Ratelio verpstės ir jos dalių pavadinimai

LIETUVIŲ AREALINĖS LINGVISTIKOS KLAUSIMAI LIETUVOS TSR MOKSLŲ AKADEMIJA A. JONAITYTĖ THE SPINDLE OF THE SPINNING WHEEL AND THE NAMES OF ITS PARTS1 In most of Lithuania, the spindle is now attached to the spinning wheel—fitted into the socket of a horizontal spinning wheel or into the end of the crossbar of the bobbin of an upright spinning wheel. There are two types of spindle attached to a spinning wheel. The first—and most widespread—type of spindle consists of a fairly long vertical stem, a shorter horizontal stem fitted into it, and a small board of a certain shape fitted into the end of the latter (in some places, a small ratchet or fork)2. The distaff is usually fastened to the board with a wooden pin, less often a bone or metal one, and sometimes it is tied on. The second type of spindle consists of a board with a long handle fitted into the corresponding part of the spinning wheel, and a pin or cord for fastening the distaff3. In the southeastern and partly southern borderlands of Lithuania, as well as in Lithuanian enclaves in nearby Byelorussian SSR, an ancient spindle, entirely separate from the spinning wheel, has survived. It is a fairly large distaff board with a long handle, the end of which is nailed to a base plate of a special shape. When spinning, the plate is placed on a chair or bench, and the spinner sits on it4. The distaff is usually tied to this kind of spindle, and the spindle itself cannot be dismantled. NAMES OF THE SPINDLE AND ITS STEMS The name for the spindle as a whole has been recorded from dialects relatively sparsely, and the records are very unevenly distributed. No general name for the spindle has been recorded at all from Samogitian. In Western Aukštaitian, with a couple of exceptions, we have data only from a few southern dialect pockets along the border. In Central Aukštaitian, the name of this object has likewise been recorded only in the southern part of the dialect area (south of Kėdainiai). There is also scant and sporadic data from Eastern Aukštaitian—the records are scattered irregularly throughout the area. By contrast, except in the western part (roughly as far as the Nemunas), the name of the spindle itself has been recorded quite consistently in the Dzūkian dialect. 1 The article examines data recorded according to the collection program for the materials of the Atlas of the Lithuanian Language (see Collection Program for the Materials of the Atlas of the Lithuanian Language, Vilnius, 1st edition 1951, 2nd—1956, p. 15, question no. 31). They have also been supplemented in part with material from the card index of the Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language. 2 Piešinį žr. Lietuvių etnografijos bruožai, Vilnius, 1964, p. 302; Lietuvių kalbos atlaso medžiagos rinkimo instrukcija, Vilnius, I leidimas 1954, II — 1958, p. 126. 3 See Features of Lithuanian Ethnography, p. 303, fig. 167(3). 4 See the drawing in Features of Lithuanian Ethnography, p. 299, fig. 162. Incidentally, from several southeastern Dzūkian dialects we have even recorded the name of the part of the spindle on which the spinner sits. These are rankà Nč, šiki-nė Mžn, Dv, šiknà Dbč, uodegà Daul, Grv. 121 There were several reasons for the scarcity and uneven distribution of the recorded forms. First, the programme and instructions for collecting material for the Atlas of the Lithuanian Language did not require the spindle itself to be named as a separate object at all. Second, when spinning flax or tow (wool only in some places), the first two types of spindles are inserted into the spinning wheel, but otherwise are kept separately from it. Thus, collectors of Atlas material, especially when working without the instructions—which included a drawing of a spinning wheel with a spindle inserted—could easily forget to record the spindle itself: the names of the spindle and its parts were not recorded in more than 50 of the places surveyed5. Third, judging from the complete absence of records of the general name for the spindle in the western part of the Lithuanian-language area, its name as a separate object may perhaps have disappeared there altogether. The abundant data from Dzūkian dialects, meanwhile, can be explained by the fact that spindles of the old type—separate from the spinning wheel—are still often found there, and people generally regard them as a single object not divided into parts. That this is indeed the case is confirmed by the very few records of names for individual spindle parts in precisely these Dzūkian dialects. Finally, as the collected material sometimes makes clear, whether the names of the spindle itself and its parts were recorded fully or incompletely, accurately or inaccurately, also depended considerably on subjective factors—on the dialect researchers’ knowledge, goodwill, and accuracy, and sometimes even on their individual “taste.” The recorded names for the spindle as a whole are generally the same as the general names for both of its rods, and sometimes, when each rod has its own name, they are the same as the names for the vertical, long rod (e.g., verpščiokas: 1. spindle; 2. the vertical and horizontal spindle rods; 3. the vertical rod). Much less often is such a name recorded as the name of the horizontal rod. It should be stressed, however, that a name with several meanings is generally not recorded with multiple meanings in the same place: in one place it is recorded with one meaning, in another with a different one, and so on. Two meanings of the same name may be recorded in one place only when that place was surveyed two or three times at different times: some researchers recorded one meaning, others another, and so on. Such cases of polysemy may indicate two things: 1) that the names for the spindle and some of its parts are no longer always strictly differentiated in the dialects, and 2) that the Atlas’s material collectors themselves did not have a very good grasp of the parts and their names. Judging from the analysis of the material, polysemy results from both of these factors. A polysemous name sometimes has a fairly compact, unified range or at least a distinctive area of concentration. Bearing this in mind, and also seeking to examine each name in one place, the names for the spindle itself are not set apart in a separate subsection but are discussed together with the corresponding names for its parts—the rods. Here it can only be said that all the recorded names for the spindle itself contain the root verp- (less often varp-), and that they sometimes also depend on the type of object. For example, around Druskininkai, the name for a spindle inserted into the spinning wheel is verpščiokas, while the old one, entirely separate from the spinning wheel, is called verpstis. In an effort to follow some systematic order for examining the names, names for the spindle and its rods that share the same root are reviewed according to the number of meanings, beginning with those having four meanings and ending with those having one; within the groups of meanings 5 Names for the spindle and its parts may also go unrecorded for other reasons. For example, in the dialects of the former Klaipėda Region, they are very often unrecorded because spinning had been abandoned there quite some time ago, and the names of the spinning-wheel parts had consequently been largely forgotten. 