Ratelio verpstės ir jos dalių pavadinimai

LITHUANIAN AREA LINGUISTICS QUESTIONS LITHUANIAN SSR ACADEMY OF SCIENCES A. JONAITYTĖ RATELIO SPINDLE AND ITS PARTS NAMES In most of Lithuania, the spindle is now attached to the ratel — it is inserted into the chair of the lying ratel or into the end of the crossbar of the upright ratel. There are two types of spindle attached to the wheel. The spindle of the first —the most common—type consists of a relatively long vertical stem, a shorter horizontal stem inserted into it and a certain table (sometimes a racket, fork) inserted into the end of the latter?. The peg is usually pinned to the table with a wooden, rarely bone or metal spike, and sometimes it is tied. The second type of spindle consists of a table with a long shank inserted into the appropriate part of the wheel, and a spike or rope to attach the peg. In the southeastern and partly southern edges of Lithuania and on the nearby Lithuanian islands of the Belarusian SSR, there is still an ancient spindle, completely separate from the wheel. It is a large pegboard with a long shank, the end of which is nailed to a special-shaped base plate. During spinning, the plate is placed on a chair or bench, and the spinner sits on it*. This type of spindle is usually attached to a peg, and the spindle itself is not dismantled. The name of the whole spindle is written relatively sparsely from the dialects, and the writings are distributed very unevenly. The common name of the spindle is not written at all from the Lithuanian language. In the western highlands, with a couple of exceptions, we have data only from a few southern dialects. The name of this object is also written in the middle highland dialect only from the southern part (to the south of Kėdainiai). There are also few and random data from the eastern Highlands — the records are scattered throughout the area without any regularity. However, except for the western part (approximately to the Nemunas), the name of the spindle itself is almost correctly written in the Dzūkian dialect. ! The article examines data recorded according to the Lithuanian Language Atlas material collection program (see Lithuanian Language Atlas material collection program, Vilnius, I edition 1951, II —1956, p. 15, question no. 31). They are partly supplemented with material from the Lithuanian language dictionary database. * See drawing. Lithuanian Ethnography, Vilnius, 1964, p. 302; Lithuanian Language Atlas Material Collection Instructions, Vilnius, I edition 1954, II—1958, p. 126. 3 See. Lithuanian ethnography features, p. 303, fig. 167(3). * See drawing. Lithuanian ethnography features, p. 299, fig. 162. By the way, from several southeastern Dzūkijos dialects we have written even the name of the spindle seat. This is hand N&, pussy Mžn, Dv, ass Dbč, tail Daul, Grv. 121 There was no reason for the scarcity and uneven distribution of records. Firstly, in the Lithuanian language atlas material collection program and instruction, the name of the spindle itself as a separate object was not required at all. Secondly, the spindles of the first two types are inserted into the spindle when spinning linen or stuffing (wool — only in some places), and otherwise kept separately from it, so the collectors of Atlas material, especially working without an instruction, where there is a drawing of the spindle with the inserted spindle, could easily forget to write down the spindle itself: the names of the spindle and its parts are not recorded at all in more than 50 of the studied sites®. Thirdly, in the western part of the Lithuanian language area, judging from the complete absence of general writings of the name of the spindle, it seems that it may no longer exist as a name of a separate object at all. Meanwhile, the abundant data from the Dzūkian dialects can be explained by the fact that there is often still an old type of spindle — separate from the wheel — which