Leidinys apie prancūzų medicinos terminiją

Dresses Costumes. Group, subgroup number" |% | number |% | number 2) literary heroes - -1 | 1429 2 3) mythological names 1 500 2 | 2857 5 4) various in 500, 3 | 285 5 Total 20 100,00 7 [10009 37 VII. Concepts of human spiritual activity, creativity: | 1) music - -1 | s000 2 2) meno = | --| = | | p= HE AE 4) the spiritual state of people, thoughts, feelings | | —| PE |. | | miscellaneous 5) - | = 1 5000, ji Total —| —2 10000, 5 A. The French medical terminology is the terminology used in French medical practice. —V., 1977, 88 p. [Ministry of Higher and Special Secondary Education of the Lithuanian SSR. Kaunas Medical Institute]. The foreign language lecturers of Kaunas Medical Institute have prepared and published a number of educational dictionaries of medical terms for the students of this institute. Such activities of teachers should be supported and encouraged in every way. Educational dictionaries of terms and glossaries are not only important supporting literature for students — they can help to organize, standardize and introduce into use normative regular terms, eliminate terminology shortcomings, clarify its gaps. So properly prepared, coordinated. This glossary, which is developed in collaboration with specialists in the relevant field (in this case, medicine) and linguist-terminologists, can effectively contribute to the development of terminology in the relevant field. This is especially true for terminology of those fields of science (including medicine) for which there are no large Lithuanian explanatory dictionaries and dictionaries of normative terms translated into the respective languages. 240 4 Table 1 (continued) Paltiniai Drapai Total Iš number % of % furniture number | 95 Number % 541 6 50,00 = | x 9 11,84 13,51 i 8,33 - | = 9 11,84 | | 13,51 2 | 1667 AY = 1 14,48 | . 100,00 12 | 100,00 ind a 76 100,00 | | 40,00 - - 1 | 25,00 4 36,36 20.00 to PAREN 28100 2 18.18 | | | 20,00 = & 2 50,00 | 3 27,28 -= * = = | i 9.09 | 100,00 < lia 4 10000 | 11 100,00 | | | ‘Unfortunately, neither pre-published nor published educational dictionaries of terms are usually reviewed. As a result, the value of these publications, their significance for terminology management and teaching in the relevant field has not yet been fully explained. V. Širkienė’s “French language medical terminology” is intended for graduate students. The publication consists of three chapters. The first chapter, “Word formation in French” (pp. 5—30), presents the most important ways and types of word formation in French (especially medical terms). Here the reader finds a number of prepositions and suffixes used in French, the most typical types of construction of compound words are shown, a list of elements of international terms used in medical terminology is presented with examples of words containing them. In the second section, entitled "Appendixes", a pinch of examples of French phraseologies, recipes and annotations are inserted. In addition, lists of abbreviations used in prescriptions and in medical literature are also useful. The third and largest section of the booklet consists of a French-Lithuanian medical dictionary. The author writes in the preface that the dictionary is a continuation of the 241 “Dictionnaire franco —lituanien de médicine” published in 1966 and that it contains Words that “often occur,. The book is designed to be used in reading original medical journals: „La nouvelle presse médicale“, „Science et vie“ and others. A medical student, finally, and a doctor who reads French medical literature, will gladly use this publication in the hope of finding the necessary necessary information. Of course, they will find a lot of that information, although, of course, in a relatively small booklet it is severely limited. Therefore, the selection of information to be included in such publications is particularly relevant. It is also important to establish a good relationship with the generals. translation (French to Lithuanian) dictionaries. The educational glossary (especially the glossary) should supplement the general glossary, in particular by providing that special vocabulary that is not included in the general glossaries at all or only in a very limited way. Finally, the value of such educational publications simply depends on the accuracy of the material, the thoughtfulness and consistency of the lexicographical presentation. Well, of course, you can not lose sight of also the correctness of the language. Each educational tool should help to develop the skills of regular language (as well as native language). Thus, guaranteeing a high level of language culture in the published publications is the responsibility of every author. The field of terminology, as