Socialiniai veiksniai ir žodžių daryba

SOCIAL LINGUISTICS PROBLEMS LITHUANIAN KALBOTYROS QUESTIONS, XIX (1979) Vida SIMONAITYTĖ SOCIAL The IR concept of “language development” is very complicated, because the nature of linguistic changes is twofold. On the one hand, language changes according to its internal laws, i.e. according to the internal possibilities of the language itself to change in one or another direction, on the other hand, not all changes of the language according to internal laws are realized. Their realization is determined by social factors, because, according to J. Desheriev (1977, 8), “language is a kind of barometer of society’s development. The current language mirrors the social life of its users." Of the constituent elements of language, the most mobile is the lexicon. In each epoch, the part of the lexicon that is most related to the current phenomena of social life is activated. Everything new in our life is embodied in the word. Vocabulary changes are a natural phenomenon of language development. The lexical composition of the language, directly reflecting the life of society, develops and changes — new words appear, old words acquire new meanings, some words withdraw into passive reserve. The intensity of vocabulary changes depends on the historical epoch and is related to changes in the life of the people, because “language reflects, establishes and records all changes in the material and spiritual culture of mankind” [Kamvapu M. JT., 1964, 89]. The vocabulary of Lithuanian language changed especially in the years of the Soviet regime, because the intensified life, the faster development of the economy, industry, technology, science and art makes the nomination process more intensive. Changes in the vocabulary usually take place in two directions: by adding new words and by removing individual words and groups of words. The addition of vocabulary, especially during the period of revolutionary social transformation, the rise of science and art, takes place more intensively than the disappearance of individual words and groups of words from it. The main direction of lexical development in the Soviet years was the emergence of new words. And the most important source of vocabulary addition in every language, including Lithuanian, is its internal resources, especially word formation. The new social life affects not only the lexicon, but also the word formation, because word formation is connected with the vocabulary of the language, with its lexicon. I. Protchenka (1975, 294,295) states that “the relationship of word formation with lexis is expressed especially in that word formation directly and immediately reflects all those constant changes that occur in the lexis of language due to changes in social life”. In particular, the addition of language vocabulary has a significant effect on word formation. It is by observing this process that we see how complex and multifaceted the interaction of lexical and word-forming phenomena is, because no affix exists without a word. Therefore, any word formation process is associated with changes in the lexicon. Word formation is no less related to grammar. The relationship of word formation with grammar is primarily manifested in the fact that the newly formed words are established in the language in the form of an already existing grammatical category (a noun, an adjective, a verb, an adverb, etc.). The complex and varied relationship of word formation with lexicon, on the one hand, and grammar, on the other, determines the variety of word formation methods that is characteristic of Lithuanian literary language throughout its entire period of development. 