is usually considered by people as one indivisible object. That this is really the case is confirmed by the very few names of individual parts of the spindle in these Dzūkian dialects. Finally, the complete or incomplete, accurate or inaccurate notation of the names of both the spindle itself and its parts, as sometimes clearly appears from the collected material, depends considerably on subjective reasons — on the knowledge, good will, accuracy, and sometimes even on the individual “taste” of the dialectologists. The written names of the whole spindle are usually the same as the common names of its two stems, and sometimes, if the stems are called each in its own way, as the names of the vertical long stem (e.g. spindle: 1. spindle; 2. vertical horizontal spindle stems; vertical stem). ir 3. This is often referred to as the "horizontal line". It should only be emphasized that no name with multiple meanings is usually written in the same place: in one it is written with one meaning, in another with another. — ir t. t. Two values to of the same name written in one place can only be in the case of a place investigated ta du ar three times at ne the same time: some researchers have written one value, others — another, ir etc. Such cases of ambiguity can indicate things: that the names of some parts of the spindle du are no longer always 1) strictly differentiated in ir dialects that the collectors of the atlas material themselves do not like the part ir 2) ir jų names only. As far as the analysis of the material can be judged, the iš ambiguity comes from both of these things. A polynomial name sometimes has a relatively compact single common area or at least a kind of concentration area. With this in mind, trying to discuss be each name in one place, the names of the spindle itself are not separated in a separate section, but discussed together į with the respective names of the stems of its parts. su — — All that can be said here is that all the written names of the spindle itself have the root spin- (rarely varp-) ir that sometimes they come from the ir object type. For example, about The name of the į spindle used by the farmers is verpscidkas, the old, completely separate from o the spindle webpstis. In an effort to adhere to some order system — of examining names, the names of the same root spindle and its stems are reviewed according to the abundance of meanings: starting from four-valued ending with unimportant, meaningful groups ir * The names ir of the parts of the spindle may be omitted for other ir reasons; e.g. ex. iš In the dialects of Klaipėda region they are very often not recorded because spinning was abandoned there quite a long time ago and the names of ir the parts of the wheel have been forgotten over time. ; 122 inside in alphabetical order. The values themselves are noted with Roman numerals for shortness: I means that the word is written as the name of the whole spindle, II — that the word is written as the common name of both spindle stems, III — that the word is written as the name of the vertical spindle stem, and IV — that the word is written as the name of the horizontal spindle stem. 1. verp-(varp-) root names. The various names of this root form a compact common area, covering more than half of the entire Lithuanian language area. The western boundary of this area, beginning at the border of the Latvian SSR, passes through Namajūnai, Saločiūs, Kriaušiškiūs, Joniškėlis, Rozalima, Voskėniai, Liūtkiškiai, Lėgečiai, Šaūkota, Šnipaičiai, Laužūs, Betygala, Ilgižiai, Rugénai, Vandžiėgala, Batėgala, Karmėlava, Pdderiskiai, Mauručiūs, Plūtiškės, Igliauka, Liudvinavą, Kalvariją, Liubdva. In the west of this boundary, the names of spindle roots are recorded only from a few separate places. (a) Var. su verp-. It is written with all four possible accents, but very rare and iSsibarstgs is the name vefpstė (|verpstė) and its deminutives. In the first meaning, it