Galūninė terminų daryba

SOCIAL LINGUISTICS PROBLEMS LITHUANIAN KALBOTYROS QUESTIONS, XIX (1979) Among the nouns of derived Lithuanian terms, a considerable number are derived nouns of the endings. In addition to the functions of a word, the endings of words are also used as a means of forming words. Thus, only a word that is related to another word used in the Lithuanian language, the so-called reference word, can be considered as the word of the final verb. It is useful for a non-speaker to take note of this, because, if the meaning of the construction of this word is not understood accurately, the termination marriage is sometimes wrongly attributed, for example, to the internationalization of international terms, i.e. the addition of a Lithuanian ending. Borrowing words and adapting them to the grammatical system of the borrowed language is a phenomenon of a completely different kind than word formation. These are two different ways of developing language vocabulary. The creation of words with endings is closely related to the creation of adverbs in terms of origin, and the functional meaning and form of the derivatives (the nature of the base words and the relation of the derivatives to those words). This can be done by using the same method as for the subsequent fractions. ia synchronously examined terms of the final form nouns, collected from the dictionaries of terms of law, geology and physical geography, physics, sports, land reclamation, chemistry, textiles, literature, botany, economics and computational technology, which have been reviewed by the Commission of Terminology of the Institute of Lithuanian Language and Literature of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences?. The object of the study consists of 801 derivatives of the ending (some vediniy are used in terminology of more than one field, therefore they are presented in two or even several dictionaries, for example, GZ, MZ and SZ2, but here they are counted as one derivative). The derivatives of the endings are divided according to the adjective meaning and the nature of the base words as follows (the groups of verbs are arranged here according to the number of derivatives- ): A. Verb derivatives: names of the result of the action, names of actions, names of tools, names of places, names of the owners of the verb property; B. Derivatives of nouns: names of owners of noun properties, names of properties. Distribution of nouns of endings in dictionaries is shown in Table 1. . Terminai daiktavardžiai su galūnėmis dažniausiai vedami iš veiksmažodžių (727 derivatives, or 90.89, of all the final verb terms in the areas under consideration). This corresponds to the clearly noticeable tendency of nouns to form endings in the current Lithuanian literary language in general. V. Urbutis, who was the first to extensively investigate the construction of nouns with endings in the present language, based on examples from the “Dictionary of the Modern Lithuanian Language” (V., 1954) (there are nearly three thousand of them), determined that more than four-fifths of this kind of derivatives are created from verbs 1 Terms are selected and presented in the same way as in the author’s previously published work, “The Construction of Lithuanian Nouns”. - Kn. : Lithuanian terminology. V. 1975, pp. 7-8. 2 See the list of abbreviations. 155 I Table r Glossary of terms | Total differencein Verb group | 17 ū Bz |Chž| Ež | FŽ | GZ | LŽ |MŽ st sz | rz | "din | | 66 | 20 | 33 | 59 | 14 | 89 | 34 | 74 | 6 35 | 4 | 30 | | What 14–15, pp. 14–15. 77.1 20 | 58 | 18 | 38 | 84 | 34 | 71 253 | | | | | | Names of tools —8 4 || 4 | 6 | —| 15] 30 | 17 | 4 | 63 | | Vietų pavadinimai —21 = || —| 21 —| 22 3 | 10 | -49 | || Noun characteristics-| weed be owners characteristics- | = tibiae 3 6 9 2 27120 || 5 5 8 | | 45 | ER Property name-| mai = nd 1) RH Le Bell Wid? 29 | | | | | Verb special-| | | tybés turétoju pa- - Zz za Iš total of different ve- | | | | diniy | | | | | 801 | \ | || | [Urbutis V., 1961, 57]. It is particularly typical to use su the endings to name the result of the action (in the 42,89, ir 47,294 verb ending derivatives). This tendency is very distinct from the production of terms by means of prepositions, where the largest group is su made up of action names. Ir in general, in the dictionaries of the terms examined, there are considerably more action result names, made with tų su endings, than adverbs (total is 567 su action ir result names derived from prepositional endings, three-fiftjų hs are ending derivatives). Also in this respect, ir the terminology in ir general of the present Lithuanian language of action-resultant su names with endings agrees nicely." Extremities quite popular ir are the action names in (31,694 the marriage of all ir - 34,89, derivatives of verb endings), but they are still very far nuo behind the adverbs (in all the dictionaries comprising the object of the work there are derivatives 2845 belonging to the group of verb names, the derivatives of endings o comprise only jų 8,994). The number of other types of work is considerably su reduced. It is used to make adjectives (usually adjectives and nouns). iš * V. Urbutis found that in the current language, su more than half of the action result names are derived by endings. See. Grammar of the Lithuanian language. V., 1965, t. I, p. 368. 156 Su Terms derived from endings are usually clear, precise, quite in line with the general Lithuanian word formation tendencies. Since the phrases are short (the forms taken as the basis of the ar word construction do jo not increase the number of syllables), they are particularly useful in the construction of terms. Shortness is often considered a desirable quality of a good term. For example, a well-known Russian terminologist D. Lotte (1966, 30, 128) considered that shortness of term should be pursued in the same way as accuracyir ®. Šį requirement he applied only ne to the terms themselves, but ir jų of the verb, such as suffixes [Jlorre HIM. C., 1971, 157]. In terms of conciseness, the derivative terminology of the extremities fits, it can be said, ideally. Well, o rememberijų iš ng the nuances of the meaning of the word, it is possible to say that together the terms su of the derivative endings of prepositions form a harmonious ensemble. In this ensemble, the limbs are not yet used to their full capacity. Thus, when creating and managing Lithuanian terminology in various fields of science and technology, it would be even advisable to rely more on the derivatives of the extremities. Almost half of ir all the derivatives of endings made from verbs, found in the dictionaries of terms taken for examination, are names of the result of the action, i.e. their meaning arising from the action is the Zyméjimas of the result of the action expressed by the base verb, e.g.: išgauba „the swelling that occurred during the drying of the material“ ChZ, sąmuša,,the defect of the fabric; stretch of too dense weft, formed due to a malfunction of the fabric regulator or due to excessive braking of the weft shaft” ATŽ et al. Some of the derivatives belonging to this group (about a seventh part) can also be perceived as the names of the object of the action, e.g.: įmoka TŽ, perlaida TŽ, etc. Many derivatives of this group may potentially have both the meaning of the result of the action and the meaning of the object of the action. In particular, the name of the object of the action and it is inconvenient to separate into a separate group of actions. Most (8794) action result names are derivatives of the endings -a and -as. The most productive type of this group consists of the ending -a (part of the derivatives are used only in plural forms in terminology) — almost two-thirds of the derivatives are derived with this ending. About one-fifth of the population of this group is made up of people with the ending -as. The endings -is (-ys) and -ė are of lesser action, and -ius and -uo are not at all different. -a(s) The ending -a (-os of plural derivatives) is undoubtedly the most active means of making names of action results in current terminology (as in current language in general [Urbutis V., 1965, 378]). In the dictionaries of terms under consideration, as many terms with it as those derived with all prepositions of this group of verbs are presented, and it outperforms the prepositional verb type (s) itself three times in the number of derivatives. By taking more sources, these data may, of course, change somewhat, but, as the comparison with previously derived data from a smaller number of sources [Keinys S., 1968, 191] shows, the overall picture should basically remain similar. Plural terms (ending -os) make up more than a fifth of all derivatives examined here, e.g.: expenses EŽ, MŽ, STŽ, TŽ, whey ChŽ, waste EŽ, income EZ, TŽ, savings EZ, TZ, etc. About 49% of Vedic different terms are used both numbers, e.g.: footnote, "water-grazed ditch" MZ, cnocka, 10JICTPOYHOE 4 See also: Terminology work (Basis and methods). V., 1973, p. 11-12. 