Zietelos tarmės prieveiksmis

GRAMMATICS CATEGORIES IR JŲ RAIDA LITHUANIAN KALBOTYROS QUESTIONS XVIII (1978) A. The adverbs of the Zietela dialect are part of a larger work written on this dialect’. Neither the material of that work, except for 1957—61 m. one other new example, nor the manner of description in this article has been substantially changed. Only the particles that were previously presented with the adverbs along with the adverbial words are not affected here. The authors were encouraged to combine these parts of the language because of their often similar origin, as well as the method of their description according to origin and creation, which, admittedly, has not been abandoned in this article. According to their meaning, dialect adverbs are very diverse. As with the previous series, there are several different levels of difficulty. There are mostly adverbs of way, less of place and purpose. Since the adverbs of the Zietela dialect are described in more detail according to their origin and conjugation, they are not examined in more detail according to their meaning. We will give only one more typical example of the most important semantic groups: a) manner adjectives, e.g.: baltai, brangei, daiigi(s), dveitė „„two together“, graita „fast“, gražitkai „Very nicely“, iš naūjo, kartū, kitėp „otherwise“, krūpa' (< kruopa) „a little bit“, nėkiek „somewhat“, pamacitkū „slowly“, pušau(t); b) local adjectives, e.g.: arti, Ča, Čonaik, laušėn (cf. brus. asywa ‘left’), nami“, namop, pavidui ‘in the middle’, touli ‘far away’, visuf, Zemin; c) time adverbs, e.g.: an(k)sti, still near now, once, reč. kada, lik koėlai(k), kuomėt, nakča, nėkadaik „sometime“, ne kata’, niin, nu'naik „today“, peérnaik, yesterday, vėlai; d) adverbs of cause and purpose (only a few of them are written), e.g.: dėle ko, déle tė, kodėl, nėko „something, somehow”, todėl, todrin, užtat. The exact meaning of the adverbs becomes clearer in context. Sometimes the same adverb can have several meanings, e.g. ddiktais jau hara "in places already aria" (local adverb); ddiktais ju°das „margas“ (adjective of the kind); kriipa: ddu "given a little" (adverb); I'm a monster (adverb of time). ORIGIN AND PRODUCTION The origins of the name ir are varied. There are mainly noun, adjective and noun adverbs. There are fewer numerical adverbs and only one other adverb made from the verb. There are also some debts. 1 Iš The author of the morphology of the Zietela dialect published works on the (1969: 147—182); noun about the noun (1960: 113—131); about the adjective (1974: 277—289); about the verb (1961: 219—231; 1973: 199—219), some remarks about the phonetics of dialects (1959: 195—213). 159 1. Noun adjectives There are three types of noun adverbs: (a) adverbial singulars of nouns, i.e. simple, unconjugated adverbs, (b) compound adverbs made of nouns and other parts of speech, and c) prepositional constructions with nouns. 1. The number of conjugated nouns in the Lietuvų dialect is relatively high. Most commonly occurs vns. of the back, the front, the inesyvo? iliatyvo, dgs. inagininko, less frequently other funny prepositioned forms, e.g.: vns. ward. daigis drūskos do not need to be given; and you have a sister?,,0 do you have many sisters- ?“ vns. kilm. iž itus namus daiig o asmoku: davinéjom “we paid a lot of money for this house”; staig ds vėjas užaj "suddenly the wind rose, came in"; vns. gal. kaisnūnka' palduk "wait a little"; ddr you're not gonna get there; kriipa koves gaiai „a little cows I have gone®; I'm going to go to the market for a little while. It is believed that from vns. The forms of the final participle also appeared yesterday (Būga 1959: 183; Ulvydas 1959: 82): vakar jo nebit „yesterday he wasn’t there“. Separately we need to talk about daiig(i), cf. senū bit daūgi'; and ours are still seeds of work; kdrvu gūnom daiigi: next to daiigi manim bit seserū, daiigi asméokw nereika. The form with a short i may be a noun root with the prefix of an old unnamed family vns. noun —substantive, cf. forms that sometimes occur without an ending: daūg padegė namii; Daiigel is behind. You. innag. basamincha apšavé; all