is written: var. vefpsté Dknn®, Rb, Rk, Vrks, Grb, Ldž, Arn, Pjv, Gnn, Šlčn, Kč, Rud, Lz, Zt, var. verpsté Lkm, Rop, Mgn, Sms, Véz, Aps, Kmo, Zt, dem. spindle Jnšk, Rz; 2nd meaning: var. webpsté Ob, Gdé, Ut, Vdsk, Ig, var. verpsté Vrs, Lgn, dem. verpstélé Ckn; Ill reikšme: var. vefpsté Antk, BIE, vefpstė || verpsté (tarm. stirring. || turns.) Jtk; 4th ed., ed. verpstélé Rd, BIE, Ssk. Them. spindle also has 4 meanings. They do not have a single common range, but individual significances sometimes merge into some sort of concentration areas. It occurs mainly in the northern and eastern part of the common spine/spine- -parrot area. In the sense of p. : Alks, Mnkn, Antz, Kalv, R$, Mdš, K&g, Lb, Ckn, Šiūl, Pstv, Ktn, Gržl, Antr, Akmn, Ker, Sde. In the second meaning it is quite often written in the area, whose boundaries can be roughly drawn through Užūšiai, Namajūnai, Puodžiūs, Jūrgėnai, Panevėžys, Raguva, Radžiūnai, Kurkliūs, Alanta, Vidėniškiai, Dubingiūs, Joniškis (Molėtų r.), Molėtai, Kirdeikiūs, Kiemiėnis, Vaiskūnai, Kriaunas, Svobiski. In addition, the spindle in that sense is still obsolete. : Zr, Antkm, Skn. It is the 3rd. : Jnšk, Jrgn, Rk, o IV—Dbk, Grst. Them. spindle is also four-valued. It also has relatively clear and compact general ranges. The boundary of the larger area can be drawn approximately through Radžiūnai, Pagirės, Pliupūs, Kėdainiai, VandZiégala, Karmélava, Pravieniškės, Palėmena, Žasliūs, Paparčiai, Šiauliai (Širvintų r.), Skliausčiūs, Šaaudžiūs, Žėlva, Balnininkai, Knitiškiūs. The border of the smaller range from the Polish border runs approximately through Liubava, Keturvalakiai, Igliaukas, Plūtiškes, Pašlavantis, Naujoji Uta, Ūdrija, Simna, Barčiūs, Lazdijuos and the smallest — through Šklėriai, Semeliškės, Kietūviškes, Panerius, Trakai. There are several other names for this place. I mean the spindle is closed. : Krkn, Kzt, Gg, Krm, Msn, SIS, Žsl, Ppr, Plut, Pšlv, Sem, Ig, Onš, Lbv, Žls. It has the value 2. : Geid, Angl, Ob, Ds, Akns, Rdžn, Plp, Pg, Min, Knit, Skdt, Grvn, Kdn, Ssk, Kngš, Zm, Psd, Jkt, Jds, Šš, ZI, Vnd, Mrkt, Vp, Pbs, Krkš, Kkl, Sdz, Bté, Pdg, Manč, Nvrn, Sr, S81, Plm, Cb, Skis, Prv, Ktv, Pnr, Dgrd, Plut, Trak, Kt, Ig, NjU, SKIT, Ldvn, Dkš, Gič, Ud, Tilt, Klvr, Zls, Smn, Sip, Nvn, Rdm, Br¢, Vngr, Lzd, Avz, Kp¢, Pns. : Ds, Kur, Ok, Gg, Msn and IV value —Dpk, Kulv. ~ * Tarminés medZiaga localization is indicated in accordance with the order of settlements set for the Lithuanian language atlas, only the number of the settlement is replaced by the abbreviation of the name of the relevant settlement. 123 The following are the names of the spindle roots, written in three meanings. The first one. of them —wefpst is very rare. It has the following meanings. : Jrgl, Vvs, Brsl, Aps, in the second meaning — Skls, and in the third meaning — Grst. Them. the spindle-tailed hawk occupies a compact, relatively large range south of: dem. spindle main area. The boundary of the Verpsčiokas area from the border of the BSSR approximately passes through Kabeliūs, Kūniava, Vydeniūs, Čebatoriūs, Kuršiūs, Rūdninkai, Maceliūs, Panėšiškes, Mefgiškes, Žiežmariūs, Kaišiadėris, Rumšiškes, Armališkes, Pėderiškiai, Mauručiūs, Išlaužas, Prienai, Birštonas, Balbičriškį (see virpscidkas)?, Gelčiūs, Mėteliai, Avižieniūs, Veisiejus, Lėipalingis, Drūskininkai, i.e. this area covers the very southern part of the middle highlands, most of the western Dzūkijos and one other surrounding southwestern highlands dialect. In other parts of the world, it is recorded only from a few separate places. This is the meaning of the name. : Arml, Mrč, Krn, Drs, Prn, Uzg, Mrg, NmjB, GI¢, Mcl, Rūdn, Al, Gnn, Pčk, Ilgn, Dre, Chit, Vyd, Vs, LS, Knv, Mas, Drz, Rtn, Kb; 3rd meaning —Seln, Ilgn, Svl, Mrk. In all elsewhere in the specified area the spindle count is written as II (in total 33 places). In addition, it has a 2. : Kmn, Tlm, Lkč, Krsn. A small, but fairly uniform area is occupied