Lietuviška audinių pragmonimika

LITHUANIAN LANGUAGES SPECIAL LEXICON LITHUANIAN KALBOTYROS QUESTIONS, XXII (1983) Reviews, reviews ENGLISH FABRICS Introductory 1. remarks 1.1. Pragmatism — Greek word (pragma ‘thing, good’, ma ‘name’), meaning the real trade name. Some linguists classify pragmatics as onomastics!, but the place of actual iš words of this kind in the lexical system of the language is rather problematic, Pragmonims were used already in ancient times Rome, Spain, Egypt. It is believed that one of the earliest forms of iš pragmatism was an anthroponym, the name of a master. — The manufacturer marked the products made in his own name (weapons, musical instruments, dishes, etc.), imprisoning the ir mark in them, stamping them, etc. ir Such signs were used even before XVII a. However, over time, with the development of trade, the volume of production of goods increased, the assortment varied. jų The name of the master has become pragmatically inadequate. Names of to people, mythological creatures, literary heroes, place names, etc. ir Later came the turn of ir general nouns. The real names of gemstones, astronomical meteorological phenomena, animals, etc. become the real ir names of goods. ir names?, In our age of rapid economic development, along with many new su goods, there is a plethora of real names that ir call them. At the present time it would be impossible to translate even by terms naming only related concepts su (e.g., bicycle, camera, television, etc.) than by ir purely generic names su (e.g., a lady's bicycle, a colour TV, etc.), because ir there are many different jų varieties of one species. ma Thus, pragmatism now goes like a generic supplement to the brand name. No wonder that genuine brand names are counted in the millions worldwide. Jų are far more than the words of any language. According to the current rules, the standards of the same ir group of goods cannot receive identical or similar designations. 1.2. Real names perform mainly the Significant function, pragmons must primarily o perform an attractive (attractive, interesting) aesthetic function. ir Therefore, it is important to require that the word that goes through pragmonium associates su with the product, directly or indirectly relates to its purpose, properties, appearance, word, expresses its essence. True trade names must have a clear meaning, be unambiguous, easy to remember, easy to pronounce, as short as possible. Of course, CoMojnosa ! 3. II. 1998-1999 CemanTwyeckas MOTHBHDOBaHHOCTb MNparMOHHMOB. — Type 1eMBI cemanTukd. - M. : Hayka, 1974, c. 333; Mockosuy B. A. ToBapnsie: 3Haru, —B kga. : OnoMacrauka. M., 1969, c. 251. * Mocxosuy B. A. Topapusia 35arkx. — Ykas3. co4.,c. 252; Ileneneseuxuit A. M. Hyxuas Al-Qahr. — Bonpocsl u3oOperarenscrsa, 1967, Ne 5, c. 54—55, 224 ZodZiai® with a negative emotional connotation do not become realities. It is believed that it is not necessary to create abreviatiiriniy pragmonimy, because they are difficult to remember, inconvenient to pronounce, etc. * - ir The problem of motivation is relevant jų when creating pragmonimus. Soviet linguist Z. Komolova, studying the pragmatics of various languages, found that there are real trade names created on the basis of the factors of semantic motivation tų themselves. According to the author, this allows to talk about the universalities of pragmatics. Examples of such universals are: product size, e.g. scooter 1) ‘Malyš’; a 2) substance that is an ingredient in an article, iš e.g. candy ‘Likernaja’; 3) person object for ar which the product is intended, e.g. portable gas stove ‘Tourist4) ’; product quality, e.g. : "Lutčyj" — metal products cleaning agent; 5) product function: "Miochočistka" — means of cleaning colored artificial fur; the place of production of 6) the product, e.g. refrigerator ‘Penza’; the 7) factory that released the product, e.g. tractor Kiroviec; 8) an object of the same “group” as the “holder” of the pragmonim, e.g.: radiola “Symphony”, “Gamma”; 9) a person, work, event, hero, geographical object, etc., to which the product is intended, such as: candy “Spartak”, watch “Antarktida- ”*. Undoubtedly, given the abundance and variety of goods, it can be said that the list of these universals is not exhaustive. Probably the author did not aim for this. She just wanted to show some common patterns of semantic pragmatic motivation. The aim of this article is to discuss the pragmonimika® of one product group — Lithuanian fabrics from 1950 to 1979. (Until 1950, only a few fabrics with proper names were produced, such as the wool dress fabric “Luuks” and the drapery “Baltika”). The main focus is on the analysis of the sources of origin of semantic groups of words — fabric pragmonims, touching the problem of the suitability of these sources for fabric pragmonims. The article shows the change in the number of real tissue names, discusses their motivation factors, and provides recommendations for creating tissue pragmoniums.” 2. Overview of Lithuanian tissue pragmatics 2.1 According to the data of the price lists of the retail prices of fabrics, state standards, technical conditions and technical descriptions, in 1950-1979 in the republic 789 fabrics were called pragmoni, of which 411 were wool, 358 silk, 11 linen and 9 cotton. 3 Mockosuy B. A. Vxa3. cou., c. 253. * Casun-Jlasapesa 3. C. Bonpocbi seiGopa ToBapHbixX 3HaKOB., —Bonpocki H30OperaTeJLCTBa, 1967, Ne 6, c. * Komonosa 3. It. Vka3. co4., c. 337-338. * Samples are taken from the albums of samples of fabrics of the Ministry of Light Industry of the Lithuanian SSR, the journal of registration of technical specifications of the Ministry of Light Industry of the Lithuanian SSR (1973—1979), the journal of registration of technical conditions of the Ministry of Light Industry of the Lithuanian SSR (1966—1979) and from various price lists of fabrics from the period 1950—1979. 8. 1019 225 Initially they were known as the "Wools of Prague". In addition to the already mentioned "Liuks" and "Baltikos", in 1955 the production of wool suit fabric "Drobė", coat "Vasara" (factory "Drobė"), cloth "Spalis" (factory "Liteksas") began. The actual names of silk fabrics appeared a little later. In 1957 Kaunas audiniai produced the following silk fabrics: Berželis, Genys, Gintaras, Kregzdutė, Neris, Pavasaris, Snaigė. In 1959, a number of linen fabrics were introduced, such as the “Banga” dress fabric, the “Palanga” and “Vasara” materials for children’s clothing. Meanwhile, the first cotton fabric pragmonim was used only in 1966. Then the factory “Audėjas” began to produce tapestry “Lietuva- ”. The change in the number of real names of fabrics produced in the Lithuanian SSR in the last three decades (1950—1979) is shown in Table 1. Since the 1960s, the number of textile pragmatisms has increased considerably. They are mainly called silk and wool fabrics, because they are produced much more and more diverse than linen and cotton. 2.2 Regarding the motivation of Lithuanian fabric pragmatisms, it should be mentioned that most of these real names are like memorial names, i.e. they are based on the names of natural phenomena, place names, plants, animals, products, devices and other names, and also reflect the concepts of human spiritual activity and creation. Another pragmatism of fabrics is other kind of motivation, e.g.: product quality (fabric “Luks” and “Kristalas” and “Perlas” — shiny fabrics); the nature of the product (fabrics "Crepe", "Bayus"); purpose of the product (sail fabric "Yacht"); the factory releasing the product (fabrics “Drobė”, “Lima”, “Liteksas”). The motivation of pragmatisms is closely related to their sources. Which semantic groups of words are used to form Lithuanian fabrics? These are names of natural phenomena, place names, names of plants, animals, products and devices, names of companies, names of people, spiritual concepts of human activity and creation (see table 2). Tables 3 and 4 show