157 npHMeuaHHe LŽ, „cuocka“ STZ and footnotes „that, which was taken out of the water, washed“ MZ, GZ, nuoplova (geol.) „cM6iB“. GZ and sewage “manufacturing waste; fibre detached from wool fabric during washing, fining and dyeing, collected from the bottom of machines and baths [...]; c6oii* ATZ, ready,3aroroBka; blank; slab, bar’ STZ and preparation ‘3aroroBku’ EZ, cluster ‘ckonjenne’ GZ, ‘Hakon/ienue’; angl. accumulation; cumulation; filing, gathering, storage” STZ and “uakonJienus” EZ etc. Occasionally, such a distinction is made even in the terminology of one area, e.g.: neprakarša,,karsinio, sluoksnio arba siūlų defektas; wool strands not separated into individual fibres <...>“ ATZ and non-carved “fabric defect; short, elongated thickenings from woven yarn made of poorly-carved fibre’ ATG. However, such a maximum use of one type of verb is not convenient (and therefore probably not more widely used) — in the plural, homonyms should usually be formed here. Most of the derivatives of this last affix are the names of the result of the action, e.g.: apybraiža „ouepk“ LZ, apibrėžimas „KOHTYp, oueptanne* STZ, aprankos „wool fibre gathered during sheep shearing from broken off bundles of various qualities“ ATZ, suuva „pyuetinuk“ SZ, attrūkga „layer defect; broken, damaged edge of the layer <...>” ATZ, section “orpe30k” LZ, STZ, SZ, flap “a bent and nailed to the ground stem (or branch) which later forms roots and grows into a new plant” BZ, waste, “main raw material fallen off during the production process together with the cleaned of fibre impurities or damaged semi-finished products; most of them after cleaning or other processing can be used in production“ ATŽ, „materials left over from production“ ChZ, EZ, atplaiša,lepele’s split, when the leaf is split by deep and sharp cuts“ BZ, „,orropxeHen“ GZ (geol.), atžala „a leafy shoot grown from the stump or roots of a cut tree, originating from dormant or attached buds“ BZ, grąža „,cnaua“ EZ, įdubimas „a dent, a dented place, a hollow, a hollow“ MZ, įgula „sKunax“ SZ, įpjauta „a wound of appropriate shape made on a fruit tree with a pruning knife (in horticulture); najpes“ BZ,,unanpeska; npopesb” STZ, “3apy6ka” SZ, įstaiga,,yupexnenue, 3aBejenne” EZ, TZ, ifara,,ariant lysvémis, į abi puses perversta vaga” MZ, išdroža “kas išdrožta; vagelė lentoje suleisti su kita lenta“ MŽ, iškratos „tekstilės fabrikuose kratymo mašina išvalytos gamybinės atliekos, pvz., nuokaršos iš pakulų karšimo mašinų, pabiros iš vilnos atliekų valymo mašinų ir pan. <...>“ ATŽ, išnara „musmirių ir kai kurių kitų grybų apvalkalo liekana, kuri pasilieka prie koto pagrindo ir supa jį kaip kokia makštis“ BZ, išspaudos „grūdų, sėklų liekanos, išspaudus aliejų“ ChZ, išvarta „BerpojioM“ SZ, įvalka „audinio, dažniausiai austo automatinėmis staklėmis, yda; foreign thread inserted into the mouth of the shooter” ATZ, not fit,,verpaly defect; a small section of yarn several times thicker than normal yarn and with considerably less twist, resulting from the non-extension of the warp in the spinning machine’s pullers’ ATŽ, odrubka, ‘entangled, highly splitted fibre obtained from a spinning machine <...>’ ATŽ, odrubuje ‘soil of steep slopes or mountains, separated and falling down; „low-grade homogeneous wool, heavily contaminated with manure and urea, cut off from the animal’s hindquarters“ ATŽ, „deposited rocks“ ChŽ, GZ, „1. particulates deposited on land from surface water runoff; 2. a mineral mass formed by the action of wind or glacier" MZ, fatigue, "printed or printed fabric defect"; printing ink spilled in one direction outside the pattern contour due to evaporation in moist steam’ ATZ, ‘impure solution separated from crystals’ ChŽ, gradually ‘deeply oriented stem side shoots used for vegetative reproduction, e.g. of Ajuga reptans, Agrostis stolonifera’ BZ, flax, ‘fibres from flax milling waste’; used for the manufacture of pails’ ATG, twisted, ‘yarn defect’; periodic or occasional stitches with excessive twist, caused by poor work of the stretchers” ATŽ, prakarpa “fabric defect; a hole cut in the fabric when a knot, stitch, cone, etc., enters the fabric under the knives of the cutting machine.’ suplonėjimai su 158 mo su ir ATŽ, suffix ‘cybÉuxc’ STZ, contributions ,,water, wind-carried sediments” ChZ,,,water, wind carried land“ MZ, GZ, product ,,npousseienne, angl. product’ STZ, savings ‘,cOepexennus’ EZ, TŽ, sqvélos ,,defective wool, tangled pieces of wool which are difficult to tear by hand, torn from normal parts of the fleece during sorting or tangled throughout the fleece’ ATŽ, fragmented “irregular pieces of stone from to 5 150 mm size (by GOST), obtained by crushing larger rocks or by sludge formation of rocks’ MŽ, GŽ ir kt The object of the action is more prominent in some derivatives, e.g. atmena ‘See Notebook’ LZ, stocks ,,3anacbl; MpUIacel; peeps’ EGR, charging ‘a mixture prepared for a technological process’ ChZ, contribution ‘,B3Koc’ EZ, ‘nnarėx’ EZ ‘nnarex, naara’ TŽ, search ‘B3pickanune’ EZ, payment ‘Bbigaua’ NO, COP ‘jmuona’ GZ, exhibition ‘BsicraBka’ EZ, perlaida ‘mepeBon’ TZ. shipment ‘nockiika’ EZ, STZ, ‘orzrpy3ka’ EZ, valda ‘Bnanenne’ EZ, TZ ir kt However, it is necessary to say here that ne in some nu cases it is difficult to ir distinguish the values of the object of the action from the result of the action, because ir the same ir derivative can denote one and the other. For example, in terms of operational value, a consignment may be ir "what is sent", "what is ir sent", loan — "what is borrowed" ir "what is borrowed", return — “what is returned is returnablar e” ir “what has been returneir d” etc. Some of the vedic verbs can be perceived as the names of actions (abstracts of verbs). ir Such could be, for example, the covering "Harek" GZ Attachment "the emergence of some rocks to the surface į where they are not covered by deposits" MŽ, photo "measurements for maps and plans" MZ (synonymous photo making), plug "river clogging" some others. MŽ ir It is possible that the meaning of the result of the action of some of the derivatives is secondary, operative, formed by the specification ne of the lexical o meaning of individual derivatives (because of such specification in the current language and its terminology there is a bunch of actions denoting the consequences even suffixes -ing, -ing of derivatives). To consider the terminological meaning of the derivatives as inaccurate, because their individual meaning can be acquired independently of the work. ir The classification of derivatives of endings is therefore more complicated than that of conjunctives, even though the same endings are used in most of the constructive groups. The name of the -a end of the result of the action in terminology, as in the present ir language in general, is usually based on prepositional verbs (among the examined examples, derivatives based on non-prepositional verbs are The circle of the verbs running on the basis of the action is greatly expanded by this 2,6%). tendency of action, since derivatives of this group are more commonly used as prepositions of verbs without prepositions. — su iš Iš nagrinėjamų pavyzdžių daugiausia yra turinčių priešdėlius nuo-, iš-, pa-, są- (sam-, san-) at-. ir Su each tų prefix is less than ne po 20 examples, ir they account for about three-fifths of all action outcome titles examined. The prefixes of the basic verbs ap-, in-, out-, pa-, in the conjugation remain unchanged. Most often, the prefixes at-, pra-, occurring individual derivatives with a modified prefix variant, ir e.g.: atomazga o su LZ, STZ, prorata ‘fabric defect; a transverse strip of thinner wefts with a number of wefts per unit length less than the minimum number už specified in the technical conditions <...>“ ATZ, education ‘fabric defect; a hole left by the removal iš of a weave drop, ruff, fluff, ir etc.’. ATZ, cut-out "straightening the bend of the river dug bed" MZ, STZ, can be considered exceptions, iš jų the end, although In the first edition of the volume I of the Lithuanian language ir dictionary marked as a neologism and a written language word (1941, 333), in which to doubt, apparently, makes no sense, is formed, doubt, by be Eastern The Lithuanian language has distinctive characteristics. Prefixes of base words nu-, pri-, su-, also Variants of abibei are usually replaced in ending derivatives by prefix variants characteristic of nouns. 