Priesaginė lietuviškų terminų daryba

Swi ESI GBR Ti Uni VR S TB; R5S8 M 4 Toi N. Oi [email protected] acl dis A ERY E T UV O S TFS R MOK SLU ACADEMY S. KEINYS In terminology, word formation plays a huge role, because a clear majority of the elements of single-word terms and compound terms are derivatives. 92.59, purely Lithuanian and hybrid nouns of single-word terms, put together in the “Russian-- Lithuanian Dictionary of Economic Terms” (Vilnius, 1966), are made from other words (a total of slightly over 1600 different words were taken for the calculation, of which ordinary, or primary, are about 120). About 9094 of these terms are also included in the Russian-Lithuanian-- English Dictionary of Computing Technology Terms (Vilnius, 1971) and the Dictionary of Botanical Terms (Vilnius, 1965) (a total of over 1900 and about 800 different words respectively, of which about 180 and 120 are ordinary words). Thus, as N. Šanskis has pointed out, language can satisfy the demands of society only when all available means of word formation are used, because above all word formation helps to create a vocabulary that corresponds to the development of society." Most of the derivative nouns used in terminology are derived with prefixes. For example, the dictionaries of law, geology and physical geography, physics, sports, land reclamation, chemistry, textiles (I d.) and literature contain nearly 5000 terms made by means of the Lithuanian language itself. 68.5% of those derivatives that go in single-word terms of the above-mentioned fields are derived with various noun suffixes. There are even more derivatives of suffixes among the nouns of single-word terms composed in the dictionaries of economics and computational technology terms (81.9 and 79%, respectively). Only in the Dictionary of Botanical Terms there are fewer derivatives of suffixes, but even here they make up more than half of all derivatives. Therefore, terms made with endings, prepositions and word junctions are a minority. This confirms the great abundance and widespread use of prepositional nouns in contemporary Lithuanian language®. Finally, this shows that in terminology, the greatest attention should be paid to the construction of words with suffixes, to the arrangement and refinement of that construction. It is very important that every term creator or manager has well studied the conjugation of words, knows well its benefits for the language and terminology itself and knows how to use them properly. This thesis examines the synchronous construction of term nouns with suffixes. The object of the study consists of 4955 derivatives of suffixes (the same derivative 1 H. M. IHllanckniū, Ouepru no pycckoMy cJi10B000pa3oBaHHto H JIEKCHKOJIOrHH, Mocksa, 1951, p. 131. * V. Urbutis points out that the number of adverbs in Vedic Lithuanian is several times greater than that of all other forms. See. The Grammar of the Lithuanian Language, I, Vilnius, 1965, p. 252. is often presented in several dictionaries, but here counted only once). All these derivatives are presented as single-word terms in the dictionaries of terms reviewed by the Terminology Commission of the Institute of Lithuanian Language and Literature of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences. These are dictionaries of terms in law, geology and physical geography, physics, sports, land reclamation, chemistry, textiles, literature, botany, economics and computational technology. Such choice of the subject of the work is explained by the desire to review the terminology of better organized areas, to identify the prominent tendencies of that work. The term is often used in the context of research in the field. Depending on the function of the vedic verbs and the nature of the base words, there are certain verb groups. Over two-thirds (68.79%) of derivatives are derived from verbs. These derivatives are divided as follows: names of actions, names of tools, names of actors and owners of verb properties, names of the result of the action, names of places. The remaining Vedic texts are usually based on nouns. They are divided into the following groups: names of characteristics, names of holders of noun characteristics and professional persons, deminutives, names of places, company names and names according to origin and affiliation. In each of these groups, the types of term action are identified and examined. The categories of action and the most common types are arranged according to the number of derivatives, starting with those that have the most derivatives. In this way, the construction of Lithuanian nouns has been studied in great detail by V. Urbutis*. Unlike the classification of V. Urbutis, here the names of the owners of noun features and the names of persons by profession are combined into one verb group. All terms that can be considered synchronously derivative are examined, although not all of them are specifically made for terminological purposes. This is because in many cases it is apparently impossible to determine whether a term is new or a word already used in the language. In fact, new words, by combining the same parts (base word and suffix), can be made at any time of language development and in any place of people who speak it. Even knowing that a word has been used, for example, in the oldest scriptures or sometime later, it is not yet possible to say that the word is really taken from those older sources and not newly made. Especially it is unclear when such words are rarely used by anyone. Furthermore, it cannot be ignored that iSvestiniai terms, which are borrowed from non-terminological lexicon, can provide conditions for the formation of the corresponding types of terminology. Therefore, it would seem inaccurate not to consider them to be members of those types of activity. Finally, the object of the study of current word formation usually consists of all words of that language that can be considered synchronously as derivatives. However, there are also such individual terms, even non-terminological types, whose entry into terminology from non-terminological lexicon is unquestionable. In such cases, the construction of terms is erased, their constructive and terminological (lexical) meaning no longer have an indirect relationship. The thesis examines only terms that have Lithuanian suffixes. A part of international terms can also be divided into verbs, e.g.: aeronautics, analyzer, arbitration, automobile, atmospherics, airplane modeler, declaration, dictatorship, expertise, hydrostatics, calcite, magmatism, monarchy, olympiad, operation, proletariat, propaganda, revision, reserve, reservoir, sabotage, spheroid, cipher, technolo3 See also: Grammar of the Lithuanian language, I, p. 251 et seq. thread, vacancy, vibrio ir many others. However, in many cases, the division of international terms by ir the allocation of certain suffixes would be very conditional ir formal. For such terms in their structure usually coincide with the su corresponding terms in other languages (mostly Russian — language) terms Lithuanian ir į terminology first of all falls already done, as borrowed. It is interesting that in Lithuanian terminology it is not typical to su use international prefixes for terms from purely Lithuanian words. It would be useful to describe the formation of international terms, and this could be a separate subject of research. The names of actions are the derivatives of adverbs, which, being made of the basic forms of the verb, have the meaning of an action, event or state. Each action can have its own name, although each requires some means, only the place for that action iš ne ir ne each produces the necessary effects of the individual name. In addition, the vedic forms made of the verb itself with different prefixes can iš to name the action in more than one respect — in one case the vedic forms have no shades of external meaning and are pure names of actions, in another — in addition to the main meaning of the action, the vedic forms have various shades of meaning given by prefixes, for example, together they say the organization of the action or its greater scale, the specialty of the action, its way of execution, etc. Some of the adverbs in the Vedic name not so much the individual actions themselves as certain areas of human activity. For this reason, this group of Vedic texts is also referred to as verb abstracts. A large number of terms are action names. As mentioned, in the derivative terminology of verbs, most of them are action names (in the dictionaries of terms under consideration, they are more than three-quarters). The high prevalence of terms of this meaning is evidenced by the fact that more than half of all derivatives of prepositions belong to the group of action names. Although there are many names for term actions, they do not have a greater variety of actions. The -imas suffix is particularly prominent, and it comprises more than three quarters of all verb names. The second suffix in relation to action is -ymas. These suffixes, giving the same meaning to the vedas, are attached to verbs of different construction. Both of them together cover the whole variety of Lithuanian verbs — from every verb with -imas | -ymas a possible action name. Therefore, as V. Urbutis has pointed out, -imas and -ymas —variants of one suffix?. Over nine-tenths of action names are made with -imas | -ymas. The great importance of these adverbs in terminology is shown by the fact that almost half of all adverbial terms are derived from them. Other types of action of this group of terms are not characterized by greater action. With prefixes -tis, -yba, -mė, See. 4 B. Yp6yrunc, Cn0B006pa3oBaHHe HMeH CyIIeCTBHTEbHBIX B COBDEMEHHOM JIHTOBCCome on, si3bike. ABropedepar JiuccepTarinH Ha COHCKAHHe VUeHOR CTENCHH JSOKTOpa HANDLE Hayk, Buasnioc, 1971, p. 23. -utė, -sena, -smas, -tynės, -mas, -esys, -ga, -lėand others. made either only a few, a po dozen, or less often a couple of three dozen derivatives. Finally, more than half of the action names of the creation types have po 1 —3 hydrogens. Ne In one case such derivatives are taken from non-terminological lexicon, because in terminology iš these types of action have no greater to significance. nė -im In the language of science and technology, the derivatives of this suffix play a very important role. Apparently, their abundance largely determines the characteristic feature of the style of scientific works itself — the abundance of abstract nouns and the spread of various noun statements. Almost all derivatives of the suffix -im have a pure action-name meaning. They are used to describe the action, event or state itself without any external nuances. E.g.: charring “rubbing, charring” ChZ, charring, “charring” ChZ, charring “the ability of a body or substance to give or transfer something to the environment or other bodies” MZ, ripening “the final stage of seed development” BZ, dragging “sliding of drive wheels or tracks on roads, rails, ground due to insufficient friction or adhesion” MZ, chemising “comprehensive use of chemical methods of processing a substance in industry” ChZ, charring “slow decay, decay” ChZ, “mechanical and chemical decay of rocks under the influence of external factors (temperature, humidity, wind) and fauna and flora” MZ, etching “acid action on a metal surface” ChZ, yellowing, “bleached fabric defect”; spontaneous process, during which white fabric, due to aging or insufficient soap washing, becomes yellow over time“ ATŽ, hardening „change in the hardness of the material by sudden cooling“ ChZ, decay „decomposition, breakdown of the material“ ChZ, acceleration „„gradual increase in the speed of machine work“ MZ, copulating „grafting by compression — such a method of grafting, when a graft and a sub-graft of equal thickness are taken and they are struck with angled cut ends“ BZ, /sliding „making flatter (e.g., slopes)“ MZ, mixing „joining of different hereditiesmy in one organism (mixing, hybrid) by crossing (sexual hybridization) methods <...