a more detailed semantic classification of the sources of pragmonims in silk and wool fabrics. Properly selected fabric names play a positive role in the fabric assortment, provide the consumer with information about the product, as if advertising it. 2.2.1. Names of natural phenomena most typical for silk fabrics (65 silk fabric pragmonimy from 108 pragmonimy of this origin source). They make up about a fifth of the real names of these tissues. These are names of various natural substances (e.g., “Amber”, “Pearl”, “Ruby”, “Snake”), celestial bodies (e.g., “Mars”, “Sun”), seasons (e.g., “Spring”, “Summer”), parts of the day (e.g., “Day”, “Morning”, “Evening- ”) and other various names, such as: “Echo”, “Brightness”, “Dew”, “Swirl”, “Glow” and so on. A significant part of the production of Kaunas audiniai is called these pragmonis. Some of them are related to the purpose of the material, for example, evening fabric "West", the appearance of the material, for example: "Pearl", "Crystal". Most of them are simply designed to give meaning to natural phenomena. 2.2.2. Wool fabrics reflect natural phenomena somewhat weaker (36 wool fabric pragmons from 108 pragmons of this origin source). They make up only about a tenth of the real names of all wool materials. For example, wool dress fabrics "Wave", "Spring", "Sun", costume fabrics 226 "Echo", "Amber", "Mist", coat fabrics "Mist", "Snow", "Snowman", "Rainbow", "Lightning", "Star", cloth "Shark", etc. ir We could not blame the name of wool fabrics as natural phenomena. However, it is unfortunate that these fabrics (especially for suit coats) ir are used the same groups of natural tų phenomena or simply the same names as for silk fabrics, e.g. : ir "Echo", "Glory", "Amber", "Mist", "Snake", "Foam" "Morning", "Rainbow", "Summer" etc. ir After all, wool fabrics are thicker, coarser, so ir jų pragmoni should raise somewhat different images. 2.2.3. Pronouns are usually used for the proper names of wool fabrics to form wool fabrics pragmonis of (137 this source pragmonis a third of all iš 190 wool fabrics pragmonis). ir iš These are ethnographic areas, settlements, seas, lakes, rivers, castle hills, etc. ir names. Most commonly, local names are chosen for coat fabrics, e.g. : “Akmenė”, “Dainava”, “Dangė”, “Dubysa”, “Gondinga”, “Juodkrantė”, “Puožas”, “Sartai”, “Žeimena” drapes, such ir as: “Ančia”, “Dūkštas”, “Kaunas”, “Kauno marios”, “Neris”, “Nevėžis”, “Palanga”, “Rambynas”, “Šatrija” ir etc. These are the only names of wool suits fabrics, e.g. : 20, “Akmena”, “Kražiai”, “Merkys”, “Nida”, “Naglis”, “Nosas”, “Pandėlys”, “Turmantas”, “Venta” etc., dresses only a ir few o — "Dainava- ", "Neringa" ir etc. : Vilnoniy fabrics proper names for the creation iš of place names should be supported. It is a large group of lexical. There are a number of different names for ir this phenomenon. 2.2.4. The 100-year-old plant is known to contain about 70% of all the essential fatty acids in the body (e.g., 70% of the total fatty (48 acids in the iš 190 body). : "Baltija", "Dainava", "Dubysa", "Naglis", "Neva", "Nevėžis", "Praha", "Tokijo", "Vilnius", "Žalgiris", ir etc. The name of the river is used mainly for this ir purpose. 2.2.5. About a fifth of the wool fabrics real names of plants names pragmonimas — this source pragmonima- (81 s). It's mostly iš 150 flowers (e.g., “Popcorn”, “Jurginas”, “Witch”, “Tulip”), trees, shrubs, ir (e.g. ‘Acacia’, ‘Azuolas’, ‘Ąžuoliukas’, ‘Eglė’, ‘Eglutė’, ‘Liepa’, ‘Putinas’, ‘Skroblas’, ‘Uosis’), fruit berries ir (e.g., ‘Oatmeal’, ‘Swallow’, ‘Nutmeg’), parts of plants (e. g. : "Leaf", "Flower") names. Plant names are particularly often used to form the pragmonims of wool dresses and wool suits. ir 2.2.6. A number of silk fabrics are described by the names of plants (e.g. : (66 iš 150 "Popcorn", "Astra", "Jurginas", "Camellia", "Chestnut", "Hazelnut", "Palm", "Nut", "Uoga", "Žilvitis" etc. ir The names ir of flower trees make up about a third of po the real