well as the field to which the lexicon is examined or presented, must be stated in Lithuanian not by an adjective but by the noun's origin. This is why the title of the publication itself is reprehensible — it would be better "French medical terminology". Also correctable are the compounds used in the Preface of the publication medical (= medical) words, medical (= medical) abbreviations, medical (= medical) literature. The title of the third chapter “French-- Lithuanian Medical Dictionary” and the usage on p. 12 should also be corrected. compound anatomical (=anatomy) terms. It is not difficult to identify various things that need to be clarified in terms of language in the interpretations of terms. For example, the noun absence is often used where having is more appropriate, cf. abrachie f — absence of hands 47*, asitie f — absence of appetite 50, etc. The term is also used in the context of shortening and abbreviation. In recipes, abbreviations are most commonly used. The book also contains a few French abbreviations used in recipes, but the author wrongly calls them abbreviations (p. 36). The booklet also uses more terms that have not been used or are completely unusual in Lithuanian linguistics. For example, in terminology literature, such constituents of terms as auto-, -graphe "graph", -logue "log", macro- "macro-", micro- "micro-", pneumoir etc. are called international term elements. The author’s descriptive designation of them as “connective forms of compound words of Latin and Greek origin” (p. 3), “connective forms of compound international medical words” (p. 20) or “elements of construction of compound international medical words” (p. 20) is completely inaccurate, does not correspond to the usual use of the corresponding Words or terms (e.g., form) in linguistic literature and is therefore unacceptable. A considerable innovation of the current terminology (by the way, completely unnecessary) is also the call of word joining, or the creation of compound words (terms) (p. 5, 19). | ! The numbers next to the examples indicate the pages of the reviewed publication where they: 242 examples added. A lot can be ką said about the interpretation of word formation. The publication ne seems to respect the synchronous word formation of the French language itself, to because it excludes such affixes that cannot be synchronous, because the corresponding words are not divided in adjectives, thus not to be considered as derivatives. This applies to the prefixes listed in the booklet abs-(abstinence f 6), ac-(accablement m, accident m, accouchement m 6), ana-(anabiose f, anatomie f 7), ante-(antecedent, antenatal 7), apo-(apocrine, apophyse f T), cata-(catabolisme m, catamnėse f T), di-(diplėgie f, dipode 8), mėta-(mėtabolisme m, mėtaplasie f, mėtastase f 9), pėri-(pėricarde m, pėrioste m 10), sym-, syn-(symbiose f, synchrone, syndrome m 11) and others. The present affixes are usually not distinguished in French word formation literature, because the words containing them are undivided borrowings. And the author herself, in individual cases, apparently does not have a clear understanding of how to interpret certain terms in adjective terms, for example, the term anatomie f in one place is considered to be an anavedic of the prefix nebuvélis (p. 7), elsewhere it is assigned to the suffix -ie vedic (p. 13). More precisely, the publication distinguishes the French suffixes, but here too there are obvious errors, for example, invistigateur m has the suffix -ateur, not -eur (p. 11), allaitement m, amaigrissement m, développement m distinguishes the suffix -ement, not -ment (p. 14), auscultation f, dégénération f (=dégénération), excoriation f, inhalation f are made with the suffix -ation, but not -ion (p. 14). Denture f, fracture f, jointure f, ligature f, teinture f, derived from the -ure suffix, cannot be considered abstract verbs. Therefore, of all the words given to this suffix on p. 15, only brulūre f (=brūlure) is a real derivative of the verb. The lead denture f is a squad name. The words fracture f, jointure f, ligature f are considered to be Latin borrowings, here the book suffix (-a)ture*? is given. The verbs certifier, justifier, vivifier have no suffix niebyłą -fier (p. 18), but -ifier. In some cases, the incorrect perception of verb relations in French words is also shown by the incorrect determination of the form of individual words. For example, in the booklet comparaison f, coopėration f are considered, apparently, derivatives of the prefix com-, €0 (p. 7), but these words are clear abstractions of verbs, made with the suffixes -aison and -ation. The same type of -ation verb is also used in the booklet for the prefix réanimation f (p. 10) and for the prefix transplantation f (p. 11). There are also some more such incorrect interpretations of the work. Among the examples of adjective suffixes, nouns are also included, e.g.: absorbants m pl „absorbing substances” 15, antibiotigues m pl,antibiotics” 17, diabėtigue m „Sick with diabetes” 15, cardiaque m,sick with heart disease” 17 (by the way, it is not clear why the latter example is considered a derivative of the suffix -igue). Among the examples of compound adjectives, nouns are also inserted — both examples to illustrate the type with the first adjective and second noun sandu (clavie-voie “hole”, rouge-gorge “snowy” 20). 