by spindle root derivatives with the prefixes pra-, pri-, pry-(for pri-). The boundary of this area passes through Lėgečiai, Baisėgala, Pociūnėliai, Krakės, Sutkūnai, IlgiZius, Snipaičiai, Šaūkota. In the I meaning, those derivatives are not recorded at all; 2nd ed. Pc, Az, Krk, Stkn, Bsg; III meaning: adjective Snp, adjective Ilgž; IV reikšme: praverpstūkas PSS, prieverpstūkas Šnp, pryverpsčiūkas Škt. Some names of spindle roots are ambiguous — written with either I or II. Of these, the largest and most prominent common area has the name vefpstis (/verpstis- ), used in the southeastern and partly southern edges of the Lithuanian language area. The western and partly northern boundary of the area of the same name approximately runs from Ceikinély through Švenčioonėliai, Mielagénai (Švenčionių r.), Troškūnai (Vilnius r.), Ažūlaukė, Sūdervė, Marijampolė, VéZionis, Vydeniūs, Kūniava, Drūskininkai, Macevičiūs, Kučiūnai. In the northern and western parts of the country, the name is sometimes used. The name webpstis is written in the I meaning: Skm, Ckn, MI, Pirš, Švnčn, Švnč, MIS, Rop, TrškV, Ažik, Nmč, Mgn, Sde, Glb, Tilt, Jaš, Gnn, GdIS, Šičnl, Kurm, Daul, Mžn, Vyd, Vėž, Eiš, Btrm, Knv, Dgdn, Spgs, Drsk, Dbč, Grv, Lz, Vrnv, Nč, Rod, Pls, Azr, Zt.® Much rarer writings of this name in the II meaning —Sdk, Mrp, Pv, Kč. 100. ^ "I'm in a hurry. : Zbl, Dail, Mcvé, NG; II significame — Bte, BrčT. Them. the spindle has even more pronounced 3 concentration areas. I meaning, with one other exception, it is written in the eastern corner of the spindle area, sometimes next ir to the form vefpstis: Tvr, Vsn, Antl, Kvlt, Svnčn, Svnč, Grv, to, very far be from the area of that value — Stm ("Brought" by researchers?). II that deminutive written with the value forms concentration areas. Higher du concentrations are the area between Biržų ir Vabalninko (specifically: Prvj, Obl, Skns, Gtč, Kpr, Vb, Sim, Drsš), a much smaller area, located south of Dusetos — ir Zarasij (VIE, Ant, Bln, Brčn). Be to, meaning ta spindle zard. : Tr, Kvr, Tj, Antkm, Ldk. * Be to, iš Margininkų still zar. form overscidkas. į ® Ta meaning webpstis still zar. iš Lyduvėnai, but probably he's there “carried away” by dialect researchers. 124 It is a rare and scattered species. It has the following meanings. : Rud, Rtn; TI-Sug, Kš, Kaug, Ryk, Lntv, AkV, Vrn, Lp, Lpln. There are only two derivatives of the spindle root written with one — the first — meaning: verpéja Vēl and verpstys Prvn. (b) Var. su varp-. The roots of the stem are very rarely rooted. They also do not have larger continuous ranges. In terms of their geography in general, they can be found only in the northern and northwestern parts of the common spindle. In all four possible meanings, two names are written with a varp-. The first of these is the wafpst (|wrap|) and its diminutives. In the I meaning, the wafpst is written: SmlB, Dkn, dem. Screwdriver Skdv; II meaning varpsté —Vsk, Ltk; 3rd ed., pp. 103. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z. bell Vdln; 4th ed., pp. 104. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z. varpstikė Uzv, varpstūkė Mšt. The second four-word name is dem. spindle. In the I meaning it is written: St, Slik; II meaning —Dvnd, Srv, Dt, Bub, Gžn, Lbn; 3rd and 4th editions, pp. 104.) There is only one name written with three values — vafpstis (/varpstis). It has no meaning at all, with the second meaning wafpstis zar. Lau, var. varpstis Mtč; III value of wafpstis Shnp; 4th ed. spindle BdŠ. Only two values — II and III — have dem. arrowhead. 