names of silk fabrics. But the words for flowers (especially for silk fabrics) could be used even more. After all, flowers better than trees can describe the texture of silk fabrics, tendernejų ss, 8* į 227 2.2.7. In the pragmatics of silk and wool fabrics, we also find nouns meaning the names of animals. There are 49 silk and 45 wool fabrics. The most common nouns denoting birds and animals and beasts, e.g.: silk fabrics "Plough", "Dagilis", "Garnys", "Genys", "Genmiukas", "Penguin- ", "Povas" and "Lamb", "Briedis", "Hare" and so on. Wool fabrics: "Garnys", "Genys", "Kielė", "Olėda", "Penguin- ", "Briedis", "Stumbras", "Žernas" and others. Regarding silk fabrics, it should be mentioned that nouns denoting animals and beasts are particularly typical for artificial furs, e.g.: “Lamb”, “Kitten”, “Leopard- ”, “Pug”, “Poodle”, “Otter”, etc. This is a practical thing that reflects the appearance of artificial fur. 2.2.8. The names of products and equipment mainly describe silk fabrics (30 real names of silk fabrics from 50 pragmonims of this source), e.g.: “Harp”, “Flute”, “Yacht”, “Candle”, “Carousel”, “Satellite”, “Rocket”, “Skudutis” and others. Some of these pragmonims (e.g., sail fabric „Yachra“) indicate the purpose of the fabric, others (e.g., musical instruments „Kanklės“, „Skudutis“) are well suited to describe the appearance of the fabric, its softness, lightness. 2.2.9. Another fabric is called by company names, for example: wool fabrics "Drobė", "Lima", "Liteksas". The silk fabric is given an abbreviation. the name ‘Ziko’ (Zibert Silk Plant). Abbreviated fabric names should not be accepted, for the simple reason that they are often only understood by the manufacturers themselves. 2.2.10. About a fifth of the pragmonims of wool and as many of silk fabrics are one or another name of people. These are the names of literary heroes (e.g., "Buratinas", "Coliukė", "Cinderella"), mythological creatures (e.g., "Aitvaras", "Laumė"), ethnographic Lithuanian regions or inhabitants of cities (e.g., "Dzūkė", "Kaunietė", "Žemaitis"), groups of people and professions (e.g., "Hunter", "Schoolgirl", "Pioneer- ", "Fisherman"), age groups (e.g., "Youth", "Baby"), kinship relationships (e.g., "Sis", "Uošvė") and so on. Especially popular are common people's names. They are mainly used to refer to silk clothing fabrics, such as Asta, Gintė, Gražina, Milda, Ona, Silva, Stasė, Vida, Jūratė, as well as wool clothing fabrics, such as Asta, Elvyra, Judris, Jūratė, Lina, Milda, Nijolė, etc. Names of historical figures are quite popular for naming drapes, for example: “Mantas- ”, “Margiris”, “Mindaugas”, “Vytenis- ”, “Žygimantas” and others. Part of the pragmonims of the drapes — names of historical figures — could be considered memorial. They give the impression of majesty, solemnity, which goes well with the thickness and heaviness of these materials. However, in future, when creating proper names for tissues, people's names should not be used too often. 2.2.11. The real names of some fabrics are spiritual concepts of human activity and creation. This reflects literary forms or genres (e.g., "Balade", "Pasaka- ", "Sakmė"- ), concepts of art (e.g., "Etude"), names of dances (e.g., "Kepurinė", "Rumbo", "Suktinis", "Tango"), sports (e.g., "Sambo", "Chess"), fashion trends (e.g., "Midi*"). Quite prominent in this group of human relations (e.g., "Friendship", "Takedown"), human ideals (e.g., "Freedom", "Progress", "Peace") 228 concepts, spiritual states of people (e.g., Happiness, Peace, Romance, "Hope" (feat. Maximum (41 iš 53 pragmonims of this source) concepts of the creation of spiritual ar human activity are called silk fabrics. Properly selected pragmonis of this group allow to beautifully embody fabrics. 