101 The word formation changes according to its internal laws, under the influence of social factors. Types of word formation are realized only by words, o words are — names. If the collector does not need any names, then no new Words are created, the old ones are not activated, new types of work are not ir encouraged. The social impact on the productivity of word-making means is shown by the activation of some derivative meanings. For example, in the Soviet years, with the development of production, industry, many new professions, production means, tools appeared. The language gets "public order" to create different names for words denoting those people's professions, tools of ar action. Names of professions in Lithuanian are usually formed by su suffix -nieks, -ē, e.g.: hardwareman, housekeeper, -ė T 1975 46, -ė TM 1974 11 16, combine harvester, -ė DLKŽ liner, 323, silo -ė T 1975 13, operator, -ė T 1974 260, knitter, names of -ė T 1975 32; tools, means of production — su prefixes -tuvas, -iklis, -ėklis, e.g.: spreader (fertilizer) T 1975 47, multiplier MRL 109, accelerator (cyber) MNV 3 15, cupetuotuvas (straw) sprayer 275, (motorized) VN 1974 265, shredder LRKŽ 802; lifter SA 1973 7 32, shaker (shotgun) ZÚTŽ 276, launcher (straw) ZŪTŽ 276, straightener MRL 848, boiler (electric) KKult 24 29, 1000 mg LRKZ 819, marker T 1974 280. In recent years, the use of these words has increased. su In a certain period there may not be conditions for the development of some other ar internal language trends. “Names that are unnecessary in one era become necessary in another. Therefore, ir the type of word formation, previously more or ar less passive, may be activated in a later epoch.” [TTano M. B., 1968, 170, 171]. Or certain types of word formation become unproductive because the corresponding names of real phenomena become obsolete. In different historical periods, the productivity of individual types of work is different. In favourable conditions, the internal processes of language development, which have been completely unfolded in the language for to some time, ne become apparent. The system of word formation is affected by changes in social life, but is primarily related to the structural ji characteristics of the language. ir su Pasak G. Plotnikova's (1966, 15), necessity of a new word, firstly, is related to social needs, secondly, a su new word becomes a real element of language if — society recognizes the purposefulness and justification of its use, thirdly, a new word is used in language jo only in the case when ir the word ir formation — corresponds to the socially established norms of word formation. Internal laws of word formation are particularly emphasized by V. Vinogradov, (1954, 29), saying that “the formation of new words takes place according to those patterns, according to those types of word formation, which have already established themselves in the language or newly appear when new stems are distinguished by the use of affix elements, as the word formation system develops and improves...” The word formation is influenced by the differences in the formed permanent word formation ir methods and types, the interface with certain lexical-semantic parts of words, the jų su ir jų peculiarities of forms, ar the degree of productivity of one other affix or adjective type. If the words of actual derivative meaning can be formed according to several constructive types, then the one that is the most productive usually gets the top. As observed I. Protčenka (1975, 294, 295), in interpretation tų ar the reasons for the non-productive productivity of other word formation methods and ar types, we have to face some ... universal characteristics ne su of all classes of words, o su the presence of many morphologicir al, phonetic semantic circumstances. The changes in the word formation system of Lithuanian literary language, which occurred during the Soviet period, were determined by many interrelated extralinguistic (social) linguistic causes, which helped to impede each other. ir ar In the Soviet period, such an extralinguistic factor as the development of science and technology acquires special significance ir ir su the associated intensification of the scientific development of ir the scientific style. This has an impact on the terminology of the Lithuanian literary language, which is particularly characteristic in the Soviet years and is related to social reasons: raising the level of scientific ir education in the su life of society, propaganda of scientific ir knowledge through radio, cinema, television. 