122 within each group, alphabetical order is followed. For brevity, the meanings themselves are denoted by Roman numerals: I means that the word was recorded as the name of the spindle as a whole; II, that the word was recorded as the general name for both spindle rods; III, that the word was recorded as the name of the vertical spindle rod; and IV, that the word was recorded as the name of the horizontal spindle rod. 1. Names with the root verp- (varp-). The polysemous names with this root form a compact, continuous range covering more than half of the entire Lithuanian-language area. The western boundary of this range, beginning at the border with the Latvian SSR, runs through Namajūnai, Saločiai, Kriaušiškiai, Joniškėlis, Rozalimas, Voskoniai, Liūtiškiai, Lėgečiai, Šaukotas, Šnipaičiai, Laužai, Betygala, Ilgižiai, Rugėnai, Vandžiogala, Batėgala, Karmėlava, Pōderiškiai, Mauručiai, Plūtiškės, Igliškė, Liudvinavas, Kalvarija, and Liubavas. West of this boundary, names with the verp-|varp- root have been recorded in only a few isolated places. a) Variants with verp-. Recorded with all four possible meanings, but very rare and scattered, is the name verpstė (/verpstė) and its diminutives. Meaning I is recorded as: variant verpstė Dknn⁶, Rb, Rk, Vrks, Grb, Ldž, Arn, Pjv, Gnn, Slčn, Kč, Rud, Lz, Zt; variant verpstė Lkm, Rop, Mgn, Šms, Vėž, Aps, Kmo, Zt; diminutive verpstėlė Jnšk, Rz; meaning II: variant verpstė Ob, Gdė, Ut, Vdšk, Ig; variant verpstė Vrš, Lgn; diminutive verpstėlė Čkn; meaning III: variant verpstė Antk, Blč; verpstė || verpstė (dialect varpstā. || varpsta.) Jtk; meaning IV: variant verpstė Ds; diminutive verpstėlė Rd, Blč, Ssk. The diminutive verpstėlis also has four meanings. It has no single continuous range, but its individual meanings sometimes cluster in areas of concentration. It occurs most often in the northern and eastern part of the general verp-|varp- range. Meaning I is recorded in: Alks, Mnkn, Antz, Kalv, Rš, Mdš, Kčg, Lb, Čkn, Siūl, Pstv, Ktn, Gržl, Antr, Akmn, Ker, Sde. Meaning II is recorded quite often in an area whose boundaries can roughly be traced through Užūšliai, Namajūnai, Puodžiai, Jūrgenai, Panevėžys, Raguva, Radžiūnai, Kurkliai, Alanta, Vidėniškiai, Dubingiai, Joniškis (Molėtai district), Molėtai, Kirdeikiai, Kiemionys, Vaiskūnai, Kriaunos, and Svōbiškis. In addition, verpstėlis is also recorded with this meaning in: Zr, Antkm, Skn. It is recorded with meaning III in: Jnšk, Jrgn, Rk, and with meaning IV in: Dbk, Grst. The diminutive verpstūkas also has four meanings. It also has relatively distinct and compact ranges. The boundary of the largest range can roughly be traced through Radžiūnai, Pėgiriai, Pliupai, Kėdainiai, Vandžiogala, Karmėlava, Pravieniškės, Palōmenė, Žasliai, Paparčiai, Šiauliai (Širvintos district), Skliausčiai, Šiaudžiai, Žėla, and Balninkai, Knitiškiai. The boundary of the smaller range runs from the border with the Polish People’s Republic roughly through Liubavas, Keturvalakiai, Igliškė, Plūtiškės, Pąšlavantis, Naujoji Ūta, Ūdria, Simnas, Barčiai, and Lazdijai; the smallest range runs through Šklėriai, Semeliškės, Kietaviškės, Pąneriai, and Trakai. Several records of this name also come from various other places. Recorded with meaning I: verpstūkas Krkn, Kzt, Gg, Krm, Msn, ŠlŠ, Žsl, Ppr, Plut, Pšly, Sem, Ig, Onš, Lby, Žls. With meaning II it is recorded in: Geid, Angl, Ob, Ds, Akns, Rdžn, Plp, Pg, Mln, Knit, Skdt, Grvn, Kdn, Ssk, Kngš, Žm, Psd, Jkt, Jds, Šš, Žl, Vnd, Mrkt, Vp, Pbs, Krkš, Kkl, Šdž, Btė, Pdg, Manč, Nvrn, Šr, Ššl, Plm, Čb, Skls, Prv, Ktv, Pnr, Dgrd, Plut, Trak, Kt, Ig, NjŪ, ŠkIT, Ldvn, Dkš, Glč, Ūd, Tlt, Klvr, Žls, Smn, Slp, Nvn, Rdm, Brč, Vngr, Lzd, Avž, Kpč, Pns. With meaning III, this name is recorded in: Ds, Kur, Ok (recorded as verpetūkas), Gg, Msn; and with meaning IV in: Dpk, Kulv. 6 The locations of dialect material are indicated in accordance with the sequence of settlements established for the Atlas of the Lithuanian Language; only the point number is replaced by the abbreviation of the name of the corresponding settlement. 123 Next come the names with the verb- root, recorded with three meanings. The first of these, verpstas, is very rare. In meaning I it was recorded in: Jrgl, Vvs, Brsl, Aps; in meaning II—in Skls; and in meaning III—in Grst. The diminutive verpsčiokas occupies a shared, compact, fairly large area south of the main area of the diminutive verpstūkas. The boundary of the verpsčiokas area from the BTSR border runs approximately through Kabeliai, Kaniava, Vydeniai, Čebatoriai, Kuršių, Rūdninkai, Maceliai, Panošiškės, Mergiškės, Žiežmariai, Kaišiadorys, Rumšiškės, Armaliskes, Pōderiškiai, Mauručiai, Išlaužas, Prienai, Birštonas, Balbieriškis (recorded as virpsčiokas7), Gelčiūs, Mėteliai, Avižieniai, Veisiejai, Leipalingis, Druskininkai; that is, this area encompasses the very southern part of the Central Aukštaitian dialects, most of the Western Dzūkian dialects, and one or another marginal dialect of the Southern Western Aukštaitian dialects. Elsewhere, verpsčiokas has been recorded only in a few scattered locations. In meaning I this name was recorded in: Arml, Mrč, Krn, Drs, Prn, Užg, Mrg, NmjB, Glė, Mcl, Rūdn, Al, Gnn, Pčk, Ilgn, Drc, Čbt, Vyd, Vs, Lš, Knv, Maš, Drž, Rtn, Kb; in meaning III—in Selm, Ilgn, Svl, Mrk. Everywhere else in the specified area, verpsčiokas is recorded with meaning II (in 33 locations in all). In addition, with meaning II it was recorded in Kmn, Tlm, Lkč, Krsn. A small but fairly continuous area at the very edge of the verb- /varp- area is occupied by formations with the verb- root and the prefixes pra-, prie-, pry- (recorded as pri-). The boundary of this area runs through Lėgečiai, Baisogala, Pociūnėliai, Krakės, Sutkūnai, Ilgižiai, Šnipaičiai, Šaukotas. None of these formations was recorded with meaning I; with meaning II, praverpstūkas was recorded in Pc, Až, Krk, Stkn, and pryverpstūkas in Bsg; with meaning III: prieverpstis in Šnp, prieverpstūkas in Ilgž; with meaning IV: praverpstūkas in Pšš, prieverpstūkas in Šnp, pryverpsčiūkas in Škt. Several names with the verb- root are recorded with two meanings, either meaning I or II. Of these, the name verpštis (/verpštis) has the largest and most prominent shared area, being used along the southeastern and partly southern margins of the Lithuanian-language territory. The western and partly northern boundary of this name’s area runs approximately from Ceikinėliai through Švenčionėliai, Mielagėnai (Švenčionys district), Troškūnai (Vilnius district), Ažulaukė, Sudervė, Marijampolis, Vėžionys, Vydeniai, Kaniava, Druskininkai, Macevičiai, Kučiūnai. This name is also sometimes found just north and west of that boundary. The variant verpštis was recorded with meaning I in: Skm, Ckn, Ml, Pirš, Švnč, Švnc, MIŠ, Rop, TrškV, Ažlk, Nmč, Mgn, Sde, Glb, Tlt, Jaš, Gnn, Gdiš, Šlčnl, Kurm, Daul, Mžn, Vyd, Vėž, Eiš, Btrm, Knv, Dgdn, Spgš, Drsk, Dbč, Grv, Lz, Vrn, Nč, Rod, Pls, Azr, Zt. Far fewer instances of the name with meaning II were recorded—in Sdk, Mrp, Py, Kė. The variant verpstis was recorded with meaning I in: Zbl, Dail, Mcvč, NG; with meaning II—in Btė, BrčT.8 The diminutive verpsčiūkas has as many as three somewhat prominent areas of concentration. With meaning I, apart from one or two exceptions, it was recorded in the eastern corner of the verpštis area, sometimes alongside the form verpštis: Tvr, Vsn, Antl, Kvlt, Švnč, Švnc, Grv; in addition, far removed from the area of that meaning—in Stm (“brought in” by the researchers?). Recorded with meaning II, this diminutive forms two areas of concentration. The larger area lies between Biržai and Vabalninkas (more precisely: Prvj, Obl, Skns, Gtč, Kpr, Vb, Slm, Drss); a much smaller area lies south of Dusetos and Zarasai (Vič, Ant, Bln, Brčn). In addition, verpsčiūkas was recorded with that meaning in Tr, Kvr, Tj, Antkm, Ldk. 7 In addition, the form virsčiokas was also recorded in Mārgininkai. 