the friends get; both of them died on the map; a line of ima lot; diiona ran off the bed; in vns. in. xdmi" that you want is a leak; ir bočo nebit namic; Go feed the cows for me. aima i m@s ri“toj gribu’sna „let’s go and we go mushrooming tomorrow“. The ri*tdj is sometimes said as rit: rit aritlka' gers kap Zaltis. It is believed that the old nouns vns. in. (Būga 1961: 690; Kazlauskas 1968: 153) forms are also early (reference ansti), near, tauli near far: koves anksti vūrom; I am near, and you are far away; vns. it. go away, boy (d. 1); We will cool the clothed ones down, we will throw the heeled ones out, “we will take the clothed ones to dance, we will throw the heeled ones out”. In other words, the word is not written in the same way as the other words. The tendency of the adverb is also shown by: usisūko laušėn "turned to the left"; kėlas aiti titsėn "the road goes to the right"; up and down in the undergarment,,- up and down lifted“. Time iliatives, e.g. nedélon jau nebūsim; subatén atváddu can be used according to the corresponding Slavic constructions, cf. rus. B HegėJIJO, B cyOOTY; vns. al. aimū namop; Are you a mom? Sometimes it is also said home: o namo ar nevazuosi?,,0 namo ar nevažiuosi?“ dgs. innag. and first we ran and ran everywhere (cf. rus. Gerom, brus. 6érma). Linke to greet with things already hara; objects of the kind of “margas- ”; skrinėmi marga „,kvadratais, langais marga’’; dgs. in. basanuos insistdj ",basnirčia įsijungė- ". It is believed that the noun daba is the origin of the adjective dabaf (Fraenkel 1955—1963: 79), from which the more common abbreviation daf has been derived, e.g. dabaf namie będziem; In the song there's a bit of rain, but it's gone; daf well to all (cf. particles now, yet, yet again: ana dabar iš Zietelos netdj „she has not yet returned from Zietelos- “; aš dar mūcitkas buvaū,,a§ dar mažas buvau“; dargi mu'sip niėko nėrė). 2. There are different types of compound adverbs. Somewhat more frequently, adverbs of this type are found with the first noun, numeral, less often adjective or adverbial accent and the second noun (most often fragmented, without ending). Of the derivatives, the first point of which is the final part of the pronoun, and the second is a declined noun, only shafidien bit ūnas is written in dialect; I'll take you home on Sharidian. More * Several localities are used in dialect: inessive —internal present tense, iliative —internal present tense, adesive —external present tense, aliative —external present tense. * More about mot. g. vns. innag. ending -ai, -ei see the author's article (1969: 166—7). 160 are adverbs made of pronouns iš vns. of the noun ir met during), pyz. : I'm not gonna beat you. (< ku „we never had ozkitumet < one dnas Ir atvažiuoja; Where's your ddr? o tu it ani's biti n&ku’met Ča it they once lived , here“; nejédau niekuemét vijiino; mati’met aš buvai; tu-meét to viso as ditoja; Za titmi žmonėmi visu’met maza. Sometimes an adverb when said with another su adverb (particle ?), e.g., kap mét anas ku atait kai ir kada jis ateina). , ir Dariniy, whose second element is the declined noun kart razs), the first (< element is usually a quantitative noun dgs. the final part, e.g.: 10-fold-beautiful; Li-don savazoinéjau double shaft; we burned five times; I ate three times at Zi“telon. Adverb only twice (next to twice) both elements are binary (here is a plural noun. — gal. abbreviation of the form). Less frequently, the first accent goes with an ir adjective adverb, e.g. daūgi„kaft aš ten buvaii daiigikaFt® ; veZdjom paz diktori': jū kieklkaft you are there? In Moscow nakickkart were “I have been to Moscow several times.” The meaning of the latter forms indicates that the second accent - There's a broken dgs here. originator. Iš digit ir -kart made derivatives are also joined with the noun adverb both, su e.g.: dūkart both métw turū, kap ana; aš double-sided tick bite; triskart tick bit moni. Adverbs su -kart, except for the derivative twice, usually both elements are pronounced. 