11, which he finished. : Er, Ul, Rm, Jtn, AukšP; III - Vrh. Dem has the same meaning. a whistle, which is written in the II meaning: Zml, UZ, SIE, GžnP, Kršš, Svn, Aukš, Užb, Ps, Pnd, Rk, Der, Rz, Mdkn, Sit, Sml, Spr, Jdp, Mžš, V¥n, Smn, Vdkt, Lbn; 3rd meaning — SI&, Alz, Skp, Si. A separate group is concentrated at theSdélétié varroa derivatives. Jy variants and meanings vary. The var. prefix is written in two meanings: in I meaning —Rgé; The meaning of ĮTI —Gražš and Btg. Other derivatives are written with only one meaning: II meaning —preposition NrnJ, preposition Trm; 4th ed., pp. 104. ^ "Stewart, J.M., ed. 2. Names of other roots. Names with other roots (not spindle-| spindle-) have fewer meanings, because, as already said, none of them is written anywhere with the I-value, i.e. as the name of the whole spindle. In this way they are divided into two groups: to the first belong those who are usually written in three or two values, to the second those who are written in only one value—or only II, or only III, or only IV. (a) In alphabetical order, the first name of the first group is the trivalent hybrid panélé. The name has a slightly larger and clearer area in the Zemgalish language. The boundaries of the area are approximately as follows: Židikai —Puokė —Seda —Alsėdžiai —Plūngė —Alkas —Ūžpeliai —EidZidtai —Rūdupiai —Gadūnavas —Dauginiai — „Purvėnai. In addition to this, the name is also used in several other places. In Aukštaičiai it occurs north and south of the line Radviliškis — Smilgiai (Panevėžio r.) and in the vicinity of Gruzdžiai and Rudiškiai. 2nd edn. pg. : Pkl, Zst, PrvnM (the big one), Mžč, Pk, Sd, Dgn, Drg, Rudš, Als, Gd, Eidž, Vsk, Mdng, Sml; III meaning —Žd, Srp, Pln, ZIb, Gtt, Aks, Rd, Užpe, Vdin; IV meaning —Įp, Rdp (statinūko panélé)’. ši 1 There are some other names of the same root: III meaning —pana (sl.) KetS; hybrid. panike Zdv (long panic), ŠI (large panic), panike Dmš (small panic). "Slavism pan II meaning —Vrd, III meaning —Rt, Ždv (rt.)". 125 b) The common clear range, covering the northern and northwestern part of Žemaitija, are the names of the Turan root. ri The ir eastern southern boundary of the range passes through Gépailius, Padvarélits, Dauginius, Trimésédj, Tėlšius, Zlibinus, MiZuikus, Endriejavą, Matéicius, Antkopti, Gargzdus, Kalėtę. Thus, the middle part of the handwort name range crosses the area of the pane. su In the western part of the handroot range, approximately to the line Ylakiai — Bouquet — Varduva — Alsėdžiai — Plough — Mizuiki — Endriejavas — The name comes from the hand. It is written in three meanings: II, III ir IV. The prevailing value is II. 1998-1999 Ta meaning handwritten: Skd, Šrk, Plkn, Žemt, Ms, Vbl, Pk, Šaukl, Vndk, Vrd, Ket, Dr, Slnt, Gntl, Skrp, Als, Strp, Msn, Bbr, Krtn, Klnš, KrkIP, Pln, Sak, Mžui, Grg, End, Mtg, to, dar be LZ ir Whoa. III. : ji Le, YI, Ip, Gntl, Krtn, KrkIP, ZIb, Klo ir IV value — Srp, Bdr, Antk. Dem has the same three meanings. ir rankélé. II for the meaning it is written: Knb, Ski, Zd, Gp¢, Piev, Trm, Dgn; III meaning — Urv, o IV value — Lc, Dpš, Trk, Pdv, KetS, KE, Gntl, TI, Krtn, KrkIP, ZIb, LapK*®. The derivative of that root is rafikena (tarm. rgnkena) has two meanings — II ir III. II for the meaning it is written: Kerv, Klgr, Žbn, Grg; III - Bdr, LapK. Be the II meaning of it is not yet clear. : them. handle Klk, derivati- — ves handbag Hides the handwriting Vgr. c) Large ir relatively clear total area In the southwest of Lithuania there are various stem root names. East of Polish Folk The borders of the Republic to The name range of that root for Betygala is limited by su the general / name range of the verpvarproot (see section 4.4). p.123), northwest from From Foot to Foot — su in the range of the handwort o names, the remaining ir iš northern north-eastern boundary of the part is as follows: Švėkšna — Stirbiškė — Šilalė — Girdi family — Adomaičiai — Skabūčiai — Labūnavčlė — KraZziai — Kelmė — Lyduvėnai — It's not true. Only remains to be said that the iš specified area should be rejected most of the former. Klaipėda region dialects iš whose names of these parts of the spindle are not written (plg. p. 122 footnote 5).This tendency of concentration of names of that root is still noticeable in the north, in the palate, in the area between