2.2.12. There are ir few real names for linen cotton fabrics (linen — 11, cotton — 9 pragmonimi). Pragmons of linen materials are — words denoting natural phenomena (e.g., "Dawn", "Wave", "Spring", "Rainbow", "Summer"), place names (e.g. Minija-4, Palanga, Širvėna), plant names (e.g., "Poppy", "Lime", "Rose"). The three pragmonims of cotton fabrics are — the names of people („Dzukė“, „Elzė“, „Sūduvietė“); several overlapping po natural jų phenomena su (e.g., "Morning", "Autumn") ir place names (e.g., “Lietuva”, “Neris”), one company name — (“Audėjas”). 2.3. Overview of Lithuanian fabric pragmatics shows a partial specialization of real names according to fabric groups together with factories. ir This specialisation is a positive thing. Ji appeared when individual factories began to call their products the pragmonims of one of ar several semantic groups. For example, Laisvės factory made wool coats and suit fabrics mostly with the names of the craftsmen, e.g. : na "Gelvis", "Gilutis", "Narutis", "Nosas", "Puožas", "Senkutis", "Šlavantas", "Vėlys", "Žaltytis", "Žuvintas" etc. ir Wool coat and suit fabrics of Nemunas factory usually have names of places of residence, such as: Kelmė, Kražiai, Lieplaukė, Pandėlys, Telšiai, Utena. However, these factories could specialize the real fabric names in more detail, i.e. ir according to the purpose of the fabric. For example, leaving the names of the settlements “Nemunas” and the lakes “Laisvė” for the coat fabrics, it would be necessary to look for new pragmatic groups for the costume materials produced by these factories. It is mainly produced by Litex. — These are thick, heavy fabrics, therefore they have been chosen memorial names, as if having a solemn shade, for example: names of cities („Kaunas“, „Vilnius“), historical and famous places („Pilėnai“, „Stelmužė“), natural monuments („Puntukas“), rivers („Neris“, „Nevėžis“), mountains („Rambynas“, „Šatrija“), historical personalities („Mindaugas“, „Vytenis“, „Žygimantas“- ). It seems that these pragmatisms have taken place, but it is hardly worth reducing the number of semantic groups of the sources of the real names of the drapi. 2.3.1. The largest part of wool costume fabrics is produced by the association “Drobės”. These fabrics are usually called by nouns denoting trees (e.g., “Oak”, “Birch”, “Cloth”, “Chestnut- ”, “Maple”, “Putin”) and birds (e.g., “Apookas”, “Garnys”, “Gužutis”, “Kėkštas”, “Kikilis”, “Kurtinys”, “Laukys”, “Žvirblis”). Such ideas are quite good: the bark and cross-section of a tree, as well as the feathers of a bird can be partially imitated by the pattern of a wool suit fabric. However, the names of birds should not be used to name the wool clothing fabrics produced by „Drobės“, e.g.: „Gervė“, „Kielė“, „Volunė“ etc. ir 2.3.2. The assortment of wool dress fabrics is narrower than that of silk. They are mainly produced in monochrome. Most of them have pragmoniums created by plant229 change in number 1950—1979 m. 1 Table 1 Linen Cotton Iš total number % number % number % 3 27,27 — — 79 10,01 8 72,73 1 11,11 352 44,61 - there 8 88,89 358 45,38 11 100,00 9 100,00 789 100,00 2 table fabrics by source of origin Cotton Linen total number number Iš number on the basis of % names, e.g. : % % 2 2,22 5 45,46 108 13,69 2 22,22 3 21,27 190 24,08 - - 3 27,27 150 190,1 = -= - - 95 12,04 - = - = 50 6,34 1 11,11 > - 6 0,76 3 33,34 - a 137 17,36 || 11,11 - > 53 6,72 9 100,00 11 100,00 789 100,00 231 lų "Poppy", "Olive", "Phlox", "Lubin", "Petunia", "Piper". These fabrics in ir the future it is appropriate to call the names of monochrome flowers, fruits, berries. Silk fabrics have more pronounced patterns, usually marbled. They are suitable for multi-colored flowers, natural phenomena, ar spiritual creations of people and words expressing concepts. Perhaps it is not worth calling silk fabrics by place names, trees, especially people’s 0 names. — 2.3.3. Not bad ideas for children's fabrics. In particular, the real names of fabrics representing literary heroes, e.g. : "Coliukė", "Nežiniukas", "Spragtukas" and maZybiniai nouns, such as: "Friend", "Canary", "Carrot", "Putty", "Ring", etc. ir 2.4. In the future, when improving the system of fabric