Žodžių atrankos problema „Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos žodyne“

LITHUANIAN LANGUAGE SPECIAL LEXICON LITHUANIAN LANGUAGE QUESTIONS, XXII (1983) A. In the preface to his Lithuanian Grammar, written in 1901, J. Jablonskis complained that “the Lithuanian written language has not yet been worked out”, that there are still many “fluctuations” in it. About 80 years have passed since the appearance of that grammar, during which time the Lithuanian literary language has grown considerably, its vocabulary has been enriched, more firm laws of its grammar, spelling, pronunciation, pronunciation, stylistics, etc. have been established, but “fluctuations” in various areas of the language occur even now. "Dictionary of Modern Lithuanian Language- "? (hereinafter DZ) task —to help overcome these “fluctuations”, to carry out important work of language standardization, especially in the field of lexicon. DŽ does not aim to encompass the entire treasure of words of Lithuanian language, all words of Lithuanian folk language and written writings at any time. Its aim is to present primarily the words of the contemporary literary Lithuanian language, indicate their basic forms, spelling, pronunciation, explain the meanings of the words and illustrate them with short characteristic examples. One of the most important issues when compiling a DZ is the definition of the composition of the vocabulary, its list of words. The difficulties in selecting words arise from the diversity of the composition of the lexical language itself. For words are very different in their structure, construction, semantic and syntactic relations, their connection, chronological, social and logical characteristics. The question of word selection becomes even more complicated with regard to literary language, which includes both written and spoken language. In addition, the dictionary must respect not only the active stock of words, which is characteristic of the entire speakers' collective, but also the passive stock, which in a certain amount must also enter the normative Zodyna. One of the most difficult problems of creating a DL is the inclusion of non-universal, non-normative lexical elements in the dictionary. The most difficulty is caused by dialectic vocabulary, which constantly flows into literary language, diversifying it with new nominative, stylistic and other elements. In general, dialects were and are the best source of supplementation of the Lithuanian literary language. Today, many people do not even think that such simple words as price, goods, kind, resin, beam, tin, etc. have long been far from literary words. By penetrating into the literary language, dialect and spoken language words show an unrelenting growth of its resources, along with the process of renewal and democratization of the lexicon. The constant interaction of literary language and dialects poses a difficult problem for lexicographers in selecting dialects, forcing them to look for reliable criteria for selecting words. The most important DZ word selection! Dictionary of Modern English. —V., 1972. 147 criterion — the prevalence of words, their usage in literary language. If a dialect Zodis or phrase is used only in the works of one or two writers, it is usually not added to the dictionary. For example, the words krioklinis „rėksnys“, iSgyvendius „nuskurdėlis“ are used only in I. Simonaitytė’s writings and are reasonably not added to the DZ. But the word /ėnkė „clone, valley“ is used not only by I. Simonaitytė, but also by Lazdynų Pelėda, Žemaitė, Valančius, Vaižgantas and other writers and is rightly included in the DZ. Many dialectal words have long been used in fiction as a stylistic means to create a local color or to depict the real life of rural people. Some of them perform the functions of ethnographisms, others are related to the daily life and customs of local people, some have even acquired terminological meanings, e.g.: darynis "such a Dzūkian meal from cottage cheese", Juokas "a hammer for hitting fish under the ice", géZa "a row of breaking sea waves", salpa "a place of flooded pond". The word "nudiénis" is now often used in the press as a substitute for the synonym "today's- ". The spread of dialects in literary language is also largely determined by social reasons. The user of literary language is now a whole nation—people not only from the cities, but especially from the countryside, all those who are well versed in their dialects. It is not possible to say that the presentation of the townships in DG is done completely perfectly and that nothing can be changed here. In that dictionary tarmybiy with marked žem. (Zemaičių), ryt. (Eastern Highlands), vak. (western highlanders), dz. (dzūku) or simply