>“ BZ, floating „,the phase of development of broom-like plants, when half of the peduncle (in rye, wheat and barley) or the tip of the broom —3—4 peduncles (in oats, millet) appears from the vagin of the upper leaf; in maize — when the sultan’s tip emerges from the vagin” BZ, MZ, breaking, “diego iSlipping out of the ground or from the husk” BZ, binding “hardening of the binding material” ChZ, sluggishness “rocks, ore deposits in the Earth’s crust” MZ, steming “the stage of development of various plants, except bellflowers, during which stems grow” BZ, adhesion “the ability of the smallest particles of material to draw each other” MZ, ChZ, pulling “heating of milk to pull, coagulate” ChZ, hardening “accustoming to unusual conditions, such as low temperature or drought” BZ, vaccination, “protection against disease by injecting a vaccine, i.e. a preparation that weakens or kills disease-causing agents (pathogenic bacteria- )” BZ. Only a small part of the -imas derivatives are used with a more specific meaning — they name the result of the action, the possessor of the verb property or the place. However, all such verbs can be understood as action names, and some of them are used in both 10 meanings (abstract and concrete- ). The very concretization of the meaning of individual Vedic words (more precisely, the formation of homonyms) is apparently, at least for now, more semantic than constructive (word-making) phenomenon. Therefore, they are not discussed in the other terms of construction groups, but discussed together with the names of actions. In total, there are several dozen derivatives of the suffix -imas with a specific meaning. E.g.: leaching 2 “dent created by running water washing the pury soil (bottom or surface), washed place” MZ (e.g.: leaching 1 “leaching of fine soil particles from the slope”, leaching 3,,drusky leaching from the soil; desalination, demolition” MZ), prison “TiopbMa, npeGbiBaHHe B 3aKJIjOueHHH” TŽ, legacy “KaciepncTrBo” LŽ,, nacaenctso; ocrapienue’ TŽ, rietimas ‘commercial packaging of a piece of fabric; piece of fabric, measuring — winding machine rolled into a roll" ATŽ, grabbing "machine- -worked bar with one action of the working organ" MŽ, entering "appropriately equipped place to enter on the pile" MŽ, delay, "wool-free fabric defect"; a more flattened area of the fabric, a longitudinal shaded stripe or rump (rising on one side of the fabric and dimpled on the other) <...» *’ ATZ et al. Providing a specific meaning to terms derived with the suffix -imas is not a good thing. For often such terms are ambiguous, from their verb structure arises first of all the abstract meaning — the name of the actions. When organizing terminology and specializing word-making tools, this should be kept in mind. This is done with the help of special tools, such as the drills. ; The derivatives of the adverb -imas are made from basic verbs of different constructions and meanings (statistical data are presented in table I, see etc.). More than one-third of the derivatives (767 out of 2,195, or 34.99,) are made from primary verbs, most of them based on prepositional verbs. For example: breaking, delaying (ATŽ), maturation, breaking, ripening, spraying, weeding, fertilizing (BŽ), fading, burning, diluting, fermenting (ChŽ), depreciation, increase in price, suppression, dismissal, non-redemption, repurchase, accumulation, purchase, accumulation (EŽ), cooling, breaking, deviation, coincidence (FŽ), warming up, wear, dubbing, slipping (GŽ), overlapping, overlapping (LŽ), paving, sucking out, slipping, clogging (MŽ), drawing, failure, in connection, switching, decision, perception, guiding (STŽ), skating, replaying, flying (SŽ), dismissal, taking, taking out, re-election, adjudication, complaint, seizure (TŽ). Some derivatives are used in more than one branch of terminology, e.g.: turbidity GZ, MZ, impregnation GZ, MZ, evaporation ChZ, MZ, decomposition ChZ, FZ, MZ, stiffness ChZ, GZ, drag GZ, MZ, SZ, etc. Most derivatives are based on derived verbs. The greater part of the base verbs are derived from Lithuanian words, more often from nouns, e.g.: akiavimas, apvaisinimas, įvairovė „variacija“, kryžminimas, mišrinimas, pumpuravimas, sulapojimas (BŽ), audinimas, baltinimas, tarnavimas, rudžijimas, sucukrinimas (ChŽ), apginklavimas, muituimas, įbaudžiavinimas, lenktyniavimas, resortavimas, pardavimas, sandėliavimas, (su)stambinimas, suvalstybinimas, ūkininkavimas (EZ), praretinimas, skystėjimas, skystinimas (FŽ), anglinimas, smulkinimas, sutitnagavimas (GŽ), įpersonalinimas, laipsniavimas (LŽ), liejimas, įdubinimas, džiovinimas, supilinimas (MŽ), dauginimas, dvijinimas, sparkavimas, (pa)dvigubinimas, žymėjimas, sendarinimas, syllabiavimas, suskaičiavimas (STŽ), blizginimas, 11 hiuizbagues (pg hf gr ‘rerurpoA 13ununys GG] SECTION $7 881 19 | Ly no ne V 15 L vp 6 L rd ‘hizpozewsyroa hruizkigues hf gr 16 6 6 96 14 I 9 <q 06 96 || = [e STUDY PART = £0€ 9. 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A lot of terms made ir iš mixed and verb secondary verbs, e.g.: harmony "fructification", salting (BZ), bleaching, quenching (ChZ), placement, removal, non-payment (EZ), flicker (GZ), description, default (LZ), weeding, irrigation (MZ), (in)heating, expansion, leakage, aging, printing (STZ), loss (SZ), persuasion, buying (TZ). Quite often suffixes -imas derived base verbs are derived from international words. iš The dictionaries of these derivatives contain almost or all the words derived from this suffix. 600, 27,29, su A great number of such verses are given K. Daukšo In the "Chemist- — ry Dictionary" almost half of all the adverbs -ing terms are based on verbs derived from international words. This type iš of binding is usually not necessary. E.g.: ablation, anesthesia, re-immunization, vaccination (BZ), alkylation, coking (ChZ), decentralization, documentation, industrialization, collectivization, conveyorization, standardization, popularization, (su)proletarization, specialization, balancing, tariffing (EEZ), electrification, ionization, magnetization (FZ), allegorizing, publishing, editing (LŽ), milling (MZ), addressing, algorithms, timing, dismantling, extremes, Jormalization, fragmentation, integration, intensification, dismantling, encoding, commutation, specification, maximization, minimization, modernization, optimization, passivation, perforation, permagnetization, forecasting, programming, symmetry, standardization, transformation, transliteration, transistorization "transition to transistor", visualization (STZ), catapulting, leadership (SŽ), deregistration, posting, democratization, protesting (TŽ) kt. ir In this group of Vedic languages, the insufficient specialization į in the construction of the basic verbs is clearly noticeable, as a result of which to sometimes different terms are given for the same purpose, cf. reamination ‘Amino groups (NH,) transfer of iš one organic acid to another’ į (BG) renaming ir ‘amino group transfer iš from one compound į to another’ (ChZ). The choice of the basis for verb ir formation itself remains insufficiently established. This is also the reason for the appearance of proximities, because next to formalization, industrialization, modernization, standardization, etc. ir not reprehensible ir Jormalization, industrialization, modernization, ir standardization, etc. Be Terms and Conditions In the texts, the terms electrification, concretization, magnetization are used in the language. The more ir pronoun-oriented pairs of such one-word verbs are the iš electrification, magnetization-type derivatives, because they are shorter, and the formation of basic verbs in Lithuanian is more motivated. Approximately ir every tenth ir jų suffixes The -imas derivative is (10,99) based on conjugative verbs. The latter are usually prefixes (in three quarters). A large part of the Vedic are names of various spontaneous actions, e.g.: draping (ATŽ), pollination, fertilization, bushing, coning (BZ), differentiation, concentration (EZ), turbidity, stagnation (ChZ), reflection, division, iSelectrication (FZ), suction, stratification (GZ), loading (MZ), deformation (is), alignment, demagnetization, wear, intersection (STZ), diffusion (SZ) kt. ir 13 The prefix -im is made from the past personified form of the past tense. This is very clearly seen in those derivatives, which are made from verbs with different past participle stems, e.g.: degazavimas: degazavo, ėjimas: ėjo, griuvimas: griuvo, radimas: rado, kaimas: rovė, separavimas: separavo, brandinimas: subrendo, suduminimas: sukėlė, valymas: volavo, žydėjimas: žydėjo. The veda-making of the -im prefix has very clear boundaries. It is not only the ability to read, but also the ability to write (read, write, write). However, from secondary verbs with the suffix -yti, the vedic forms are made with the suffix -imas, e.g.: testimony TZ, truncation BZ. The irregularity of terminology is usually not related to the use of the suffix itself, but to the incorrectly chosen or made base verbs. These cases are discussed in detail in the works on verb construction. -ymas The suffix -ymas is 10 times less in the Zodyn of the Vedic terms under consideration than in the words derived with the suffix -imas. This is the result of the limited number of verbs taken for conjugation. The role of this suffix in word formation is exactly the same as that of the suffix -imas, but it is attached only to mixed verbs, whose communicative is trisyllabic with -yti, 0 present and past tense III person diphthongs, excluding prepositions (e.g.: dažyti, dažo, dažė, skirstyti, skirsto, skirstė). All other names of the action of the remaining verbs are given with the suffix -imas. Thus, with both of these prefixes, action names can be made from all types of Lithuanian verbs. The meaning of the -ymas suffix is exactly the same as that of the discussed -imas suffix. They are the pure names of actions. It can be called both an active action, and a self, and finally a state, but it comes from the meaning of the basic verbs themselves. Pvz.: dažymas „dažo ar pigmento spalvos perdavimas kitai medžiagai“ ChŽ, „augalinių ir gyvūninių ląstelių ar audinių veikimas specialiais dažais, išryškinančiais atitinkamus struktūrinius ląstelių elementus“ BŽ, laistymas „vienkartinis dirbtinis dirvožemio sudrėkinimas, liejant vandenį paviršiumi arba lietinant“ MŽ, perlaikymas „per ilgas fotosluoksnio apšvietimas“ ChZ, plukdymas „medžių gabenimas vandeniu“ MZ, susiskaidymas GZ,,,sudétinių medžiagų skirstymasis į dalis (pvz., durpių susiskaidymas)“ MŽ, užtvindymas „padėtis, kai apsemiami žymūs naudojamų žemių plotai, smarkiai pakilus vandens horizontui upėje, ežere ar jūroje“ MZ, valymas „priemaišų šalinimas“ ChZ,,,nereikalingų daiktų ir medžiagų pašalinimas“ MŽ, vystymasis EŽ, GŽ, STŽ, „augančio organizmo arba jo dalies laipsniškas persiformavimas iš paprastesnės struktūros į sudėtingesnę“ BZ. Several derivatives of the suffix -ymas are used in a specific meaning, then they approach the