8 That meaning of verpštis was also recorded in Lydūvenai, but it was most likely “brought in” there by dialect researchers. 124 The derivative verpstōkas is rare and scattered. It was recorded with meaning I in Rud, Rtn; with meaning II—in Sug, Kš, Kaug, Ryk, Lntv, AkV, Vrn, Lp, Lpln. Only two derivatives with the verp- root were recorded with just one meaning—the first: verpėja in Vėl and verpstys in Prvn. b) Variants with varp-. Formations with the root vowel a occur much less frequently. They also have no larger continuous areas. As for their distribution, it can generally be said that they occur only in the northern and northwestern part of the overall verp-/varp- area. Two names with varp- are recorded with all four possible meanings. The first is vārpstė (/varpstė) and its diminutives. vārpstė was recorded with meaning I in SmlB, Dkn; the diminutive varpstikė in Skdv; with meaning II, vārpstė in Vsk, Ltk; with meaning III—in Sšk, the variant varpstė in Dgn, and the diminutive varpstėlė in Vdln; with meaning IV, vārpstė in Rm, varpstė in Užpė, the diminutive varpstikė in Užv, and varpstūkė in Mšt. The second name recorded with all four meanings is the diminutive varpstūkas. It was recorded with meaning I in Št, Slik; with meaning II—in Dvnd, Srv, Dt, Bub, Gžn, Lbn; with meaning III—in AukšP; and with meaning IV—in Gražš (recorded as the local form varpstūkas). Only one name, vārpstis (/varpstis), was recorded with three meanings. It has no instances with meaning I; vārpstis was recorded with meaning II in Lau, and its variant varpstis in Mtč; vārpstis with meaning III in Šnp; with meaning IV, the variant varpsis in BdŠ. Only two meanings—II and III—are attested for the diminutive varpsčiūkas. It was recorded with meaning II in Ėr, Ul, Rm, Jtn, AukšP; with meaning III—in Vš. The diminutive varpstėlės has the same meanings; with meaning II it was recorded in Žml, Užš, Slč, GžnP, Kršš, Svn, Aukš, Užb, Ps, Pnd, Rk, Der, Rz, Mdkn, Šlt, Sml, Spr, Jdp, Mžš, Všn, Šmn, Vdkt, Lbn; with meaning III—in Slč, Alz, Skp, Ši. The prefixed formations with the varp- root form a separate small group. Their variants and meanings differ. The variant prievarpstis is recorded with two meanings: meaning I—in Rgė; meaning III—in Gražš and Btg. The other formations are recorded with only one meaning each: meaning II—prievarptė in Nrnj, prývarpstė in Trm; meaning IV—pravarpčiūkas in Škt, pravarščūkas in Jsv, prývarpstis in Klm, prývarptė in Užv. 2. Names with other roots. Names with other roots (not verp- / varp-) have fewer meanings because, as already stated, none of them is recorded anywhere with meaning I, that is, as the name of the entire spindle. Otherwise, they fall into two groups: the first comprises those usually recorded with three or two meanings, and the second those recorded with only one meaning—either only II, only III, or only IV. a) Taking the names in alphabetical order, the first name in the first group is the three-meaning hybrid panėlė. This name has a somewhat larger and clearer area among the Samogitians. Its approximate boundaries are: Židikai — Puõkė — Sedà — Alsėdžiai — Plùngė — Alkas — Užpeliai — Eidžiotai — Rūdupiai — Gadūnāvas — Dauginiai — Purvėnai. Outside this area, the name is recorded in only a couple of other places among the Samogitians. Among the Aukštaitians, it occurs north and south of the Radviliškis — Smilgiai (Panevėžys district) line and in the vicinity of Gruzdžiai and Rudiškės. With meaning II, panėlė is recorded in: Pkl, Zst, PrvnM (didžioji panėlė), Mžč, Pk, Sd, Dgn, Drg, Rudš, Als, Gd, Eidž, Vsk, Mdng, Sml; with meaning III—in Žd, Srp, Pln, Žlb, Gtt, Aks, Rd, Užpė, Vdln; with meaning IV—in Ip, Rdp (statinūko panėlė9). 9 A few other names with the same root have also been recorded: with meaning III—panā (dial.) KetS; hybrid panikė Ždv (ilgoji panikė), Šil (didžioji panikė), paniūkė DmŠ (kuodelio paniūkė). The Slavic loanword pōnas is recorded with meaning II in Vrd, and with meaning III in Rt, Ždv (dial.). 125 b) Names with the rank root have a clearly defined common area encompassing the northern and northwestern parts of Samogitia. The eastern and southern boundaries of the area run through Gėpaičiai, Padvarėliai, Dauginai, Trimėsedis, Telšiai, Žlibinai, Mižuikai, Endriejāvā, Mataičiai, Antkopti, Gargždai, Kalotė. Thus, the central part of the area of names with the rank root intersects the area of panėlė. In the western part of the area of the rank root, approximately as far as the Ylakiai — Puokė — Vārdūva — Alsėdžiai — Plungė — Mižuikai — Endriejāvas — Mataičiai line, the name rankà predominates. It is recorded with three meanings: II, III, and IV. Meaning II is predominant. The name rankà with this meaning is recorded in: Skd, Šrk, Plkn, Žemt, Ms, Vbl, Pk, Šaukl, Vndk, Vrd, Ket, Dr, Slnt, Gntl, Skrp, Als, Strp, Mšn, Bbr, Krtn, Klnš, KrklP, Pln, Šak, Mžui, Grg, End, Mtč, as well as Lž and Vks. With meaning III, it is recorded in: Lc, Yl, Ip, Gntl, Krtn, KrklP, Žlb, Klo; and with meaning IV—in Srp, Bdr, Antk. The diminutive rankėlė likewise has the same three meanings. With meaning II, it is recorded in: Knb, Skl, Žd, Gpč, Piev, Trm, Dgn; with meaning III—in Urv; and with meaning IV—in Lc, Dpš, Trk, Pdv, KetS, Klš, Gntl, Tl, Krtn, KrklP, Žlb, LapK10. A derivative of this root, rāikena (dialectal rọ̄ṇkena), has two meanings—II and III. With meaning II, it is recorded in: Kerv, Klgr, Žbn, Grg; with meaning III—in Bdr, LapK. In addition, with meaning II there is also the diminutive rankenėlė in Klk, and the derivatives rankinė in Skl and ranktūrýs in Vgr. c) Various names with the stieb root have a large and relatively clearly defined common area in southwestern Lithuania. To the east, from the border with the Polish People’s Republic to Betygala, the area of names with this root adjoins the common area of names with the verp- varp root (see p. 123); to the northwest, from Kojėliai to Švėkšna, it borders the area of names with the rank root. The remaining northern and partly northeastern boundary is as follows: Švėkšna — Stiriškė — Šilalė — Girdiškė — Adomaičiai — Skabūčiai — Labūnavėlė — Kražiai — Kelmė — Lyduvėnai — Betygala. It should be added that most of the Samogitian dialect area of the former Klaipėda Region must be excluded from the