tarm. (pronounced) is presented in 2000. It seems that this figure could be much lower. Many of the dialectal words presented by D. Ž. could remain only in the multi-volume “Dictionary of Lithuanian Language”, because they have not been widely used in literary language. Here are a few examples: 1) Samogitian: aigara „Shap, straw; a little bit", aimata "depravity; jokes; izdykėlis- ", čėižti "to cut, to beat", čidpa "who grabs, grabs, waste", dikas "dirty, sloppy", drakoti "to minde, to destroy- ", drežėti "to yell, to regret", dugnėlis "the large intestine", gagré "Aapsileidėlis, nevala", gibena "who is nugeibės, who is out of control", glimūs "glitus", gramaritas "grumstas, luitas", gūdnotrėlė "nettle", gvizdė "unserious woman, plush", fstingu "at once, with that beginning", Yvas "a puppy", keréZytis "to fight, to fight", kldnkis "a buzz", klekméné "confusion; confusion anxiety", klidka "squat; plepys“, kliopti „greedy srébti, drinking- “, kliurmai „muds, bottoms- “, screaming „strike, resist; kėsintis- “, krūpė „toad“, kumpėsas „hump-grown tree or man; kreivys“, nakabis „velnias- “, otrūs „jautrus, opus: uolus“, pditvétis „sirgti, galuotis- “, pylė „antis“, pūtelis „putinas“, rūbulti „ritinti, vynioti“, skaudūs „šykštus“, sndpis „apsnūdėlis“, spagas „laSas“, strūbas „striukas, trumpas“, šatrūs „gyvas, mitrus“, štikti „spėti“, vambolé „juodbabalis“, vafstas „vasarojus“, Zagata „šarka“, Zebelés „niekai“, žvygsėoti „špindėti- “; 2) Eastern Highlands: digėti “to hunger, to germinate”, akčiva “sorcery, eye deception”, akyvas “eye”, atšiūžus “ugly”, bilčius “barring, punishment”, čečiūoti “to chop, to throw”; chaižyti“, dangdjus „clothes, covering“, strižti „hard to carry, drag“, dudgas „thinking, reasoning“, gaimaras „wastefulness; laiginys", gyvakaras "What is weak, barely alive", griauna "bread sting, žiauberė", įsas "short", įsddas "backyard", jovaidas "pabalda", kepėšyti "before speaking, arguing", krovoti "move, lay down", likštis "yda, shortage- ", mdidara "unserious Man", mazgolis "knot", mėkena "clumsy man, ištižėlis", mugoti "lampoti", pdivyti 148 „hit, hurt“, pdrpeliai „balls“, pčikštus „opus, sensitive- “, pratėgė „empty space“, puiris „rotten tree“, pūžas „small thing, thick“, sébinti „to save“, sinkus „small“, slistis „eye deception“, spanda „pillar“, svéti „to break, to offer“, šlaimas „unstable“, Saints „concessional, unstable- “, švidras „whirlwind, whirlwind“, tainioti „to carve“, donioti „to smell“; 3) Western Highlands: dmas "mouth, voice", bufgė "clamp"; buza“, čuničyti „to delay, to delay“, čirti „to be poor, not to grow, to disappear“, dulbsti „to work slowly, to struggle- “, gneiza „pollution“, gruinas „naked, clean“, kiūtena „a little one, a slipper“, kriaūkalas „a lump“, legoti „to greedyly swallow, to eat“, maištrium „mixed, mixed“; 4) Dzūkian: aiva “a squeeze”, dylūtė “a strain”, dvėlūoti “to breathe hard”, grauzdūs “angry, rough”, gūzoti “thick, warmly dressed, tulled”, kivinklas “obstacle”; negerovė- “, kupūrna „a hill, grass“, kvėkšti „to speak in a muffled voice; whistling- ", rain "bug, kiss" and so on. In vain would we look for these words in the writings of several writers. They are not used in the literary language. The efforts of the dictionary authors to spread these words in literary language were unsuccessful. The main reason for this is their rarity, the presence of more common substitutes in the language. The words in the text are spoken by the speakers. It is a pity that they are not discussed more extensively in the DG introduction. They can be described as words characterized by freedom of expression, light-heartedness, sometimes even roughness or mockery. Often they have a derogatory or derogatory connotation. describes something in a vivid, hyperbolic way, e.g.: bdba, „Wife“, sénis, „husband- “, kimsti, kirsti, kudpti „greedy, eat a lot“, kurti, mduti, šveisti „run fast“, etc. The words of the spoken language are often dialects that have crossed the territorial threshold, and to distinguish them precisely is sometimes quite difficult or simply impossible." There are over 2000 of them in the DZ, but a large part of them are pure dialects, e.g.: arda „west, disagreement“, arėnti,urgzti, bark“, babaliuoti „to talk about nothing, to wabble“, būkoti „to clog, to interfere“, balda „to beat, to beat up“. trouble, worry”, bige “sharpened knife; short tail", business "without tail; short, jacket", blazgūtėti "to whisper, curse; steaming; knead, crush, crush, crush, crush, crush, crush; calves; swinging- ", dpkbandé "children, unused animals", disideris "lazy, wandering", driumbéti "running with noise: dumping", gangarioti "walking- ", gogla, géZelis "snobber- ", gūra "big, nodding man", jūšinti "running, hushing", kėkšis "cart with a hook, horse", kemėža "snake:; neūžauga- ", kėrežioti "clumsily walk, Zergloti; loading, rioglinti", keėkšlinti "slowly go", kibyklas "broken, broken thing, groozd", kibinklas "obstacle; discord", kiketa "laughter; who laughs“, teasnoti „ristele joti“, klibinda „out of place thing; šlubis", klūbunduoti "difficulty, stumbling to walk", knidša "slut, liurbis", kniūra "slut"; verksnys- “, kvdnka „snoot, spit“, letėžis „thin cake; ištižėlis“, maulidti „klamppoti“, muguljs „nenuorama“, mūkulas „gumulas- “, pliova „pliauškalius“, repéZa „what is small, unmoveable“, švajūs „plepus“, švdti „plepėti“, talavykas „plepys, tauškalius“, tifvinti „hardly carry, pull“, vddala „valkata- “, zpkti „zirzti“, žlifigas „what is soaked; purvynas” and others. In future editions of DZ they could be omitted altogether or at least their stylistic references changed. * Pickling J. Stylistics. —V., 1975, vol. 2, p. 97. 149 Į DŽ added about 250 word su mark psn. These are outdated words ar jų forms, so-called archaisms, e.g.: brotis "brother", snake "beast"; life", prisoner ‘prison’, kodrin "why" (not containing todrine) - All right! ), namdpi "toward home", savespi „to myself, į myself” ir etc. These words are occasionally used in fiction as a stylistic means of creating historical color to convey the spirit of antiquity. ar Part of the archaisms presented DŽ, are long gone usage words, e.g. būžmas iš "a multitude, a crowd", nafsas "wrath, anger", pddiksis „hope, confidence“, prekijas „seller“, rūštininkas „writer“, savastis „property“, tvarinjs „creation“, vaizba "trade", wind "old", visitor “farm, farmsteir ad” etc. Standard type It is not recommended to use it, as it is jų no longer used. Certain inaccuracies have been made in characterizing the outdated Words. DŽ Ta the same note psn. Sometimes only ne obsolete words are marked as — archaisms, but words ir denoting past life phenomena, old-fashioned people's habits, e.g.: pénas, ponia, panėlė, kūmas, prūšymas, prieglauda, priežiūras, prakilnybé, kvorta, mdrgas ha“, valūkas, pagalvė „personal „0,5 tax“, egzekucija, licitūcija, liokumus, etc. These words are not obsolete, we have no other substitutes for them, obsolete are only the concepts and phenomena marked with them. Therefore, it would be more accurate to use two terms for this purpose: arch. (archaism) — an outdated word, its form, phrase and psn. —obsolete, out of circulation object, phenomenon, concept. Minimum amount of obsolete and unnecessary foreign words in the DZ (shoulder, belly, buttock, millet, ir etc.). Foreign words, which occur in folklore and fiction for certain stylistic reasons, can be very informative to readers. Academician L. Ščerba believes that “negative language material, skillfully selected and presented in a normative dictionary with certain markings, can be very useful especially in the fight against free, but unusable word combinations”*. A special publication* has been published in Lithuanian for this purpose, so it is not necessary to expand the number of foreign words in the DŽ. During the Soviet period, Lithuanian terminology grew considerably. In this age of technical-scientific revolution, the Lithuanian language was invaded by a huge number of special names — terms that mean various concepts of science, art, technology, production, culture and social life. Already more than 30 dictionaries of various terms are being studied. There are already several tens of thousands of deadlines, and the number is growing. Their presentation in general dictionaries is one of the most difficult problems. In the lexicographic work there are various tendencies: some lexicographers propose to put all terms into general dictionaries, others — not to put them at all, since no Dictionary can cover them all*. In the face of these extreme tendencies, the challenge now is to find criteria on the basis of which a flexible methodology of presentation of terms in general dictionaries could be established. It is proposed that only those terms which, being special, are at the same time li8 IllepG6a JI. B. We're going to try to find a way out of this, and we're going to try to find a way out of this. — JI., 1974, c. 288. + Language practice tips. —V., 1976. 5 Kaaasroba I. II. K npoGaeme orGopa cios B cinosapsix. - B kH. : COoBpeMeHHOCTb H cjnoBapu. JI., 1978, c. 20. 