3. In addition, there is often a large number of ir interconnected ar components. Jy the first dot is a preposition, the second is a noun verb or noun adverb. o Mostly the — prefix goes with the noun vns. su kilmininkas: an(<ant): an did you bring a lot? viskas an ddikto “everything in place”; be Seri an daikto ",be here in place": dnas often kitmo ait an "he often į goes outside (diarrhea)’; ji varo ki‘mo; an I'm going to get lost an "says, soon, coming in the coming days"; 100 mg/ day an “tomorrow will be easy”; ana vūlos an ldido "she let loose (me to choose)’; be : be the most precious whole; end be tip; lifts littai all' pavéasarigir alo; be iš : satem iš kaft; iš Someone I knew. Sometimes su the prefix goes with the noun vns. a suffix, e.g. krūpa, po krūpa' po do ir priraūšėt; Let's sow. po The remains of the remaining structures are often found in stagnant prepositional i structures. no beneficiary forms ar jų other nouns ending in -ė, e.g.: nūnešė lig truputūki; paZasti bit of snow; Stay with my brother. po Su preposition sa sometimes subjuncts the noun ti“sd vns. serving, e.g. ti*sdi sa tdu sakaii aš “Truly, I say to aš you”; ti“sdi dan sa tap did "in fact he did so." : Not many noun adverbs are su written with prepositions, e.g.: arti rasti regét, touli iš kap tumonas iš — “better to see from near, far iš as fog, — fog”; gviltelek toulaūst iš "Look iš further." 4.Alongside conjunctive constructions, both elements of which are separate, unadulterated, there are forms with adult elements in su the dialect, e.g.: sėdu papirkėį; aš ani's home will be pavidūi vesės “they live in the middle of the age”; lachéne: statom paviduj „a bowl is placed in the middle (of a table)“:; The pavilions were "in the middle of the garden lived" pahara paviF$uj,- suaria paviršiumi ". From these forms it appears that the preposition (in this case the prefix) pa (< po) to the corresponding vowels has been added here recently, cf. the saying nur aus unter obeno šlūpas “,only from the surface wet”. These adverbs can hardly be considered as derived from prepositional nouns, because the second point, i.e. the noun, is of unchanged root. Furthermore, the dialect does not seem to use any of the other forms of humorous nouns. The unpronounced consonant u'(< wo) is often abbreviated in the dialect. 5 The short in this form may be due to an anonymous genitive vns. ward. and maybe. multiple. 11. Categories of grammar ir jų row 161 Adverbs can sometimes occur in the secondary ir su ending, e.g.: uZpori‘tu vari"sim pėku" "the day after tomorrow we'll defend the cattle." The -u ending here can be added under other vns. innag. forms (plg. ritu, vakaru), because it is more commonly said: užporit aisu Naré&iesna; izparit mdn cows graze; uSpovdakar aijo li“tūs "it rained the day before yesterday". It is believed that iš @ stamens prieSdélinio noun pasakas according to u-kamienes vns. in. ir innag. forms are adverbs that have arisen after, e.g. paskum (Ulvydas 1957 : : 122), e.g.: pirma apravék, tada apvarisi „first prepare, then collect®; Wait, wait, wait, wait. Conjugated part of noun double pronoun Yungdu(t) (Endzelynas 1957 : 207) is usually a Slavic prefix su na, e.g.: lini’sna vilnai padauzdinėja pušdau na „Jininius wemenis per pusę vilna ataudžia“ (Wool weaves the weft in half); razgurino žitda' napu§dut "broke the ring in half," say. They arrived at midday. : 2. Adjectives in a dialect have different functions. 1. Mainly used for adverbs formed by the formant iš of non-comparative adjectives su -ai (after a soft consonant -ei), e.g.: au(k)štai, baltai, brangei, dažnai, gardžei, gerai, gilei, glu-džei "Smoothly, smoothly", nicely, along, ligei, wide, thinly, ru'štai “acid”, sick "weakly, weakly", surikei, su'rai, late. Same limb -ai have ir iš adverbs made of adverbial adjectives, e.g.: mėl'nai, geltonai, raudonai, gūdiškai, li“tuviškai, rūsiškai, seniškai „,senoviškai“ nevienddai; Frequency switches, wheels; an(k)stitks, articks, glu-ditks ; ,,slandutėliai“, gražitkai, netoulitkai, plonitkai, ratitkai,,retutéliai, labai retai“, stipritkai®. Iš adjectives that are no longer only in ne dialect, but lk., are thought to ir be made adverbs nunai(k) ir „today“, pérnai(k) (Skardžius 1943 : 216-217), e.g.: naik nu dar bit šilta; I