area indicated, since no names for these parts of the spindle were recorded there (cf. footnote 5 on p. 122). A certain tendency for names with this root to cluster is also discernible in the north, along the Latvian border, in the area between Gėpaičiai, Papilė, Gruzdžiai, Rudiškės, and Žagarė. Names with this root were also recorded sporadically in several other places. Within the common area, various names with the stieb root are recorded more or less intermixed and do not appear to form any clearly distinct subareas. They also vary in the number of meanings they have. Some diminutives have the most—three meanings each. The diminutive stiebėlis has meanings II, III, and IV. Of these, meaning II is clearly predominant. This diminutive with that meaning is recorded in: Žg, Gpč, Dlb, Sbl, Kyb, Rudš, Pžč, Adm, Pj, Nmk, Vn, Žv, Jc, Trg, Jni, Pšlt, Erž, Kul, Vrt, Žnd, Paul, Mdn, Rgl, Eič, Grdž, Bit, Sdr, Jrb, Jt, Kriū, Vlkj, Zp, Grš, Šnk, Nm, Žvr, Br, KzR, Žal, Plv, KzK, ĄžB, Mzr, Kbr, Alvt, Viky, Kps, Vikb. stiebėlis is recorded with meaning III in: Gdč, Dpš, Trk, Klš, Grd, Alj, Trs, Pgr, Lm, Rs, Žgč, Jc, Pau, Mšt, Paul, Stak, Grdž, Skr, Jrb, Skrd, ĄžB, Alvt, Klam, Brt; and with meaning IV—in NmŠ, Lauks, DglšR. The diminutive stiebūkas likewise has the same three meanings. Most records have meaning II—in Alj, Bt, Vdk, Grk, Ar, Jd, Pgsn, DglšR, Raud, Vl, Čk, Šk, Lkš, Bjr, Agu, Br, KzR, Žal, Alk, Plv, Klam; somewhat fewer have meaning III—in Pp, Lbnl, Skbč, Pašl, Krž, Klm, Adm, Pkrž, Sg, Stl, NmŠ, Lau (lenčikės stiebūkas), Pšlt, Ar, DglšR, Pjv. This diminutive is recorded least often with meaning IV—in Pkrž, Pgr, Vdk, Rs, Jc, Pau, Stak. 10 In addition, the following diminutives have also been recorded with meaning IV: rankikė in Klo, rankiūkė in Šlv, statinėlio rankiatė in Lnkv. 126 The form stem is recorded with two meanings: II and III; meaning II — Kjl, Skč, Nmk, Jni, SmIn, Vinč, Blk, Žal, AžB, Kbr, Všt, Graž11, and meaning III — Drg, Plik, Šv, StirK, Rm (recorded as spindle stem), Tvsk, BdŠ, Šll, Vdk, Ktč, Pau, Lauks. A pair of derivatives from the stem- root is recorded with only one meaning — III. These are the diminutive little stem in Drg, Ldv, Btg and stemlet in Vl. d) The diminutive name little post is recorded with three meanings, while small post is recorded with two. Both are relatively rare and have no clearly defined areas. Alongside names with other roots, they are recorded chiefly on the right bank of the Nemunas, at the boundary between the areas of the spindle- / distaff- and stem- root names. In eastern Lithuania they cluster around the Šuviekas—Kuktiškės line. Elsewhere they have been recorded only at isolated locations. The diminutive little post is recorded with meanings II, III, and IV. Meaning II is recorded in Svk, Avl, Ant, Tršk, Jknn, Sug, Ktk, Bté, Jaš; meaning III — in Sdb, Škt, PŠš, Šlpb, Jsv, Kulv, Me, Mnšk, Užsl; meaning IV — in Ldv, Šnp, Arn. The diminutive small post is recorded with meanings II and III. Meaning II is recorded in Gnč, Btg, Lnč; meaning III — in Kšl, Klm, Pkrž, Ldv, Šlv, Tvj, Zp. In addition, the form little postlet is also recorded with meaning II in Tj. e) Of the less common names, the diminutive little spoke is recorded with two meanings — III and IV: meaning III in Kltn, and IV in Vg, Lkv. Other attested derivatives from the same root are recorded only with meaning III: spokelet in Vvr, spoke in Rt, Klm, Tt, and little spokelet in Pkrž. Next come various names recorded with one meaning or another. The rarest in this group are those recorded with meaning II. These are the Slavic loanword cavalier in Kbl, the hybrid bundle-bar in Drck, little guard in Mrč, little guardian in Mtč, the hybrid stabelis (cf. Latvian stabs ‘stem, post’) in Kri, Nair, steibūlai (recorded as stebūlai) in Rsn, the hybrid ladies’12 leg in Stpr, ladies’ legs13 in NrnJ, spindle shaft in Dbk, little spindle shaft in Bržn, and the hybrid spindle-wheel hub in Kvlt. Names recorded characteristically with only meaning III or only meaning IV, that is, as terms for the vertical or horizontal spindle stem, are few. Moreover, judging from the available material, the two stems have clearly distinct names only within a rather limited area. Its boundaries can be outlined approximately as follows: Švėkšna — Rietavas — Telšiai — Papilė — Meškuičiai — Vaškai — Pakruojis — Šeduva — Šiluva — Šilalė — Švėkšna. Elsewhere, as the multidimensional names discussed above indicate, their names are considerably mixed, although at times certain tendencies toward differentiation can be discerned. For example, names for stems from the same root sometimes differ from one another by: 1) a suffix, e.g., a14 — rańkena, b — rankà in Bdr; a — rańkena, b — rankėlė in LapK; a — little stem, b — small stem in Pgr, Jc, Stak; a — small stem, b — little stem in NmŠ, DglšR; a — little distaff, b — little spindle in Ši; 2) a non-diminutive and a diminutive form, e.g., a — distaff, b — little distaff in Šnp, a — 11 In the latter two locations (Všt, Graž), stem was recorded. Since no other inflected forms were recorded, it is unclear whether the circumflex accent here is a dialectal feature or a researcher’s error. 12 In those areas, a panel is called a small board to which the flax bundle is pinned. 13 North of Biržai, in the immediate border area with Latvia, leg is recorded with meaning III—as the name for the vertical spindle stem—in Kld, Ttr, Ljn. Since the name for the horizontal stem is consistently not recorded in these places, it is likely that leg here should be regarded as a general name for both stems. The diminutive little leg in GžnP probably also belongs to the same meaning, although researchers recorded it with meaning IV. 14 In discussing the means of differentiating the names for the spindle stems here, the vertical stem is designated by the letter a, and the horizontal stem by the letter b. 127 hand, b – little hand Gntl, KrklP, Žlb, a – hand, b – little hand Klo, a – stem, b – little stem Lauks, a – stem, b – small stem Vdk, Pau, a – spindle, b – little spindle Grst, a – spindle, b – little spindle Blč; 3) a non-diminutive and a diminutive form with a modifier, e.g., a – hand, b – small hand Lc, Krtn; 4) with modifiers, e.g., a – stabelis (hybrid), b – transverse stabelis Kri, a – little stem, b – transverse little stem VlkV, a – small stem, b – transverse small stem Vl, a – little spindle, b – smaller little spindle AukšP, a – little spindle, b – smaller spindle Vnd, a – large little stem, b – little stem Trg, Jni, a – high panel (hybrid), b – small table panel Sd, a – large hand, b – small hand Klnš, a – long spindle, b – transverse spindle Lel, a – longitudinal little column, b – transverse little column Tj, a – longitudinal little spindle, b – transverse little spindle Šmn, a – longitudinal small spindle, b – transverse small spindle Čb, a – upright little spindle, b – transverse little spindle Der, a – large little stem, b – small little stem EiČ, a – large small stem, b – transverse small stem Šk; 5) a suffix and a modifier, e.g., a – little stem, b – transverse small stem Rs. In the area where the two stems have separate names, the vertical stem is usually called by various derivatives