150 the property of the theatrical language. It is important to know how the term is used in the language. If it is used only in special literature, ne but in journalism, press, fiction, this is the ir basis for including general dictionaries. Preference should be given to those terms that jį are used in į several branches of science, e.g.: element, phase, reaction, sphere, action, voltage, etc. ir Especially high school textbooks need to be į taken into account, because the terms used in them are the most general and necessary. ir Non-thermal characteristics must also be taken into account į jų — į jų visuality, emotionality, į ability to make comparisons, constant word combinations. Other criteria, such as the relevance of terms, may be used to overcome the difficulties of terms mi ir selection. ir jy criteria of public interest. In today’s life, sports, astronautics, electronics, nuclear physics, cybernetics, etc. have become very relevant. ir Terms. It has been noted that į the terms that denote relative, species concepts penetrate the general usage more quickly. o ne Therefore, the names of machines, devices, apparatus are more often mi į dictionaries as parts tų names of machines, devices. DŽ very unevenly presented terms in some — iš special fields presentjų ed several po hundred, o iš other areas just one po another. The list below shows the quantitative relationship of terms DJ. botany — 718 ( words) i geometry — 28 technique — 230 economy — 24 medicine — 149 philosop- — 23 hy chemistry — 103 architecture — 14 history — 97 ethnography —13 grammar — 90 astronomy — 10 military term. —83 veterinary —8 mathematics agriculture physics —80 — 82 pharmacy -7 —8 linguistics —74 finance -6 sports -13 agronomic -3 anatomy - 72 physiology -3 literature — 62 folklore -3 music — 61 commerce - 3 ecclesiastical — 60 mythology - 3 cooking —48 textile -3 special — 40 photograp- —2 hy biology — 36 aviation law —2 — 34 mineralogy —1 geography — 32 psychology - 1 policy - 29 construction -1 The number of terms marked with these sub-signs in DZ is about 2500. To this figure should be added about 400 terms that do not have certificates, but are replaced by appropriate definitions. This means that the total number of terms in the DG is about 2900, or 594 of the total number of words. This is not a large number compared to dictionaries of other languages (for example, the calculation of L. Stupin, English Webster's dictionary jų contains about 23949). ¢ Crynna JI. II. 1998-1999 Hexoropbia 3aMe4aHHs1 B CBS3H ¢ paboTOil Hal HOBbIM AKAIIEMHYČCKHM CJIOBapeM. — Becr. JITY. 1975, T. 8, Bain. 2, c. 150. 151 As we can see from the list, DŽ lacks terms from electronics, hydrology, meteorology, typography, shipping and other fields. From construction, agronomics, agriculture, etc. only one or a few are presented. The question arises as to whether a certificate is required for those areas which are only issued after several terms. Although the list of abbreviations includes pedagogy, there is not a single word in the Dictionary marked with this abbreviation. On the other hand, the list of abbreviations does not include misk. (forestry) and log. (logic), but in the text of the dictionary they occur occasionally (see: punctuation, syllogism- ). As in every large work, there are inconsistencies, omissions, for example, a lot of names of animals and birds are given: kitten "cat's cub", puppy "dog's cub", tiger, mouse, penguin, etc., but there is no rabbit (although a bunny is included), no mouse (although there is a rat), no swallow, etc. As we have seen from the list, the most abundant of the terms are the names of plants, but there are missing some names of apple varieties well known to gardeners: kridušinis, molinis, pėpinas, vėlsis, etc. There is a lack of some well-known names of ornamental plants and flowers for florists: chokeberry, hydrangea, gerbera, puddlewood, seeder, etc. The vocabulary should be supplemented with other now widely used terms: aerosol chem., aktudlija, aukštalipys, -ė, greitkelis, informatika, kampudtis tech., krimplinas tekstas, skreejikas tech. and even some words now used in everyday language: atostogpinigiai, aulinūkai „shoes with short heels“, benzino kolonėlė „petrol pump“, išradimas, meflė, pakudté, pėdūkė „trampa foot sock“, pynūtė „woven bun“, poilsiauvietė, šliaužtinūkai „baby panties“, tūkstksininkas, -é, vardatėviai, žūklūvietė and others. The selection of phonetic and morphological variants of words is becoming a matter of life. There are over a thousand of them in DZ, most with the normative reference see (=see), others without that reference. Many of these variants are words that have long gone out of literary usage, e.g.: ankstybas —early, bdilé —fear, dalgė — dalgis, driežlas —driežas, diiksauti —sighing, dulsūs —duslus, dumburys —duburys, kalčia —culpa, kerėbla —kerépla, klientas —lean, skoma, skémas — taste, rūišas —raišas, skraitas —skreitas, spiétlius —spiečius, etc. They are hardly added to subsequent editions of the JG. The selection of verb nouns, called nomina actionis and nomina agentis, poses considerable difficulties to the composers of the DG. If they do not have any special meaning, DŽ are