don't work, say. nu an aš so jai nevirsu; nine Siltést "today is warmer- "; last year bought; P@rnaik atvaZdu. Also, an old adverb, no longer having its base adjective from which it is made, is very iš ir (1k. hello also almost no longer has an adjective meaning), e.g. : one is very fond of swinging; the rye is highly decomposable; you're a very good writer. Adjacent to the limb -is told ir -au, e.g.: kvitčei nelaboū geri "wheat is not very good". Regarding forms su -aw See below. Su additive k po -ai is said most often in the following forms of adjectives: nu'naik, pérnaik occasionally seneik. ir For these other ir adjectives su k but Zr. below. 2. There are several distinct types of adjectives in the ir dialect. Especially prone to adverbation is the adjectives of the infinitive family, i.e. vns. ward. ir gal., e.g. graita parvaždu namop; Graita atúj, reč. grait overdue (instead of grait(a) often used viekaū veikiaii, see ~ below). nicely done “everything is beautifully done”; ar How long ča will you stay? Pigu adave "given away cheaply". Sometimes, vns is used as a preposition of ir another adjective. innag. verb, e.g. raitū jéjau “I rode the roads®; ū rat who lags behind kunod "rarely left potatoes"; Rarely anyone pays. 3. Iš adjective su formant -yn made adverbs in the dialect is very small, e.g.: au(k)štin patkdlsi; I need shamin now "me down now (die) must’; nunduk galva' žamin "put your head down." 4. There are also few adjective ir prepositional compounds, e.g. : ne an long housing fonaik; iš naiijo pasaudinom "We iš planted a new one," ; we'll have ir to do something po else. "I'll have ir to mow slowly this week." Prefix po >pa ir adjectives are often adult, e.g.: ait palangvi “it goes slowly”; We've just pulled the linen. 6 Adjectives su with suffix -itkai in dialect more už common pries. -itk adjectives. 162 Looking at Belarusian, the following adverbs are made with the prefix po: dnas po li “does not understand Tuvan; mas maži po prastū nemokėjom, “we were small in Belarusian, usually (brus. na-npécry) we didn’t pay”; under the current ait dzegūrikas, “innovatively goes clock”; po sendmu rast bit, ale i po naujému prijunkom,,according to the old (clock) it was better, but also according to the new one we got used to* (cf. brus. nma-HoBamy, na-crapamy). The adjective and pronoun infinitive forms are joined in the compound all the same "anyway, just like that": all the same I am aisū; There's a whole lot of shit in there. 3. There is little use of numerical adverbs in the dialect. 1. Iš the inestives of the group numbers are most commonly used in the verbs of conjugated numerals, e.g. dūni's sdu dveitė būsta "they live together"; a thrown pile; the ju quartet bit; Six saw: eight for housing. Rarely, the prefixed infinitive of quantitative numerals occurs, e.g.: dvijosa pazdailēm; We were a trio milking cows. The family of the unnamed verb vns. ward. ir gal. written only a couple of examples, it is the plural kėtveria „foursome“ (k@tvera vaikū bit; bėčis mus kėtvera pametė) ir (I'm the tu first to come). 2. Su control -gi also mentions a couple of adverbs, e.g.: plural dvejei “two” (pati's sdu dvejei abū visa ūtarino) traveler ir first(k) (He's going to rise first, then fall) “he first pillows, then laughs”; first under the mountains feels). ir 3. Iš There are several types of adverbs formed from word combinations. Especially often used to describe a lifestyle compound one-on-one, -as (I would be one for one, one, one for one struggling), the second point of which is the quantitative noun vns. vard., for o the first form compare the creation of the already mentioned adverb paskum. Iš kiekinio skaitvardžio ir pažymimojo įvardžio bevardės gim. compound of forms all in one "anyway- ", e.g. : show wine direct; ka visa vi‘na aš aisū namdp, plg. more common analogous meaning mentioned whole disease. There is a number of oddly arranged bridges. (especially vns. kilm.) su prepositions, e.g. ; an: first su play an spring ,,first comes out, (clock) spring goes down“; an first still krūpa" dantii sit "there are still a little bit of teeth in front"; inbruck Zamén ramtiprian ma jės “put a rod in the earth in its forehead”; an vi“no rasti, an kito blogėst; from: peni(k)to tenth paiitarino,,psu akalbéjo as iš pakliuvo, iš sąryšio, atsitiktinai“. be These compounds are most likely formed from the corresponding examples used in Slavic languages, e.g. brush. Ha nėpmuiae, Ha nėpajį, Ha Apyroe; msirae uepe3 A3ecsitae; Russian. H3 MNSTOro B JIecsiToe; Uepe3 NsiToe Ha ĮecsiTOE. 