102 Į literary language includes a whole group of terms, new types of o word formation appearing in terminology, (primarily through periodical ir professional language) literary į language, affects its word formation. Be Furthermore, in terminology the most noticeable tendency is to specialize the means of word formation, which reflects o the specialization ir of the means of word formation in Lithuanian literary language. The system of word formation in Lithuanian literary language is influenced by the development of the language’s lexical composition, especially its addition of words borrowed iš from other languages, from whose composition iš new word formation morpheme are abstracted. The word formation system is affected by ir changes in the stylistic system of the language, as well as the interaction of literary language with su territorial dialects and the influence of foreign languages. The Lithuanian literary language is strongly influenced by the Russian language, with which the Lithuanian su language’s contacts were particularly intensified in the Soviet years. Many of the new words in the Lithuanian literary language in the Soviet years came and come through the Russian language, the Russian language, according to its grammatical structure being quite o close to the Lithuanian language, thus establishes its types of construction. ir ir Be Furthermore, in Russian, as a language of international communication, new concepts už and new terms are usually introduced earlier than in other languages. As observed J. Kruopasir K. Refreshing (1973, 26), in Russian stimulates activates word ir formation in Lithuanian mobilizes internal ir resources for the formation of necessary word ir terms. All these causes activate some of the constructive types of words, o while weakening others. Although the word formation system of the Lithuanian literary language is changing, the changes in the word formation of the current Lithuanian literary language do not undermine the traditionally established norms of the Lithuanian literary language, but only develop the possibilities of word formation. We could only call them micro-changes — changes in the working norms of literary language. The means of word formation in the Lithuanian literary language, it can be said, have remained the same as in the pre-Soviet period, but now certain types of word formation have intensified. In the years of Soviet rule, as observed A. Lyberis ir K. Ulvydas (1958, 83), “New ways ir of working are being created. For example, a considerable number of abbreviations or so-called compound words are derived, formed by hitherto unused or at least inactive means, various combinations of native and international words are used, international affixes are introduced į into the language.” When there is a great need for new words, it is necessary to expand the boundaries of some forms of word formation or ir even to create some new types of word formation. However, the emergence of a new way of word formation is rare in the — history of language. In Lithuanian literary language word formation in the Soviet period the main role also belongs to morphological word formation. Although the morphological way of building Lithuanian words remained the main one, some changes took place jo inside. These alterations are particulsu arly related to individual affixes (adjective ir prefixes) activation. The most productive and flexible form of morphological word formation in Lithuanian literary language is the adverbial. Especially many adjectives of su nouns are now formed by prepositions. In Soviet ir years, mainly nouns are formed. This was driven by ir social reasons. There is a huge development of science, industry and agriculture. New specialties, new sciences, new areas of technology appear. XX a. In the early 1950s radio engineering, atomic physics, in the 1950s synthetic — fiber chemistry — appeared. Such promising sciences as information theory, cybernetics, bionics, etc. appeared. ir All this required new names, nouns ir are names. o — Social reasons determined the ir productivity of this part of the language. As in the ir Lithuanian language in general, so in the Soviet years, the ir nouns “are much more frequently derived than ordinary words. Most of the derivatives are Vedic, only a small part—composed words. The tų most common are the