Gėpaičiai, Papilės, Gruzdžių, Rudiškių ir Žagūrės. The names iš of several other places in this root are written randomly. In the general area, various stem root names are written more or less confusingly as separate areas as not forming. ar ir ir They also have different meanings. More... Sia — po three meanings — have some diminutives. Them. stem has values II, III and IV. Of these, the clearly predominant is the II meaning, in meaning this diminutive is written: Žg, Gpč, Dlb, Sbl, Kyb, Rudš, Pžč, Adm, Pj, Nmk, Vn, Žv, Jc, Trg, Jni, Pšlt, Erž, Ta Kul, Vrt, Žnd, Paul, Mdn, Rgl, Eič, Grdž, Bit, Sdr, Jrb, Jt, Kriū, Vikj, Zp, Grš, Šnk, Nm, Žvr, Br, KzR, Zal, Plv, KzK, ĄžB, Mzr, Kbr, Alvt, Vlkv, Kps, Vlkb. 3. the edge of the blade. : Gdč, Dpš, Trk, KIš, Grd, Alj, Trs, Pgr, Lm, Rs, Žgč, Jc, Pau, Mšt, Paul, Stak, Grdž, Skr, Jrb, Skrd, ĄžB, Alvt, Klam, Brt and IV meaning —NmšŠ, Lauks, DglšR. Dem has the same three meanings. ir stem. Most of the entries are su II value — Alj, Bt, Vdk, Grk, Ar, Jd, Pgsn, DgišR, Raud, VI, Ck, Sk, Lkš, Bjr, Agu, Br, KzR, Žal, Alk, Plv, Klam, a little less with III —Pp, Lbnl, Skbč, Pašl, Krž, Kim, Adm, Pkrž, Sg, Stl, NmšŠ, Lau (/enčikės stiebūkas), Pšlt, Ar, DglšR, Pjv, IV reikšme tas dem. written most rarely —Pkrž, Pgr, Vdk, Rs, Jc, Pau, Stak. 10 Moreover, in the fourth meaning, deni is also written. : rankaitė Klo, rankiūkė Slv, statinėlio rankūtė Lnkv, e) Of the even less common names for two meanings —III and IV —the 126 Form stem is written for two values: II and III; In the second meaning —Kjl, Sk¢, Nmk, Jni, Smln, Vinč, Blk, Zal, ĄžB, Kbr, Všt, Graz', and in the third meaning —Drg, Plik, Šv, StirK, Rm (see varpstés stiebas), Tvsk, BdS, SII, Vdk, Ktč, Pau, Lauks. A pair of stem root derivatives are written with only one —III— meaning. That's dem. Drg, Ldv, Btg and stem VI. d) In three values, the deminutive name is written as kolonpelis, and in two values as stulpiukas. Both are relatively rare and have no clear ranges. In confusion with other root names, they are mostly written on the right bank of the Nemunas river at the junction of the verp-| varpir stem root names arealy. In eastern Lithuania they are grouped around the line Sūviekas —Kūktiškės. It is only recorded in some places. Them. column is marked with values II, III and IV. 2nd ed. : Svk, Avl, Ant, Tršk, Jknn, Sug, Ktk, Bté, Jaš; III meaning —Sdb, Skt, Pšš, Šlpb, Jsv, Kulv, Me, Mnšk, Uzsl; 4th ed., pp. 104, ill. Them. column is written with values II and III. 2nd ed. : Gnč, Btg, Lnč; III reikšme —Kši, Kim, Pkrž, Ldv, Slv, Tvrj, Zp. In addition, the form column-child II is still in use. Tj. deminutive stipinūkas is written: for III meaning —Kltn, and for IV —Vg, Lkv. Other derivatives of that root are written only in the III meaning: stipikė Vvr, stipinas Rt, Klm, Tt, stipiniūkas Pkrž. There are several different names given to the name. This is the most commonly used of the two types of letters. It is sl. Cavalier Kbl, hibr. Drck, keeper Mrč, keeper Mtč, hibr. stabélis (cf. lat. stabs “,pole, column”) Kri, Nair, steibūlai (see stebūlūi) Rsn, hibr. panélés'® kėja Stpr, panélés'® legs" NrnJ, spindle shaft Dbk, spindle shaft Bržn, hibr. spindle-tailed roach Kvlt. There are few names written with only III or only IV meaning, i.e. as names of vertical or horizontal spindle stems. In addition, both stems, as far as it can be judged from the available material, clearly have separate names in a not so large area. The boundary of this area can be roughly described as follows: Švėkšna — Rietavas —Telšiai —Papilė —Meškūičiai —Vaškai —Pakrūojis —Šeduva — Šiluva —Šilalė —Švėkšna. Elsewhere, as can be seen from the discussed names of polysemantic terms, their names are quite confused, although sometimes certain tendencies of differentiation can be noticed. Let us say that the names of the stems of the same root sometimes differ from each other: 1) suffix, e.g., al* —raiikena, b —ranka Bdr, a —raiikena, b —rankelė LapK, a —stiebėlis, b —stiebukas Pgr, Jc, Stak, a —stiebūkas, b —stiebėlis NmŠ, DglšR, a —varpstėlis, b —varpsčiūkas Ši; 2) in non-deminutive and deminutive forms, e.g., a —prieverpstis, b —prieverpstūkas Šnp, a — “1 In the last two places (Vt, Graž) stiėbas is written. In the absence of any other recorded phrases, it is unclear whether this is a dialectal fact or a researcher's error. 