pragmonims, it would be useful to no select one or more prevailing semantic groups of genuine fabric names for individual po fabric groups produced by each factory according to their purpose. With changing fabric assortment, it is difficult to achieve that real fabric names survive for a longer time, several decades, such as “Baltika”, “Luuks”. However, a greater consistency of tissue pragmonium would still be a positive thing. As a solution to šį the problem, it is worth thinking manufacturers. It is hardly ar appropriate to give a fabric a new real name only after a slight change in the structure of the material. In this case, we could use series of pragmonims indicating the year of manufacture or the serial number of the fabric. There has been another similar attempt. For example, "Drobė" made fabric Krepas-65, Liteksas — "Neringa-2", "Stumbras- -2", "Laisvė" — ‘Tauras-2’ ir etc. A significant drawback of Lithuanian fabric pragmatism is that often the same word is used to name several different products. Such names, according to the author of the article, there are even 123. Most often, the pragmonis of ir wool silk fabric coincide, e.g.: wool coat fabric silk dress fabric "Akacija" ir m.), wool coat fabric silk dress fabric "Asta" m.), (1970 wool coat fabric "Šilas" ir (1974 (1976) ir silk dress fabric "Silver" (1976). Vienodai („Neris“) vadinamas šilkinis audinys (1957—1979 m.) ir wool tapestry (1970 m.). There is a number of ir different types of clay, such as: clay-based clay (e.g., clay-based clay-bas- (1965 ed clay). ir Linen porter fabric "Aušra" (1966 m.), wool cloth "Palanga" m.) (1957 ir linen fabric for children's clothing "Palanga" m.). (1959 29 iš 123 tissue pragmonij retojanet si three times, e.g. : „Rytas“ — wool suit fabric m.), silk dress (1965 fabric (1967, 1979 m.) ir cotton dress fabric m.); (1979 The "rainbow" is called wool coat fabric m.), silk dress fabric m.) (1965 (1968 ir linen dress fabric (1969 m.). Such repetitive practices inform buyers poorly about the group of fabric, its purpose, manufacturer. Therefore, creating real fabric names required more ingenuity. The creators of Lithuanian fabric pragmatics sometimes use irregular, non-normative tų forms of conditional names, e.g. : ‘Astra’ (= "Astra", "Dangė" (= "Danė"), "Gondinga" (= "Gandinga"), "Kadugys" (= Juniper), "Chestnut" 232 Dresses Costumes. Group, subgroup number" |% | number |% | number 2) literary heroes - -1 | 1429 2 3) mythological names 1 500 2 | 2857 5 4) various in 500, 3 | 285 5 Total 20 100,00 7 [10009 37 VII. Concepts of human spiritual activity, creativity: | 1) music - -1 | s000 2 2) meno = | --| = | | p= HE AE 4) the spiritual state of people, thoughts, feelings | | —| PE |. | | miscellaneous 5) - | = 1 5000, ji Total —| —2 10000, 5 A. The French medical terminology is the terminology used in French medical practice. —V., 1977, 88 p. [Ministry of Higher and Special Secondary Education of the Lithuanian SSR. Kaunas Medical Institute]. The foreign language lecturers of Kaunas Medical Institute have prepared and published a number of educational dictionaries of medical terms for the students of this institute. Such activities of teachers should be supported and encouraged in every way. Educational dictionaries of terms and glossaries are not only important supporting literature for students — they can help to organize, standardize and introduce into use normative regular terms, eliminate terminology shortcomings, clarify its gaps. So properly prepared, coordinated. This glossary, which is developed in collaboration with specialists in the relevant field (in this case, medicine) and linguist-terminologists, can effectively contribute to the development of terminology in the relevant field. This is especially true for terminology of those fields of science (including medicine) for which there are no large Lithuanian explanatory dictionaries and dictionaries of normative terms translated into the respective languages. 240