2 UllreituGepr H. M. Addurcajibuoe cnosoobpazosanme BO (GPaHUYICKOM —SfBB5IKE. — JI., 1976, c. 62, 64. 243 The author of the publication considers the terms with international term elements as rich words, but among the examples given there are also derivatives of suffixes, e.g.: cardiaque „Heart“, cardiague m „Heartman“ 21, entėrite f „inflammation of the small intestine“ 22. The way of interpreting the meaning of these elements is very questionable — parts of words that exist as morphemes in the publication are translated into Lithuanian as words, e.g.: -algie „pain, shame” 20, anthropo-„man” 20, auto-„himself” 22, bio- „life” 21, -fuge „property” 22, -géne „origin” 22, etc. It is also noteworthy that a certain (in individual cases relatively large) part of the examples given in the section on the work are not medical terms, e.g.: condisciple m "a friend of science" 7, illettrē "illiterate, illiterate" 6, contradiction f "objection" 8, Géorgien m "Georgian" 11, Italien m "Italian" 11, Lituanien m "Lithuanian" 11, courtoisie f "gentleness" 13, colossal "giant" 15, dėveloppemen m "development" 14, blanchatre "white" 16, grisdtre "grey" 16, annuel "annual" 16, pensif "thoughtful" 17, barbu "beard" 17, poilu "hairy, hairy" 17, balayer "sweep" 17, caractėriser "characterize, describe" 18, douzaine "dozen" 18, vingtaine "about twenty, twenty years" 18, millenaire "thousander, thousand years" 18, triple "triple" 18, batterave "hand" 19, timbreposte "postal stamp" 19, portemanteau "hanger" 19, aprēs-midi "afternoon" 20, hexagone "hexagon" 23, insectivore "insect-- eater" 30, etc. In a special educational tool, it would seem more useful to provide more varied examples of term formation. The abundance of non-terminological vocabulary can be misleading for a person looking for answers to unclear questions in such a booklet — after all, all the necessary words cannot be presented in it anyway. By the way, the same can be said of the Zodynel, which makes up a larger part of the publication. And here is a relatively large number of general scientific terms and even otherwise Words, which can easily be found in general translation dictionaries, without which a student or a graduated doctor, and having a peer-reviewed, uneven, crooked" 49, assurance f "assurance, guarantee; (ap)draudimas“ 50, attrait m „attractiveness“ 51, babeurre m „attraction“ 51, bėnėficier „benefit“ 51, by-pass m „bypass; 52, bref "short" 52, chaux f "lime" 53, chute f "fall, collapse" 53, compte-- rendu m "report, record" 54, craguement m "cracking, crackling" 55, crépitation f "1. crackling, creaking; 2. gargimas" 55, dėclenchement m "beginning, appearance" 56, dėme m "dome, vault" 58, embarras m "difficulty, obstacle" 59, envisager "predict" 60, équin "horse" 60, estival "summer" 61, ėtat m "condition, posture" 61, ethnie f "nation" 61, jouissance f "enjoyment, enjoyment" 68, laps m de temps "short time" 69, mesure f,1. measurement; 2. the scale; size; 3. means" 71, monstre m "monster" 72, moyen m "advantage" 72, moustique m "skin" 72, néfaste "unfortunate" 73, obsédant "obtrusive" 74, plan "flat, smooth" 77, plat "flat, smooth" 77, guadragėnaire "forty years" 79, gualitė f "quality" 79, guantitė f "quantity" 79, rėcent "recent, recent, last, new" 79, souche f "root" 82, taux m "Il. percentages; 2. the proportion; coefficient 3; 4. tempo" 83, volupté f "vagueness" 85, zéro m "zero" 86, etc. 244 The user of many such words probably nė į head will not come to look in this dictionaryConsidering that the dictionary is quite small and explains only almost French words—it seems best to have — included only special medical terms, focusing on those that 1100 are not in the general French-Lithuanian translation dictionaries. — Tokyo datesno (dictionary terms) would be very helpful for the user. ir ga — he would clearly know, ko ir where to look. Non-terminological vocabulary and general scientific terms in the terminology of the small volume glossary reduce the informativeness of the publication and at the same time the value of the iš terminology of the relevant field. ir jo That is, the termnų ir other special dictionaries, among jų ir the vocabulary must be compiled