4. Adjectives There are many iš adverbs derived from pronouns in the dialect. 1. Iš The most commonly used pronoun is the infinitive vns. g. ward. ir gal., e.g.: ūnas manė jaunėsnis iž mėtu penkis n @k a šešis; shit doesn't dry ar out so much; all of them "he is still asleep"; Today is the day of all. Ča More commonly used abbreviated forms are kiek, tiek, itiek, n@kik, bile kiek, e.g. itiek nebūs mėtu "so many years will not be"; kick will, so duds; your nėkitk ira "your some, a few are"; I'll need ne some dirt; or Hey, so you know "that this, that I know". tą 11* 163 Sometimes a generalized vns occurs. - It's going to be a day's worth. Stabaréja vns. local forms, e.g. vns it. Kana tu važusi nakčdi? nėkana ūžveža from nickana does not show,,somewhere takes and nowhere does not show“; vns. ad. Where are you staying? „with whom, near whom do you live?“ 2. Adjectives with the formant -ur (usually used as a local inessive), e.g. :0 kuf so buvai? How big a kid? ana niekur po bolkai būsta “it is somewhere under the beam”; without work you won't be anywhere; people are dying everywhere; Everywhere you look, nowhere you go. 3. adjectives with the formant -da || -dai(k), e.g.: gal ižroūks kada vitna liežūivi","- may choose, may adopt one language"; Then tell me. The following forms with -daik are said more often: kadaik ižnori, tadaik i atvažiū'ja; then you won't be anything; I've never said "I went to school once," have you ever? I never neimū vi‘non cruvéon; I've never had so much wind. But with -daik the adverb is always lost: always drunk; for him always a lifetime (more often all?years). The prefix k (pronoun g) probably originated from the particle gi and suffocated at the end of the word: kadaig > kadaik. Only this k form with double particle is unclear, e.g. kadaikik, tadaikik next to kadaigig, tadaigig. Perhaps k has been pronounced here according to the more frequent forms kadaik, tadaik". 4. Adjectives (or conjunctions) with the formants -aip, -eip. The diphthongs ai, ei of these forms are consonantized in the dialect (a possible thing due to enclisis and proklisis), e.g.: busta kap vsi „living as all“; and dabaf tėp and; itep jii'kasi mūsu" people to; Adol's beam n@kap kitt's turned; visép bit next to everywhere can be; viselėp ūtarino,,all the way, all the way spoke“. Sometimes for Ik. influence occurs in preserved diphthongs ai, ei, e.g.: aš mėgstu, kaip pasakit, ita' saldima:; nemėtino teip vi‘ni vi‘nus,,neméte, nepalikdavo taip vieni kitų“ next to tiép nebus (perhaps ei and ie here alternate as in the words sviėkas greta sveikas, šieva ~ šeiva, viekaū ~ veikiaū). 5. adverbs of less clear origin are Cha, éon, fonai(k), Čanaik, Jen, šenaik; ted, tenai(k): and Cha dies and tefi dies; Daughter of atvaZi®s Edn; nuvejaū one; the phoneic bit; reika te'sétis or shefi, or tei; chefs tuvas bag bit; I was there a long time ago; Capgi Whitna will be there? mullus tendi sapildinéja; We've been here for a while. Sometimes these forms are also said with the particle ka, e.g.: atvaždu Sedaka; Zurék teiiaka;, ana tenaika busta, šeniak(a) atdj. 6. The dialect has a considerable number of adverbs derived from pronouns with prepositions. They can be both mature and immature. When a pronoun stands before a preposition, both elements are usually mature, e.g. koji tu nebuvis? And why didn't I? horse is squealing, you need to get up. A particularly old adverb is tėdrin: Bronės svikata neasabli-va, tédrin nuvėj Zittelon, „Bronės sveikata neypatinga (not very good), todėl nuėjo į Zietelą (to the doctor)“, cf. 1231, 1232, 1233, 1234, 1235, 1236, 1237, 1238, 1239, 1240, 1241, 1242, 1243, 1244, 1245, 1246, 1247, 1248, 1249, 1250, 1251, 1252, 1253, 1254, 1255, 1256, 1257, 1258, 1259, 1260, 1261, 1262, 