159 tais nuo-, prie-, sq- (sam-, san-), apy-, ato-. Exceptions are rare, e.g. : sticks "natural raw silk defect; extraneous silk fluffs adhered to the thread by sericin in a long stretch” ATŽ and sutura “moB” GZ (paleon.). The term antburga GZ in physical geography is certainly not a word created specifically for terminology purposes — it is a living word in Žemaitija (LKZ, 1968, 158) and taken from there (which explains the presence of a prefix not characteristic of literary language in the basic Zody)®. Thus, the action result names, belonging to the -a type of ending, have the following prefixes derived from the verbs (modified in the said cases): ap-, apy-: apkalba SŽ, apnaša, -os BŽ, ATŽ, ChŽ, aprankos ATŽ, apsiuva SŽ, apsukos ATZ, winding FZ; definition STZ, apysaka LŽ; at-, ato-: grows BZ, old EŽ, section LŽ, STŽ, SŽ, waste ATŽ, ChŽ, EZ. atmata ATŽ, ChŽ, EZ, atmata STZ, atplaiša BZ, GZ, atspaļa BZ: rediscovery MZ, atomization LZ, STZ, atomic pressure SZ; in-: igriova GZ, MZ, ikarta GZ, STZ, inmixes ATZ, inflows EZ, engraving MZ, stamping MZ, engraving ATZ; from-: grows BZ, recovers ChZ, GZ, recovers MZ, cuts ATZ, extracts ChZ, GZ, LZ, MZ, TZ, clears ATZ, output SZ; ne-(nepa-, nepra-, neprie-): does not touch ATZ, does not pass ATZ, does not pay EZ; waste EZ, waste GZ, waste GZ, MZ, SZ, waste STZ, waste ATZ, waste, -a ATZ, GZ, waste ATZ, ChZ, FZ, GZ, MZ, waste ATZ, waste GZ, waste ATZ, ChZ, waste ChZ; pa-: pabiros ATZ, padala LZ, pajamos EZ, TZ, parovos ATZ, paslavos ATZ, pasova SZ: per-: perkrypa ATZ, perlanka GZ, persukos ATZ; re Pros: MZ, ATZ, STZ; proreta ATZ, prorese MZ, STZ; rie-, pri-: presumption ATZ, STZ, impurity ChZ, FZ, STZ, suffix STZ; glue ATZ:: sa-(sam-, san-), su-: union EZ, TZ, joins ChZ, GZ, MZ, costs, a-EZ, STZ, joins ATZ, sqvarta GZ, sqvélos ATZ; Samply GZ, MZ, Samply GZ, MZ, Samply GZ: product STZ, sangrida GZ, MZ, accumulation EZ, accumulation GZ, STZ, accumulation EZ, TZ, summary LŽ, STZ; sutira GZ: uz-, uzuo-: uzkamša MZ, uzkarta GZ, SZ; ATZ. Often there are groups of terms derived from verbs with different prefixes, e.g.: -pjov-: ipjova BZ, STZ, SZ, izjova STZ, SZ, nuopjova STZ, prapjova STZ; -mok-: payment EZ, TZ, payment EZ, non-payment EZ; -naš-(:-nes- -): plaques ATZ, BZ, ChZ, isnasos GZ, MZ, joints ChZ, GZ, MZ; -plov-: rinsing, -a GZ, MZ, washing, -a ATZ, GZ, sampling GZ, MZ; -aug-: grows BZ, grows BZ, etc. By creating term systems, these derivative powers of the limbs could be even better used. There are several derivatives, which can only be partially assigned to this type of work, e.g.: pakulas „short flax fiber, made by a flax milling machine from maigs, pamins, scraps and wastes, as well as from fiber of the smallest number of lengths“ ATZ, „,suvelti lins fibers“ ChŽ, paminas „fibrous flax milling wastes <...>“ ATŽ, parovos „short undeveloped flax, left after harvesting good flax <...>“ ATŽ, pašukos * This, of course, does not mean that all the other considered derivatives are necessarily intentional as terms to do. There is no doubt that a certain part of them are conjugated ordinary words of the language. The reasons for their examination are the same as those set out in the article,,Priesaginé lietuviškų terminų kūrimas“. - Kn. : Lithuanian terminology. V., 1975, p. 8. 160 ‘waste from the spinning of combed flax, cotton and wool; a mixture of short fibers, cones and impurities removed from a layer or handful by comb machines …’ Of course, it can be assumed that these words, which have undoubtedly entered the terminology from the folk language, have sometime been formed as derivatives of the ending -a from the verbs pakulti, paminti, parauti, pašukuti and meant what remained after pakultus, pamynus, parovus, pašukavus, just as the derivative of the ending is considered to be the semantically relatively close word pašlavos [Urbutis V., 1961, 31], used also in terminology (ATŽ). However, on the other hand, it is possible to pronounce these words in the presence of a mixed verb (prepositional ending derivatives). Synchronously, such a perception of the work seems quite possible. There are also such terms that are difficult to associate semantically with the corresponding prepositional verbs or such verbs do not seem natural because of their unusualness (therefore it is doubtful whether they are used by specialists in the relevant field and, therefore, could have been the basis for the formation of the words under consideration). For example: influence of LŽ, STŽ, non-degradation of ATZ, deterioration of ATZ, etc. Taking into account that basically all such words are nicely matched by their prefixes with the corresponding Russian or other language terms (see Bansanue, German Einfluss, Polish wplyw; HenpokKpac; OTCOpTHpOBKA), it is necessary to assume that they are value words (some even morphemic —nepradaža —wenpokpac, although otherwise the available examples usually differ in the way of construction). Such terms, lacking Lithuanian motivation, are often vague, imprecise and therefore (when not in force) avoidable. On the other hand, there are also terms that are operatively related to the corresponding prepositional verbs, but the latter have not acquired these prepositions naturally, but because of the influence of other languages, e.g.: extract ChZ, GZ, MZ, plg. BbiTS*KKA, ekstraktas<lot. extractum: extrahere ‘to extract, remove’, with the abbreviation EZ, GZ, TZ, prašiauša ATŽ, cf. npoBopcoBkKa TKauu, with the impurity ChZ, FZ, STZ, cf. npumMecb, etc. Such derivatives, being regular, may be unacceptable because of the plg. orMerTkKa, papyna ATŽ, plg. nonneruna, persukos ATZ, plg. repekpyTbi, irregularity of the base words (the determination of the latter's regularity is already part of the construction of prepositional verbs). It is noticeable that in most cases, the exact match of the prefix in different languages is not a sufficient reason for a word to be discarded — only words with unmotivated prefixes, which disrupt the language system or cause ambiguity, are discarded. Among the examples mentioned, the term prašaischa is the most unsuccessful. Most of the derivatives (over three quarters of the available examples) are based on primary verbs®. Among the remaining derivatives there are about twice as many those made from mixed verbs, e.g.: įmaišos ATŽ (: įmaišyti, įmaišo, -ė), išieška EŽ, TŽ (:išgauti, išieškoti, -ojo), nuovarvos ATŽ, ChŽ (: nuvarvėti, nuvarva, -ėjo), priemaiša ChZ, FZ, STZ (:primaišyti, primaišo, -ė), skalda GZ, MZ (:skaldyti, skaldo, -ė), valda EŽ, TŽ (:valdyti, valdo, -ė) and others. Thus, secondary verbs are used relatively rarely in the construction of this type of vedic (7.5% of the examined examples). For example: old EZ (:atgyventi, -a, -o), return EZ (:grąžinti, -a, -o), loan EZ (:passkolinti, -a, -0), use EZ, STZ (:snaudoti, sunaudoja, -o), abbreviation LZ, STZ (:sutrumpinti, -a, -0) and others. As the examples show, verb construction suffixes do not usually fall into the derivative root. Most of the names of the result of this type of action (at least three quarters) are derived from the final verbs, e.g.: apybrėža STŽ, aprankos ATŽ, nuotrauka LŽ, STZ, SZ, ikarpa STZ, iškarpa MZ, nuokarpa ATZ, nuopjova STZ, paskola EZ, skalda GZ, MZ, etc. The remaining Vedic texts are based on non-verbal verbs, e.g.: apZalos BZ, atbrizga ATŽ, izauga BZ, nuogrimzdos MZ, pabiros ATZ, varvos ChZ, GZ, etc. However, individual derivatives may be motivated in different ways, for example: nuotrupa GZ can be derived from both nutrupéti and nutrupinti; glued,,natural silk silk defect; extraneous Silk spikes, prilip¢ sericinu to the thread in a long stretch" ® Primary, mixed and secondary verbs are distinguished here according to the structure of their neprieSdéliniy main forms. 