names of the result of the action. For example: the story,,pacckas® LŽ, the law „3aKon“ EZ, STZ, TŽ, the request „npomeHnne, npocs6a, xoxaraiictso® TZ. However, even such Vedic terms are primarily names of actions, some of which are used in both meanings in terminology, e.g.: law „nojJicTaHOBKa“ STZ. 14 Almost three-quarters of the vedic are based on (72,4%) prepositional verbs, and a sixth of the vedic are conjugated because they are made of conjugated verbs. iš How many suffixes of this type The following tables are available: Table Basic Vedic number verbs non-prepositiiš onal prepositions II Terms dictionary knowledge "regressive knowledge. ¥ | returns sa ATŽ = | = 1 = BŽ 2 | 1 2 ChŽ 10 || 12 1 EZ 14 2 49 12 FZ 4 1 4 3 no Gž 3 2 25 9 LŽ 2 -5 = MZ TED — 4 3 STZ 25 3 66 12 iš SZ 9 3 17 4 ih TZ 12 1 41 7 Iš total of different derivatives 52 7 126 29 214 The past tense can be considered as the basis of the verb, although there are no obstacles to connect the derivatives of this suffix ir su in the current time. Bearing in mind that all Vedic verbs are related by verbs having the same su -y-, to distinguish the suffix -but (if the spoken vedic verbs are associated with the su communicative). Su in the past tense to associair te to give an oath -ymas more convenient, at least because of the already mentioned identity of the to derivative meaning of the action and the distribution of the base verbs su -Is. As mentioned, this allows -im | -ymas to be considered as variants of one suffix. The occurrence of terms of dubious goodness is usually associated with an insufficiently su thought-out choice of base verbs. For example, the dispersion "points 15 distances do not pass, pgl.: gramzd-ino), fuse SŽ (: MŽ, STŽ, SŽ (: left eye). About a quarter of the Vedas rely on prepositional verbs, e.g.: GZ, deflector STZ, starter STZ, switch FZ, STZ, breaker FZ, STZ, SZ, clamp STZ, absorber STZ, blocker STZ. Sometimes the dictionaries provide proximitybeés, e.g. : (is) switch, (nu)meter, (nu)stimulator, (su)switch (all STZ). A large number of prefixed tool names may have been derived from pamorphems in translations of terms from other languages, e.g. pas6aeumenm6 — solvent ChZ, mpepoieamen breaker — FZ, STZ, SZ. However, it is not appropriate to blindly follow the structure of other languages, for example, Russian verbs ngepoisams pasdasumo prefixes are not used at all. Sometimes in ir the language be the case is multiplied by similarities, for example, nearby used be terms thinner ChZ, thrust The same is true for the equally efficient, but more expensive, ir rear-wheel drive. Bearing in mind that in Lithuanian the suffix is not su pleasing -iklis words to make prepositional iš verbs, in terminology ir should be more careful, more prudent. If the same su device, for example, is switched on, switched ir off, ir switched ir off, it is not accurate to use even three or four (switch, switch, switch, switch off) instead of one term ar switch. ‘tuck Adverbs -tukas Vedic suffixes are used in terminology almost six times less often than the most recent type of suffix su -pipe leads. Su tools with this suffix denote only tools and various small devices ir jų Part 1. For example: plug STZ, firecrackers SZ, button STZ, SZ, hammer GZ, MZ, STZ, clip SZ, pin STZ, SZ, pulley SZ. The names of the tools are craftily mixed with ir some botanical terms (BZ) containing Specific parts of the plant are indicated, e.g.: clamp ‘a device by which Asclepiadaceae (Klemaliniy) family pollen balls cling to the legs of insects”, ‘effects of foliar metamorphosis by which the plant attaches to the support; they end in suction cups, suction cup, -ai "parasitic plants that suck lų nutrients from the plant-feeder cells", streptomyces "appendix of a iš seed or fruit that serves to fly, to be carried by the wind". This type of derivative is made from the conjugation of final primary verbs, e.g.: t. y. lietukas STŽ (: su lies-ti), nuleistukas SŽ (: nuleis-ti), spaustukas ChŽ, STŽ (: spausti). In the action, prepositional verbs are not used. Three derivatives of prepositional verbs (on MZ, off MZ, down MZ) SG) can be considered as exceptions to the rule. ‘that Adverbs - this type of tool name creation is inactive in terminology, although it is the fourth in number of derivatives (13 different derivatives). They are called tools or simple (uncomplicated to make and use) devices, e.g.: hood ChZ, GZ, MZ, STZ, SZ, clamp STZ, beaten "big hammer" MZ, GZ, key STZ, lever SZ. In vediniy, the final, usually primary, action participles are involved. Only key STŽ, lock STŽ, SŽ and lamp SZ are related to secondary verbs. The basic gender is used to communicate, e.g.: apsiaustas GZ (: apsiaus-ti), gristai MZ (: grįs-ti), trapas STZ (: spęs-ti). A couple of vedas rely on prepositions 22 verbs (cloak, lock). Several derivatives involve the change of root vowels, e.g.: grąžtas GZ (: drižti), trapai STZ (: resolve), screw FZ, MZ, STZ threade- (: d), screw MZ, STZ, SZ (: squeeze). These vedic root vowels correspond to the repetitive equivalents of the given verbs su (return, screw, tighten). -down Although there are many words in literary language with the suffix -alas, there are few names of tools. su ja Su this suffix made terms of different (12 derivatives) primarily denotes various covering means, e.g.: apvalkalas MZ, SZ, shell GZ, STZ, cover STZ, SZ. Botanical terms used as tool names apvalkalas,,séklapradzio ir apvalkas, from which the seed develops its shell < ... >“, shell is a soft, ,,1. usually white, mycelial layer that completely encloses the young developing fruit body of some basidiomycetes; some 2. "Lepidoptera: Lepidodendrales". Other derivatives of this suffix refer to various chemical compounds (substances) used by means to perform the action indicated by the base verb, e.g.: fuels ChZ, MZ, dulkalai ‘chemical substances in powdered form used for the pollination of plants against pathogens or pests’ BZ, Developer ChZ, ointment ChZ, GZ, SZ. In this case, the primary objective is usually the same as the secondary objective. ir Names of chemical substances are adjectively related by non-prepositionsu al verbs, names of covering 0 agents by prepositions — su (in addition, they are characterized by the change of root vowels). Subordinate verb suffixes do not participate in the construction, pg.: ryškalas ChZ (: brightened), kerosene ChŽ (: Zibinti). Other extensions of tool names made yet su 21 Appendix. All of them are rare in terminology, although some make new terms. su ir Iš total these suffixes in the dictionaries under consideration have 66 derivatives, or about all the tools presented 229, names. -a blade : GZ, grain ChZ, bracket MZ, Kebek MZ, marker SZ. - One : shaft? GZ, MZ. -time: tractor MZ, SZ. -ilas: kretilas GZ. - the : trap ChZ, STZ, metical SZ, arrow ¥Z, STZ, SZ, scales ChZ, FZ, STZ, SZ, Sokyklé SZ. -class : tray SZ, weapon SZ, idea class STZ, oar SZ, pallet STZ, a monument LZ, railings SZ. The name of the tool is also the botanical term paddle, "two lateral petals of the crown of a tree, similar to the oars of a boat", but it is used in terminology in a figurative sense. -swing |: swing SZ, gauge MZ, STZ, SZ, swing SZ, pendulum FZ, chassis MZ. Klis: breather SZ, gauge STZ, calculator STZ, simulator SZ. las: thread STZ. J =: pliers STZ, bolt SZ, nut STZ, SZ, pliers GZ. dys: hook GZ, MZ, SZ, chisel GZ, “tool for cutting hard or frozen ground, ice, etc.; “cutter” MZ, guide GZ, pump ChZ, FZ, GZ, MZ, STZ, SZ, detonator GZ. "Mrs. Skardžius,,Lietuviy kalbos žodžių kūrimoje“ p. 229 associates with velti, 23 -ocle : limiter STZ, piston FŽ, STZ, SZ. -the : binoculars FZ, SZ. - this : raft SZ. in : paramstis GZ, pillar MZ, STZ, SZ, scales ChZ, FZ, SZ, bandage SZ, screw SZ. Stas: gripper SZ. ta : bar FZ, STZ, SZ. -te : apjuostés SZ, ground SZ, ruler STZ. the : cover STZ, SZ, shield MZ, STZ, cystis STZ, na¢iai FZ, buckle SZ, bracket STZ, squeaky MZ. Vedic are male-sexed) or female-sexed (I (3rd ed.). -tub : ripening ‘fruit ripening container <...>“ ChZ, storage SZ, drinker SZ, press ChŽ, washing room GZ, shovel SZ, translation MZ. -urys: lighthouse SZ. Most of these suffixes are derived from the names of various inagiy and uncomplicated devices (sometimes ir jų parts). The work inclinations are not iš fundamentally different from those of the older types. Irregular suffix -tojas ir -ėjas use of these suffixes Su are usually formed by names of actors much less frequently possessors of ir verb property, but there are some derivatives, meaning close to the names of tools or simply naming tools, e.g.: radiatorius FZ, carrier FZ. Certain names of products may be considered as the names of ir substances used to produce different effects, e.g. retardant “process retardant” ChZ, FZ, softener ‘‘softening agent’ ChZ, precipitator, ‘reagent used for precipitation’ ChZ, accelerator "substance accelerating a reaction" CHZ, putters ChZ, paralyzer "substances that inhibit enzymes" ChZ; „a medium that transfers atoms, groups of iš compounds, from one į compound to another“ ChZ, absorber ChŽ kt. ir The term is used in various contexts and is used in various languages. ir jų ir All of them are literal translations of the corresponiš ding terms in other languages, the jų pronunciation of su which does not conform to Lithuanian word pronunciation norms. Be to, such adverbs -tos ir -the use of derivatives does not meet the terminology ir requirements. For the to term making such adverbs - leaves ir -the following use cannot be provided. Lithuanian language is very prepositional, so it should not be difficult to specialize other prepositions in these cases (for example, the names of substances for a particular action are often su followed by the suffix -down). ACTORS IR VERB FEATURES HOLDERS The meaning of the vedas of this group of works is not entirely the same. The most common in terminology are the names of actors, i.e., the vedic ones, which denote the performers of the actions expressed by the base verbs (usually persons). Other Vedas describe persons, other living beings or things, showing that they are characterized by a quality iš arising from the state of a ar certain action, e.g.: TŽ, turf LZ, reptiles GZ, rally Lie. In Lithuanian linguistics, such derivatives were separated from the real names of actors V. Drilling*. 8 See. V. Urbutis, Modern Lithuanian Nouns,,,Kalbotyra®, III, Vilnius, 1961, p. 36. 