ymbopmep —converter, umformer PolZ 454), variator (=inverter) FTZ, 99 (and if we still want Lithuanian equivalents for alternator PolZ 13 and inverter, inverter PolZ 1237); component (=additive) FTZ, 47, component, additive FTZ, I 321 additive, component PolZ 395 and component PolZ 152, constituent (=component) ChZ 263 and component ‘system component’ ChZ 154, but ingredient PolZ 123, ingredient ‘mixture component’ ChŽ 125; apparatus (=device) FTŽ, 7 as well as apparatus (=device) FTŽ, 72, apparatus (=device) ChZ 229, apparatus, device (1.) „npuOop“ PolZ 317 as well as apparatus „annapar“ PolZ 15, but instrument, device FTZ, 1 236 (the synonym for instrument should be tool; even stranger: uncmpymenm —tool, device PolZ 124). A few more complex cases: dissociation, dissociation „molecule breakdown into constituent parts“ ChZ 80, decomposition (=dissociation) „pacnan“ ChZ 254, decomposition (=decomposition, dissociation) „pa3JioxxenHe, pacmerJienne“ ChZ 253 and decomposition „decomposition of matter — pa3JioxeHHe, pacnan“ ChZ 126, as well as destruction „(de)composition — uncrushed ChZ 73, destruction, demolition; irimas „pa3pymenne“ PolZ 346; attenuator, damper,,- aTTeHioaTop —attenuator, Dimpfer“ FTZ, I 31 and damper,,- arrenioatop, ocaabuTe ab —attenuator, Abschwiicher, Attenuator FTZ, II 716, as well as damper, damper,,- Hiaemngep — damper —Dūampfer“ FTZ, I 92 and attenuator, damper,,- arremoarop“ PolZ 18, damper,,- nemndep“ PolZ 87, silencer, silencer,,- rayumrens (1.) “ PolZ 70, energy damper,,- racurenn sueprun* PolZ 65 and damper,,- ocnaOHuTeJis“ PolZ 248; in; medium, environment, ‘cpefia —medium —Medium’ FTZ, II 440 and medium — see medium ChZ 175 and environment, medium ‘cpemna’ PolŽ 400 (also dispersion medium, medium PolŽ 400 and medium ‘small particle environment’ ChZ 278), as well as space — see medium ChZ 274, in addition, substrate ‘nutrient medium’ ChZ 26345, 45 Sometimes synonyms pairs do not correspond significantly to other language terms. For example: index, mark “atineko —index —Faktor, Zeichen” FTŽ, 1233and mark,Metka —tag — Zeichen, Merkzeichen, Kennzeichen” FTŽ, II 962; in addition, the generic terms are different; correlation — — Correlation" FTZ, I 343 ir relation „B3aHMOCBA3b, COOTHOMIeHHe — relation, interrelation, interrelationship, interdependence — Verhiltnis, Beziehung" FTŽ, II 644; species different; 8. Terminology in Lithuanian 113 In some cases, the terms linked in this way are identical, in other cases they are different, but in both cases they are bad: they are either synonymous or ambiguous, i.e., imperfect. In some cases, the synonymy of Lithuanian equivalents /atitikmeny sinequivalence, sinequivalent equivalents polysemy (polyequivalence of equivalents, polyequivalent | ir equivalents), in other cases, the synonymy of international terms polysemy. — ir In both cases, the tą imperfection is not easy to remove. Often this situation prevents the creation and use of Lithuanian synonyms. jų For example, Kcoxmyp is an outline, a definition PolZ 155 (also ouepmanue PolZ so 