1263, 1264, 1265, 1266, 1267, 1268, 1269. When the preposition comes first and the pronoun comes after, the points are usually ungrown, e.g. ana tep an viso mondra; mdn regarding td nick; What about another one? You know what you don't want; all is well; to all send; You're gonna get it. 7. Adverbs from prepositional and noun adverbs, e.g.: Where did you come from? people are coming from everywhere; cancer all from Cha; ritbas pasidaré, ag atvozdu from tei; from shicha nevadju; Where are you going? nūg Ča artėt "from here closer"; nug ted nuveisi; lig Ča atdj; lik šiandien visa mickt "He's still asleep so far"; Lick the cola(k) you'll be? Sa visdi nėgali (it can still be without a prefix: visdi sapūs; ne visai iškepta zūsė "not quite cooked goose") greta sa visu netouli. But plg. E. Voltaire's adverb sa visum: tep ana pristėje sa visum pas arkli (Wolter 1899: 172). The prefix and the adverb occur in the adult form, e.g.: sadiimoj dat ol’ laukė jiskot vėjo, pak él’ ras; That's what happened to the house. 7 On pronouns of similar action see (aut. 1960: 130). 164 8. Various compound adjectives and compounds are formed in different ways. From a pronoun and a noun adverb, e.g.: vaikūmi tai ti*k t 6, o mémai tai negadnai “for children it is so much, but for mom it is not good”; ūnas tei pūčo busta vicnas “he also lives alone”; te pala nūmirė ni“ s, tep paūča gerai būsta. From the pronoun vns. innag. and the particle has probably already appeared in the adverb tw?j < tuo + jau (Otrgbski 1956: 362), e.g.: an fabrikos, to tū"j dastétai pénsija- "in the factory you would immediately get a pension". compounds of two noun adjectives, e.g. viselėp kap būsta "however it is, it happens- "; nowhere else turned; danas éa nowhere bit; where are we going? kap kadaik ataima; I'm running for you anyway. 5. Verb adjectives There are very few adverbs related to verbs in the dialect. For example, the prepositional form appliiik has a verb root: apliūk nuvėj; Around the table. The name and the verb have given rise to the compound kap ragi "when looking, looking, suddenly- ": kap ragi nuvažiūojam Li'dėon, kap ragi pastatas pirka". There are more conjugated verbs, but they are not adverbs. For example, rėgis (tokas gūēras, rūgis, visa tdu adūotu'p, rūgis, ten viso duoja), bilo reč are considered to be interjections. būlau „was“ (bila, an Pėtro kūsa kunodas „was, about Peter —June 29 —digging potatoes“, būlau, we sing all kinds of gi*smes). As an invariant part of the noun, the verb needs is used, probably according to Slavic examples, cf. brus. Tp36a, Russian. Kajo, HYXKEKO (reika gi man sa jū? bat reika bit ait "had to go", reika būs pėku būt "had to protect cattle"). In addition to its own adverbs of Baltic origin, the Zietela dialect has a considerable number of borrowings, especially from Slavic languages (mainly from Belarusian, but also from Polish and Russian). They are very diverse. First of all, mention the adverbs, which according to the meaning in the dialect no longer have (some may not have had) Lithuanian equivalents, e.g.: aš aiša ju: nemėstu “I do not like them very, especially” (cf. brus., rus. ropme); dnis naznarok tep pracuje „they do so on purpose (literally — „on purpose- “)“ (brus. 3HapOk); dnas nardčna tep made (Russian). Random); maz atdj dt (Brus., Rus. Hasan); foot reika ait pro gira "pedestrians must walk through a forest" (Brus. néwa); péuna (and péunei) atva®uds “probably, probably will come” (Brus. ndyHa); new po-pressu tiklaik ūtarina (brus. no-npéery); zOdo is not recognized iš in your system "I didn't know you from the back" (Bruss. 33aąjty) ir kt. Other borrowed words used alongside Lithuanian adverbs ir often overshadow them, e.g. : We're all ir alone (and for a while) arrives next to kaftais (Bruss. uacamM); clean (others čdista) paspaiis „all will squeeze“ next to all, all sa (Bruss. usicTa); there inúčei ūtarina next to kitėp (Bruss. inauait); already bazni"Chjon mala who aiti more often life, little (Bruss. Mana); ndatta cold bit big “Yeah, too much cold was big” next to very, hello (Bruss. nanra); never forget next to never (in Polish nigdy); rupee (Speech. raptum) pamirė "suddenly died" near staigds, kap ragi (Bruss. panramM); Zdras atais namop next door immediately (Bruss. 