24 There is no greater diversity in the terminology for the formation of names of actors and possessors of verb features. Most of the vedic nouns (about 609%, out of a total of 248) are made with the two most common suffixes -tojas, -a and -ėjas, -a, of which -tojas, -a is almost twice as common. Other more commonly used suffixes are -tinis, -ė and -ovas, -ė (about 159%, Vedic). Most of the 15-year-olds (75%) have a high degree of self-esteem. In the literary language, the formation of names of possessors of verb properti1—2 es is much more varied. Many of the vedas have a negative, pejorative meaning. This is the most commonly used name for these people. In terminology, such types of action, it can be said, are not characteristic. For example, the second type of suffix -élis, -ė in literary language, whose derivatives are usually characterized by a derogatory meaning, is represented in the dictionaries of terms under consideration by only one botanical term is/ikėlis "a plant species that has survived in the flora of a certain territory, had a significantly larger range in past pasturelands or was more common in that territory". „tojas, -a This type is the most common in the formation of names of subjects and possessors of verb properties (almost two-fifths of all derivatives of this group). Most of the Vedas name the persons who are performers of the action described by the base verb. The relationship of the individuals with the action is unequal. Some Vedas name persons according to the action related to their permanent duties, occupation, e.g.: algorithmist STZ, plotter STZ, broker EZ, teacher SZ, manufacturer EZ, calculator EZ, encoder STZ, normizer EZ, planner EZ, STZ, designer EZ, STZ, writer LZ, interrogator TZ, driver SZ. Other Vedic texts name persons according to their certain position, usually not related to work, duties and arising from permanent or temporary, sometimes there can be a single performance of a certain action, e.g.: donor TŽ, extortioner EŽ, TŽ, adoptor TŽ, authorizing EŽ, TŽ, adopting TŽ, adopting TŽ, fighter SZ, witness TZ, payer EŽ, TŽ, renter EŽ, TŽ, victor SŽ, narrator LŽ, reader LŽ, lender EŽ, TŽ, servant EŽ, TŽ, consumer EŽ, STŽ. Only a few Vedic names, which are closer to the names of the possessors of the verb property, are used, e.g.: resident EŽ, TŽ, heir TZ, possessor EZ, TŽ. Rarely, the suffix -tojas, a derived names are given to non-persons, e.g.: ruminants (Ruminantia) GŽ, dulkintojas "the carrier of the ring dust (insects, wind, water)" BŽ. Sometimes this suffix is incorrectly used for tool names and derivatives of similar meaning. The base verbs of all the terms examined are secondary or mixed, i.e., in general they have suffixes. The gender of the verbs involved in the action is communicative, and in this case the roots of the derivatives in all cases coincide with the morphological roots of the communicative. It should be noted that the use of verbs with pronounced affixes of previous degrees of action is not excluded. Dėl to dalyje vedinių susidaro nemaža darybos afiksų grandinė, pvz.: ir-ti: ir-klas: (ir-kl)-uo-- ti: | (ir-kl)-uo|-- tojas SZ, vert-ė: pri-vert-ė: (prie-vart)-a: (prie-vart)au-ti: | (prie-vart)-au | -tojas TŽ, lyg-us:(lyg- -in)-ti: iš-(lyg-in)-- ti: | iš-(lyg-in)|- tojas STŽ. * See the section “Tool names” for more details. 25 This type of derivatives are usually made from final verbs, but if necessary, they are also based on non-final verbs (about a tenth of the derivatives), e.g.: fenchtuotojas SŽ, lupikautojas EŽ, TŽ, piktnaudžiautojas TŽ, sklandytojas SŽ, stažuotojas SZ, TZ. In about a quarter of the derivatives, the base verbs have prefixes, e.g.: aprūpintojas EŽ, atstatytojas STŽ, įkainotojas EŽ, STŽ, TŽ, įkaltintojas TŽ, išnaudojėjas EŽ, TŽ, išieškotojas TŽ, nemokusis EŽ, perrašinėtojas LŽ, pristatytojas EZ, sudarytojas LZ, STZ, užsakovas EZ, skolintojas TŽ. In individual cases, the use of prepositional verbs is necessary. This is particularly true when the prepositional verbs Yra have acquired a new lexical meaning, e.g.: agent EZ, TŽ (: authorize- ), exploiter EZ, TZ (: exploit), winner SZ, substitute TZ. However, when there is no such necessity, rely onSdélní actionWodzi should be more careful. This is most obviously shown by the practice of making Vedic verbs with the suffixes -tojas, -a in both the folk and literary language, and finally in the terminology itself. After all, while copying, fishing, writing or reading, a person also copies, fishing, writes or reads, but is still called a copyer of LŽ, a fishing SŽ, a writer of LŽ and a reader of LŽ. There are terms that are quite clear and the purpose would be without prefixes, e.g.: provider EZ (=rapintojas), (ex)eicvotojas EZ (compare with consumer TŽ), evaluator EŽ (compare with evaluator LŽ), (ex)equalizer STZ, presenter „pmocraBmuk“ EZ, etc. -éjas, -a The derivatives of this prefix have exactly the same meaning as the derivatives of the prefixes -tojas, -a discussed above. Not all of these names are the real names of the characters. The persons are named both by their permanent occupation, activity or position, and by the action performed for a longer or shorter period of time (that action can be performed once). For example: insurer EŽ, TŽ, oppressor TŽ, driller GŽ, MŽ, complainant TŽ, creator LŽ, gambler STŽ, assistant TŽ, seller EŽ, TŽ, advisor EŽ, LŽ, TŽ, carrier TŽ, buyer EŽ, TŽ, attacker SŽ, collector LŽ, TŽ, announcer LŽ, concealer TŽ, founder EŽ, TŽ, judge STŽ, SŽ, TŽ, supplier EŽ, TŽ, leader BZ, STZ, TZ, actor LZ, player STZ, SZ. The term "amateur" can only be considered as the name of those who have the unique characteristic of doing something, unless the athlete does not perform an action, but only has the characteristic resulting from the action. There are terms that are more suitable to be considered as tool names. These are irregular Vedic. Vedic are made from primary verbs (exception, perhaps, patron TŽ). The role of the adverbs -tojas, -a and -ėjas, -a coincides, they differ essentially only in the base verbs. Only together can they encompass the whole variety of verbs. Most of the time, the verbs are final, with the exception of some derivatives, e.g. skater SŽ, pest TŽ. The past tense is used as the basis of the verb, which is clearly seen from the following examples: the giving person SŽ (: gave, gave, gives), the recipient EZ, STZ (: received, received, receives), the defender SŽ, TŽ (: defended, defended, defended), the betrayer EŽ (: betrayed, betrayed, them EŽ, STŽ (: accepted, accepted, accepts), the complainant TŽ (; complained, complained, complained). Nearly half of the Vedic base verbs are prepositional. In many cases it is necessary to refer to prepositional verbs because they have different lexical meanings, e.g.: acquirer TŽ, assistant TŽ, seller EŽ, TŽ, applicant EŽ, TŽ, announcer TŽ. Sometimes a prepositional verb is used to describe the action of the nominative person more accurately, e.g.: preceptor STŽ, TŽ, transmitter STŽ. Thus, in individual cases, clusters of single-rooted terms are formed, e.g.: issuer 26 EŽ, waiter EŽ, seller EZ, TZ; buyer EZ, TZ, buyer EZ, buyer EZ. However, this is not always necessary when referring to prepositional verbs. For example, the terms follower of LŽ, violator of TŽ were legalized from prepositional verbs, but the same would have meant the corresponding derivatives of non-prepositional verbs. It is completely inaccurate to present variants of terms in dictionaries, e.g.: (su)rinkėjas EŽ. The choice of a prepositional or non-prepositional verb for the construction of a term must be justified in all respects. -tinis , -ė Only the names of the owners of the verb property are made with the suffix -tinis, -ė. A larger proportion (almost two thirds) of the terms in the dictionaries examined are names of various inanimate objects. The rest of the Vedas are naming persons. People and other things are usually designated by their characteristics, derived from the corresponding action of other actors, which is said by the base verb. This type of vedic is called the owners of the characteristic of the action received from the side. For example: : a) discharged EZ, guardian TZ, authorised EZ, TZ, dependent EZ, TZ, divorced TZ, trustee TZ, spouse, -ė TZ; (b) memory LZ, housing STZ, derivative STZ, outlined GZ, STZ, directional STZ, raliuotiné LZ, selection LZ, SZ, split, 'uncovered, without facial skin' ChZ. All names of non-living things are of one family. The name is derived from the fact that it is the name of one of the main characters of the series, the monster. They are made of various verb structures, but most often (in two-thirds of cases) are based on primary verbs. Names of persons tend to be made from secondary and mixed verbs, while names of inanimate objects are more often made from primary verbs. The basic verbs of several derivatives are incapacitative, e.g.: rejective EŽ, TŽ, thunderous FŽ, GŽ, departure EŽ. The specified nature of the meaning (named not by the name of the denominator itself) ‘instructing the action) the -tinis, -ė suffixes connect the derivatives with the participants of the passive kind. In fact, not one of this type of derivatives will have originated from the past tense participants of the passive kind, e.g.: accommodative TŽ, authorized EŽ, TŽ, selective LŽ, SŽ, split ChZ, spouse TŽ. In this case, they would have to be regarded as derivatives of the -inis, -ė suffixes. However, on the other hand, some of the Vedic verbs do not have a clearer meaning connection with these participants, and in some of them there is no such connection at all, e.g.: the memorized LZ, the thunderous FZ, GZ, the departing EZ. The terms guardian TZ, dependent EZ, TZ are more related to the present tense participants of the passive kind. So, with this in mind, it is most convenient and, apparently, most accurate to consider all such derivatives made with the suffix -tinis, -ė from communicative, because only with this form all derivatives can be connected in adjective form. The botanical term felt, which is close to the name of the action result, "a set of long tangled hairs on the surface of a plant's leaf" can be reduced to a simple word. 27 -ovas, -ė This type of Vedic term is rarely found in dictionaries. The Vedic languages usually name persons who perform actions marked by the base verbs, e.g.: defendant TŽ, plaintiff TŽ, client TŽ, manager EŽ, STŽ, SŽ, master TŽ, driver SŽ, opponent SŽ, spectator SŽ. These are the characters' names. Several derivatives go with the names of the possessors of the verb property, among them one Denotes a person (Zinov TŽ), and others inanimate things, e.g.: satellite, “impurities of other minerals in the mineral” ChZ, satellites (of chromosomes) “small bodies painted with nuclear dyes, attached with a thin thread at the end of the chromosome” BZ, head, “1lyT€BOIHTEIb; cnpaBouHHK" LŽ, owner "depas" SZ. Apparently, there is a tendency to make vedas from mixed verbs, although they are also made from other verbs. The mouths of the vertebrates do not have vents. Most of the Vedas are based on non-prepositional verbs. The contractor EŽ, TŽ is distinguished in action. This term is apparently related to the noun ranga,"3. the performance of any work on behalf of a contractor’ DŽ 650. With the remaining 23 prepositions there are less than 10 derivatives each, and the greater part of them (15) are only distinguished in terms 1—2. In total, 62 derivatives belong to these types of action (259 derivatives belonging to the group of names of all actors and possessors of verb properties). -beer: perfume ChZ. ‘čis: Jlipcius,‘sugary (sweet) excrements released in the form of smaller or larger droplets on the surface of plants, e.g. liquid droplets that are released on the ears of grains attacked by scabies’ BZ. -no : rasheiva LZ. -oyster : mussel GZ. -én: verdenė GZ. This name may also be used as a local name. -et: spindle GZ, MZ, SZ. ‘ombre : islikélis BZ. -ikas: Names of persons, e.g.: runner SZ, insurer TZ, hunter SZ, swimmer SZ, collector TZ, other living things, e.g.: rodents (Bodentia) GZ, SZ, horse SZ, and inanimate things (certain chemical substances), e.g.: deceiver, “shining mineral” ChZ (for Zodyne use the term shine is considered better for this purpose), turbidity ChZ. -iklis : indicator FZ, GZ, STZ, SZ -inys: messenger TZ, subordinate TZ (not available for use), mercenary EZ, servant TZ; mattress MZ, SZ. People and occasionally other things are named. -sharks: horses (Equidae) GZ, sharks (Selachii) GZ. It should be noted that, as certain names of systematic units, they are not newly made, but used in the