of the root stat-. The form statinis, with three exceptions, was recorded in the western part of the aforementioned area—in various Samogitian dialects: Pdv, Pp, Rdp, Urk, Dž, Lks, Vds, Gdm, Žr, Šlpg, Šauk, Krtv, Tv, Vg, Mtč, StirL, Lkv; probably by mistake, as a common name for both stems—in Eig, Eidž. In Aukštaitian dialects, statinis is recorded in: Škn, Kpčn, Srk; variant statinys—in Spt. Only in Samogitian dialects does the diminutive statinėlis occur: Rug, Lpl, Tl, Lk, Šdv; and only in Aukštaitian dialects, statinėlis: Stgv, Mkn, GžnP, Gst, Brd, Nrv, Lnkv, Gln, Nrš, Pkr, Krb, Šd, Miež, Nj, Škt; probably by mistake, as a common name for both stems—in Bčn, Stpr (rãtinio statinėlis), Rgn. The diminutive statiniukas was recorded in: Auks, Gd, Trš, Rdn, Pkš, Krš, Lpč, Gnt, Lpr, Špn, Rz, Pkp, Lbnl, Pd, Kbl, Tt, Lgč, Tvrj; probably by mistake, as a common name for both stems—in Kntv, Aukšt. The diminutive statinukas was recorded in: Mic, Rdp, Varn, Šlpg, Užv, Gml, Vg, Šln, Lkv, Pašl, Kv, Nuom. The form statėlis (hybrid? cf. Latvian stats ‘stake, post, upright’) was recorded in Nair; probably by mistake, as a common name for both stems—in Jo; as a name for the horizontal stem—in Jnšk, Jrgn. Other names for the vertical stem were also recorded in individual localities: cigōnas (Slav.) Pin, little spindle leg Mtj, little leg Šlv, pérvagis || pervagõs Rmč, stōvas Skn. The most widely used names for the horizontal stem are various derivatives of the root skers-. The form skersinis was recorded in: Pp, Škn, Gst, Trš, Brd, Nrv, Urk, Kpčn (crosspiece of the little statinėlis), Rk, Krtv, Šd, Rt, Vdln, Sdb, Nj, Mžš (regional), Ždv, Lkv, Klm, Tt, Nrb (crosspiece of the little spindle), Kv (crosspiece of the spindle support), Kltn, Ut, Spt, Tlm, Vgt, Mtj, Užsl (crosspiece of the little column), Skrd, Pjv, Brt, Seln (crosspiece of the little spindle), Ilgn, Mrk (crosspiece of the little spindle); variant skersinis Srk. The diminutive skersinėlis was recorded in: Gdč, Pdž, Gln, Pkr, Krb, Gtt, Jtk, Skp, Miež, Vdln, Kur (little crosspiece of the spindle), Užsl (little crosspiece of the column), Seln; little crosspiece Gg. The diminutive skersiniukas was recorded in: Nair, Rdn, Pkš, Krš, Dmš, Lpč, Dž, Lpr, Špn, Nrš, Rz (little crosspiece of the little statinukas), Skp, Pkp, Ksl, Pd, Kbl, Lgč, Šlv, Alj, Tvrj, Šlpb, 128 Lau (crosspiece of the spindle), Btg, Ilgž, Paul, Jrb, Mnšk, Zp, and diminutive crosspiece — Rdp, Šlpg, Vg, Šln, Ždv, StirL, Lkv, Skbč, Pašl, Krž, Klm, Šdv, Nuom, Pkž, Grd, PŠlt (crosspiece of the stem), Tms, Grdž, Skr, Alvt, Klam, Svl. The form skérsis and its derivatives, with one exception, are recorded only in Samogitian: skérsis Rug, Žr, Vvr, Šv, Tvsk; diminutive skersėlís Lpl, Lk, Rt, Jdr; diminutive skersiúkas Sk, Pp, Gu, Gd, Trš, Gnt, Lks, Vds, Gdm (crosspiece of the loom), Varn, Gml, and skersukas — StirK. In addition, the following forms with skers- have also been recorded: crosspiece board Adm, crosspiece wood Krb, crosswise timber Drg, crosspiece stem Rmč. Other names for the horizontal stem have also been recorded in individual localities: elbow Yl, little elbow Šlpg, balžėnūkas Šil, little leg Aks, little support (hybrid, cf. Latvian likt ‘to put, to set up’) Slč, little timber of the loom frame Stgv, front of the spindle Msn, attachment Alz, little support Št. To conclude these notes on the names of the spindle stems, it should also be noted that, in addition to the proper names, such substitutes are sometimes recorded as stake, stick, little stick, twig, wooden piece, small pole, little pole, slat (hybrid), little branch, and the like. NAMES FOR THE DISTAFF As mentioned at the beginning of the article, the flax bundle is usually fastened to a small board. In southern Lithuania, however, in some places it is put on a specially selected wooden twig with several forks, or on a reketukas15. Moreover, in some places, different devices are used to hang bundles of flax (tow, flax waste) and wool; for example, around Eičiūai, Raseiniai, and Bārtininkai, wool to be spun is placed on a particular little fork, whereas flax in Eičiūai and Raseiniai is hung on a small board, and in Bārtininkai on a reketukas. The names for the board holding the flax bundle are quite varied in the dialects, but no direct dialectal equivalent of the main standard Lithuanian term 16— distaff— has been recorded. The closest is the diminutive little distaff, also recorded in only two places — Žg, Gdč. A variant with the root vowel e, little distaff, is also rare, found at Vnk. In general, names for the distaff formed from this root and by this derivational type are most widespread in the northwestern part of Samogitia. The eastern boundary of this area can be drawn through Laižuva, Viekšniai, Mickiškė, Vidso-dys, and Varniai; the southern boundary runs from Varniai through Eidziótai, Žlibinai, Karklėnai (Plungė district), Stropeliai, Kretinga, and Pryšmančiai. Individual records are also found southeast of this area. 15 Such a twig is said to be called a little fork around Žalioji and Kybartai. The reketukai are also sometimes more rarely of various forms. Sometimes they seem to resemble a fork; compare the entries in the Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language card index: “reketỹs —...the spindle is not made from a board, but from a bent three-pronged branch, to which the flax bundle is tied” Mrs; “reketỹs — a branched spruce branch is nicely trimmed and fitted into the spinning wheel; flax or tow is placed between the little branches and spun” Ls. But they may also be more elaborate; compare the entry in the Dictionary card index: “reketi̇́kas, to which the flax bundle is tied while spinning,...made of 4 posts joined by crosspieces — it has the shape of a rectangular prism” Klvr. Judging from the drawing in the Lithuanian Language Atlas collections, the reketukas from the Bārtininkai area differs from the one just described in that both its ends are pointed: the crosspieces at both ends are set against a thicker core, and their required curve is maintained by two wheels of unequal size (the upper one smaller) fitted onto the core at a certain distance from each other. It is not known what the reketukas from the Didvyžiai area looked like, since the slip from that locality in the Dictionary card index merely explains that it is a spinning-wheel spindle. 16 Žr. Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos žodynas, Vilnius, 1972, p. 611. 