11. Us. No. 1534 161 ATŽ, as the description of the term shows, is based on the self-verb, i.e. it means “that which is glued”, but, on the other hand, it is also possible 2. priklija —,.that which is glued” etc. ir There are more such cases of functional homonymy, especially when the derivative can be motivated by both the ordinary and the recursive verb, than it may appear at first glance, cf. also: plakša, -os ATŽ, BŽ, ChŽ (:apapnešti and apsinešti), įmaišos ATŽ (:įmaišyti and įsimaišyti, the term is based on the self-acting verb, cf. the description —„in the main mass of wool mixed other (usually of similar quality) wool clusters“- ), išskyros BŽ, GŽ (:išskirti and išsiskirti, cf. the description of BŽ —..sekretai and ekskretai) — substances produced by living cells and excreted into the field or between cells), kaupimas, -os EŽ, GŽ, STŽ (:kaupti ir susikaupti), sąvėlos ATŽ (: suvelti ir susivelti, cf. the description of the term from the self-acting verb —,,ydinga vilna; pieces of wool, which are difficult to tear with the hands, torn during sorting from normal parts of the flake or tangled through the whole flake“) and others, Vedic homonymy Here it is formed quite naturally —as the basis of the action can be taken both ordinary and conjugative verbs, the Vedic ones themselves can mark both the consequences of action and occurrence, even the state, and the ends of the action words themselves are not conjugative. Among the examined examples, derivatives from verbs denoting events and states make up about a fifth of all derivatives of this type. In addition, about one-ninth of the vedas may be double-motivated. The difference in the meaning of action and occurrence in verbs of the same root (especially in the primary ones) is often expressed by different root vowels. In order to achieve unambiguity important for terminology, this can also be used in terms derived with endings in nouns. For example, the terms ígriuva and ígriova presented in GŽ can be distinguished as the names of the consequences of the event (fall) and the action (fall). In this regard, the MZ recommendation —jkriova „pit formed by the collapse of the upper layer of the Earth”, when the consequence of an event (collapse) is marked, rather than an action (collapse) — should be unacceptable. However, the broader use of the variation of the root vowels of the base verbs is often impeded by the variation of the root vowels characteristic of their own construction. A little over a third of all derivatives of this type have different root vowels than their base verbs, e.g.: apvalka GZ (: apvilkti, apvelka, apvilko), atlanka BZ (:atlenkti), atmatos ATZ, ChZ, EZ (: atmesti, atmeta, -ė), įkarta GZ, STZ (: ikirsti, jkerta, ikirto), įranga STZ (:irengti), isnasa, -os GZ, LZ, MZ, STZ (:i$nesti), nuolaida EZ, TZ (:nuleisti, nuleido, nuleido), pajamos EZ, TZ (: paimti, paima, paėmė), priesaga STŽ (:prisegti), sąnašos ChŽ, GŽ, MŽ (:sunešti) and others. The root vowel changed during the operation often agrees with the root vowel of the corresponding repetitive verbs, e.g.: apybraiža LŽ (cf. definuoti ir apibrėžti), aprankos ATŽ (cf. aprinkti ir apdoroti), atkarpa LZ, STZ, SZ (cf. atkirpti ir supjaustyti), įraiža MZ (cf. įrėžti ir įraižyti), išgrąža MŽ (cf. išgręžti ir išgrąžinti- ), išlaidos EŽ, MŽ, STŽ, TŽ (cf. išleisti ir išlaidyti), išvarta SŽ (cf. išversti ir išvartyti), paklaida ChŽ, FŽ (cf. paklysti ir paklydėti), perlaida TŽ (cf. perleisti ir perlaidoti) and so on. In some such cases, the same derivative can be derived from both a repetitive and a repetitive verb, although this usually does not mean that the derivatives in question should be associated with those repetitive verbs. Occasionally, due to the use or non-use of root vowel changes, different derivatives are formed, e.g. apybraiža LŽ and apybrėža STŽ, iraiza MZ and įrėža GZ. This is the most common type of sexual intercourse in the past. Tai akivaizdžiai rodo vediniai iš tų veiksmažodžių, kurių būtojo kartinio laiko kamienas kiek skiriasi nuo bendraties ir esamojo laiko kamienų, pvz.: apsiuva SŽ (:apsiuvo, -siūti, -siuva), apvija FŽ (:apvijo, -vyti, -veja), atbrizga ATŽ piatbrizgo, -brigzti, -bryzga), įkrova ChŽ, STŽ (:įkrovė, -krauti, -krauna), įpjova BŽ, STŽ, SŽ (:įpjovė, -pjauti, 162 -cuts), cut STZ, SZ (:cut, -cut, -cut), excretion BZ, GZ (išskyrė, „skirti, -skiria), nuošliauždos MZ (:nugrimzdo, -grimzti, -grimzta), nuplovos ATZ (:nuplové, -plauti, -plauna), nuosprida ATZ (:judged, -judge, -spriista), error ChZ, FZ (:misunderstood, -misunderstand, -misunderstand), praise ATZ (:paslavé, -luoti, -5luoja), samples GZ, MZ (:suplové, -plauti, -plauna), sqvélos ATZ (:suvélé, susivélé, -velti, -velia). Only a few Vedic root vowels match the different present tense form, e.g.: waste ATŽ, ChŽ, EŽ, atmena LZ, rises GZ, paminos ATŽ et al. ir However, such ir derivatives, apparently, must be considered an exception to ne the general iš tendency of construction, only having a o root vowel change that coincides with the present tense of the base verbs. su -as (-ai) Action result names made in the su ending -as, in the examined words are three times less than the derivatives, derived in the ending su -a. Plural terms are relatively rare here, e.g. wefts "yarn or thread of medium twist; transverse yarn system in the fabric” ATZ, “wkpa” SZ, “cunok” SZ, etc. Rarely does a derivative in the plural have a different meaning, but usually it is ne iš the ascending difference in value of the work, e.g. : Policies of ,, nonoxenue EZ, SZ, TZ ir provisions ,,nonoxenne’ TŽ, inscription ‘najnncb’ EZ, LŽ, TZ, ‘3annucb’ STZ and inscriptions "3anncku" LZ. Limbs -as verbs tend to indicate the consequences of an action, e.g.: description ‘onucs’ EZ, STZ, stamp ,,defect of the painted or printed fabric; stain caused by undried printing ink when the fabric is folded prematurely’ ATZ (Russian). Kaexkxa), 'orneuarok' GZ, STZ, TZ, ‘orrnck’ GZ, LZ, STZ, TŽ, midwives “Small soil® formed by silting GZ, MZ, inclusions, lastelés Substances produced during the metabolism, but temporarily or not participating in that metabolism, formed into granules, droplets or crystals of the same form <...>“ BG, insertion “inserted piece of other material” ChŽ,,,BkJriouenne’ GZ, ‘BkparnJienuuk’ GZ, ‘BeraBka’ LZ, STZ, ‘npokjanka’ STZ, device “what is fitted; device, apparatus’ MZ, STZ, description ,,conus* LZ, STZ, TŽ, building "building, hut" MZ, GZ, preposition "naka3, 3aBer" TŽ, surplus "surplus of earth, mass, e.g., surplus of earth on laid drainage pipes in a trench excavated" MZ, GZ. However, for some of the mentioned and other derivatives (e.g., collateral, "3akaajn, 3asior" EC, TG, fuel ‘rTonnuBo’ ChZ, substitute "atom, group, by replacing another atom, group in the molecule" ChZ, ‘3amena’ STZ, TZ, sliogas "a flow of soaked soil sliding down a slope" MŽ, GŽ ir kt) is not a foreign meaning of the ir action object. The base verbs of a larger number of derivatives are prepositional, but the ratio of prepositional and unprepositional derivatives is lower here than in the case of derivatives ending in -a. In the construction of the terms under consideration, the verbs with the prepositions in-, paand possessive* were most often used, e.g.: įkaitas E, T, contribution STZ, TZ, recording EŽ, LZ, STZ, TŽ, stamp EZ, GZ; base EZ, FŽ, GZ, STZ, TŽ, signature No, TZ. uszkaitas MZ, bays SZ, security EZ, TZ ir kt Iš the verb to describe is derivedti du prefix variant different Vedic description EZ, STZ ir apyrasas EZ, STZ, TZ, submissiIš on EZ ir STZ seems to The two terms are used synonymously, so the legalization to of both in jų terminology is not necessary. ir Vedic tributaries GŽ, MŽ ir indent, -ai BZ, ChZ, GZ, LZ, STZ may have acquired the variant of the prefix in dialects, sometimes there are ir constructive variants, e.g. MŽ influencir es presented (preferred tributary- ). Prefixed term superstructure It's not a stupid thing to do." It is probably a value, pg. Russian equivalent wadcmpoiixa, German — Überbau m., Polish nadbudowa. — Value is a term in ir the statutes EŽ, SŽ, TŽ. * See. LKŽ I (1968) 176, where this word is given only in scripturiš es. 1s 163 GZ, "capur" MZ, STZ, turn,,noBopor* FZ, STZ, SZ, twist "kau" SZ (gymnastics), crush,,tonmuok* GZ. However, most of the derivatives have a more general meaning, they can often be perceived as the names of a certain resulting state arising from the action of the base verb, e.g.: atodrėkis „oTTenenb“ GZ, atosvygis,,water decrease in the sea“ MZ, GZ, FZ, įšylis,narpeBanne“ GZ, nušlūdis,,- nubégimas, nuplūdimas, nutekėjimas“ MZ, nuotrėkis,,1. the amount of water flowing through a river (or canal) over a period of time (day, month, year); 2. surface or subsurface water leakage under the influence of gravity” MZ, fatigue “ycerajiocTb (nopojibi- )” GZ, “ycrasnocrb” STZ, “yrowMjJieHHe” SZ, polaidis “snow release in the spring” MZ, GZ, increase, “growth of plant organs-increase per unit of time” BZ,,,npupocr” EZ, STZ, samrėškis,,cymMeprn” GZ, flight,,nonét* SZ, pressure,,nasaenune” GZ, STZ, tide, “water horizon lowering under the influence of thresholds or other devices” MZ, taris,,066M* ChZ, FZ, “volume; body occupied part of space“ MZ, height „pocr“ STZ, dryness „grain shrinkage, incomplete filling with nutrients under the influence of dry winds“ BZ and others. Some of the vedic verbs are adjectively based on recursive verbs, e.g.: poelgis SŽ (:to do), contact STZ (:to touch), ambition STZ (:to take on). The motivation of some derivatives can be twofold (by a returning and non-returning verb), e.g.: atilsis (synonym compensatory leisure) EŽ (:atsipalaiduoti, atsisėsti- ), iškrovimas (synonym unloading) GŽ (:išsikrauti, iškrauti), poilsis SŽ, TŽ (:pailsėti, pasiilsėti), poslinkis EŽ, FŽ, GŽ, MŽ, STŽ (:paslinkti, pasislinkti), smūgis GŽ, MŽ, STŽ (:paspausti, paspausti) and others. Approximately three quarters of the examined terms with the ending -is (-ys) are derived from prepositional verbs, e.g.: apybėgis (elektrono) FŽ, atskiris SŽ, atdarbibiai EŽ, atogrąžis GŽ, atotrūkis EŽ, atveikimas FŽ, įdirbis EŽ, išleidimas STŽ, nuokrypis GZ, STZ, judgment GZ, MZ, distance