plural (also in Russian terminology, e.g.: aowadu, OKYyAbi). In Lithuanian terminology, the most common for this purpose are the vedic with the suffix -iniai (see the section on names of noun-like properties). ys: merchant EZ, shooter SZ, wizard SZ: reptiles (Reptilia) GZ; jets “fontana” MZ, waterfalls “place where water suddenly falls down” MZ, GZ. -na: fresh GZ. - the : nomads No. -snow: factor BZ, EZ, STZ. - lipfna : GZ. -ties: sponges (Porifera, Spongia) GZ. -ulys i reflection ChZ, protuberance MZ, Cape GZ, rock GZ, MZ, SZ, hockey SZ, ball GZ, SZ, circle STZ, SZ, radius FZ, GZ, MZ, STZ, SZ -fine : flyer SZ, flying TZ; cuttings ‘by vegetative breeding (plant obtained by cuttings, cuttings, offspring)’ BZ, perėjūnai,,uZznestiniai, permanently not established in any territory plants, which randomly appear for a while in some areas then disappear again“ ir BZ. -frame: spring STZ. -rock, -ė : bubble BZ, precipitate ‘fruit that has not reached the stage of ripeness for harvesting or that is ripe and has spontaneously separated from the fruit fork’ BZ, flyer SG, mammals (Mammalia) Ms. -uonis(-ys) : relikoni(-ys) GZ, oxygen ChZ, GZ, SZ, predator (Carnivore) Ms. -otitis, -ė : Syrups ChZ, ‘gurgučiai’ ChZ, quotation mark SZ, quotation marks STZ, balance ChZ, rotation SZ, pigeon ChZ, GZ, STZ, #vangutis SZ. Most of these prepositional derivatives are the names of actionZodinés property holders. Only with su prefixes -ikas, -lys, -ūnas are made of the names of ir characters. Some of the derivatives of the adverbs mentioned here are taken from non-terminological vocabulary. iš This is apparently true of the adverbs -alas, -etas, -kliai, iš part -ulys of ir some others. hydrogens. In individual cases, the production of vedas is no longer quite clear. ACTION RESULT This group of verbs includes terms whose verb meaning is to indicate the object of the result of the action expressed by the base verb. ar There are su relatively few such prefixed Vedic terms in the dictionaries — iš total 224. Vedic made in su 48 prepositions, but most su are made up jų of just one few Vedas. The most po common ar here is the suffix -inys (about a third of the Vedic), other slightly older suffixes are -alas, -muo (-less), -tis. Su these four prefixes comprise three-fifths of all terms belonging to this group. -inys Over a third of action result names have a suffix su -inys. Most of these derivatives have the meaning of the result of the action, naming various specific things that are the consequences t. y. of the actions expressed by the base verbs. For example: cutting ‘the part of ar the stem root prepared for planting is a — means of vegetative propagation based on the plant’s ability to regenerate’ BZ, well GŽ, „Deep circular cross-sectional hole made with earth drilling tools“ MZ, flooring SŽ, "stone-paved road, street" MZ, compound STZ, SZ, "ensemble of homogeneous molecules" ChZ, the semi-finish- , ed product released from the heating machine; Strip of scattered, weakly bonded, mainly longitudinally oriented fibres’ ATŽ, mine EZ, GZ, "excavated cavity in the Earth's surface or passages (corridors) underground" MZ, roll well roll; ,,1. stone-filled block 2. construction for river control — facilities” MZ, mortar GZ, ‘Binding mixture of sand and water’ su ir CHZ, vaccination ,,grafted parts of two plants, one of which has iš to produce roots and the other an ornate part, e.g. grafted o blackcurrant — grafts” ir BZ, deposit "place of concentration of minerals" ChZ, GZ, MZ, pond GZ, “an artificial body of water, formed by blocking the flow of ar other water from the river” MZ. 29 Only a small number of derivatives have a clearer meaning of the object of the action, e.g.: STŽ, action EŽ, TŽ, parcel EŽ, projectile SG, target SG, SG. There are derivatives, which are ir characterized by ir the result of the action, the object of the action, e.g.: formwork ‘a pile of fibres stacked in layers, with a certain periodicity of the various components of the fibreous material, intended to form a spinning mixture’ ATŽ, „l.whatever lined (e.g. board formwork); shaped 2. concrete for installation in the plant’ Ms. Ms. This type of vedic is usually made from primary verbs. However, a considerable number of derivatives (more than a third) are adjectively related to mixed or secondary verbs, e.g.: bandinys ChŽ, MŽ (: try, tries, tried), derivative ChZ, GZ, STZ (: do, does, did), action EZ, TZ (: look, seek, sought), compound ChŽ, FŽ, GŽ, STŽ (: melt, melt, melt), writing LŽ (: write, write, wrote), sentence LZ, STZ (: say, say, said), building EZ, GZ, MZ (: build, build, built), content EŽ, LŽ, STŽ (: have, have, had); combination MŽ, STŽ, SŽ (: combine, combine, combine), product EŽ, STŽ (: produce, produce, produced), kedynas ATŽ (: kedynti, kedena, kedeno), adhesives ATZ (: klijuoti, klijuoja, klijavo), vaccination BZ (: vakcinuoti, vakcinuoja, vakcinavo), loan borrowing, borrowing, borrowing). Substantive stems are based on the past participle gender of the verbs, e.g.: adjective STŽ (: took LZ (: away, subtract, take away), dative EŽ, SŽ (: gave, give, gives), kėlinys SZ (: kėlė, kelti, kelia), kliuvinys GZ (: kliuvo, kliūti, kliūva), krovinys EZ, TŽ (: loaded, loaded, loads), work LŽ (: created, created, creates), rot BŽ (: rotted, rotted, rots), find TZ (: found, finds, finds), swerinys ATŽ, ChZ (: weighed, weighed, weighs), task EŽ, STŽ, SŽ (: asked, asked, asks). Verb-subjunctive suffixes of the base words do not pass into the base root, e.g.: gludinys GŽ (: glud-ino), ieškinys EZ, TZ (: iesk-ojo), klijiniai ATZ (: klij-avo), mirys MZ (: miir-ijo) and others. In this case, the bindings of the substrate are usually the same. Only a few derivatives are based on non-verbal verbs, e.g., the noun BŽ, the action EZ, TŽ, the mixture ATŽ, ChZ, the adjective TZ. There are also rare derivatives, whose base stems have prefixes, e.g.: subjunctive STZ, insertive STZ, device ChZ, EZ, FZ, MZ, STZ, consequential EZ, superlative MZ, derivative EZ, adjective TZ, substantive MZ, the task EZ, STZ, SZ. -muo (-menys) Most of the derivatives of this suffix are clear names of the object of the action, e.g.: armuo „A layer of the earth that is turned over by ploughing“ MZ, wefts, „strong yarns or threads of increased twist“; “longitudinal thread system in fabric” ATŽ, carriers “solid particles carried by flowing water that form riverbed or salpa sediment layers” MŽ, rolling stock EŽ, explosives “explosive” GZ, ammunition EZ, SZ, solutions “soluble part of mixture” ChZ. In other derivatives, the result of the action has a more pronounced meaning, e.g.: the dalton (in the scale) ChZ, STZ, data EZ, STŽ, variables "material weight stopped, heating to constant weight" ChŽ. Several derivatives are closer in meaning to other groups of construction, e.g.: the verbs „drilling tools“ GŽ, the substantive SŽ are closer to the names of tools, the preposition TŽ — to abstracts of verbs, the suffix (synonyms ending, inflection) STŽ — to the names of the possessors of verb properties. 30 Substantive verbs are more often primary, but there are derivatives ir iš mixed and secondary verbs, e.g. dalmuo ChZ, STZ divide, (: dalia, dalijo), substituent STZ (: stirring, stirring, stirring), dimension FZ, STZ measure, (: measures, measured- ), accessories EŽ, STŽ potřebova- (: t, potřebovat, potřeboval), ammunition EŽ, SŽ (: shoot, shoot, shot). There are Vedic non-verbal verbs, e.g.: iš reikmenys EEZ, STEZ, explosives TZ, solutions ChZ. Most derivatives can easily be connected by adjectives, su e.g.: STŽ dėti, (: deda, dėjo), data EŽ, STŽ give, give, (: gave), žiomuo GŽ (: žioti, žioja, žiojo), but there are derivativir es that have the past participle root, e.g.: metmenys ATŽ throw, (: throw, throw), prints Press, press, (: press. The secondary suffixes of verbs do not pass to derivatives, cf.: dalmuo į dal-yti), reikmenys reik-ėti), skaičius (: (: STZ (: read). It is not typical for derivatives of this type to make prepositional iš verbs. The only prefixed derivative is insolubles “insoluble parts of the mixture” ChZ, but it itself can ir sometimes be made with a prefix (the opposite of adjectivessu ). -area Su extension -beer terms made almost five times less than adsasu ga -inys. Slightly more than half of the derivatives are names of the result of an action, e.g.: gemalas “a hint of a new plant organism in a seed, formed by a root bud” iš ir BZ, gural GZ, ‘decomposition products’ MZ, melt STŽ, ‘melted, liquid mass’ ChZ, solution ‘a heterogeneous solid of liquid consistency consisting of fine invisible iš particles of ir another solid dispersed in it by a solvent’ BŽ, ChŽ, FŽ, GŽ, MŽ, STŽ, yarn “products in the form of yarn produced by spinning machines, made of wool, cotton, flax, etc., iš fibrous materials of limited length.” — ir ATŽ. Other leads have a more typical meaning of the action object name, e.g.: substitute ChZ, STZ, counting LZ, incense ChZ. Another derivative is close to other constructive sets, e.g.: plant BZ, can be MŽ considered as the name of the owners of the ir verb property, bait as the name of the tool, affair SZ — EZ, GŽ,STŽ verb — abstract. The base words of this type of vedic are usually primary, less often mixed verbs (e.g.: melting, matter, counting). Only one derivative bait is adjectively connected to the secondary verb. The past su tense is used as the basis of the verb, e.g. pabėralas pabėrė, paberti, paberia). The second verb suffixes in the basic forms do not pass the derivatives, cf.: SŽ (: reikalas reik-ėjo). Base verbs are more often final, about every fourth derivative has a prepositional base root, e.g. į pabėralas (: SG, substitute ChZ, STZ, zabralas SŽ, memorial SŽ. The root vowels change only in the derivative substituted). (: -tis Adverbs -tis derivatives (of which are most often 11) named action result only sometimes can be ir perceived as action object names. This is the case for the first-order functions, for example, the functions of the first-order functions of the su first-order functions of the first-order functions. The names of EZ 31 properties derived from non-degressive adjectives are rare exceptions, e.g.: artutinum FŽ, nihilismus TŽ, conditionality TŽ, uniformity EŽ, universality EZ. A very special and distinctive derivative is the seniority of STŽ. It is neither appropriate nor necessary to increase the number of such exceptions in terminology. When preparing new glossaries for the relevant fields, it would be useful to remove these terms. The -um suffix in Vedic shows a considerable terminological inclination to international words. Hybrids derived with the suffix -um from adjectives are slightly more than one-third (189 different derivatives out of 534, or 3594). Among the basic adjectives with the suffix -iškas, -a, there are a lot of hybrids (90 of 154 different derivatives, or 589%). More than a fifth of these leads are based on participants. Most of them are made of passive kind present tense participants. It is a relatively small number of participants, and there are fewer than 100 participants per year. The significance of the time of action in most of the derivatives is heavily blurred or not understood at all. Substantial participants are often already characterized, for example, some of them are graded, e.g.: visible (; visibility GZ, SZ), sufficient (: sufficiency STZ), corruptible (: corruptibility TZ), correctable (: correctibility STZ), passable (: passability MZ), dependent (: dependence EZ, TZ), understandable (: understandability STZ), motivated (: motivation TZ), reasonable (: reasonability STZ, TZ), carved (: carvedness SZ), ranked (: rankness ATZ), interested (: interest EZ, TZ), trained (: trainedness SZ), occupied (: occupation EZ). Some of these participants are derived and used as adverbs with -ai. These are very clear signs of adjectives of participants, but the names of properties are also made from such participants that cannot be considered as adjectives yet (the only sign of their adjectives would be at least the conduct of the abstracts themselves, but in this case it is not suitable to rely on it). One other derivative of the suffix -umas associated with the participant of necessity can easily be interpreted differently, e.g.: randomness STZ, TŽ, compulsiveness TŽ, contractuality SZ are probably made not from participants of necessity, but from adjectives (random, compulsive, contractual). This is not a good practice. It is interesting to note that about two-thirds of the derivatives made from the participants, the Russian counterparts are also derived from the participants of the corresponding time. This shows that the Russian terminology encourages the creation of Lithuanian terms from the participants. There are also pamorphemically translated terms, e.g.: wettability —KamoKaemocmo ChZ, refutability —ocnopumocmo TŽ, repeatability “repetition” —noembpsaemocmo GZ, MZ, STZ, adaptability —npumenumocms STZ, TŽ, compactability —ynaomusemocms GZ, MZ, sufadinability —6036ydumocmo, 6036yscdaemocms ChZ, uZflammability —eocnaamensemocms ChZ; flatness —npunatociymocms GZ. From other words, only separate Vedas are made. For example, from the numerals, make only the prepositions STŽ, TŽ and the singular LŽ, and from the nouns — the openness GŽ, the invalidity EŽ, TŽ and the substitution EŽ. 38 -ysthe The suffix -psté forms the second type of adjectives in terms of action, but its presence in the Vedic dictionaries is fewer than that of the adjectives of action. 11 - Some kind of. Most of the Vedas are Social Sciences (economics, literature, law) terms. Almost a third of these types of vedas are the names of other fields of science or ar the respective occupation of the persons mentioned in the reference word, e.g. : crafts EŽ, LŽ, sheep farming EŽ, banking EŽ, horticulture EŽ, woodworking CHZ, algae farming BZ, peat farming MZ, farming EZ, livestock farming EEZ, shipping E, T, cotton cultivation EEZ, forestry MZ, meadow farming MZ, horticulture BZ, silk farming EEZ, entrepreneurship EEZ, agriculture EEZ, fishing EEZ, MZ. In addition to these, there are other types of employment, such as those that are defined by the type of work performed. E.J., arrowroot EZ, pickpocket TŽ, bribery TŽ, kustarništvo „domaća proizvodnja“ EZ, novatoryzmė EZ, renting EZ, half-work EZ, strike-breaking EZ, theft TZ. Most of these derivatives are made from personal names with the suffix -nik. Several derivatives are names of various economic currents and the nature of social relations, e.g.: baronship EŽ, statelessness TŽ, dual rule TŽ, fritradery EŽ, landlordship EŽ, succession TŽ, contracting EŽ, trusteeship TŽ, full rule TŽ, slavery EŽ, monopoly EŽ, TŽ, all-rule EŽ. The remaining Vedas name various characteristics of individuals or even more dissociated states, positions. These characteristics are also directly derived from the descriptive name of the person who goes by the reference word, e.g.: authorship LŽ, TŽ, co-authorship LŽ, TŽ, co-editorship LŽ, landlessness (landlessness) EŽ, brokenness EŽ, multi-landlessness EŽ, polygamy TŽ, bigamy TŽ, kinship TŽ, longevity EŽ, minorhood EŽ, TŽ, newcomership EŽ, membership TŽ, minorhood TŽ, sisterhood TŽ, fatherhood TŽ, farsightedness FZ, myopia FZ, infanticide TZ. All terms are derived from nouns. Almost all of the base nouns are personal names. Names of sciences and related fields of occupation are usually made from the names of persons according to their profession (most often they have the suffix -nik). Occasionally, it is difficult to say whether such a name of a person really exists (e.g.: dumblininkas „algae researcher or guardian, grower“, cf. algae farming „algae natural reserves protection or cultivation for food, medicine, etc., practiced in some coastal regions“ BZ), or, having in mind other similar derivatives, the suffix -ininkysté is already added. From the non-blade names only the term prabysté GZ is made. -ity In terms of the number of derivatives used in terminology, it is the third preposition after -umas and -ystė (41 derivatives). The majority of the Vedic parts of the suffix -ija are terms of economics, law and literature. The fact that most of the derivatives are used in the terminology of social branches indicates that the characteristics named by them are related to the phenomena of social life. 39 This type of vedic names characteristics or a certain state, position similar to suffixes ir -um vedic. However, -the nominal characteristics of many derivatives are somewhat more intense, more specific, often have a shade of belonging to whom. Because to some of these derivatives have acquired a very specific meaning, they can be used to denote things with a ir corresponding characteristic, e.g.: representation EŽ, TŽ, ownership EŽ, LŽ, TŽ, management EŽ, TŽ, seniority TŽ, government TŽ. Adverbs -ie vedic forms of nouns, adjectives, iš participles. Individual words are derived from ri numerals, pronouns and adverbs. Noun iš derivatives made ir iš names of persons, e.g. personality LŽ, representative office EŽ, TŽ, malice TŽ, nationality TŽ, management EŽ, TŽ, valdinybė TŽ, ir iš other (usually abstract) meanings, e.g. circumstances LZ. STZ, circumstance TZ, gerybé EC, quantity STZ, pareigybé TZ, municipalities EZ, nationals TZ, country No, TZ. Adjectives on which suffixes are based -ybé derivatives, usually graded. For example: individuality LZ, feature STŽ, equality EŽ, STŽ, TŽ, unequalbė EŽ, STŽ, TŽ, identity STZ, TZ, truth STZ, value E, T, omnipotence No. There is a significant difference between the legal terms of ir bi-municipality and bi-municipality. These are the derivatives of wrongdoing, which should not become an example for new wrongdoing. About a fifth of the Vedic base words are participles. Almost all of these property names are made by passive type present tense iš participants, e.g.: responsibility EŽ, TŽ, deductibility EŽ, TŽ, possibility STŽ, we're moving. bė (movable property) EP, immunity TŽ, independence E, T, dependence EZ, FZ, STZ, TZ, probability EŽ, MŽ, STŽ. Iš necessity participant derived only necessity EŽ. Operatively less clear derivative difference The DT can be derived from the passive type of the iš past participle. The participants themselves are more or less described. Different ar basic stems have Vedic multitudes STG, quality ATZ, EZ, STZ, property BZ, EŽ, STŽ, SŽ, unity TŽ. The remaining prefixes are Su 15 made up of only one or a few property names, so their role in po terminology is limited. jų Most of these types of Vedic base words are adjectives, but -yba, -urys some other ir adjectives are based on nouns. One other derivative is gų adjectively related to nouns or pronouns. ja su Iš all these su prepositions derived vedas. 34 -ata : allowance EZ, TŽ, visata FZ. -atis : sausage MZ, senate No, TZ. -enybé : preference EZ, STZ, SZ, TZ. -iava : lygiava No. .or mining : EZ, GZ, Shipping EZ, SZ, TZ, writing TZ, guard TZ, accounting EZ, STZ, TZ. < slavery : No. “leishma- : niasis ‘plant disease in which the damaged surface of the fruit or tubers resembles a scaly skin’ BZ. 40 -mē |: sausmé, dryness, drought” MZ. -muo: equal to GZ, MZ, primary EZ, secondary „pure rock; ‘virgelis’ MZ, GZ, diameter GZ. - the : company TŽ, welfare EZ, variety STZ, bondage EZ, unity LZ. ra: sausra GZ, MZ. -the defect i of the spragsé,,spausdinto audinio; a dark spot with a light su streak in the middle, printed at the point of the printing shaft where the eraser, bent by a randomly fallen piece of paper, did not remove the ink” to ATZ. It appears that this derivative is adjectively related to the noun spraga. su -cow : blackleg disease caused by other fungi of ir the genus Rhytisma” BZ. -uma |: majority STZ, TZ, longitude SZ, minority TZ, latitude SZ, šlapuma MZ, coolness GZ, allma No, STZ. -urys : middle SZ. The individual types of abstract noun formation differ significantly in their constructional tendencies from the formation of popular words, so there are fewer terms that are not specially made, but taken from non-terminological lexicon. Such, of course, can be found among the derivatives of all suffixes, especially those of the non-active types -atis, -mė, -ra, -urys and some others. This group of nouns consists of vedic nouns, which are used to name persons according to their occupation or any other characteristic derived from the base noun. Some of the Vedic texts go by the names of other living and non-living things, whose base noun is said to be a characteristic of them. At present, in Lithuanian word formation studies, it is customary to divide the derivatives examined here into two groups of word formation — names of persons with noun characteristics and names of persons according to profession.” However, it seems that these two vedas are better considered to be members of the same group. They are closely linked by the common action (the nature of the basic words and the affixes of the action) and the common meaning of the action — the name according to a characteristic feature (profession or occupation, after all, is also a characteristic characteristic of a person). In addition, all personal names according to profession are derived from the only type of word formation in literary language (the suffix -ininkas, -ė). The same suffix forms the constructive type of the noun-like names in literary language. It is often used to refer to a person who is permanently engaged in a certain work or activity, as well as a person who is occasionally or temporarily employed. The same differences in meaning are found in the derivative parts of the most common types of names of actors and possessors of verb properties. Therefore, in this work, the names of persons according to profession and the names of the holders of noun characteristics are examined as one group of verbs. In this case, we can classify them as follows: 1) the names of persons according to their occupation, 2) other names of persons, 3) names of animals, 4) names of inanimate things (objects). As is usual in Lithuanian word formation, names according to origin and affiliation, place names, are not distinguished from names of noun-like features, although in their general meaning they are not particularly distant from the group under consideration. 11 The distribution is as follows: V. Urbučio darbai. See. This group consists of 323 I, p. 340 ir 406. 