derivatives of prepositions — some of them 103 are several times more than all the rest — their derivatives” [Urbutis V., 1970, 210]. Nowadays, in Lithuanian literary language, particularly productive is the prepositional construction of nouns denoting persons according to their various professions, specialties, occupations, of which many new ones appeared in the years of the Soviet regime due to the mechanization and automation of production. Each new profession and specialty requires a new name. Researchers note that in the production process, with the increasing role of machines, various devices, and apparatuses, professions and specialties are named according to the means of work, i.e., according to various machines, apparatuses, and production devices, and the number of professions and specialties according to the product of work decreases [MonceeB A. H., 1967, 39—42]. There is another trend in the names of specialties and professions. Technical progress brings together, makes similar various professions and specialties that were previously completely different. For example, the work of a train driver and a locomotive driver is almost identical. There is also no need to separately name the professions and specialties of people working with various machines. They can all be called automatons. Now in the prepositional form of nouns, denoting persons according to their profession, specialty, activity, occupation, the suffixes -ininkas, -ė, -tojas, -a are particularly productive. : (a) gasman, -ė T 1974 263, toolmaker, -ė T 1953 41, sawmill worker, -ė DOVKV 38, machine worker, -ė T 1974 246, art historian, -ė VN 1974 285, art historian, -ė MG 1975 5 23; putty worker, -a MATZ 232, cutter, -a LKZ VI 925, coloured, -a MATŽ 64; b) machine operator, -ė T 1975 46, bulldozer operator, -ė T 1975 44, excavator operator, -ė SlucUMN 435, combine operator, -ė DLKŽ 323, transporter, -ė K 1975 6 16, autograder operator, -ė T 1975 44, crane operator, -ė VN 1975 58, concrete paver, -ė MT 1972 8 37, shovel operator, -a LKZK, stamper, -a LRKZ 771. In the Soviet years, many new broad-profile professions and specialties appeared, the names of which are made up of two words, e.g.: darbininkas, -ė —pedagogas, -ė T 1976 212, derintojas, -a —konduktorius, -ė 1974 251, derintojas, -a —palaidėjos, -a T 1974 300, dizelininkas, -ė —šaltkalvis T 1975 55, kasininkas, -ė —kontrolierius, -ė T 1975 47, traktorininkas, -ė —kombininininkas, -ė T 1975 49, traktorininkas, -ė —mašinistas, -ė T 1975 49, In the Soviet years, the suffix -ietis, -ė expanded its meaning. Previously, the derivatives of this suffix meant persons only according to their origin or place of residence, e.g.: amerikietis, -ė DLKŽ 13, birštonietis, -ė DLKŽ 81, suvalkietis, -ė DLKŽ 794, varsuvietis, -¢ IvaškŠ 170, vilkaviskietis, -¢ DLKZ 939. Now the -ietis, -ė vedic suffixes have also acquired a new meaning: they are used not only to indicate local but also collective affiliation, namely, they denote a person according to the place of work or affiliation to some collective. With the growth of industry in Soviet Lithuania’s cities and collective agriculture in the countryside, many new factories, factories, kolkhozes, Soviet farms appeared, which were given new names. They form many new words with a new meaning of the suffix -ietis, -ė. Today in Lithuanian literary language with suffix -ietis, -ė are formed many new words denoting persons according to the names of various kolkhozes, Soviet farms and other farms. In most cases, the meaning of the name of the town, village, i.e., the area where the co-operatives were established, is transferred to the member of the farm, e.g.: avučiškietis, -ė (Adutiškio council farm) T 1974 282, arvydietis, -ė (Arvydų fishing farm) T 1975 55, butrimonietis, -ė (Butrimonių col.) T 1977 163, elmininkietis, -ė (Elmininkų test station experimental farm) T 1974 266, ginkūnie104 tis, -ė (Ginkūnai Soviet Farm) RV 1975 163, gražionietis, -ė (Gražioniai Breeding Soviet Farm) TM 1974 11 11, juodpėnietis, -ė (Juodpėnų Col.) LM 1977 159, išlaužietis, -ė (Išlaužo Fishery Farm) T 1975 61, versekietis, -ė (Verseka Soviet Farm) T 1975 17. Members of manufacturing enterprises are also