260), abrisq PolZ also 9 force apybréZa is getting awkward. Or kKopnyc is body, 1. body, torso PolŽ 157, therefore fuselage PolZ to 473 turn the waistcone at quite comfortable (although it would ir be very nice next to the tail of ir the wings). It is even more difficult to eliminate the polysemy of synonymy of ir international terms, because it belongs to ne Lithuanian o studies, interlinguistics. Thus, a considerable part of the contradictions and inconsistencies mentioned here ir are problems of terminology ne itself. o A significant drawback of the presentation ir of international Lithuanian synonyms is the lack of jų correlation. For example: : stable FTZ, 87 ir constant FTZ, 67; relative speed FTŽ, 33 ir relative speed FTZ, 33; alternating FTZ, 1 9 ir change, change(s) Free Trade Zones 1 289; slide FTZ, 1 105 ir clear FTZ, II 688; electrode FTZ, 1 142 ir Conclusions FTZ, P 19; breaks FTŽ, II 636 ir loudspeaker FTZ, 1 197; Watercolour paints ChZ 13 ir Water-based paints ChZ 297; menthol ChZ 176 ir mint oil ChZ 181; Portable PolZ 308 ir mobile PolZ 274; psychometer PolZ 335 ir Dry-mematis Analysis 47; of PolZ FTŽ, 7 ir study Analysis 96; of PolZ FTZ, 1 13 (e.g., X-ray analysis FTZ, 114) ir study FTZ, II 882 (e.g., X-ray examination) FTZ, 11 882); analysis PolZ 14 and study PolZ 127. There are even more pairs that are linked in some dictionaries, but not in others. — For example: magazine, collection ,,Mara3uu — box — Magazin" FTŽ, II 418 ir set ‘ta60p, COBOKY I~ HOCTb —set, assembly —Gesamtheit, Menge, Satz“ FTZ, II 624; species different; distortion, curvature ",jJmecTopcns, uckakenue distortion — — Distortion (= Distortion? - J. K.), Distorsion“ FTŽ, I 118 and winding —„w3ru6 —winding —Biegung, Kriimmung“ FTŽ, I 253, or,,uckaxenne —distorsion, contortion —Verzerrung“ —distortion FTZ, efficiency, yield —Ausbeute® FTZ, II 484 and efficiency,,3bbexrnsocts —efficiency, I 250; effectiveness —Effektivitit, Wirkungsgrad“ FTZ, I 135; species are different. When the equivalents and generic terms of other languages differ in this way, it is possible to doubt the identity of Lithuanian genus terms. In that case we would have an undesirable ambiguity of Lithuanian or international terms (in the last pair), effect 114 FTŽ, 20 ir phenomenon FTZ, but 76, effect, phenomenon FTZ, I 127 ir phenomenon, effect FTZ, II 611; determinism FTŽ, 16 ir Causality FTZ, but 72, determinism, causality FTŽ, 1 102; interval FTŽ, 37 ir space FTZ, but 93, the range, space FTŽ, I 240; detonator "jieronarop" PolŽ 88 ir Explosive ‘B3psiBareJis’ PolZ but 44, detonator, explosive FTZ, 1 102 ir Explosive FTZ, II 754; polygon ‘monuron’ PolZ 302 ir polygon ‘Muoroyrojbunk’ PolZ any 199, polygon, polygon FTZ, 11 556 ir polygon FTZ, I 81; Muscovites ,,MyckoBuT“ PolZ 206 ir Large-billed deer ,,cmona” PolZ but 387, muscovite see ridge — ChŽ 188 and ridge ChŽ 305; bronze, '6ponsa' PolZ 32 ir Brass ,,naryun’’ PolZ bet 173, bronze ChŽ 53 ir brass (=bronze) ChŽ 305; entropy FTZ, 1 161 ir caloric value FTŽ, II 825, but entropy PolZ 515 ir caloricity, entropy