9. Užs. Nr. 1026 129 Of all the Samogitian variants, the one closest to the standard language form is prývarpstė. Although it does not occupy a separate continuous area and, moreover, is most often recorded alongside other variants or names, it is nevertheless more concentrated in the southeastern corner of the general area indicated above; recorded in: Vrd, Als, Eig, KrkIP; outside the area: Pašl; variant pryvarpstė recorded in: Žlb, Vds; the variant prývarpstis was recorded outside the area in Kšl; diminutive prīvarpstėlė recorded in Vkš. Forms with the root vowel e were recorded in a few places: prýverpstė in Strp, Kbl; pryverpstė in Rdp, Eidž, Kv; and, in addition, the questionable form prýverpė in Eidž. In the northeastern corner of the general area, the form prývarptė occupies, one might say, a continuous area; recorded in: Pkl, Lž, Pk, Dgn, Gntl, and also Grsl, Varn; variant pryvarptė in Žlb; prývarptas in Sd; diminutive pryvarptėlė recorded in Knb, Zst, and prývarptelė in Skl, Dpš, Urv, Trk, Dgn, Mic. The form prývarpelė was also recorded in Gu. The most continuous and clearly defined area belongs to the variant prývartė (/ pryvar tė), which occupies the entire western part of the general area. The eastern boundary of this area runs through Kerviai, Ylakiai, Vabaliai, Vindeikiai, Alsėdžiai, and Babrungėnai. The form pryvartė was recorded in Mšn, Krtn. Outside its own area, the diminutive prívartelė was recorded in Vkš. The name ver̃pstė17 occurs in scattered records across various dialects. It was recorded in Kld, Bčn, Tlm, Me, Skrd, Klv, Jv; alongside other names—in Gtč, Vb, Pašl, Stak, Nmn, Lp. Also scattered and almost always recorded alongside some other name is the variant verpstė—in Tl, Eidž, Vvr (rt.), Dbk, Sug, Čl, Avž. The diminutive verpstėlė is rare—in Tl, Rdp, Sdk, Vgt, Dkš. The masculine form ver̃pstis was recorded in Skn; the variant verpstis in Paul, Grdž; the diminutive verpsčiukas in Gtč, Vb, Kvlt; verpsčiokas in Ilgn; verpstėlis in Pbr, Pin, Vdln, Nrb; verpstinėlis in Šd; verpstukėlis in Vdkt. Forms with the root vowel a are sometimes recorded, namely: vãrpstė in RdN, Pk, Gln, Grk; varpstė in Lks, Vds, Aks, Šlpg; diminutive varpstikė in Trš, Užv; vãrpstis in Žd, Vg; diminutive varpstėlės in Tfr, Ljn, Nair, Mdkn; varpstūkas in Dub. The hybrid name for the spindle whorl kuodėlnyčia has a small but very clearly defined and continuous area. Starting near Sudárgas at the border with the Kaliningrad Region of the RSFSR, the boundary of the area runs through Vertimai, Žindaičiai, Girdžiai, Ski̇ršnemunė, Raudonė, Kriūkai, Agurkiškė, Pilviškiai, Vilkaviškis, Alvitas, Kybar tus; that is, this name is most characteristic of part of the Veliuona subdialect and the southern Western Aukštaitian subdialects, but in the northwestern corner of the area it also encompasses border subdialects of Northern Western Aukštaitian. Outside its area, it was recorded only in Gervinė, that is, already among the Samogitians. The largest overall area is occupied by the various variants of names with the root lent-. In Samogitia, derivatives of this root were not recorded at all only in the area of prývartė and its variants. In Western Aukštaitian, apart from the border subdialects, they are absent in the area of kuodėlnyčia and in the subdialects south of that area. The area of the lent- root variants also includes a considerable part of the Eastern Aukštaitian dialect and the westernmost subdialects of Eastern Dzūkian. The eastern boundary of the general area of variants with the lent- root can be drawn approximately through Virškupėnai, Anglininkai, Šukioniai, Berklainiai, Daršiškiai, Šalteniai, Karšakiškis, Panevėžys, Ragu va, Traupis, Jotainiai, Ėokainiai, Gaižūnai, Pasoda, Markū- 17 These and other names with the verp-/varp- root presented below, their variants and diminutives, as well as some of their prefixed derivatives, were recorded elsewhere as generic names for the entire spindle or its stems (cf. pp. 123—125). It is unclear whether such records everywhere reflect actual dialect facts—that is, that different objects are called by the same name in different dialects—or whether in some cases they arose because researchers confused the parts of the spindle. 130 [tiškius, Gegužinę, Vievį and farther southeast as far as Dieveniškės. In truth, southeast of approximately the Druskininkai–Perloja–Varėna–Valkininkai–Marijampolis line, the appellative name is recorded very rarely indeed.] The general area of the lent- root is divided into smaller areas by various variants. Sometimes these areas are sharply separated from one another, while at other times they partly overlap and intersect. Samogitians in the area between Kretinga, Plungė, Rietavas, Žvingiai, Vainutas, Ramučiai, Veiviržėnai, Dumpiai, and Plikiai use the form lentālė to denote the appellative, or its derivatives: lentalėlė Pln, lentalikė Vvr; moreover, that derivative is also recorded in Šdv. The northern and eastern part of the general area of the lent- root is occupied by the diminutive lentėlė. The boundary of its area, beginning at the border of the Latvian SSR, runs approximately past Židikai, Šėda, Varduvas, Gadūnavas, Papilė, Šiupyliai, Šiauliai, Radviliškis, Vaiduloniai, Pociūnėliai, Šlapaberžė, Kėdainiai, Labūnava, Vandžiogala, Rumšiškės, Žiežmariai, Barčiai (Trakai district), Valkininkai, and Kuršiai. In addition, this diminutive has two more small, separate areas—one in Samogitia between Lieplaukė, Luokė, Šlapgirė, Rietavas, and Žlibinai, and the other among the Eastern Aukštaitians around Kurkliai, Želva, Juodieji, and Pabaiskas; otherwise, it is also recorded at individual locations within areas where other names are used. The main area of the diminutive lenčiukė occupies the triangle between Baisogala, Žeimiai, and Ariogala; this diminutive is also recorded at individual locations—Žg, Drg, Dmš, Škt, Ldv, Šlv, Alj, Ktv, Trak. The area of the diminutive lenčikė is small and not very clearly defined. It lies west of the area of lenčiukė and extends in a fairly narrow strip on both sides of the boundary between the Samogitian donininkai and Aukštaitian dialect areas. Its boundaries can be traced approximately through Džiuikiai, Aukštelkė, Šiaulėnai, Rekščiai, Betygala, Pągausantis, Juodaičiai, Paulius, Viduklė, Giniočiai, Kubiliai, Pādubysis, and Gūdmoniškė. West of this area, the diminutive lenikė occupies a fairly clearly defined and continuous area. The northern boundary of this diminutive’s area runs through Derčėkliai and Kojeliai in the Samogitian donininkai area, through Tvaskučiai, Tėneniai, Pajūris, Tverai, and Šlapgirė in the dunininkai area, and then along the edge of the dounininkai area through Kaunatava, Tryškiai, and Papilė; from there it turns southeast, following the Samogitian–Aukštaitian boundary as far as Šiauliai, and beyond that meets the western boundary of the lenčikė area. The southern boundary of the lenikė area, one might say, follows the Nemunas. The southernmost part of the general area of the lent- root is occupied by the diminutive lentūkė. The western and northern boundary of its area runs through Navininkai, Keturvalakiai, Pilviškiai, Kazlų Rūda, Išlaužas, Birštonas, Grišiškės, and Panošiškės. The diminutive lentūtė occupies a very small continuous area between Lekėčiai, Põderiškiai, Možūriškiai, Kazlų Rūda, and Šunkariai. In addition, it is recorded alongside another name in Btg, Jni, Erž, Vrt, DglšR, Lbn, Bit, Smln, Alvt, Klam, Klvr, and Prl. Other variants of the lent- root (lentā, lentelýtė, lentýtė, and so on) are widely scattered, sparse, and do not form separate areas. East of the general area of the lent- root extends the area of variants of the lopet- root. The western boundary of the area runs through Virškupėnai, Gataučiai, Vabalninkas, Karsakiškis, Miežiškiai, Ramygala, Aukštadvaris (Panevėžys district), Pāgiri, Šiesikai, Markūtiškiai, Mančiūnėnai, and Neverōnis. The variants of this root do not form any distinct