FZ, GZ, leakage EZ, GZ, MZ, STZ, acceleration GZ, STZ, intermittent EZ, squeeze SZ, inclination GZ, MZ, STZ, effects EZ, LZ, STZ, sqsédis ChZ, sqslégis GZ, ratio EZ, LZ, STZ, TZ, ambition STZ kt. ir This type of terms examined are extremely often prefixed iš verbs (almost a third of the prefixed examples), frequently also prefixes con- (sam-, san-), nuo-, at- (ato-)-containing derivatives. Sometimes in terminology, prefix variants are the only means of distinguishing a word, e.g.: pastūmis ,‘mnojnBur’ GZ ir thrust ‘npoiBHxKa’ GZ, ‘caBur’ MZ, STZ. Several terms have the prefix on-, e.g.: overflow (sea) GZ, offset (Ice) GŽ ir anthropoides GŽ, of which, iš according to LKŽ, only the I suffix is used in dialects in somewhat broader writings, the ir offset and the overslash may be terminology o innovations! !. ir So the latter words cannot be tų regarded as an end -with derivatives (from the point of view of the literary language system), because the verbs of the non-literary language do not have a prefix. They can be mixed marriages — iš verbs slinkti sprūsti to be ir derived with a prefix at the ending su ir -is, although this form is not typical of the present language. In ta addition, the term may have been used jų to refer to other languages ir of the same family, e.g. offset of the — nacrenaunus. Some derivatives with preposition | are gave an additional shade of common, less often mutual action iš meaning not arising from the base verb, e.g.: susilietimas — KOHTaKT — angl. osculation STZ, connections — B3aHMOCBA3H EZ, meeting ‘deposition of soluble matter by precipitation of insoluble matter’ conpsxēHHOe — ocaxjenue, coocaxaenne ChZ, consonant — co3Byune LZ, centripetal “dissolution of soluble substance by dissolution of soluble substance” — conpsxē€HHOe pactBopenne ChZ. Tą the Vedic could have received the meaning shade sometimes by iš analogy with such words, su which have received the base verbs, e.g. jį iš transaction i The first edition of the LKZI volume jų does not o include, the second edition presents iš only the written language of Soviet times, see. p. 175, 176. 170 EŽ, TŽ, santoris TŽ. On the other hand, the corresponding terms in other languages, mostly Russian, may also have some influence. However, whether we think one way or another, such words are still incorrect. Their prefixes have a meaning that is not characteristic of the Lithuanian language, which is why, even at the beginning of this century, J. Jablonskis has rejected collaborator, compatriot, co-editor, collaboration, correcting and proposing in their place collaborator, compatriot (“if it were necessary- ”), co-editor, friendship (by joint work, friend’s work) [Jablonskis J., 1959, 56, 143, 323—324]. In 1904 he wrote about the words sandarbininkas, -kauti, -kystė, -kavimas, santautietis in the article,,Language Matters (Critics of the Written Language)- “:,,All these words will not be caught out of the air, not from the knowledge of the people's language, <...>. I understand that the word collaborator from the German word Mitarbeiter or Russian coTpyAHHKB, not from examples of living language, could only have arisen in our literature <...>. In the spoken language we have words: sandora, sąmonė, sankalba, sąnašos, sąspara, sąšlavos, santarvė, sąmėžinis... (to agree, to think-think, to talk, to bring, to fight, to sweep, to agree, to smash...); all such words, of course, do not yet give truth to the word,,san-- worker“ to work” [Jablonskis J., 1959, 56]. And although the terms examined here sąryšiai (-is), sąsėais, sąskambis, santirpis are different kinds of verbs, they are connected with those corrected by J. Jablonski by the incorrect use of the prefix są-|. So, if these terms were to continue to be used because of their establishment (spread), it would not be worthwhile to create new ones. It is also known by the names of the ancestors of the genus, E. flexuosa and E. flexuosa subsp. flexuosa. afterglow, persistance STZ (synonymous with residual glow). The latter’s prefix po has a meaning that is not typical of this kind of lietuviy language derivatives and is clearly related to Russian /:10C/Ae, English after and their Lithuanian equivalents po, paskui. Three quarters of these derivatives are made of primary verbs and about a fifth of them are made of mixed verbs, e.g.: atilsis EZ (:at(si)ilséti, -ilsi, -sėdėjo), posėdis TZ (:passėdėti, -sėdi, -sėdėjo), požiūris EŽ, STŽ (:pažiūrėti, -žiūri, -žiūrėjo), stovis ChŽ, STŽ (:stovėti, stovi, stovėjo), trikdis STŽ (:trikdyti, trikdo, trikdė), tūris ChŽ, FŽ, MZ (:turéti, turi, turėjo). The 135 derivatives of secondary verbs are few. Verb construction suffixes do not pass into the basic derivative root, e.g.: atlygis TŽ (:atlyg-inti, -ina, -ino), pagreitis GŽ, STŽ (:pagreit-ėti, -ėja, -ėjo), siūbis SŽ (:siūb-uoti, -uoja, -avo). As in the previous cases, the vedic verbs have the past participle root of the personified forms of the base verbs, e.g.: atodavis STŽ (:atidavė, -duoti, -duoda), yris SZ (tyrė, irti, iria), kirtis LZ, SZ (:kirto, kirsti, kerta), nuplūdis MŽ (:nuplūdo, -plūsti, -plūsta), nuosprūdis GŽ, MŽ (:nusprūdo, -sprūsti, -sprūsta), poémis TZ (:paėmė, -imti, -ima), postūmis GZ, MZ, STZ (:pastūmė, -stumti, -stumia), sambrėškis GZ (:subrėško, -brėkšti, -brėkšta), sprūdis GZ, MZ (:sprūdo, spristi, sprūsta), stūmis GŽ (:stūmė, stumti, stumia). Since there are no derivatives that do not relate to this form, it can be said that terms with the ending -is (-ys) are made from the past participle of personified forms. A little more than a quarter of the vedic verbs have a change of root vowels, e.g.: stav ChZ, FZ, STZ (:bylo), vlhký GZ (:vlhlo), suchý GZ (:taký GZ), poloid GZ, MZ (:pustil), posun FZ, STZ, SZ (:otočil, se otočil), kontakt STZ (:se dotkla), vztah EZ, LZ, STZ, TZ (:súhlasil), santor TZ (:sutaré, souhlasil), let SZ (:letel), spud GZ (:spaudé), sůl GZ (:sruvo), třísk GZ (:trenké), výška STZ (:rostla). There are terms derived from the same verb with different variation of the Root vowels, e.g.: upstream MZ and downstream EZ, GZ, MZ, STZ, deal EZ, TZ and transaction EZ. Since these derivatives have the same meaning in the dictionaries of terms (MZ and EZ) and, therefore, the different root vowels have no semantic function, such functional variants are not to be presented to the terminology. The more acceptable are the Vedic leakage and transaction, which are more prevalent in literary language. 171 Kitos galūnės It is used after several verb names derived with the endings -as and -ė. The derivatives of these endings, as V. Urbutis has observed (1961, 50, 52), often have a more specific meaning, are prone to lexicalization and, moreover, new derivatives of these types are almost no longer found [Urbutis V., 1965, 305]. These features are also characteristic of the few vedas used in terminology. Most of the examples are made of prepositional mixed verbs, e.g.: aprašymas LŽ; idea LZ, opinion STZ, TZ, victory STZ, SZ, duty EZ, TZ, consciousness STZ. Several derivatives are also used from non-prepositional verbs, e.g.: exchange EZ, GZ, complaint SZ, TZ; medium ChZ, MZ. Some of the derivatives have changed the root vowels. Apparently, it is not worthwhile to add to dictionaries irregularities, words not unanimously attributed to literary language (for example, this applies to the term composites, which has been included in K. Daukšas’ “Chemical Dictionary”, even with the reference — “See composition”). The names of the tools derived with the endings, like the prepositional derivatives of this group, name the various means of performing the action. The name of the final derivatives is usually simple. There are few tool names derived with endings in the dictionaries of terms — there are almost five times as many adverbs derived from tool names. The number of these skeletons remains largely unchanged, depending on the location of the remains. Nearly half of all the derived words examined are derived with the ending -a, and a third of all the derived words of this group are derived with the ending -as. The -ė and -is (-ys) types of endings are not very common in terminology. -a The derivatives of the ending -a name various uncomplicated devices, their parts and otherwise simple means of performing an action, e.g.: cover „oGimmBka“ STZ, support „construction that supports something or on which something relies“ MZ, FZ, STZ, SZ, coupling „cylindrical or prism-shaped part or unit for connecting parts of machines and equipment“ MZ, STZ, skates „,KoOKsku“ SZ, saddle „mnonkoBa“ SZ, gear „mechanism for rotational movement or energy transmission, transmission“ MZ, STZ, SZ, partition,,1. the wall of the compartments of the box, originating from the edge of the petal, growing towards the center of the box and growing with the edges of the adjacent petals; 2. A partition wall dividing the stem cell cavity into two parts after nuclear division; 3. a transverse wall that divides an elongated cell, such as a libriform, into several parts’; BG, fertilizers ‘substances obtained by artificial and natural means, containing the whole complex or only certain substances necessary for the nutrition of plants. It is widely used in agricultural technology as a means to increase crop yields" BZ and others. Most of the time, this type of vedic is based on prepositional verbs, which make up slightly more than three-quarters of all vedics. Most of the base verbs have the prefix pair ap-, which is used in the same variant in the derivatives, e.g.: obvara STZ, obvija STZ, suspenza BZ, STZ, vreza SZ. Almost all derivatives are made from final verbs, with the exception of a few derivatives, e.g. skating SŽ, step BŽ, step EŽ. Rarely derived from mixed and secondary verbs (about 9 percent), e.g. pavara MŽ, STŽ, SŽ (:pavaryti, -varo, -varė). As in other cases, the verb construction suffixes do not fall into the base root, for example: apkab-inti STŽ (:apkab-inti, -kab-ina, -kab-ino), pakaba BZ, STZ (:pakab-inti, -kab-ina, -kab-ino). 