designated by suffixes -ietis, -ė, composed of the names of the localities where these enterprises are established, e.g.: benderietis, -ė (Benderų starch-syrup factory) T 1974 252, naujaakmenietis, -ė (Naujosios Akmenės cement factory) T 1974 5, naujavilnietis, -ė (Naujosios Vilniaus construction finishing machinery factory) T 1974 282. There are now many new nouns with the suffix -ietis, -ė, whose main word is followed by the conditional names (usually written in quotation marks) of various manufacturing companies and farms, e.g. :; apvjietis, -¢ (,,Apvijas* pilot mechanical plant) VN 1975 176, baltijojeis, -é (,,Baltijos* shipyard) T 1976 63, elfietis, -ė (,,Elfos* production association enterprise) T 1978 40, ankarietis, -ė (,,Ankaro* confectionery factory) VN 1974 191, ratietis, -ė (,,RutosTM confectionery factory) T 1977 70, spartaetis, -¢ (,,Spartos* stocking and knitwear factory) T 1974 270, verpstietis, -ė (,,VerpstoTM factory) TM 1974 11, 7, Zalgirietis, -é (,,Zalgirio* machine factory) T 1975 197; draugietis, -ė (,,Draugo® col.) LM 1975 5, paZangietis, -é (,,Pazangos* col.) T 1975 91, vienybietis, -ė (,,Tautu vienybės“ col.) TM 1974 11 11. Not all linguists agree on the usefulness of the latter Vedic texts, some even criticize them [Paulauskienė A., 1977, 13—14]. Adverbs -ietis, -ė are also formed from famous names of people, which are part of the names of production enterprises and various farms, e.g.: dzeržinskietis, -ė (F. Dzeržinskio staklių gamykla) VN 1975 197, janonietis, -ė (J. Janonio popieriaus fabrikas) T 1976 39, lichačiovietis, -ė (J. Lichačiovo automobilių gamykla) VN 1974 265, zibertietis, -ė (P. Zibertos šilko kombinatas) VN 1975 147, černiachodvskietis, -ė (1. Černiachovskio kol.) T 1976 28. The adverbs -ietis, -ė nouns are also formed from the elements of the compound names of such production enterprises, to which the names are given by the products produced by these enterprises, e.g.: kompresorietis, -ė (Kompresorių gamykla) T 1975 175, metalietis, -ė (Metalo dirbinių gamykla) T 1975 223. The production of adverbial nouns denoting various machines, devices, equipment or parts thereof became active and productive. These derivatives of prefixes are usually called tools. Quite productive names of tools with suffixes -tuvas, -iklis, -eklis, e.g.: skarifikatorius (trašų) T 1975 47, kratytuvas (pelkių) KKult 25 71, skaldytuvas DLKŽ 167, kupetuotuvas (straw) ŽŪTŽ 275, kurmintuvas LRKŽ 352, laistytojvas MTŽ 100, lysvintuvas (hydraulic) T 1975 191, purkštuvas VN 1974 265, smulkintuvas (žolės) T 1977 125; kėliklis SA 1973 7 32, bunker DLK Z 303, skaičiuoklis (lift machines) DLKŽ 483, tiektuvas DLKŽ 848, viriklis (elektrinis) KKult 24 29; įmeteklis LRKŽ 819, veržliaraktis DLKŽ 930, žymeklis T 1974 280. As S. Keinys (1975, 19) observes, “the meaning of the action of all the derivatives of this group is the same, although the nominal means of performing the action, the clear object, are not of the same complexity- ”. Many complex machines, mechanisms that perform two actions are invented and created. These names of complex machines are made up of two words, for example: loader-cupetator ZUTZ 147, sprayer-duster ŽŪTŽ 163, harvester- -collector MTŽ 139, collector-- crushing machine T 1975 179, booster-shaper STTŽ 334, booster-grader KeidKS 183, fertilizer-- sprayer T 1975 173. In the Soviet years, life itself required many nouns and verbs of abstract meaning to name features and actions. In addition, the phenomenon of abstraction is observed in speech. Abstracts in the language of science and technology 105 it plays a very important role. The proliferation of abstracts in the Lithuanian literary language of the Soviet years is also influenced by terminology, which is rich in nouns of abstract meaning. In modern Lithuanian literary language, the suffixes -umas, -imas, -ystė are particularly productive in the formation of abstract nouns. With these suffixes abstracts are formed from both Lithuanian (a) and international (b) words, e.g. : (a) accountability LKŽ 1 424, directionality DLKŽ 337, lack of self-criticism T 1975 31, morbidity T 1977 195, speediness DLK Ž 728, health T 1977 195, calmness K 1975 5 61, Sovietism DLKŽ 836, consumerism