added to the verbs from which they are made, if they have any special or terminological meaning, they are added separately as title Words. In their letters to the editorial board of the Journal of Linguistics, some readers have complained that these nouns are presented very differently in the dictionary — they are added to some verbs, and not to others. This is the case throughout the entire dictionary. They propose to add “nomina actionis” and “nomina agentis” to all verbs without exception. What is the answer to this? Verb nouns are so common that they can be constructed from almost any verb and included in the dictionary. This has been done by some of the old Dictionary authors (Fr. Kuršaitis, G. Neselmanas). The opposite is also possible. Since they are very simple to make and their meanings are self-evident, they are not worth putting into a 152 dictionary at all. Neither view seems to be acceptable. Mechanical construction and attachment of them to each verb leads to the creation of unnecessary words. On the other hand, rejecting them is contrary to the practice of language, since most of them are widely known and used Words. Therefore, it is best to follow the general principles of word selection here: to put in the DG only those words that are known and used in the language, which can, if necessary, be supported by living examples. Adjectives with suffixes -inis, -ė, -iškas, -d are abundant in Lithuanian. They can be made up of almost every noun with a particularly specific meaning. Adjectives with the suffix -inis, -ė are also made from adjectives themselves (saldus — saldinis), from numerals (pirmas — pirminis), from participants (dirbtas — artificialis) and even from adverbs and prepositions (iš anksto — išankstinis, aplink — aplinkinis- ). Their clear- "ning of DZ is usually only indicative - the arrow sign indicates from which base word they are made. In order to save space, adjectives with suffixes -inis, -ė, «iškas, -a, if they do not have any distinct meaning, could be presented exactly as "nomina actionis" and "nomina agentis", i.e. in the same nest of words from which they are made. There would be another reserve, finding a place for more necessary words. In the subsequent editions of the DŽ, there should be less use of the compound words of the self-evident verb, e.g.: baltakūklis, -ė „with a white neck“, juodaspafnis, -ė „with black wings“, penkiolikamėtis, -ė „fifteen years“, etc. It is not only impossible, but also not necessary to put all words of similar construction into DŽ, because their meaning is clear to the reader from the constituent components. It is practiced in the DG to present only the first component with a hyphen at the end of such words and to explain what the words formed with it mean, e.g. plural-„in compound words denotes the plurality of something- ”. The following headings with multiple are given only for words with exclusive or terminological meanings, e.g. polygon, polygonal, polygonal, etc., and all others are omitted. The practice of interpreting such words in the DZ should be used more frequently in future publications. In this way, space could be saved for more necessary words. DG is used to add and explain word prefixes. Knowing the meaning of the prefix, it is easy to understand what the word with that prefix means. The same functions as prepositions are performed by adverbs. Some of them are very productive in the present Lithuanian language. The noun suffixes -ininkas, -umas, -yba, -ybė, -ykla, -iklis, -uvas, etc. are now used to form many new words. Very productive are the suffixes -inis, -iškas, -ingas, -uotas, -otas, -étas of adjectives. Therefore, it is necessary to present DŽ and suffixes similarly as prefixes. But there are a lot of adverbs in Lithuanian. The number of noun suffixes in the academic Lithuanian grammar (I d.) alone is over 600. It is not possible to list and explain all suffixes in a small volume of the Dictionary. However, the most productive, most commonly used suffixes would be very useful to explain in a dictionary. DŽ could provide about 30 nouns, about 20 adjectives and about 10 verb suffixes. 153 All this shows that subsequent editions of the DG must be continuously improved both in terms of word selection and presentation of variants and other aspects. A considerable improvement of the DG has been made in comparison with the second edition (1954). Further work on improving the DG must be continued, if only because the language is constantly changing, developing, and new words and phrases appear in it. This work must be prepared in advance, both by collecting relevant material for the dictionary and by discussing various lexicographical issues. 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