172 The work is based on the past time of the personified forms. This is clearly shown by such derivatives as apmova GŽ, STŽ (:apmovė, -mauti, -mauna), apvija STZ (:apvijo, -veja, -vyti), mova MŽ, STŽ (:movė, mauti, mauna), and there are no derivatives that could not be associated with this form. Most (about three-quarters) of the -a ending tool names examined have root vowel changes, e.g.: atitvara STŽ (:atitvėrė), atspara STŽ, SŽ (:atspyrė), danga ChZ, GZ, MZ, STZ, SZ (:dengė), padanga SZ (:padengé), prievarža SZ (:priveré- ), trinka GZ (:trenké), backdrop STZ (:uZsklendé) and others. -as And the ending -as the Vedic names various uncomplicated means of performing the action, often covers of machines or something else, e.g.: apsiaubas „audeklinis aparatas apvalgalas“ ChŽ, GZ, aplankas „o6ėprkKa; nanka” STZ, tap “a valve in a pipe intended to release, pass, retain liquids or gases at a specified location of the pipe” MZ, FZ, stamp,,xneitmo” TŽ, yoke,,apmo* STZ, wires “a system of mushrooms consisting of tubular and fibrous hifs, serving to transport nutrients” BZ, clutch “meBbė” SZ, stamp “knenmMo” TŽ, filler “a mixing inert Mrgiis p ChZ,,,a filler intended to fill a gap” MZ, coupling,,- uzmova, nozzle” MZ. More than two-thirds of the derivatives are based on subjunctive verbs, e.g.: apkaustai SZ, aptaisas STZ, įtvaras STZ, pervadas STZ and others. The term stamp STZ, TZ, of course, is formed by analogy with the corresponding Zemaitiskais words, although in the literary language word formation system, apart from dialects, it should be considered a word of mixed (with prefix and ending) construction. The work is based on final verbs. Although the majority of derivatives are made from primary verbs, a good third is derived from mixed and secondary (rare) verbs, e.g. apkaustai SŽ (:apkaustyti, -kausto, -kaustė), aptaisas STŽ (:aptaisyti, -taiso, -taisė), užpildas MŽ (:užpildyti, -pildo, -pildė). The suffixes of secondary verbs do not translate into derivatives, e.g.: jaukas SZ (:jauk-inti, -ina, -ino), sankabas sŽ (:sukab-inti, -ina, -ino). Near the third part of the vedic construction used the change of root vowels, e.g.: folder STZ (:aplenkė, -lenkti, -lenkia), reflection FZ (:atšvietė, -šviesti, -šviečia), bracket STZ (:įtvėrė, -tverti, -tveria), laidas, -ai BZ, STZ (:leido, leisti, leidžia) and others. Kitos galūnės There are few examples of -ė and -is (-ys) endings among the available derivatives. However, considering that the dictionaries of the terms under consideration generally contain very few names of end-making tools, it is possible to say that the -ė and -is(-ys) ending derivatives make up a relatively large part — nearly a quarter — of all the end-making terms under consideration. These types of terms usually refer to various uncomplicated tools or devices of simpler structure, e.g.: jungė, „the middle part of a dustbin, connecting two half-dustbins“ BŽ, „a ring-shaped piece at the ends of water or sewer pipes for joining pipes with screws“ MZ, kūlė „wooden tool for forging; wooden hammer, wooden hammer" MZ, valve "device (fitting) in the pipeline pipe openings close and open" MZ, STZ, stud "umuJibka" STZ; kibis, -iai,,for attachment are used larger fruit attachments with bent ends“ BZ, pavadis „moBon“ SZ, 2 There are no derivatives of the endings of tool names and generally in the current language, see. Urbutis M Datrtinés Lithuanian language nouns with endings. - It's a lie. V., 1961, vol. 3, p. 38, 44. 173 SZ, brake ‘a mechanism designed to reduce the speed of a machine or to stop it’ MŽ, STŽ, SŽ, stab ‘installation to close openings in hydrotechnical installations’ MŽ ir kt Most of the two types of derivatives are based on non-prepositional verbs. Only one-fifth of the derivatives examined were made from prepositional verbs. They are usually made of wood and are primarily used for sculpture. A third of the vedas have a root vowel change. Place names Place names with endings are not common in terminology. This, of course, comes from the small spread of derivatives of this work and in the current language in general, as V. Urbutis has observed (1965, 396). All the names of the places of action of the endings in the dictionaries are derived from verbs. This also corresponds to the general tendencies of this group of vedic forms, since most of the endings of place names in the present language are verbs [Yp6yruc B., 1971, 27—28]. There are almost three times as many terms of this group derived from prepositions, but most prepositional place names are made from nouns. Place names are more commonly used with endings. The derivatives of the extremities name places according to the action carried out in them or the process that takes place there, e.g.: ištaka „the beginning of the river flow“ MZ, perėja, „a place for people or animals to cross through canals“ MZ, pervalkas „a place on land between two waterways through which ships are dragged“ MZ, SZ, sąsiauris, „a narrow water strip connecting larger water bodies“ MZ, GZ, užlaija, „a meadow flooded with water“ MZ, etc. There are many names for different parts of the world. The most common here is the -a type of ending. Nearly three-quarters of all samples examined were made with this limb. The -as and -is types of endings are of lesser action. The ending -a is the last constructive affix of the verb place names under consideration — even the last constructive prefix -ykla type of Vedic terms is presented in the dictionaries much less. The Vedic usually names the places where or through which the action denoted by the base verbs takes place, e.g., korsha,,1. a road paved with frogs or thorns to cross a swamp; 2. embankment made of frogs and soil, dam” MŽ, laying “laying site for drying peat removed from the quarry” MŽ, overpass “place for crossing over railways, canals, etc.” MZ, protruda „hole, hole, pipe through a road, embankment, dam to pass water” MZ, protirpa „place where dead snow or ice” MZ, GZ, protruda, -os „places where plants of ancient forests remained, e.g., tertiary plant growth sites during glacial periods” BZ, docking „nmpuuan” SZ, confluence „place of river confluence” MZ, súsmuuka „narrow stretch of land between waters, connecting larger parts of land” MZ, GZ. Some of the terms that can be perceived as place names, together have sometimes a greater, sometimes a lesser shade of the meaning of the name of the result of the action, e.g.: útava „3aJiuB“ GZ, nuovala (cleaned outcrop) „,pacuncrka“ GZ, prakarta „mpocek“ GZ, praplova „place washed by pouring“ MZ, zalaja,,- water flooded meadow“ MZ, zauolanka „wing, unstraight road“ MŽ, SŽ. Almost all the terms examined are derivatives of prepositional verbs. The most common prefixes are pra-| pro-, per-, pri-, pa-. Most derivatives are derived from primary verbs, and only a 174 quarter of the examples are derived from mixed (a) or secondary (b) verbs (secondary verbs are rarely used), e.g. : a) nuovala GŽ (:nuvalyti, -valo, -valė), užtura SŽ (:užturėti, -turi, -turėjo). The number of derivatives of mixed verbs is increased by derivatives from the verb tekėti, teka, tekėjo with various prefixes (source MZ, source, -os GZ, tributary GZ, confluence MZ); b) room EZ (:patapinti, -ina, -ino), crossing MŽ (:pervažiuoti, -iuoja, -iavo). One-fifth of the Vedic is made up of non-verbal verbs. These are mainly terms denoting the place of spontaneous action or occurrence, e.g.: ištaka MŽ, prataka, -os GZ, priešrpa GZ, MZ, santaka MZ, etc. There are derivatives whose basis of action can be understood in two ways, for example: jlanka GZ (:benkti and bent). Some vedas clearly show that the past tense in the personified form is taken as the basis