very carefully by analyzing the available vocabulary. The same principle of compiling dictionaries of the spoken type is criminal in the case of ir not making another language (in this case French) words selection of Lithuanian equivalents. Words, as we know, are usually ambiguous. It is not accurate to list all the meanings of a word in a special dictionary. į Only the terminology of the relevant field should be added here, in other words, a term in one language should be given the equivalent in the other language. It is clear that this does not mean that, for example, every French medical term will necessarily have only one Lithuanian equivalent. Due to the unequal conditions of the formation of terminology systems, the different scope of the meanings of words, as well as the internal peculiarities of the lexical nomenclature of the languages ir themselves, in one case there is only one ne equivalent, the meanings of the translated terms have to ne be divided, etc. ir On the other hand, it is inevitable to take into account common į synonyms duplicates, ar those things ir in different languages often also cannot be exactly the same. ir However, the equivalents provided must belong to the same terminology in its branch, leaving aside other meanings, in ar particular non-terminologicir al ones. V. Širkienės In this respect, Zodynelis’s “French Medical Terminology” is not very abusive, but there are still cases where the meanings of words (not terms) that do not belong to medical terminology are also presented, e.g.: attitude f,1. the position of the body; 2. the temper; behaviour; 3. pažiūra" 50, concevoir "Il. get pregnant, become pregnant (=pregnant- ); 2. suvokti, suprasti" 54, débordement m "spillover, flood" 56, délain m "1. delay; embarrassment; detention; 2. laikas, terminas" 57, dėnuement m "1. lack; 57, No. 2, pp. 57. storage; 2. sediments" 57, ėcaille f "1. scales; 2. film" 58, nėbuleux "1. cloudy, acidic; 2. sunken, sad" 73, terrain m "1. the area; 2. soil; 3. (organism) constitution" 83, tournesol m "1. sunflower; 2. the litmus test” 84, tranche f “the ripple; plate; briauna’ 84 et al. A significant shortcoming of the peer-reviewed educational publication should be considered the fact that relatively often the Lithuanian equivalents of French terms are not given, but some explanations. This is done not only in cases where there is no Lithuanian term (in such cases, the language teacher should not draw up terms without the medical specialists- ). The editor should receive proposals approved by the Commission of Most Renowned Specialists and Terminology of the relevant field), but also when there are terms in force and used by all. The author of the publication is reproached for the fact that, apparently, did not agree with specialists finally, that in the dictionary compilation principles did not explain 245 ir (by the way, tų the principles were not included at all), how and in which cases the meaning is interpreted and how it is presented in the dictionary, so as not to confuse with real equivalents. su The author herself, of course, should not have created, composed new terms or introduced borrowed ones, even if the Lithuanian medical terminology did not include such concepts as abréaction f “the emergence of a forgotten emotion in consciousness” 47, aéropéritoine m “accumulation of air or gas in the abdominal cavity” 48, atėlectase, atélectasie f “lack of air in the alveoli of the lungs” 50, catamnėse f “knowledge of the patient after his discharge from the hospital” 53, dipsomanie f “liguistic craving for alcohol, periodic drunkenness” 58, électrocution f “damage to the organism by electric current, death by electric current” 59, gdtisme m “urine or feces non-retention” 63, hypoxémie, hypoxie f “insufficient amount of oxygen in the tissues” 66, kopiopie f “rapid eye muscle fatigue, When looking at objects at close sight” 68, linkage m, with (the) connection of two or more genes in the same chromosome” 69, monopagie f “headache in one place only” 72, oestromanie f “liguistic sexual desire of women or men” 74, péripyéme m “the formation of an abscess around an organ” 76, réinversion f “restoration of an organ to its normal position” 80, etc. However, the consultation of well-known medical specialists is necessary even in such cases — they will at least help to determine exactly whether there is no term used for this purpose® It is completely unjustified when the descriptions of terms are translated even when there are used (sometimes even very widely known) terms. For example: déontologie f —the ethics of the physician, the science of the rights and duties of the physician 57 (=deontologie), écologie f —the science of the relationship of the organism with the environment 59 (=ecology), électrophorēse f —the displacement of electrical colloidal particles caused by electric current; 59 (=electrophoresis), geriatrie f —science of old age diseases 63 (=geriatrics), orgasme m —the highest degree of passion 75 (=orgasm), zoonoses f pl —animal diseases 86 (=zoonoses). I'm in the section of examples and word formation, e.g.: amylase f — amylase), asystole 12 ( = f — right ventricular dysfunction 13 (=asystole), carboxylase f —enzyme that separates carboxylic acid from ketonic acids 12 (=carboxylase), cardiogramme m —graphic representation of heart movements 21 (=cardiogram), cytologie f —science of cells 22 (=cytology), diabétique m —diabetic 17 (=diabetic), gastroscope m —instrument for examining the stomach 28 (=gastroscope), gynécologue m —woman’s health specialist 23, gynaecologist 24 (=gynecologist), hémoglobine f —blood dye 23 (=hemoglobin), otoscope m —instrument for examining the ears 28 (=otoscope), pédiatrie f —science of children’s diseases 27 (=pediatrics- ), pharmacopée f —pharmacopee), stomatologie f —science of oral diseases 29 (=stomatology), etc. Such well-known and widely used terms (a part is jų constantly used even in plain language) ignoring, CBee, V. jų Astrauskas, S. Biziulevičius, S. Pavilonis and others in the "Medical Terms Dictionary" (V., almost all of the cases mentioned here are presented 1980) international terms. So, for specialists, the concept, ir ir jų names are no secret. 246 substitution with explanations less skilled reader (for example, a student), be doubtless, misleads it is — possible to think that for some reason those international terms are not used in Lithuanian medical terminology (by the way, almost all these terms are presented in the public “International Dictionary of Words” (They are used in 1969), popular science literature in periodicals.) ir Thus, this practice of presenting spoken terms in the glossary undermines the implementir ation of normative terms in teaching. Since the terms ir jų the presentation of explanations of meaning in the publication is lexicographically undifferentiated, the student will not be clear whether the additional explanations are any extended synonyms of terms, ar ne (by the way, it is not clear how ir the author understands this). There is a lot of comma in the publication, and there is a lot of confusion about it. For example: aéropathie f —a disease caused by changes in atmospheric pressure, caisson disease 48, cafard m —depressed mood, depression 52, caguesangue f —bloody diarrhea, dysentery 53, cinėration f —basin burning, cremation 53, clearance f —renal filtration coefficient, clearance 54, sepsis f —severe infectious disease, blood infection 81, cardiologue m —cardiologist, heart doctor 24, éthologie f —ethology, character science 61, incrétologie f —endocrinology, science of the internal secretion glands 67, intercadense f —perforation, heart rhythm disorder 67, mogiphonie f —spasm of the vocal cord, difficulty speaking 71, sudamina m pl —flushing, white blister rash 82, etc. If it was thought that for the user of the publication these terms would be incomprehensible and worth explaining, then why is this done so inconsistently (in some cases first the term, in others — explanation) and why are these explanations (if the author herself distinguishes them from terms) presented in the same way as terms? This is a major flaw in the compilation of the spoken publication. The publication contains a pinch of phraseology. The author is satisfied with explaining their meaning and does not look for Lithuanian equivalents at all. This, of course, helps the learner to understand the phraseology of another language, but it does not help to learn to translate them into Lithuanian. Thus, in this case, the publication does only half the work (of course, this applies only to real phraseologisms; not all the examples presented in the publication are phraseologisms, and the translation of the latter, of course, does not cause any additional difficulties- ). Thus, the educational tool prepared by V. Širkienė contains gaps and shortcomings in the lexicographic work. It is also necessary to add that the Lithuanian equivalents are presented untranslated. Given the poor spelling culture of medical professionals, there is no justification for publishing untranslated dictionaries. Although the peer-reviewed publication is intended to teach a foreign language, but, in general, it is a language learning tool. This type of publications should help learn not only a correct foreign language, but also an exemplary mother tongue. In conclusion, it is necessary to add that educational tools of this kind are very necessary and it is very good that university lecturers are taking on the task of producing them. St. Keinys 247