LM 1975 4; watering MTZ 16, primering MATZ 24, melting T 1975 45, sanding T 1974 253, sovietization LRKZ 744; furniture LM 1975 30, gélininkystée ŽOTŽ 336, livestock T 1974 263, linen ZUTZ 130, hunting PakalnS 20, breeding T 1975 7, cattle DLKZ 973; b) academicism KKult 25 14, adventurousness T 1976 179, electricity LKZ II 1949, isolatedness KKult 13 8, innovativeness LKZ VIII 876, theatricality LM 1974 49, trainedness KeidKS 50; biosocialism SA 1974 12 27, microinductivity MNYV 63 16: certification (production) T 1974 282, defoliation T 1976 204, industrialization (livestock) T 1975 154, demonstration LM 1975 30, autotraining T 1975 34, telesignalization MNV 6 7; donation T 1975 30, club-building LM 1975 8, space exploration MNV 26 20, museum-building T 1976 43, tobacco farming ZUTZ 295. Adjectives have increased, which often go terminologizuoty compounds démenimis. Now the most productive suffix for the formation of new adjectives is -inis, -ė, with which adjectives are formed both from Lithuanian (a) and from international words (b) (mostly nouns), e.g. : a) Industrial council T 1974 270, May slogan T 1975 88, creative youth camp T 1974 253, auxiliary school TM 1974 11 14, Soviet intelligentsia LM 1974 44, collective farming village T 1974 265; biweekly newspaper T 1974 270, agricultural organization DLKŽ 874, middle-school specialization T 1974 266: b) agronomic service T 1975 27, acoustic technology T 1974 286, democratic republic LKŽ II 401, experimental physics T 1974 253, electric plane MG 1975 3 60, electronic industry T 1974 249, engineering complex T 1974 260, boarding school SA 1974 10 63, communist youth DLKŽ 324, spaceport MNV 6 18, Maoist theory of the “three worlds” T 1977 164, rocket engine T 1974 283, sociological research T 1974 257, chief performance T 1974 257. Very common in the Lithuanian literary language of the Soviet years are adjectives enriched with suffixes -inis, -ė with such first international components not used independently as aero-, agro-, asbo-, astro-, auto-, avia-, bio-, elektro-, energo-, foto-, geo-, hydro-, mikro-, radio-, socio-, tele-, turbo-, vibroir, etc. These adjectives can be derived from compound nouns with the first international components mentioned above or are formed by adding to the suffix -inis, -ė adjective the first element not used independently. The second component of this type of suffix -inis, -ė adjectives can be international (a) or Lithuanian (b), e.g. : (a) aerodynamic heating T 1975 5, aerospace medicine KeidKS 85, agrobiological position MG 1976 4 35, agroeconomic research ZUTZ 157, asphalt-cement pipe T 1974 271, astrophysical research T 1975 38, autoelectronic emission K Kult 15 17, self-control code STTŽ 96, biomedical construction Š 1975 15 11, biosocial being LM 1974 43, electromechanical plant VN 1974 265, electro-optical crystal MG 1976 4 9, energy-mechanical workshop T 1974 289, photochemical operation MNV 100 5, photosynthetic productivity MNV 16 4, geotechnologies sulphur VN 1976 263, hydrogeological conditions T 1974 268, hydrotechnical land reclamation MTŽ 104, microminiature electromechanics MNV 13 21, micro-operational calculating machine STTZ 129, radiochemical research T 1975 27, radiotelephony communication MNV 6 17, socio-humanitarian knowledge SA 1974 12 27, weekly television advertising T 1977 196; b) agro-industrial complex T 1976 40, micro-shooting machines T 1977 197, turboprop aircraft T 1977 197, vibration strike system MK 1976 28. Many of the -inis, -ė suffixes of adjectives in Soviet-era Lithuanian literary language can be formed hypostatically from prepositional constructions, usually from a preposition and a noun, Lithuanian (a) and international (b). These adjectives usually correspond in meaning to the prepositional constructions from which they are made, e.g. : a) surface ship T 1975 175, pre-Soviet order DLKŽ 205, after-school activities K 1975 6 58, pre-election propaganda DLKZ 610, inter-collective racing DLKŽ 839, interstellar journey MNV 6 20, after-school work DLKŽ 894, superlunar world TFIA 860, superscientific knowledge MLFP 10; b) pre-capitalist formation MLFP 25, pre-monopolistic capitalism ML FP 94, anti-chemical protection