3, pp. 3. ^ "Silver-plated sculpture, c. always (Bruss. 3ašycėjibi); zusim (sometimes in January) near accommodation “all (and all, sa all) close sa lives“ (Bruss. 3yciM, rus. coBcėM) ir et al. 165 The examples show that many Slavic adverbs are used almost unchanged in the Zietela dialect, e.g. čšista, mala, natta, naznarok, zaras, zausddoi? and others. Such lexical interference usually occurs when speaking dialect representatives who are equally proficient in Lithuanian and Belarusian and do not control their speech. Most of the dialect speakers, when talking to the speaker of another dialect (e.g., the author of this article), often tried to control their speech, choose a more Lithuanian Word or explain the meaning of a Belarusian word and describe the idea in a circumstantial way. Therefore, these are recent borrowings, and, for example, mala, zaušddoi and rarer than their Lithuanian counterparts. Other, older borrowed adverbs are more ethnicized, e.g.: afiša (pronounced Slavic o becomes a, sometimes softened and $= arša), nigdi (after d vowel i contraction), nazėot, iz zodo (pronounced Slavic a becomes o) and so on. In addition, the dialect uses a number of borrowed adjectives, together with adverbs made from them with -ai, for example: biednai, britkei "ugly", dramnai or drabnai, "small", gadnai "good", slobai "weak", Zitkei "fast, nimble". Sometimes they are associated with their native neighbors. ward.-gal. funny, e.g.: britku || britki, sliskū || slisku,,slidu®, vesėla „linksma“ etc. They differ from the corresponding Slavic adverbs, e.g. brus. Bécena, cJIū3Ka, cJIaOKA, rus. cabo ir kt. Some adverbs are hybrids, e.g. abikap, "but as", brus. a6bi-sik, abikui "anywhere", brus. a6bi-1į36, na pušdu(t). It is a possible object, and derivatives with noare of the same origin, e.g. nėkap, nėkadaik || nėku"met, nėkiek, nėkur, nėkana, plg. brus. Hėjį3e, HEKaJi, HĖKY/Įbi, HĖKAJIbKI, rus. HĖKOTMĮa, HĖCKOJIbKO, HĖKYJI2?. Some adverbs are made from Lithuanian words, but according to the Slavic model, cf. already mentioned po dabariščamu, po lietūviški (sometimes simply po litoiiski), po naujomu, po senomu. Perhaps the adverbs sa ti „sdi, visa ligu, cf. brus should also be regarded as lime. canpayasl, ycé poyHa, rus. Bcé paBHO, although similar widely used Baltic and Slavic verb communities, seem not to be considered lime, cf. pamacitkū, 1k. pamazām, latviešu pamazitēm, pamazitinūm, brus. RIAMAJIĖHbKY, Russian and Ukrainian roMAJIĖHbKY. Graduation Like dialect adjectives, adverbs (mostly adjectives, less often other) have two degrees in addition to the incommensurable form: the higher and the higher. The upper and lower grades are made from the non-comparative grade. 1. Adverbs of the higher degree are mostly made with the suffix —est (after hardened consonants —ast), e.g.: au(k)štėst, blogėst, daugėst, dru'tėst „,kiečiau- “, gardėst, rasti, grazast, jilgést, langvėst, mažast, min(k)štėst, pigėst, plonėst, prastėst, ratėst, sausėst, storėst, svickést „sveikiau“, šaltėst, šiltėst, vėlėst, vickeést „greičiau“, žamėst. The prefix f is an adjective, probably derived from the enclitic second-person pronoun ti > t, which here goes as a formal adverb (Arumaa 1933: 35; Hermann 1936: 388). In the dialect, sometimes (rarely) it is said and daugės || daugės, good, beautiful, cf. western Dzūkijos daugės ir daugėsn: daugési i“sipilk Plikiai, Varenavo raj., as well as Daukšos Postilės daugésn 93,, didesn' 45044; ndudingesn' 432 next to daugidus 713,, romieus 289,,, where daugėsn < daugesni or daugesnia is the highest degree of the infinitive ira i aražių (Arumaa 1931: 65; 1933: 35; Otrębski 1999: 100). 1 : 305). _.® Skoliniy contingencies are very conditional. Su borrowings with Lithuanian prefixes are more pronounced by members of the dialect who grew up in purely Lithuanian families (while ir adapting the sounds of words, e.g.: čista), in the o language of members of mixed families the jų pronunciation does not differ from the Belarusian pronunciation (so it would be enough to indicate only the t. y. accented syllable, the accent of the word). * More about the su derivatives see. aut. 1960: 123. 