41 terms in the dictionaries, which are made with 46 prefixes. However, there are only three types of prepositional action that are more active. These are the suffixes -ininkas, -ė, -inis, -ė, -ainis, -ė. With these suffixes are made up two thirds of all names of noun-like features and professional persons. Most of the Vedas have the suffix -ininkas, -ė (about 409 of all the Vedas of this group). -ininkas, -ė The derivatives of this suffix form two groups of meaning — personal names according to occupation and other names of persons with noun properties. The greater part of the derivatives are names of persons according to occupation, e.g.: craftsman BZ, sketcher LZ, storyteller LZ, brigadier EZ, buyer SZ, singer, -ka LZ, worker EZ, GZ, TZ, paratrooper SZ, wholesaler EZ, disc player SZ, financier EZ, chainman EZ, wrestler SZ, toolmaker EZ, basketball player SZ, chronicler LZ, marathoner SZ, customsman EZ, parachutist SZ, storyteller LZ, puncher EZ, merchant EZ, prose writer LZ, repairman MZ, ball player SZ, warehouseman EZ, slalomman SZ, skier SZ, starter SZ, builder EZ, standman SZ, weightlifter STZ, miner GZ, jumper SZ, table player MZ, volleyball player SZ, businessman EZ. Base words of person names according to occupation usually mean the object or effect of that occupation, e.g.: botanist BŽ, boxer SŽ, footballer SŽ, geophotographer GŽ, surveyor MŽ, recorder LŽ, accountant EZ, TŽ, lawyer TŽ, helmsman STZ, SZ. Less often, the reference word indicates the place of occupation, e.g.: cashier EZ, warehouseman EZ, storekeeper EŽ, miner GŽ, gatekeeper SŽ, or the nature of the occupation, e.g.: second-line worker BZ, housekeeper EZ, TZ, shift worker EZ, half-time worker EZ, weekly worker EZ, single-time worker EZ, TZ. About one-third of the vedas consist of other names of vardazodinés properties. The majority of them are here also names of persons, but the derivatives of this group usually do not indicate the occupation of the person, but usually indicate the possession of what, belonging to whom, connection with what, inclination to what and other characteristics, e.g.: shareholder EŽ, TŽ, artelininkas EŽ, banker EŽ, baudžiauninkas EŽ, baudžiavininkas EŽ, complice TŽ, community member EŽ, exchanger EŽ, caseman TŽ, činšininkas EZ, TZ, čyžininkas EZ, shareholder EZ, tithe-taker EZ, doucler EZ, manorman EZ, entrepreneur EZ, depositor EZ, TZ, culprit TZ, kySininkas TZ, concessionaire EZ, TZ, smuggler EZ, cooperative EZ, laZininkas EZ, non-payer EZ, TZ, tenant EZ, TZ, pajungininkas TZ, individual EZ, TZ, pensioner EZ, TZ, passer EZ, TZ, opponent TZ, private person EZ, TZ, prize-taker SZ, recorder SZ, renter EZ, sqjungininkas TZ, owner EZ, TZ, debtor EZ, TZ, violent TZ, striker EZ, master EZ, intermediary EZ, TZ, boss EZ, STZ, TZ. Only a few vedas name various objects, e.g.: conductor FZ, STZ, literalist LŽ, pawn SŽ (chess, figurative meaning), verseman "strong twisted or twisted thread cross-weaving a parallel strand of linen yarn into 10 verses, a strand of cotton yarn into 7 verses" ATŽ. 42 Most of these derivatives are made of nouns, but there are some iš derivatives that are based on adjectives, numerals and pronouns, e.g.: TZ, non-conductor FZ, individual EZ, TZ, paZodininkas LZ, infantryman SZ, private owner EZ, TZ; deCentennial EZ, Chairman SZ, TZ; owner No, TZ. The roots of the base words are more often the same as the roots of the base words, e.g.: worker EŽ, TŽ, surveyor MŽ, meadowkeeper MZ, writer SZ, Chief EZ, STZ, TZ. However, the stems of a large part of the Vedic languages have prefixes, suffixes, some are even o enriched, pyz. : reviewer LŽ, storyteller LZ, renter TZ, the host TZ, industrialist EZ, superconductor FZ; penalty shooter EZ, forklift truck EZ, the racer SZ, a builder EZ, unitary EZ, TZ; cyclist SZ, logger GZ, a newspaperman LZ, folklorist LZ ir kt Adverbs -ininkas, -¢ Vedic mostly relies on purely Lithuanian ZodZiais, but it can easily be attached ji to international otherwise ir foreign words, e.g.: ar barjerininkas SZ, exporter EZ, freight forwarder EZ, TZ, importer EZ, a stamper LZ, spinning fisherman SZ ir kt The end of the base Word is dropped in the action -ija, e.g. shareholder EZ, TZ (: akc-ija), geodetininkas MZ (: geodet-ija), koncesininkas EZ, TZ ( : conces-ija), pensioner EZ, TZ (: pensija), plg. also ir kooperatininkas EZ (: kooperac-ija, kooperat-yvas). Occasionally the vedic has a shorter suffix variant -inks, e.g. : Sulininkai (mines) GZ, or -nink, e.g.: baudžiauninkas No. However, modernizations are usually made with su the full form of the suffix -ininkas, e.g.: didmenininkas EŽ, entrepreneur EZ, the racer SZ, alternate EZ, individual EZ, TZ, industrialist EZ ir kt The dictionaries almost do not provide female-genus Vedic terms, but this does not mean that in science and other fields only male-genus Vedic terms are used. This practice of terminology dictionaries does not reflect the real situation in the language. It is worth seriously doubting whether it is appropriate to ti present the terms in such cases only in the male gender. -inis The -ė majority of derivatives of this type are in the masculine genus, and most of them are various systematic names of animals and plants. All such vedic terms in terminology are plural, and for this work they are all chosen from V. Gudelis’s “Geology and Physical Geography Terms Dictionary- ”. These are mainly paleontological terms. For example: Tunicata, Ligulatae, Eutheria, Articulata, Cormophyta, Flagellatae. The base words for such terms are usually nouns. They either indicate a more characteristic member of the order, e.g. equine (Eguidae), porcine (Suina), Lepidophyta), a more characteristic body part, e.g. marsupial (Marsupialia), proboscidea, vertebrate (Vertebrata), armored (Ostracodermi), or a more commonly known thing, e.g. thallophyta, nautiloidea, or other characteristics, e.g. unequal-bodyed (and unequal-bodyed) animals. 43 Almost a third of the Vedic roots are of non-Lithuanian origin — they are followed by various roots of international words, e.g. chordal (Chordata), psilophytic (and psilophytes). A large part of such vedas, apparently, have no reference words used separately in Lithuanian terminology. In this case, the Vedic is probably derived directly from the corresponding Latin terms, e.g. Anapsida, Baragwanathiales, Bennettitales, Diapsida, Euryapsida, Cordaitales, Lepidodendrales, Synapsida, Therapsida. Among the derivatives under consideration, the whales (Cetacea) are distinguished, which, although having the same suffix, as a member of animal systematics is taken the plural of the name of the individual animal. The word whale itself is, of course, a derivative of this type of verb. A quarter of these derivatives name various inanimate objects, most of which are used in sports terminology, such as: glasses, football, corner, basketball, handball, cross, volleyball. And the base words of these Vedas are usually nouns. Only a few derivatives are made from adjectives, e.g. akiuotinis "a wild boy with an eye; wild boy with a deeply rooted blade” BZ, landscape GZ, cross-sectional SZ, source GZ, MZ, EZ, FŽ, LŽ, "STZ. The Vedas of the female genus name various inanimate things. Their base nouns denote the place characteristic of the thing named by the derivative, e.g.: shore MŽ, SŽ, backpack SŽ, tent EŽ, SŽ, capital TŽ, side GŽ, the material of which it is made, or the component parts, e.g.: chain MŽ, GŽ, SŽ, ChŽ, FŽ, STŽ, glass "laboratory vessels of various dimensions, glass-shaped" ChŽ, the purpose, e.g.: bottom ‘see fishing rod’ SZ, lullaby LZ, glove SŽ ir kt Some of the derivatives used in botanical terminology follow the names of fruit varieties or their fruits, for example: bottleneck "oblong pears with greenish-yellow or yellow skin, which is entirely or largely covered with dark or pink-brown rust <...>", egg-shaped "plum varieties with fruits that are significantly tapered to the stem side with soft flesh", cartilage "pear varieties with fruits that have firm, stiff flesh, the juice is colored or colorless", nutmeg, "small or medium-sized, various, mostly oblong shaped summer or autumn pears with a strongly noticeable o nutmeg smell, such as September nutmeg", sviestinés (Berry) "pear varieties with ripe fruit flesh resembling butter consistency", heart "pear varieties with soft flesh and colored or colorless juice <...>", buttery "medium or large, oblong or rounded shaped, with melting or semi-melting flesh pears", Hungarian "plum varieties with fruits that are elongated in shape with tapered ends, hard sugary flesh with flat pointed ends pit". ir Most of the vedic forms are made of iš ordinary nouns, e.g.: daržinė SG, edge STŽ, rėtinė STŽ, roofing SŽ ir etc., but some derivatives are based on derived nouns, e.g.: klostinė „fabric defect; unfinished area of fabric due to crease (not marked, scratched, bleached, etc.)’ ir ATZ, mouldy "fabric defect; a gray spot on the fabric, poorly coloured because the dyeing fabric has been lying wet for a long time, damaged ir by mold” ATZ. Some of the Vedas are based on adjectives. They are used to name various objects that have characteristics that are expressed by base adjectives, e.g.: gulstinė SG, in-bumper STŽ, blouse SZ, barrel SZ, branched SZ, discounted GZ, transverse GZ. Only one term decimal made digit. EŽ iš 44 -ainis, -ė This is the third type of noun-like forms, but the derivatives belonging to it are many times fewer than those belonging to suffixes. 7 -man, Vedic. -ė Vedic are called types of natural materials (usually stones), e.g.: brittle GZ, kitchen sink GZ, plated GZ, horned GZ, sandstone ChZ, GZ, type of topsoil, e.g. silainé MZ, GZ, pebblenė MZ. A number of species have been named after the ir plant, e.g. (Ginkgophyta) GZ, moth-eating beetles (Charophyta) GZ, ferns (Class Filicales) GZ, sage (Cycadophyta) Ms. The rest of the Vedas name various specific things, e.g. : power plant EZ, FZ, MZ, angled STZ, SZ, snowy GZ. Most of the vedas are made up of nouns. A quarter of iš the Vedas are based on adjectives, e.g. gulstainis FZ, diagonal SZ, plate GZ, grayish GZ, transverse GZ. A whole group (43) of suffixes for names of persons with name-word characteristics form relatively sparsely constructed types. Su the jų (30) majority is consumed only po 1—2 hydrogens. Iš all these su prepositions made Vedic. -beer: 103 white wine ChZ, black wine STZ, TZ, fat BZ, ChZ, white wine FZ, MZ, urea BZ, ChZ, yarn MZ, SZ. -aras : Zabaras GZ, MZ. -eivis, -ė: airman SZ. Although this is not the case in the Lithuanian word formation works, it can be distinguished synchronically. This is the only derivative used in the terminology under consideration, but there are more in literary language. The name of the group is derived from the occupation of the members. -agent : rarpeklis GZ. -one: heading "flax fruit —box" BZ, swallow "leaf spotting caused by the fungus Corynespora mslonis Lind" BZ, handle MZ, STZ, SZ. „ėčia : pasakėčia LZ. -layer: material, -s BZ, EZ, FZ, GZ, LZ, MZ, STZ, TZ. -(over) its equator : SZ. «your : raw material, -os ChZ, EZ. -or a : farm No. -one : Zalienos MZ. «ietis: kolikietis EZ, olimpietis SZ, roberientis SZ, pilsonis TZ, ārzemnieks TZ, valststietis EZ. Many of these types of vedas name individuals according to their origin and place of residence, but such vedas as the Olympian, etc. are closely related to the names of the owners of the noun feature. - nice : briefs SZ. -noun: young SZ, gasket GZ, STZ, denominator STZ. -ilas: circle (around the sun, moon) GZ. -il: hydrogen ChZ, GZ, SZ. -ing: circle SZ, gluten BZ, pulp BZ, liquid ChZ, thickening ChZ. -ing: protein, -ing BZ, ChZ, brine ChŽ, GZ. -yna: GZ lentyna. -inys well : GZ, MZ, valinys GZ, Zabinys MZ, horse BZ. -iokas: average peasant EZ. „(jukas: gulstinukas,,7ematainis vaistinis augalas su gulséijomis, žemyn einančiomis šakomis <...>“ BZ, quater,four groups of chromosomes, which are formed after two successive divisions of the nucleus, occurring during reductive 45 division (meiosis)“ BZ, lipniukas,,- polinarijus <...> dalis, išskirianti lipnų skystį, su kurio pagalba polinarijus prilimpa prie insekto kūno“ BZ, wildinukas „from seed or vegetatively grown uncultured young fruit tree <...