DLKŽ 609, pre-cultural past GrusS 318, excessive work ŽŪTŽ 227, excessive production T 1974 263, inter-brigade racing T 1975 191, inter-departmental communication K 1977 12 27, post-audit activity K 1977 12 26, extra-planned commitment LRKZ 821. In Soviet 106 times, quite a lot of adjectives were formed with suffixes -iškas, -a, -ingas, -a from both Lithuanian (a) and international (b) words (mostly nouns), e.g. : a) worker profession T 1977 196, scientific devotion Š 1975 12 10, speedy work DLKZ 728, Soviet behaviour DLKZ 836, collective farming T 1961 87, communist construction T 1974 252, agricultural dynamics LM 1975 9; flowery clothing of nature MG 1976 3 10, healthy pine forest LM 1975 2, curious branch of management DLKZ 966; b) championship meter T 1977 209, cosmic time ŽilinsK 93, innovative novel theme LKŽ VIII 876, telegraphic report T 1974 279; electric particle T 1976 167, planned national economy T 1977 210, systematic work DLKZ 700. The progress of the scientific and technical revolution, the contacts of nations, the internationalization of various spheres of life and the interaction of languages also activated the production of derivatives with international prefixes or with first elements acting as prefixes in the Lithuanian literary language of the Soviet years, e.g.: anti-Hegelian FICh 98, anti-matter MLPP 54, counter-propaganda T 1976 28, counter-assembly PR, 255, superconductor MG 1975 10 30, superstate T 1975 47, ultramaoist T 1976 117, ultrarevolutionary MLFP 327, hypernucleus TZZ 313, hypersound FTZ, 223, pseudodramaturg LM 1976 39, pseudocriticism TFIA 704, quasi-electron T 1976 191, quasi-star T 1976 245; anti-dialectical theory MLFP 93, anti-scientific views SA 1974 10 48, counter-argumentative treatment ZukG 57, supersonic plane RamuckSSZ 50, superpowered telescope MG 1975 4 42, ultramodern hall LM 1976 39, ultrathin cut MNV 60 9, hypergeometric dispersion FTŽ, 526, hyperfine structure FTZ 34, pseudo-scientific conception LKZK, pseudo-innovative solution LM 1976 41, quasi-periodic movement FTZ 279, quasi-stationary current FTZ, 769. Conclusions 1.The word formation is influenced by the social environment, social life, other social factors. The influence of social factors on the productivity of word construction means is shown by the activation of some construction modes, derivative meanings, etc. 2. The influence of the Russian language is also felt in the word formation of the Lithuanian literary language. Many of the new words in Lithuanian literary language in the Soviet years were formed according to analogous ways and types of word formation in Russian. 107 3.Although the most characteristic morphological way of word formation in Lithuanian remained the main one, some changes took place within it. These changes are particularly related to the activation of individual affixes. It is also common to take the roots of adjectives and nouns from foreign borrowings and international words. 4.The largest number of new words, which appeared in the years of the Soviet regime, are nouns, most of which are derived from prepositions. 5. In contemporary Lithuanian literary language, particularly productive are those suffixes with which nouns are made, denoting persons according to profession, specialty, occupation, activity and inclination to something (-ininkas, -ė, -tojas, -a, etc.). There are many new broad-profile professions and specialties, whose names are made up of two words. 6. In the years of the Soviet regime the suffix -ietis, -ė expanded its meaning. Previously the derivatives of this suffix meant persons only according to their origin or place of residence. Now the -ietis, -ė derivatives have acquired a new meaning — they are used not only to denote local but also collective affiliation, namely, they denote the person’s belonging to a workplace or to some collective. 7. More nouns with suffixes -tuvas, -iklis, -eklis are used to name various tools. The names of complex machines, mechanisms that perform two actions, are made up of two words. 8. Abstract nouns, in the production of which the suffixes -umas, -imas, -ystė are particularly productive, have increased. 