PelZ 424; reaction FTZ, 75 ir relapse FTZ, but 9, the reaction FTZ, II 600 ir reaction FTZ, 1 34, as well as reaction, reaction (2.) PolZ 354 ir reaction PolŽ 331; refraction ,‘pedpakuna’ PolZ 362ir fracture ,,npenomienne PolZ also 315, refraction FTŽ, 76 ir fracture FTZ, but 56, refraction FTZ, II 607 ir refraction, refraction, refraction FTZ, I 418; dispersion FTZ, 18 ir dispersion FTZ, 38, dispersion FTTH as 38, well as dispersion ‘macnepena’ PolZ 91 ir dispersion, diffusion ‘paccesmne’ PolZ but 351, dispersion, scattering FTZ, 1 117 ir dispersion FTZ, II 707; dissociation FTZ, 18 ir decomposition FTZ, as 81, well as dissociation FTZ, I 116 ir decomposition FTZ, II 703, but dissociation, dissociation ChZ 80 ir decay (= dissociation) ChŽ 254; rheostat FTZ, II 615 ir Varzhin FTZ, II 929, but a reostat (=snatch) FTŽ, 77 ir Varzhin FTZ, as 100, well as rheostat, damper The PolZ 361; experiment FTŽ, 21 ir test FTŽ, also 10, experiment „>KcnepumeHT experiment — — Experiment" FTZ, I 140 ir conditioning “OnbiT — experiment, experience — Trial, experiment” FTŽ, I 44, but experiment (=test) ChZ 85 ir test (= experiment) ChZ also 41, experiment, test ,,3KcrepuMent PolZ 509 ir test (2.) ‘onsir’ PolZ 245; insulator ‘n3onarop’ PolZ 122 ir non-conductive ,,nenpoBoauuk® PolZ but 224, insulator FTZ, 39 ir non-conduc- (= ting insulator) FTZ, 63, insulator FTZ, I 263 ir non-conductor, insulator FTZ, 11 486, non-conduc- (= ting insulator) ChZ 194%, Lithuanian equivalents for international terms are generally compiled for a fee, deliberately selected and presented in abundance. ir However, it happens that the Lithuanian synonyms of terms It is not used ir in the dictionaries, although it has been used for a long time. Pyz. : 46 By the way, dielectric PolZ 92, FTZ, FTZ, 17, I 109 neither su conductor nor su insulator is connected. 8* 115 179 (=primary initial || vacuum before | vacuum), gliancgold ChŽ 109 (=sky. gold), glossy silver ChZ 109 (= liquid silver) calandre PolZ 129 (=iron, cf. kaiandpupoeanue — smoothing, calendering), zilbergletas ChZ 304 (= 9), zilcas PolZ 115 (=mésas cheese, slégtainis), are very scarce. ISVADOS 1. The synonymy of international and Lithuanian terms is abundant and diverse, 2. In terminology, it is presented differentiated according to the degree of synonymy. 3. The differentiation of synonyms presentation does not fully correspond to the real synonym typology. 4.The manner of synonymy presentation of species determinants and the degree of synonymy sometimes contradict synonymy presentation of related terms, gradation of their identity. The principles of differentiated presentation of synonyms are not set out in the glossaries of terms, and the reader must understand them himself. 6.The synonym presentation principles are implemented in a practical way, only pairs of synonyms that are repeated in the same dictionary or in different dictionaries are sometimes presented differently. In the synonymy of international and Lithuanian terms, separate synonymy and non-equivalent polysemy of the members of a pair of synonyms are expressed to a considerable extent. This depends largely not on the presentation or its principles, 0 on the imperfection of the terminology itself. 