of the action, e.g.: perėja GŽ, MŽ, SŽ (:perėjo, -eiti, -eina), praplova M (:praplovė, -plauti, -plauna). There are no derivatives unrelated to this form. The majority of the studied vedic forms involve the change of root vowels, e.g.: atitvara GZ (:atitvėrė, -tverti, -tveria), kamša MZ (:kimšo, kimšti, kemša), pervalka GŽ (:pervilko, -vilkti, -velka), pergrąža GŽ (:pergręžė, -gręžti, -gręžia), prakarta GŽ (:prakirto, -kirsti, -kerta), pralaida MZ (:praleido, -leisti, -leidžia), praraja SZ (:prarijo, -ryti, -ryja), santaka MZ (:sutekéjo, -tekėti, -teka), zalaja MZ (užliejo, -lieti, -lieja) and others. The root vowels in derivatives do not change regularly. There are even derivatives with the same root, which in some cases have a different vowel from the root of the base verb, and in others — the same, e.g.: in -takir and -tekvedinski the source MŽ, the progenitor, -os GZ, the confluence MZ and the tributary GZ. Although basically all Vedic words are clearly related to verbs, the term nuolaida “a favourable place, hillside” in MZ can easily be linked to the adjective nuolaidus, as confirmed by the definition of the term in the dictionary. This would be the only noun of the place of limb formation among the samples examined. Some of the terms in their structure, in many cases and in their construction are quite close to the corresponding Russian terms, for example: iztoka —uctok MZ, patalpa —noMemenne EZ, perėja —nepexon MZ, pervaža —nepee3jįų MZ, pragrąža —nporouuna GZ, prakarta —npocex GZ, pralaida —nponyck MZ, praplova „npoMouma“ MZ, prataka —nporok GZ, protirpa —nporasuna GZ, MZ, priteka —nputok GZ. It is possible that in many such cases not only the meaning but also the form of the term in another language will have influenced the formation of the Lithuanian term. However, none of the mentioned terms coincides with the tendency of the type of vedic construction under consideration, all of them can be easily motivated both in terms of form and meaning by the corresponding Lithuanian verbs. Therefore, considering them not as Vedic, but as values is unfounded. The endings -as and -is are used in a Kitos galūnės little more than a quarter of all the verb places in question. However, there are few derivatives themselves, so these two types are not different in terms of the material available. There are also inactive types of these endings in the current Lithuanian language- !®. Thus, the small prevalence of the endings -as and -is in the terminology is determined by the broader Lithuanian word-making tendencies. And in the terminology itself, there is no need to activate these types of place-name formation. The lack of activity of these types is also shown by the fact that a considerable part of the examined terms are conjugated folk words. However, judging from the data collected by the LKZ, some derivatives (e.g.: nutakas MZ, 13 V. Urbutis indicates that only one other derivative of the ending -is can be assigned to verb place names, and the derivatives of the ending -as of this group are very few. See. Urbutis V. Modern Lithuanian nouns of endings. —Ibid., p. 44, 52. 175 strait MZ, strait GZ, MZ, etc.) may be intentionally opened for terminology purposes. p There are cases where different terminology fields use different terms derived from the same verb for the same purpose. For example, the Russian term BOJIOK corresponds to pervalkas MZ, SZ and pervalka GZ, as well as nporok Lithuanian equivalents are pratakas MZ and prataka GZ. If in fact these terms do not have any nuances of significance necessary for geomorphology, physical geography and land reclamation terminology, the use of such similarities would be unjustifiable. The Vedic names natural or artificial places on the earth’s surface, usually in one way or another related to water bodies, e.g.: atabrad,,- orvmenn* SZ, atlajas (shoreline at low tide) GZ, nutakas “drainage ditch or pipe” MZ, pervalkas “place on land between two waterways through which ships are dragged” MZ, SZ, pratekas “channel, ditch, underground watercourse that connects two bodies of water” MZ; leak ‘hole through which water flows somewhere’ MZ, outlet..1. a section of a river separated from the current by a partition resulting from changes in the riverbed, with the blind end facing upstream; Artificially 2. separated section of the river for anchorage of ships’ MZ, SŽ. Some derivatives can be considered as the names of the result ir of the action. Almost all derivatives of the types under consideration are made from preSdéliniy verbs (except bearing GZ). More than two-thirds of the Vedic are based on mixed verbs (almost all of them have the root -fek-) and about three-quarters —non-potential verbs. veiksmažodžiais. Beveik visi vediniai turi šaknies balsių kaitą, pvz.: atabradas SZ (:atbrido, -bristi, -brenda), guolis GZ (:guléjo, gulėti, guli), pervalkas MZ, SZ (:pervilko, -vilkti, velka) visi vediniai priešdėlinių veiksmažodžių, turinčių šakir iš nį -tek- (bride MZ, Pratak MZ, precursor MZ, cap MZ, SZ ir kt ). Three endings in the glossaries -is derived verbs with iš suffix variations, having either different prepositional variants, e.g. užtakis ,,1. 3aBoab; 2. 3aTOH’ MZ, ‘,3aBoJib, 3aTon’ SZ ir mouthpiece ‘Gyxra’ SZ, or different variation of the root vowels, e.g.: uotas ‘Gyxra’ SZ ir escape ‘3amnuB’ GZ. Iš of the verb pratekėti are derived different du types of melioration terms, which differ in the prefix variant, the change of ir root vowels, e.g.: pratakas ir ,,npotok* ir progenitor "Teub". In modern ir language, there are quite a lot of names of subjects with verb properties that are made with endings. su ir True, the real names of the characters are rare. In fact, the derivatives of the endings are usually of derogative meaning and follow the names of the owners of the verb properties (usually persons). In terminology, derivatives of this kind, it can be said, are not used at all. This is the smallest group of terms in terms of the number of Vedic words used, with only a couple of dozen examples found in dictionaries. — The jų greater part is of various creatures (not persons), plant any ar objects names only one another ir names persons. The available material shows that for terminology purposes, the prepositions of the subjects of the verb ir pavadinimai. In the same dictionaries of terms there are jų times more 13 than the terms derived by su endings. Vedic, which can be considered characters names, is only one term for sports games safe 'mnojiy3alunTHuK' SZ. Other derivatives of this order are names of possessors of verb properties, e.g.: lipai ‘adhesive substances formed in ir cherry plums in the event of injury, which serve to protect wounds from parasites; in some plants, e.g. Astragalus gummifer Labill. ir etc., lips are formed under normal ir conditions there they accumulate in ir the respective channels“ BZ, pliduras ‘Gyhū’ SZ; gloss “shiny mineral” ChZ, GZ, thickness ‘ponaka’ GZ, jury ,,a set of dentate growths surrounding the moss spore opening” BZ; Shiny ‘Gnecna’ 176 SZ, gaudė „naBo3nas Mymka“ SZ, plaukė,,nonnasok* SZ, fine „carbon monoxide“ ChZ, spingsé,,- macasnan Jiauna“ SZ: sinking „liquid with suspended particles of material (emulsion or suspension)“ ChZ and others. Perhaps the name of the breaking waves, guoZos GZ, can also be considered as the name of the owner of the verbZodinés characteristic, but this Žemaitijos word entered the terms Zodyng with an illiterate consonant — DZ 223 and LKZ III 487 are goja. The terms in question are derived from non-prepositional primary or mixed verbs. The ability to change their shape is rare. The names of the possessors of the noun attribute in the dictionaries of terms usually denote various objects or otherwise inanimate things. Vedic is usually made of adjectives or nouns. Adjective derivatives name objects according to their characteristic or most striking characteristic, e.g.: useless "useless rock" ChZ, GZ (synonym of useless rock, Russian nycras nopona), black, "reduced fine metals; used pigment soot; fine coke’ ChZ, bare ‘1) terry fabric defect; the location of the fabric without loops; 2) a defect in artificial fur, fluff or straw fabric; lint-free area of the fabric’ ATZ,,,washed skin’ ChZ. Noun derivatives name things that are related in one way or another (this relationship is quite varied) to the things denoted by the base nouns, e.g.: grain "hemp (Cannabis sativa) female plant" BZ, algae "group of lower plants that have chlorophyll in their cells and are able to synthesize organic matter independently; these characteristics distinguish algae from other lower plants (bacteria, fungi)” BZ, wind names south GZ, east GZ, north GZ, evening GZ. Many of the names of the possessors of the noun ending feature in the present language are names of persons or other living beings. In the