>“ BZ, buestukas „type of monophyletic inflorescence, whose branching takes place in one plane and the branches are always oriented to the same side —right or left <...>“ BZ, savaiminukas,autonomically, without the supervision of foresters, from seed grown tree“ BZ, seedling „tree grown from seed, which is then transplanted to a permanent place“ BZ, seedling „plant grown for seed (beetroot, beetroot- ), while still young; later grows into seedlings’ BZ, seedling, ‘transplanted from the nursery or fruit tree (e.g. oak, walnut) grown from planted fruit’ BZ. Vedic seedling, seedling can also be derived from verbs. In this case, the suffix -inukas would be Vedic and belong to the group of names of the possessors of the verb property. -kis : average EZ, FZ, STZ. ys: spikes BZ. - My : Crimea STZ. -mena: maZmenos EZ, sausmena „in the total irrigation area not irrigated place <...>“ MZ. -shape: square shape GZ, MZ, square shape GZ, MZ, digit EZ, diameter GZ, STZ. - oily : hooves (Unrecognized) GZ, SZ. -ojas(-us): peat ChZ, GZ, MZ, filmijus ‘film-forming material’ ChZ, cauciukojus ChZ, séklojas ‘plant for seed’ BZ, rock GZ. -shaft: foam ChZ, grease box MZ, SZ. = oak resin : GZ. - He's a : dirty guy. EZ, MZ. -orius : isorius SZ. -ové: bendrovė EZ, daržovės BZ, rankové STZ, podnikové ChZ, EZ. -té blade : SZ. - poultry : livestock No. -curcumin: curcumin BZ. -un: animal GZ, fox BZ, misrin BZ, officer EZ, primate EZ, TZ, predator SZ, ristan SZ, elder TZ, rocky ChZ, GZ, MZ, sign SZ. -ear: end STZ, tip BZ, STZ. -aphids: deciduous BZ, conifers (Coniferae) BZ, GZ, radiant GZ, armored (Dasypodidae) Ms. -uolis: enthusiastic "sport enthusiast" SZ, resistant GZ, pure ChZ, GZ, fast EZ, strong SZ, Zieduolis GZ. -one : protozoan (Protozoa) GZ. -oated: striped SZ, sparred STZ, vascular STZ. Some of the prepositional derivatives mentioned here are taken from the non-terminological lexicon. This is true of the suffixes -(i)aga, -aras, -inys, -yna, -orius and some other derivatives. These types of word formation are not productive in literary language. However, some other types, although having few derivatives, have nevertheless given derivatives of new forms, cf. suffixes -ilis, -očiai, -ojas(-ojus), -(i)ukas, -uočiai, etc. Some of the terms have a figurative meaning, e.g.: "monk" in the MZ, which denotes a hydrotechnical device for regulating the water run-off from ponds and other water bodies. This is a clear interpretation of the meaning of the Russian equivalent term,,monax- ®. Deminutives, of which there are 256 in the terminology of the fields under consideration, have noun roots and most often denote the same thing as their base words. However, things named deminutive derivatives are usually smaller than things of the same kind named base nouns. Some derivatives either have no diminutive meaning at all, or at least do not emerge as the most important meaning related to the work. 46 ji su Such Vedas usually name different things than the basic Words, forming so-called deminutives of jų special meaning. In literary ir language, some deminutives are characterized by the evaluation of the subject marked by the reference word and the raising of feelings ir associated with it. In terminology, emotional expressiveness is avoided, so deminutives are su much less common here than in literary language in general. mo ir This is a group of medium-sized (in terms of number of vedas) terms. Most Lithuanian deminutyviniy terms are (55%) made suffix su -el, -e. Significantly (2794) fewer terms su with suffix -ėlis, -ė, These suffixes complement each other in the formation of deminutives, because only together they can cover the whole variety of basic nouns. Deminutive terms are usually Vedic ir jų (more than four fifths). Iš other suffixes slightly stand out dar-(i)ukas ir -used (about all 15%, derivatives). Other suffixes 4 have only a few derivatives in the dictionaries po under consideration, -el, the -ė deminutive part denotes the same things as ir jų base nouns. However, those things that are denoted by deminutives are smaller or not at all. ir Thus, the adverbs -el, the basic -ė meaning of deminutive terms is diminutive. For example: playground STZ, SZ, ąselė GZ, saddle SZ, tower SZ, curbs SZ, cover BZ, STZ, strap SZ, dimple SZ, door STZ, scratched SZ, cap STZ, gojelis SZ, gripper SZ, graiZelis BZ, grinding SZ, groove MZ, grille MZ, STZ, burbel SZ, strip STZ, SZ, strap STZ, bar SZ, knatelis ATZ, booklet EZ, shaft BZ, SZ, cross GZ, cudgel ATZ, bush ATZ, sheets BZ, leaflet BZ, EZ, LŽ, STZ, rod SZ, table SZ, nodules ATZ, exemption ChZ, STZ, SZ, campus EZ, miglelé SZ, cage FZ, GZ, film ChZ, FZ, MZ, STZ, flat ChZ, FZ, STZ, SZ. plutelée GZ, MZ, smoker GZ, sametel SZ, skiing ATZ, skylining BZ, spike BZ, table GZ, stand SZ, saddle BZ, stream GZ, MZ, tube FZ, STZ, SZ, breeze SZ, calves BZ. Other Vedic words of this type are the names of specific things, and their meaning relationship with the base words is rather distant: Vedic meaning in this case is figurative. For example: beard "bunch of hairs on the crown or cup" BZ, particle "common name of elementary and colloidal particles" ChŽ, FZ, STZ, grid, "smallest crystal"; the arrangement of atoms in a crystal” ChZ, FZ, GZ, STZ, cocci “microsporophylls of flowering plants <...>, producing pollen” BZ, vessel (for heating) ChZ, field SZ (checkers, checkers), scale “the ratio of the length of a line on a map, plan or drawing to the actual length of a place or drawn object” MZ, SZ, STZ, pistil “the female part of a ring consisting of one or more adult petals” BZ, pair “weave defect; a strip of two threads not divided by threads of another system’ ATŽ, scarf ‘flat fabric covering the clusters of spores in many leaves of ferns’ BŽ, graft ‘young plant cultivated and grown by grafting intended for transplantation to a permanent growth site (planting material)’ BŽ, twigs ‘manufacturing waste; 100-meter-long strands of yarn, folded into strands from test brooms or coils with laboratory flexors and subjected to number, strength, straightening or other laboratory tests <...>“* derivatives), suffix of the names of professional persons holding noun characteristics -ininkas, vediniai), suffix of the names of tools -tuvas derivatives), suffix of the names of the results of action 47 5. deminutives —256 6. names of actors and possessors of verb properties —248 7. names of the result of an action —224 8. names of places: noun, —99 verb —36 9. collective names —27 10. names according to origin and affiliation; —16 11. names of festivals and ceremonies = 1 of total —4955 4.All derived terms with suffixes belong to 245 word construction types, but only 33 term construction types have more than 10 derivatives each. These are the constructs themselves and the types of construction of literary language nouns, for example, -imas | -ymas, -tis, -yba of action names, -umas, -ybė, -ystė of property names, -ininkas, -ė, -inis, -ė of noun property names and professional persons, -tojas, -a, -ėjas, -a, -tinis, -ė of actors and verb property names, -inys, -alas, -muo of action result names, -fuvas, -iklis, -tukas of tool names, -elis, -ė | -élis, -ė of deminutive names, -ynas, -uma, -iné, -ykla of place names, -ija of collective names, etc. These older types comprise 4,415 derivatives, or 89.19% of all the derivatives examined. The greatest number of derivatives is found in the verb suffixes -imas and -ymas, with which almost half of all the examined terms (48.6%) are derived. The second in terms of the number of derivatives is the -um type of property names (149%, derivatives). Next are the deminutive suffixes -elis, -ė, -ėlis, -ė (from all Vedic), the suffixes for names of the possessors of verb properties of actors „tojas, 210 ir -a ir -e, -a (148 ir -ė (129 (119 -inys vedini), (77 suffix of names of noun-like properties -inis, -ė (73 Vedic), suffix of property names -ystė (61 derivative) ir tool name suffix -iklis (54 derivatives). Su these prefixes (each has jų less than ne derivatives) derived all 50 the derivatives 17,6%, under consideration. 20 conjunctive types have 11 —50 derivatives ir 212 types of action have no more than derivati10 ves. This shows that the construction of most terms is characterized by uniformity. There are more prepositional forms of constructed nouns in literary language. Be therefone re, in one group the self-made term types 1—2 are more distinguished. 5. In terminology, those types of word formation in literary language, which are characterized by emotional expressive shades of meaning, are ir avoided. For example, in literary language, deminutives are the most abundant among prepositional nouns, in terminology they are only a group of medium size, because they are used o here only in a minor special — meaning. ir There are many types of the formation of names of the possessors of the verb feature of literary language, which are almost not characteristic of terminology. su 6. The term formation has more ir characteristic features, for example: specialization a) of the types of formation (it is insufficient in Lithuanian terminology), b) the expansion of the boundaries of individual types of work, compared to literary su language, c) 54 the use of words with a verbally decomposable root in the terratural language for the formation of vedic verbs, the d) abundance of hybrids in individual types of verbs (with international reference stems), greater than e) the prevalence of values in literary language in general. 7. Most of the terms are regular derivatives. Most of the time, the unsuccessful candidates are blind morphological evaluators of other iš languages. Incorrect terms occur more often due to the incorrect choice of the base word, less often due to the incorrect use of adverbs. Abbreviations ATŽ A. Jurevičius, A. Čižas, Explanatory Dictionary of Textile Terms, I, Vilnius, 1962. BŽ — Dictionary of Botanical Terms, compiled by The Botanical Dictionary, edited by Prof. dr. Dr. J. Dagys (man. redaktorius), biol. m. k. A. Lekavičius ir jo m. b. V. MaliSauskiené, Vilnius, 1965. ChZ — K. Dictionary of Chemistry, Vol. 1960. DŽ — Dictionary of Modern Lithuanian Language, II supplemented edition, editorial board: J. Kruopas (atsak. editor), A. Lyberis, D. Lukšys, J. Paulauskas, | J. Senkus | K. Ulvydas, Vilnius, Lithuania 1972. EZ — Russian-Lithuanian Dictionary of Economic Terms, Editorial Board: Lietuvos AcademiciMA an of the TSR K. Meškauskas (at. red.), A. Poviliūnas, V. Puronas, A. Skupeika, Vilnius, Lithuania 1966. FŽ — Dictionary of Physics Terms, editor Lietuvos TSR akad. MA P. Brazdžiūnas, Vilnius, Lithuania 1958. GŽ — V. Dictionary of Geology ir and Physical Geography, Vol. 1956. LZ — Glossary of literary terms (composed of J. Petronis, V. Vanagas, A. Zalatorius), Vilnius, Lithuania 1962. MŽ — J. Čeičys, Dictionary of melioration terms, 1960. Vilnius, STZ — V. Kairys, A. Kaminskas, Z. Kudirka, R. Kundrotiené, | M. LipSicas|, A. Mačernius, Norkus, J. Riaubiinas, J. Stanaitis, J. Stulpinas, Sliavas, B. Rusy—lietuviy—angly A. language computational technology terms dictionary, Vilnius, 1971. SZ — Glossary of sports terms (editorial board: Z. Gobikas, V. Kazlauskas, Meritorious Master of Sports of the USSR J. Lagunavičius, ped. m. cand. P. Normantas, biol. m. cand. V. Petkus, P. Rimša, V. Steponaitis (atsak. compiler), Vilnius, 1959, TZ — Dictionary of Legal Terms, A. compiled by Žiurlys, editorial board: Lietuvos CorrespondiMA ng member of TSR. J. Bulavas, prof. K. Jablonskis (atsak. 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