areas of their own. Overall, the predominant variant from this root is the diminutive lopetėlė (recorded at individual locations on the eastern edge of the general area as lopetėlė), while the diminutive lopetyte (its medial syllable marked with a circumflex accent) is recorded interspersed with it. 9* 131 Speakers of the southwestern Kapsai dialect use variants and adaptations of a name borrowed from the former East Prussian German18. These are vikelė19 Všt, Graž, Brt, vikėlė Pjv, Klam, vikelka (hybrid?) Žal, vikelnyčia (< vikelė+kuodėlnyčia) Plv, obsolete viklputė20 Kbr, vikelpė Žal, Kbr, and vikelupė Alk, Vlk. As a name for the distaff, a hybrid panėlė is also recorded in a few places: Nrnj, Stpr, Rdn, Bbr, Pkr, Kpčn, Vsk, Er, Jsv; but it is unclear whether the distaff is indeed meant by this name in every case, or some other part of the spindle (cf. p. 125). Other names for the distaff are very rare. Only bóba Škt, galvėlė Vlč, Tršk, Lel, dialectal kr'ög (<?) Pžč, are recorded. Incidentally, among almost all eastern Dzūkai, no name at all has been recorded for this part of the spindle (cf. p. 122). NAMES FOR THE PIN As already mentioned, the distaff bundle is tied to the distaff with a string, e.g., Rb, Kmn, Kzt, Antkm, Skn, Gdr, Zbl, Mgn, Užg, Sem, BrčT, Klam, Vlk, GdlŠ, Seln, Mžn, Srj, Drsk, Rud, Aps, Kmo, Grv, Lz, VrnV21, or fastened with a small pin. The pin is usually wooden, but in some places it is made from a goose-wing bone, e.g., Vdkt, Prk, Pžč, Vrt, Žnd. Sometimes the material from which the pin is made is indicated by its name, e.g., kaulėlis GžnP, kauliukas Dmp, Kjl, Kbl, Lnč, Mdn, Eič, Smln, Agu, Br; dratà (Germanic) Tršk, diminutive dratėlė (hybrid) Kur, dràtas (Germanic) Vnd, Užsl, Ktv, Trak, diminutive dratėlis (hybrid) Pnr; cviẽkas (Slavic) Sb, Všn, cviekėlis (hybrid) Mdš; nẽglis (Germanic), Drck, obsolete diminutive negeliukas (hybrid) Kbr; vinis Klam, and so on. Generally, the most widely used name for the pin that holds the distaff bundle is virbalas, which agrees with the standard Lithuanian form, and its diminutives. Variants of this root have scarcely been recorded only in most of Samogitia, roughly west and north of the line Leckavà – Tirkšliai – Pievėnai – Trimėsėdis – Rūdupiai – Eidziótai – Kražiai – Giničiai – Raseiniai – Pašaltuonys – Jociai – Pãgramantis – Žvingiai – Teneniai – Stırbiškė (in the vicinity of Kvědarna) – Są́ugos. They are also rare in some South Lithuanian dialects, in the area between Kučiūnai, Daukšiai, Jieznas, Mergiškės, Onuškis, and Merkinė. The diminutives of this root do not form clearly distinct areas. It can only be said that the diminutive virbalėlis is most often recorded in the so-called Mūša river-basin dialects (especially on the left bank of the Mūša)—Stgv, Nair, Mkn, GžnP, Kršš, Jnšk, Ps—and also nearby, in Pbr. The form virbalėlis is concentrated in a narrow triangle of Samogitian dialects between Knabikai, Luokė, and Klýkoliai. 18 However, from the available records it is unclear whether these variants and adaptations refer to the distaff board or to the little fork (forked support), since the name is usually recorded without specifying the object, and sometimes both referents are indicated, e.g., “a little board or a little fork” VlkV. 19 Cf. “der Wickel... Ein Wickel Flachs, Hede — der um den Wockenstock gewundene Flachs...”, see H. Frischbier, Preussisches Wörterbuch..., II, Berlin, 1883, p. 467. 20 Cf. “die Wickelpuppe – Flachspuppe am Wocken”, H. Frischbier, Preussisches Wörterbuch..., II, p. 467. 21 This may partly explain why this question was left entirely unanswered in more than 130 surveyed settlements. Answers are particularly lacking from eastern Dzūkai; there are somewhat more responses from western Dzūkai, but these too come only from the riverside dialects. There are almost no responses from the western Aukštaitian and western Dzūkai dialects in the area roughly between Jurbarkas, Vilkija, Meteliai, and Lazdijai. Only a few responses are available from the dialects of the former Klaipėda Region, but there the reason is different: spinning had long since ceased to be done at home. 132 Dem. virbaliūkas, interspersed with other variants of the same root, is scattered westward approximately from the line Žeimelis — Kapčiūnai — Panevėžys — Ėriškiai — Ūkainiai — Rugėnai — Zapyškis. The form virbalūkas was recorded in Bdš, Pj, Grd. It is difficult to say which of these two forms is used by the Klaipėda Highlanders (Kul, Lauks), since l here is always palatalized. The various formations with the smeig- / smaig- root do not have distinct ranges either. The synonym smeigtukas of the standard Lithuanian norm (virbalas) has no pronounced center at all and was recorded in isolated locations across various dialects — Stpr, Mkn, Bnč, Rdp, Ltk, Khm, Šnp, Rs, Trg, Lnč, Vrk, Mšk, VIkv. A few other formations with the smeig- root were also recorded: smeigtas Tms (|| smeigštas), Lkč, smeigtuvas Grd, dem. smeigtuvūkas Lbnl, kuodelsmeigis Jni. Variants with the root diphthong ai also vary. They are concentrated mostly in the area between Kušleikių, Tytuvėnų, Kelmujų, Pašaltuonio, Rūgalių, Jocių, Nemakščių, and Kelmės. In the northern part of this area, as far as Nemakščiai and Alėjai, dem. smaigčiūkas predominates. With the exception of Rūgaliai, dem. smaigtukas, also recorded in Žr, Jknč, Kav, does not occur in this overall area. The form smaigtis was recorded in Alj and outside the main area—in Ruš. The var. smaigsčiūkas was recorded in Tt, Ldv, Pau and outside the main area—in Gnt. The following were also recorded in isolated locations: smaigstėlė Urv, smaigštelis NrnJ, smaigstis Btr, smaigščius Kln; the form smaigas Trg, also in Grip; smaigiūkas Pšlt, also in Grs; smaigutis Pod; var. prysmaigas Jc. The šmaikšt- variants are also scattered individually: šmaikštelis Sd, Ryk, Lntv, šmaikščiūkas Mrg, šmaikštūkas Urk, Jz, and šmaikštis, recorded in NmjA. The name variants with the kišt- / kyš(t)- / kaišt- roots are characterized not by sharply defined ranges but only by areas of greater concentration. There are two such areas. The northern one, covering most of the Samogitian dūnininkai and some peripheral Samogitian dounininkai and northern Western Highlander dialects, partly overlaps with the concentration area of variants with the smeig- / smaig- roots. The boundary of the northern area can be traced approximately through Eidižotai, Vidsodis, Vaiguva, Pākražantis, Alėjai, Pāupis, Paulius, Vertimai, Rūgaliai, Bātakiai, Pāgramantis, Žvingiai, Tvaskučiai, Žadvainai, Rietāva, and back to Eidižotai. The northern boundary of the second, southern, concentration area runs through Daukšiai, Gelčiai, Kriauniai, Ōnuškis. Variants with the root diphthong ai are concentrated here. The individual kišt- / kyš(t)- / kaišt- variants were recorded as follows: kaištis Vsk, Nvk, Škt, Rki, Vdk, Onš; dem. kaiščiūkas Gnč, Vdk; kaištūkas Šnp, Rgl, Sri; keišiūkas Ždv; kaikštis Kriau, Ilgn, Kč, Mrk, Lpln; dem. kaikštėlis Syl; kaikštūkas Dkš, Glč, Avž; kyšas Vds, Vrt, Paul, Grdž; dem. kyšelis Bt; kyšiūkas Vg, Pkrž, Nmk; kyšūkas Pkrž, Alj, Pau; kišiūkas Užv (|| kišiukas), Pašl; kyštis Rt (|| kyštelis), Tvsk, Žv; dem. kyštūkas Lkv, StirK, Pkrž, Šll; dem. kiščiūkas Gml; kištūkas Eidž, Lkv, Nuom, Tn, Rmč, Pgr. A large part of the Samogitian dounininkai call the object by the Slavism švāika (cf. Belarusian uва́йка “a flat awl²²; an awl for weaving bast shoes²³”). The boundary of the range of this name and its variants, beginning at the Latvian SSR border near Laižuva, runs through Pievėnai, Trimėsėdis, Gadūnava, Žibinai, Babrungėnai, Gintališkė, Šalantai, Serapiniai, and Žemytė. In addition, švāika was recorded in Rdp, Žr. At the eastern edge of the range, roughly as far as the line Leckavā — Dapšiai — Vārduva — Gadūnāvas, dem. švaikėlė (hybrid) predominates. The only recorded variants of this name are the hybrid forms pašvāika Šrk and švaikštelė Skl (|| švāika). Other names have been recorded only very rarely in the švāika range. 