dictionaries of terms there are only a few derivatives of this meaning, e.g.: dainius „neBen“ LŽ, skurdžius (synonyms poor, poor man), „Gennsk, naynep“ EZ. There are no professional names in the dictionaries at all. The only derivative type of this kind with the ending -ius is no longer active in the current language. The Vedas belonging to him are formerly widely used names of various craftsmen and small merchants. ir ,,To call people of new professions derivatives of this type of more pronounced tendency (at least in literary language) is not, so the number jų increases, ne decreases. o This is one of iš many examples that clearly show how changes in people’s daily life, their social and economic life also determine the development of word making” [Urbutis V., 1961, 55]. Su this quite right V. Urbutis's observation cannot be denied. The absence of the names of the persons of the extremities in the current terminology of science and ir technology is perhaps the most important reason why the Vedic texts of this group are generally used relatively ir sparsely for terminological purposes. This is almost eight times the number of nų prepositions of this meaning in Vedic dictionaries. Somewhat more abundantly in terminology represented limbs -ė ir The forms of names with the noun feature -is(-ys) belong to more than a third of all — the examined examples. du ė All terms su made on this ending are names of inanimate things. Most are jų derived qualitative iš adjectives denoting ir objects by external characterjų istic, e.g.: glaudės "penry3bi" SZ, long ‘smart’ (synonyms bus, co-conductor) STZ, viscosity 177 „yrkKa“ SZ, cross „nepekpecrok“ SZ (in checkerboard), bare,,1) loop fabric (terry) defect; the location of the fabric without loops; 2) a defect in artificial fur, fluff or straw fabric; “lint-free fabric” ATZ, “washed skin” ChZ, “nuTa” plate GZ, STZ, “naacruna” STZ, “white paper for copying drawings” MZ, “nuk” tip GZ, etc. This feature is often (for example in the names of geometric lines) essential, e.g.: curve „,crooked line“ MZ, EZ, FZ, STZ, SZ, straight line STZ. However, on the other hand, the distinguishing feature of the object, taken as the basis for naming, is not always the main, essential one. The effectiveness of the term in such cases depends largely on whether its motivation does not cause any additional, perhaps even undesirable nuances of meaning. The clarity and accuracy of the motivation can help or hinder the acquisition of the term. For no less than four decades, linguists have been introducing into literary usage a substitute for the Trusiac word, namely, the gladde. During this time, many new words have firmly grown into the language, and the glos still does not fit, even though it is a short, fluent word. Isn’t it the unusualness of the work, the undifferentiation of the motivation? As shown by the examples given, the Vedic language relies on adjectives of simple structure, usually having a verbally undivided root. The dictionaries contain only a few of the -ēending Vedic terms derived from nouns, for example: grūdė "female plant of hemp (Cannabis sativa)" BZ, pleiskané "male plant of hemp" BZ. This may include rumbé,,rpusa®, “rTpsna” -is (-ys) The -is (-ys) type of ending is the most done type in the present language and almost equals the most done prepositional types -ininkas, -ė and -inė [Urbutis V., 1965, 364]. There are relatively few derived terms with this ending. The derivatives of adverbs are much more widespread in terminology, for example, the derivatives of the adverbs -ininkas, -ė are given in the same sources almost 10 times more. Part of the Vedic terminology uses the plural form, e.g. algae, „group of lower plants having chlorophyll in their cells and capable of independently synthesizing organic matter <... >“ BZ, GZ, black „fine metals obtained by reduction; used pigment soot; fine coke’ CHZ, milk coke SZ, thick coke CHZ. The terms examined are verbally related to adjectives and nouns. Almost half of them are made with the ending variant -ys. Vedic words containing adjective roots (there are a little more than half of the examined examples of this type) name various inanimate things according to the characteristic of the root adjective, e.g.: gas „nenensien“ GZ, liquid,,u1KOCcTb“ ChZ, FZ, GZ; stitch “a stitch formed by skin alteration, such as a thorn” BZ, narrow “a narrow and long tip, horn” GZ. All of the skeletal remains are of good quality and have a very well-developed spine. In addition, the name of the group is often used as a synonym for the name of the country, such as the United States, the United Kingdom, the United States of America, etc. Among the examined examples, only one derivative left-handed SZ names the person who possesses the noun characteristic. There are no clearly distinguished subspecies. Kitos galūnės The remaining few endings do not form at least somewhat more active types of terms (in the dictionaries under consideration only a few terms derived from them are presented). -a. The derivatives of this ending are based on nouns and adjectives with an inseparable stem, e.g. jaura „,„white soil from which calcium, magnesium, potassium and sodium, iron, manganese and aluminum compoun178 ds have been washed out, in other words, clay elements <...>“ MŽ (cf. jaurus „klampus“ DŽ 266), slopna „fluffy, soft, untwisted, thick-rope-shaped spinning half-garment made of fibres, obtained from a spinning machine, a knitting machine, a drawing machine or a knitting machine <...>“ ATZ. -as. The terms bangas, „BonHa Joxjas“ GZ and bergZdas „useless rock“ ChŽ, GŽ are perhaps verbally related to the adjectives bangus „strong, large (about rain)“ DZ 71 and tuščias „empty“ DZ 78. -is(ies). The derivatives of this ending may include the terms acid "compound releasing hydrogen ions" BZ, ChZ, GZ, MZ and rust,,1) flax fiber defect; brown spots and longer brown fibre sections resulting from flax silkworm; 2) tissue defect; brown stains that are difficult to remove, which have been caused by the fabric touching rusty metal or by water with iron rust on the fabric” ATŽ, although otherwise these are undoubtedly old words borrowed from the terminology, whose pronunciation has now been considerably erased. -ius. Several derivatives of this ending used in terminology are derived from nouns with adjectively indivisible stems, e.g. dainius,,nesen” LZ, séklis „Gap” GZ, skurdžius „Genmaxk, naynep” EZ. The endings -a, -as, -is(-ies) belong to the most inactive adjectives of the names of the owners of the noun feature of the present Lithuanian language. It is only used a little bit more of the ending -ius of the vedic, but new words are no longer made with it. Thus, the small prevalence of these types of derivatives in terminology is determined by the internal word-making tendencies of the language, and in this case comes entirely from them. Property names are usually nouns with an abstract meaning derived from adjectives or words close to them, e.g.: depth — iš ‘,vertical distance from the ground, water or other surface’ MZ, STZ, speed ‘the ratio of the distance travelled to the time in which that distance was travelled; in the case of uneven motion, this ratio shall be taken for the moment of time’ MZ, ChZ, EZ, FZ, STZ, SZ, density GZ ‘mass per unit body (1 volume cm®)’ MZ, FZ, GZ, STZ, SZ; darna ‘cornacne’ GZ, importance STZ kt. ir It should be noted that the Vedic words of this group are not very common in the terminology, there are only about two dozen — in the dictionaries jų iš under consideration. New terminolsu ogy endings are made, it seems, very rarely. The main means of making names of characteristics in the current terminology, as well as in the current Lithuanian ir language in general, are suffixes. For example, su the names of properties derived from prefixes are more frequently found in the dictionaries 28 of the same terms than those derived from the endings of that meaning. Near two-thirds of the names of limb construction features are limbs -is Vedic. Iš other limbs still would be mentioned -a. -is Almost all of the su limb -is make property names based on qualitative adjectives. The basic adjectives of the examples are bi-syllables, e.g.: height GZ, MZ, STZ, SZ, speed ChZ, EZ, FZ, GZ, MZ, STZ, SZ, length EZ, FZ, STZ, level FZ, GZ, MZ, soldiers STZ, thickness GZ, MZ, STZ, sadris GZ, MZ, cold GZ, density FZ, GZ, MZ, STZ, SZ, far SZ. A third of the vedic forms involve the change of root vowels, e.g.: size EZ, FZ, STZ, depth MZ, STZ, beauty LZ, width FZ, GZ, STZ, taste GZ. Iš names of features made by words of other parts of the language are rare only in ne terminology, but generally in the current ir Lithuanian language. New words of this group are apparently not formed at all. Among the available examples, quarter is adjectively related to EŽ su 179