9. More adjectives are formed, which often take the form of terminological compounds. Adjectives, like nouns, are formed in various ways, but most often with prefixes. The productive suffixes are -inis, -ė, -ingas, -a, -iškas, -a. Of these, the suffix -inis, -ė is particularly productive. The frequent suffixes -inis, -ė are adjectives that are formed hypostatically from prepositional constructions. Very popular and enriched adjectives with the suffix -inis, -ė with the first international components not used independently, which usually differ from international words. 10.The boundaries of forms are expanding—international prefixes, or first elements acting as prefixes, are also introduced into language. "DovKV —Dovydaitis J. Karštos vestuvės" (in Lithuanian). V., 1972. FICh —Chrestomatia of History of Philosophy. 19th and 20th century Western European and American philosophy. V., 1974. Dictionary of Physics Terms. V., 1971. Dictionary of Physics Terms. V., 1973. "GrušŠ —Grušas J. Švitrigaila". V., 1976. IvaškŠ —Ivaškevičius J. Chopin. V., 1970. "K - Komunist (magazine)". "KeidKS —Keidinas M. Kosmoso spastuose". Translated by Alex O. V., 1973. LKZK —Lithuanian language dictionary. "Literature and Art" (PDF). LRKŽ —Lyberis A. Lithuanian-Russian dictionary. V., 1971. MATŽ — Explanatory glossary of woodworking terms. V., 1971. MG —Mokslas ir gyvenimas (journal), MK —Mūsų kalba. V., 1976. MLFP — Fundamentals of Marxist-- Leninist Philosophy. 1973. Translated by Montrimas J., Pagirys M., Beržinskas A., Sidarienė L., Brazaitė E. and Macaitis J. V., 1973. MNV —Science news for all. Science and Technology (Journal). The Dictionary of Mechanical Terms. V., 1968. A. Weakness. V., 1972. RamuckSSŽ — Ramuckis J. Find your star. V., 1975. "Red Flag" (PDF). Health (journal). SluckUMN —Sluckis M. Port my —nervous. V., 1968. 108 STTŽ — Russian Lithuanian —angly Dictionary of Computing Technology Terms. V., 1974. Š — Lighthouse (journal). TFIA — A Brief History of Philosophy. Translation editors Displaying J. ir Vaznelis J. V., 1964. TM — The Soviet Woman (journal). TZZ — Dictionary of International Terms. V., 1969. VN — The Evening News (newspaper). ZilinskK — Žilinskaitė V. On the carousel. V., ŽukG 1970. Žukauskas — J., Kvilius V. Gynecology. V., Z0TZ 1974 —Anskaitis V., Kilas M. Russian —Lithuanian language agricultural terms dictionary. V., 1971. Other abbreviations as used in academic "Grammar of the Lithuanian Language". Note. Numerals indicate the number of the year of ir newspapers, the year — of magazines, ir the number of pages, other publications Roman numerals — volumes, Arabic — pages. Literature Keinys S. The creation of Lithuanian prepositional terms. — Kn. : Lithuanian terminology. V., 1975. Lyberis A. ir Ulvydas K. The enrichment of Lithuanian literary language vocabulary by the Soviet regime. in the year. — Kn. : Literature ir speaks. V., 1958, t. 3. Paulauskienė A. The language of "Library Work". — Our Languag1977, e, No. 4. Urbutis V. The construction of modern Lithuanian nouns. Doc. disert., typing. The New York Times, 1970. Bunorpanos B. B. Bornpockt cospenMennoro pycckoro ci0B006pa3oBants. — PSII, M., 1954, Ne 2. Aemepues IO. HIM. Counnajnbhas aunrsuctika. — M., 1977. Kammapu M. HIM. Bakaiountenbhoe c1080. — B Toggle the color of the text. : Bonpocs! pa3BHTHS JHTEPAaTypHBIX S3LIKOB Not available CCCP B coBetckylo snoxy (MarepHai Bcecolos. KOHO., Anma-Arta, 20—24 HoaGps 1962). Aama-Ara, 1964. Kpyonac M. P., Taiiesnuc K. 5. Temperature sensor from Gota to u AroToska TEPMHHO. TOTHYeCKHX groupii B JIntoeckoii CCP. — B Toggle the color of the text. : Bonpocki pa3paGoTki HayuHO-TeXHHUYECKOI TepMHHojornn. Pura, 1973. Moucees A. M. M3 It's a place named after a bike. B — B KH. : Passutie pycckoro 3bika noc.jie Besnxoit Around 100 million pesos. JITY, PYCCKUI 1967. si3bik coperckoe obmectso. H C/10B00Gpa3oBakiie COBPEMEHHOTO pyccKOro JHTEpaTypIt's 11:00. [lox pen. M. B. Inanosa. M., 1968. Maoruukosa T. H. CioBooGpasosareibHbie MPOLECCH B COBPEMEHHOM PYCCKOM S3bIKe (Ha MaTepuane nepuoanueckoil neat). Chicken. amc. (Maumuomnuce). TBHJI. Ceepanosck, 1966. Lithuania TSR Mokslu Academies Institute of Lithuanian ir Language and Literature. 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