22 Žr. Белорусско-русский словарь, Москва, 1962, p. 1023. 23 Žr. З народнага слоўніка, Мінск, 1975, p. 52. 133 Southwest of the švaika area there is a small but distinct area of the Slavicism duršliokas and its variants; almost no other names have been recorded there. The boundary of the area, beginning at the Latvian SSR border near Žemytė, runs through Mišėnai, Karklėnai (Plungė District), Mižuiškės, Rietavas, Endriejavas, Judrėnai, Veiviržėnai, Gargždai, Plikiai, and Kalotė. In addition, in the card index of the Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language, duršliokas is recorded with this meaning also in Pj. There are few variants of this name, too: duršliokas Jdr, duršliokėlis (hybrid) Klgr, duršliokas Mžui, Vvr, dialectal dōršloks Mtč, duršliukas (hybrid) Klo, durkšlis Plik. Other names are also found in individual localities: ād at a Skp, adatà Rmč; ýla Gdč, Slč, Gln, Škns, Tj, NiŪ, vėlėlė Pbr; sagtūkas Pkp; recorded stembėris Sg; recorded šypas (Slavic) Tlt (verpsčio šypas), Al; šnirpšlýs Aks; špyglýs Jdr; špilkà (Slavic) DglšR, Žgr; žigūlas (cf. Polish żygulec “device for attaching a rope to a winch”²⁴) Kaug, recorded žigolas Kš, žėgalas Mlš. Also recorded as names for the spindle rod (mostly by chance, through error?) are: kỹlis (Slavic) Šv, kyliūkas (hybrid) Jrb, kylūkas (hybrid) Tvsk; kratiklis Seln, kratykliukė Lzd, Avž, kretiklis Žgr; kukėlė Vgt; pryvarpstikė Šlpg, privarps-tikė Skbč, varpsčiškė Pd, varpsyžklė Vkš, verpstėlė Lks. In more than 80 localities scattered throughout the Lithuanian-speaking area, what have been recorded are no longer genuine names, but merely substitutes such as: stake, little stake, small stake; little tree, small tree, young tree; little stick, big stick, small stick, stick; splinter, little splinter; chip, little chip and so on. As we can see, Lithuanian dialects have quite numerous and varied names for the spindle and especially for its parts. Most are native, but there are also borrowings and hybrids. Nevertheless, comparing the names of the spindle and its parts with the names of the spinning wheel as a whole and its parts²⁵, we must acknowledge that the latter include more borrowings and hybrids. This, among various other reasons, may be explained by the relatively late spread of the spinning wheel in Lithuania²⁶ and by the fact that at first spinning wheels were made and sold by foreign craftsmen, and later by their local apprentices, who adopted from their teachers not only the craft but also its non-Lithuanian terminology. А. ИОНАЙТИТЕ NAMES OF THE SPINDLE AND ITS PARTS Abstract The names of the spindle (that is, the structure for attaching and supporting the tow) and its parts are examined. It is noted that the name for the spindle itself is usually recorded only in those Lithuanian dialects in which the old-type object has survived, that is, a spindle not attached to a spinning wheel. In all other dialects, only the names of the spindle’s component parts have been recorded, more or less comprehensively. The names of the spindle and its parts are very often polysemous. For example, verpstė / verpstė in some dialects means the spindle itself; in others, the vertical and horizontal posts that form the “leg” of the newer type of spindle; in still others, only the vertical post; in yet others, only the horizontal post; and, finally, in some dialects— ²⁴ Dictionary of the Polish Language by Jan Karłowicz, Adam Kryński and Władysław Niedźwiedzki..., VIII, Warsaw, 1927, p. 734. ²⁵ The names of the spinning wheel and its parts are mapped in Volume I of the Atlas of the Lithuanian Language (maps pp. 60–63 and their commentaries), Vilnius, 1977. ²⁶ See Lietuvių etnografijos bruožai, pp. 300–301. 134 the “head” of the distaff, i.e. the small board to which the flax is pinned or tied; verpštukas is used in some dialects as the name for the entire distaff, in others as a general name for both of the aforementioned rods, in yet others as the name only for the vertical rod, and in still others as the name only for the horizontal rod; ranka / -ėlė is used in various dialects in three senses: as a general name for both rods forming the “foot” of the distaff, as the name for the vertical rod, and as the name for the horizontal rod. Polysemy is especially characteristic of words used as names for the distaff itself and for the rods forming its “foot.” It is established that such polysemy is mainly due to two causes: in dialects, the names of the distaff and its parts are no longer always clearly differentiated, and the collectors of material for the Atlas of the Lithuanian Language were also by no means always sufficiently familiar with either the objects themselves or their names. It is also established that different names formed from the same root often have overlapping areas or at least distinctive zones of concentration. These shared areas can be very extensive; for example, the area of various names formed from the root verp-/varp- covers a large part of the entire Lithuanian-speaking territory. The shared area of the root verp-/varp- includes, as constituent parts, clearly defined shared areas of individual polysemous names (e.g., verpstis, verpšiūkas, verpstiakas, verpšiōkas, and others), which in turn are sometimes divided into areas corresponding to individual meanings. The shared areas of names formed from other roots are less complex, although they too are sometimes subdivided into smaller areas of individual names and/or meanings. All recorded names for the distaff itself and its parts are presented below: the rods forming the “foot,” the small board to which the flax is attached, and the pin that fastens the flax to the board. It is emphasized that only various formations from the root verp-/varp- are used to name the distaff itself, and that in some cases its name depends on the type of object; for example, in the vicinity of Druskininkai, an old-type distaff is called verpstis, while a new-type distaff is called verpščiōkas. The geographical distribution of each name is also given, and the origins of borrowings are indicated. It is noted that, compared with the names for the spinning wheel and its parts, there are fewer borrowings among the names for the distaff and its parts. This phenomenon is partly explained by the relatively late arrival of spinning wheels in Lithuania and by the fact that they were usually made by non-Lithuanian craftsmen.