8. Cases of non-association of international and Lithuanian synonyms occur, but they are relatively rare. Lithuanian equivalents of international terms are not used in sufficient amount, and their potential for creation is far from exhausted. 10. Semantic differentiation of international and Lithuanian synonyms is not common. 11.In Lithuanian terminology, it can be observed that there is an excessive number of international words or other borrowings that are not used or should not be used in the literary language (usually even without normative certificates). The development and standardization of synonymy of international and Lithuanian terms is just as necessary as the improvement of the principles of its presentation and their practical implementation. This is a joint task of specialists and linguists. U KJIUMABHUIOC CHHOHUMHSA UHTEPHALMOHAJIBHBIX H JIMTOBCKHX TEPMHHOB B TEPMUHOIPA®UH Pesome It's a good idea. 3/1ech HCCIENyeTCs TOJILKO UaCTHbLIKH BOMPOC ITOH mpoGJjieMbl —CHHOHHMHS HHTEpHAIHOHAJIbHbIX H JIATOBCKHX CJIOB B TepmuHorpaduu. Mcenesopanne Matepuana TIO3BOJISIeT cjeJIATb CJIEJYIOIMIKHE BbIBOJIbI: ]. CHHoHHMHS, HHTEpHAIHOHAJIbHbIX H JIHTOBCKHX TEPMHHOB sIBJsieTCS OČHJIbHOH H pa3HOo6pasHoii. 122 2. B RepmuHorpadun ona nopaercs auddepeHunpoBaHHo. 3. Ouddepennuanus nojayn CHHOHHMOB HE MOJIHOCTHIO COOTBETCTBYET peaJsibHOH THTOJIO- [HH CHHOHHMHH. 4. Cnoco6 riojgaunk CHHOHHMHHM BHJIOBBIX ĮĮeTepMHHAHTOB HHOrJa NPOTHBOPEYHT IIOjjaue CHHOHHMHH POJIOBBIX TEPMHHOB. 5. INpusumnsl auOdepekuxpoBanHoH riojauk CHHOHHMHH B TEPMHHOC/OBAapfX HE H3JjaraIOTCS, H UKHTATEJIb JO/UKEH CAM HX paciin(POBLIBATS. 6. IlpHHnHribi: rnojtauk CHHOHHMHH TPAKTHYECKH OCYIIECTBJSAIOTCA YJIOBJIETBODphtEJIbHO, TOJIbKO Taphl MOBTOPSIIOUHXCS CHHOHHMOB B OJIHOM H TOM UK € CJIOBape HJIH B pa3HbIX CJOBapix HHOTJIa TOAAIOTCA HEOJHHAKOBO. 7. B CHHOHHMHH HHTEphaiikoHAJILHbIX H JHTOBCKHX TEDMHHOB B 3HAUHTEJIbHOM pa3Mepe NpOSIBJISIETCS CenapaTHasi CHHOHHMHS H HESKBHBIJIHTHAS NOJIHCEMHA OT/AEJbHBIX UJIEHOB CHHOHUMHYECKHX map. 8. HmMetoTesA cilyuan HeCBSI3bIBAHUSA HHTEPHAIHOHAJbHBIX H JIHTOBCKHX CHHOHHMOB, HO OHH CPaBHHTEJBHO HEMHOTOYHCJ/IEHHHI. 9. JIuTOBCKHE SKBHBAJIEHTH HHTEpHAIIHOHAJIbHbIX TEPMHHOB HCIOJIB3YIOTCS HE COBCEM J0CTaTOYHO, a MOTEHIHH HX OOpa30BAHHSA OTHIO/b HeHCUeprIaHHLI, CemanTuueckas nudpepeHnHAlHs HHTEPHAIHOHAIbHBIX 10. H JHTOBCKHX CHHOHHMOB HE ABJSETCH 4acToi. 11. B smToBcKoii TepMuHOrpadHH MOMKHO KOHCTATHPOBATH CJHIIKOM OGHJIbHOE HCITOJIb30BaHHe B JIHTEPATYPHOM SI3bIKE YyiKe HEeYyTNOTpeOJIAIONIKXCHA HH HepeKOMeH yeMbiX HHTEepHallHOHAJIbHbIX CJIOB HJIH TPOCTO 3aHMCTBOBAHHH (uae Bcero axe Ges HOpMATHBHEIX TIOMET). 12. HccnenoBanne CHHOHHMHH HHTEPHALHOHAJIBHBIX H JHTOBCKHX TEPMHHOB, 3a60Ta O Heil H €€ HOpMHPOBaHHE CTOJIb Ke HEeOOXOJIHMEbI, KaK H COBEPLICHCTBOBAHHE IIpFHINHITOB NMOJAYH H NpakKTHYECKOTO OCYIeCTBJIEHHA HX. DTO OČInNEEC Jeo CNenHAJIHCTOB H 5135IKOBEJIOB.