12 The lady is called in those parts a table, to which a pin is pinned. 13 T north of Biržai, in the very palace, III meaning —as the name of the vertical spindle stem —see. kdja Kld, Ttr, Ljn. Judging from the fact that the name of the horizontal stem is not properly written in these places, kdja Cia is probably considered the common name of both stems. It is also possible that the meaning is attributable to dem. ir foot GznP, which the researchers are in. IV value. '4 When discussing the means of differentiating the names of spindle stems, the vertical stem is denoted by the letter a, the horizontal stem by the letter b. 127 the hand, b — handle Gntl, KrkIP, Žlb, a — the hand, b — Handle Hello, a — stem, b —stem Lauks, a —stem, b —stem Vdk, Pau, a —weft, spindle b — Grst, a — spindle, b — spindle BIE; in a 3) non-deminutive ir deminutive form, e.g., su a — the hand, b — small handle Lc, Krtn; paSigns, 4) e.g., a —stabelis (hebr.), b —transversal stabelis Kri, a —stabelis, transversal stabelis b — Vlkv, a — pole, b — cross pole V1, a — a —small spindle, b —small spindle AukšP, a —spindle, b —small spindle Vnd, a —big spindle, b —stem Trg, Jni, a —high spindle (Hebrew), b —small lentélés spindle Sd, a —big arm, b —small arm Klnš, a —long spindle, b —cross spindle Lel, a —long spindle, b —cross spindle Tj, a —long spindle, b —cross spindle Šmn, a —long spindle, b —cross spindle Čb, a —static spindle, b —cross spindle Der, a —big spindle, b —small spindle Eič, a —large spindle, b —cross spindle Sk; 5) a suffix and an indication, e.g., a — stem, b — cross stem Rs. In the area where the two stems have separate names, the vertical stem is usually referred to as various derivatives of the stem root. The form statinis, except in three cases, is written from the western part of the area mentioned —from various Žemaitijos dialects: Pdv, Pp, Rdp, Urk, Dž, Lks, Vds, Gdm, Žr, Slpg, Sauk, Krtv, Tv, Vg, Mtč, StirL, Lkv; probably by mistake, as a common name of both stems —Eig, Eidž. In high altitude. : Škn, Kpčn, Srk, var. statinys —Spt. Only the land is in the hands of the people. statinėlis: Rug, Lpl, TI, Lk, Šdv, ir tik aukštaičių šnektose statinėlis: Stgv, Mkn, GZnP, Gst, Brd, Nrv, Lnkv, Gln, Nrš, Pkr, Krb, Sd, Miež, Nj, Skt; probably by mistake, as a common name of both stems —Bčn, Stpr (rdinio statinélis), Rgn. Them. the name of the building is written: Auks, Gd, Trš, Rdn, Pkš, Krš, Lpč, Gnt, Lpr, Spn, Rz, Pkp, Lbnl, Pd, Kbl, Tt, Lgč, Tvrj; probably by mistake, as the common name of both stems —Kntv, Aukšt. Them. Statistics are written in: Mic, Rdp, Varn, Slpg, Uzv, Gml, Vg, Sin, Lkv, Pal, Kv, Nuom. The form statēls (Hebrew? plg. lat. stats, "pole, column, static") is written Nair; probably by mistake, as the common name of both stems —Jo, as the name of the horizontal stem —Jnšk, Jrgn. Other names of the vertical stem are also recorded from individual places: cigénas 0 Pin, verpsčiūko kojélé Mtj, kojūkė Šlv, pérvagis || pervagis Rmč, stdvas Skn. The most commonly used is the so-called cross-linking method. The form transverse is written: Pp, Škn, Gst, Trš, Brd, Nrv, Urk, Kpčn (transversal of the structure), Rk, Krtv, Sd, Rt, VdIn, Sdb, Nj, MZ (rt.), Zdv, Lkv, Kim, Tt, Nrb (transversal of the spindle), Kv (transversal of the pre-spindle), Kltn, Ut, Spt, Tlm, Vgt, Mtj, Užsl (transversal of the column), Skrd, Pjv, Brt, Seln (transversal of the spindle), Ilgn, Mrk (transversal of the spindle), var. ko skefsinis Sr. Them. the cross-section is written: Gdč, Pdž, Gln, Pkr, Krb, Gtt, Jtk, Skp, MieZ, Vdln, Kur (cross-section of the web), Uzsl (cross-section of the column), Seln; transversinélis Gg. Them. cross-nephew is written: Nair, Rdn, Pkš, Krš, Dmš, Lpč, Dž, Lpr, Spn, Nrš, Rz (cross-nephew of the statiniuk), Skp, Pkp, Kšl, Pd, Kbl, Lgč, Slv, Alj, Tvrj, Šlpb, cross-nephew 128 Four (/enčikės cross-nephew), Btg, Ilgž, Paul, Jrb, Mnšk, Zp, dem. o — Rdp, Šipg, Vg. Šin, Ždv, StirL, Lkv, Skbč, Pašl, Krž, Kim, Šdv, Nuom, Pkrž, Grd, Pšlt (the great-grandson of the stibucus), Tms, Grdz, Skr, Alvt, Klam, Svl. The form skėrsis ir its derivatives, except for one case, written iš only in Žemaičių: skėrsis Rug, Žr, Vvr, Sv, Tvsk; them. crosshair Lpl, Lk, Rt, Jdr; them. Scarecrow Mon, Fri, Sat, Sun, Tue, Thu, Fri, Sat, Sun, Tue, Thu, Fri, Sat, Sun (structural cross-section), Varn, Gml, o cross-section — StirK. Be to, su skersalso written: skefslenté Adm, diskmedis Krb, cross beam Drg, skewers RMC. Iš other names of the horizontal ir stem are written in separate places: alk inė Yl, elbow Shlpg, knee Shi, leg Axes, lithucas (Pl. lat. equals “to put, to build”) SIE, barrel tree Stgv, forehead of spindle Msn, connection Alz, ramsčiūkas Št. To conclude the remarks about the names of the spindle stems, it is also said that, for the real be names, there are sometimes written substitutes ir such as jų kuélas, lazda, lazdėlė, lazdikė, medaitis, pagalys, pagaliūkas, palkelė (Hebrew), šakaliūkas etc. ir COMPULSIONS DESIGNATIONS As already mentioned at the beginning of the article, the peg is usually attached to a certain board. However, Pietų In Lithuania, somewhere else it is placed on a deliberately selected wooden twig or racket?®. But in some places different are the linen (pallet, cow) ir wool-cuddle hanging devices, e.g., about Eičiūs, Rasčinius, Baftninkus wool spinning is put on a certain fork, linen o Eičiuosė ir In Raseiniai they are hung on a table, in Baftnininkai on a racket. The names of — the cuddle table are quite different in the dialects, but they do not record the direct main I'm going. normos!“ — whispered — the corresponding. The nearest deminutive to — her, prievarpstėlė, is also written only iš 2 1000 — places Žg, Gdč. Rare ir variant su of root vowel e — Large-billed eagle Vnk. O In general, the name of the adjective type ir to of that root is most common in the northwestern part of Žemaitija. The eastern boundary of this area can be drawn through Laižuvą, Viekšniūs, Mickiškę, Vidsodį, Varniūs, south of — Waffles per Eidžiočiai, Žlibinai, Karklėnai (Plungės r.), Stropeliai, Krėtinga, Pryšmančiai. Į south-east of this area there is also another single inscription. 15 This type of branch about the river Žalioji, ir Kybartai is called šakurė. O ratchet ir ratchets are different. Sometimes they appear to į resemble a fork, cf. "Lietuvių kalbos žodynas" (Lithuanian language dictionary). — ...not the iš spindle of the board, iš but a triangular bent, on which they tie a peg“ Mrs: „the — arrow of the arrow branched branch ir beautifully aplygina įstato ratelin, adds ar between ir the twigs of flax stumps spin“ Alif Lam Ra. But there may be more sophisticatir ed, p.g. The dictionary notes: "a rope, to which a peg is tied while spinning,... made of columns they are iš 4 connected ir by crosses have the shape of a — rectangular prism" Klvr. As far as you can decide iš of the drawing in the Lithuanian language atlas, the Baftninkai district racket differs ką from the one just described in that both ends are jo li — crossbars are attached to the thicker core at both ends, o the required curvature of the crossbars is maintained by wheels of different sizes (the upper one is smaller) du mounted on the core at a certain distance from each other. What form has been It is not clear if this is the original name of the place, as the name iš of the place in the dictionary only explains that it is a spindle. 18 See. Dictionary of Modern Lithuanian Language, Vilnius, 1972, p. 611. 9. Užs. No. 1026 129