166 In addition to the forms with -est, there are often higher-grade forms with -(ijau < *(j)au, -(i)aus, -(i)aust, e.g. daugaūs, daz. daugaiist, geraii || gerails, daz. geriist, langvaū || langvaiist, maZaiist, paskail, sunkaiist, vairai || vairaist, vélaustTM. The possible object, suffix -(i)au was characteristic only for adverbs, but with the simplification of the gradation system, it began to be pushed out of use in the Zietela dialect by the suffix -es(t) for adjectives of the higher degree of the non-noun genus. In other dialects and 1k. similarly was generalized the adverbial suffix -(i)au. The contaminated forms of the suffix -(i)aus (in the dialect of Zietela and -iaust), which only occur in dialects, indicate that there was once a different high-grade suffix -es(ni) for adjectives of the non-noun genus. Sometimes the forms with -(iJau(st) no longer have a higher degree meaning and are used instead of the base forms, e.g.: labail ana teri gi'va busta "She lives very well there"; Ča but “It’s very good to live here”; very well dan tefi learns “very well he learns there”; tokdi pagaddi negerai “in such a weather it is not right”; from vairai anis Ča “from far they are here”; labaii aš itep mékstu ūtari't "I really like to speak this way (in Lithuanian- )". The most common form of the non-comparative adverb sehr now seems to be with -(j)au. The basic form of the adverb vi‘kaii does not have any other genders, e.g.: I vickaii aisū namép "I am going home quickly"; vikaū es tefl nuvažavaii “I quickly went there”; Wekaū nas aiti Se "he's coming here soon." His highest rank is now vitkėst || vekėst || vikėst. "It is clear from these examples that the suffix -(i)au often no longer has its original higher-grade meaning. And this is understandable. When the distinction between the construction of higher-grade adverbs and adjectives of the non-noun genus ceased, the suffixes -est and -(iJau * became completely equivalent. One of them had to retreat. Forms with -(i)au(st) in Zietelos dialect are treated as relative. The loan word poster sometimes and without any ending has a higher-grade meaning, e.g. : Cha and cow neimindžas arša "and the cow will not crush the earth harder (ugly)"; we don’t know how it will be, whether it will be raining or snowing “we don’t know how it will be, whether it will be better or worse”; a word. aršaū || aršast. 2. superior adverbs are made mainly from superior adverbs with the Slavic particle ndi: ndidaugėst, ndibrangést, ndimažast, ndipigėst, nditaulést, reč. ndidaugaiist, ndimaZaiist, ndivélaiist. The uppermost forms with the suffix -ausia are much more rare. But they also almost always have the particle nai, e.g.: ndiau(k)ščduša, ndidaugdusa, naimažduša, ndipirmdauša. In addition to the fraction nai forms are rare: dalgeldi gerduša pjdut. Of the noun adverbs, only an(k)sti, an(k)stėst, ndian(k)stėst are graded; near, nearest, nearest to || nearest; tauli || toli, taulėst || tolėst, nditaulėst. The number of graduates has not been recorded. 3. Sometimes a certain intermediate higher degree is indicated by Vedic prepositiosu ns ga -itkiau, -itkest, e.g. : kab jaunas, it vekitka nuhais ii "When you're young, the speeders will go"; vekitkaū ana atūj namop “Very quickly, she went home quickly”; from Cha you will be artikėst "from here you will be closer". In general, the dialect of adverbs with the suffix -itkai is not prone to gradation. The adverbs dalelyper indicate the overriding of the characteristics expressed by the base forms, e.g. pei brangei davei, pef vėlai atūjot; or debt ndtta natta expensive all; ndtta daiigi svieto bit. su te : Adjectives with prefix su pa- (from the preposition po) has a diminutive meaning: palangvi važū?k nuvažū"si; pamacitkū ir būstam "slowly, little by little, little by little we live". 1% Chr. S. Stangas (1958: 188) adverbs su (i)having placed the weave to the forms of the highest degree, he adds that he could not iš identify the material he collected, they are of the higher, ar highest degree. ar 167