Dėl socialinio termino „rykūnia“ formos

LITHUANIAN LANGUAGE SPECIAL LEXICON LITHUANIAN LANGUAGE QUESTIONS, XXII (1983) J. KARACIEJUS ON In the official writings of Old Lithuania, written in other languages (Belarusian, Polish, part of Latin), there have been so few Lithuanian words" iš whose spelling is comparatively very ne varied. ba Thereforiš e, it is always easy to reconstrne uct the true gender of the Lithuanian word from the inscriptions found in these manuscripts. Be some of the Lithuanian words in these writings are so distorted that it is not easy to believe in their Lithuanianness at first iš glance. ti jų It's easy to see by looking at į K. Jablonski- 's book “Lithuanian Words in the Old Lithuanian Written Language” (K., For 1941). example: berelo bėralas = in documents is written: 6epezna, 6epana, 6apeia, 62paa, 6apaa, 6epsna, G3psaa: bierota, berta (p. 2—4); jevja =jauja: ec Aa, A6'A, esq, essa, A85A, €'6AR, EeBbA, e6HA, A62U (nom. dual. ); iowia, iawia, jewia, iewia, iownia, jawia, jawgia, iawgia, jowia, jewnia, jownia (p. 78 — 84). In order to to establish as authentic as possible the Lithuanian word found in the following se entries (especially if it has already withdrawn the passive lexical fund in the living į language no longer used) gender, often ir there are considerable difficulties, because it is possible “reconstruct” ne one, but several forms. One such is relatively common in non-Lithuanian writings, in Lithuanian o writings it appears only J. In Bretkūnas’ Bible (with a changed meaning) and in Širvydas’ dictionary, there K. is a word that has long been no longer used in the living language, the Lithuanian form of which is still not clear, the social term rykūnia. — Jo The spelling in old documents written in other languages varies greatly, the form of the singular noun rikunia in o K. Širvydas’s dictionary also raises doubts. (56)? Iš K. ne Jablonskis, who has collected Lithuanian words from old Lithuanian business ir documents, restores the singular form rykūnė? in the book mentioned. Such a form of this social term iš K. Jablonski- 's books have been ir į included in the works of other historians*. Based on what K. Jablonski considered this form the most authentic, it is difficult to * K. Jablonskis indicates that in the old documents ne written in Lithuanian he managed to find common “basic Lithuanian words, together with 218 derivatives are about o su <...> jų 320“. — See. : Jablonskis K.. The meaning of Lithuanian words in the official language of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania for the history ir jų of Lithuanian cultural society. ir — Kn. : Jablonskis K. Lithuanian culture and its actors. V., 1973, p. 273. * Here are ir the numbers po of samples taken iš K. This is a list of the pages in the third edition of the dictionary. K. The photographic edition of this dictionary was used. — Kn. : The first dictionary of Lithuanian language. V., 1979. ' * Jablonskis K. Lithuanian words in the Old Lithuanian written language. — K., 1941, d. 1, p. 195. Ą * Plg. : Būtėnas D. Rykūnė. — History Iš of Lithuanian Culture. V., 1958, t. 1, p. 243— 247; Jurginis J. The History of the Lithuanian Peasants. — V., 1978, p. 33. 124 say. The most authoritative opinion on this matter is so long ago ne set out by K. Pa-kalka®, who was the first to question the correctness of this reconstruction. K. According to Pakalkas, the singular form of the noun of this Word is rykūnė, but rykūnia ne atrykinija®. ba However, ir it remains quite ne clear which of these iš forms to give preference, because, as already said, the form rikunia K. presented in Širvydo dictionary can iš really be reconstructed only rykūnia į or rykūnija in no way ir ne į shark. Ir That's why. K. In the third edition of the Širvydas dictionary, -ė ma -e (x 760x), occasionally — -ie (2 42x)and is only one example where singular. the denominator is written one-way - Yeah, another one. — -e, although, considering the Polish į and Latin words and their Lithuanian equivalents, it is possible to suspect that this is done deliberately, e.g. : Obecnošč | Praefentia. Buytis | bumenia, bukla, p. 229; potomnošč | potomny cads | Posteritas. sweat, bushes, p. 336. Therefore, it is self-evident that Širvydas K. distinguished the letters in the dictionary -meat from - IGkamien. It is true that this K. edition of the Širvydas dictionary contains a relatively large number of nouns - Yeah. The latter ending is used in two cases: one is written instead of ji -I (xX15x), elsewhere — replace with -ia (x26x)". However, -ia = -ija is undoubtedly readable in the following words: abacia 266, adweria 314, ceremonia 236, herejia 91, kancelari-a 94, kanoni-a 95, matmagia 162, materia 124, 411, mumia 182, padwaria 73 (although there is also padvaré in the ancient writings- ), panonia 374, piwania 297, plebonia 285, Jtacia 420, suplikacia 427, S3alawia 432. From the cited examples it is easy to see that these are mostly words of Slavic origin or words from other languages that came into Lithuanian through Slavic languages?. In addition to these examples, K. Širvydas- 's dictionary uses -ia to denote feminine nouns of the aukamieno genus: bumenia 229, iBmonia 391, miefkieria 427, minia 36, nuomonia 14, 52, 381, ratušia 374, sumania 353, wiešnia 73, wišnia 481, jinia 2, etc. It seems that in the time of K. Širvydas -iūkamienas was more widely used than it is now. Since then, some of the words of this root in the dialects have moved to the -ė root for phonetic and morphological reasons, because the interaction of both these roots is now noticeable®. Therefoir re, to determine the authenticityand form of this social term, it is necessary to look for other sources. The book of K. Jablonski, which has already been mentioned several times, contains a considerable number of excerpts from old documents, in which the word “rykūnia” is used. However, the use of this social term in various dialects seems to be more adapted to the language of the document from a morphological point of view and is not a completely reliable source for reconstructing its most authentic form. For example, in documents written in the territories of Vilnius Voivodeship and Ukmergė Pavieto we find the following forms: 5 The K. Iš history of Lithuanian words (rykūnija, rykūnia ir rykūnė). — Language culture. 1974, 100 mg/dL 27, p. 68. ¢ Pakalka K. Min. p., p. 68—69. Plg. but: Dictionary of the English Language. V., 1978,t. 11, p. 518. 7 This does not include examples where -it's written po e, o (gieradeia 29, nutirpintoia 53) and po č, dž (gifloéia 4, newedšžia 14). $ Skardžius P. The Slavic Borrowing words im Old Lithuanian. — K., 1931, p. 25, 49, 95, 126, 136, 150, 170, 205, 210. * For more details see. : Zinkevičius Z. Lithuanian dialectology. — V., 1966, p. 223—226. 125 PHIKVH A, pbIKYKOSA, pbiKYKbu, pbiKYKbIO, rykuny, rykuniey, rykunia; poixyKio, pbikyHUSA, psiKYUKHUU, poiKykusa, rykuniiq, rykunia, rykuniey, rykunij“, This social term is occasionally found in Lithuanian oaths of the 17th century. However, the word is also written differently, e.g. : Asz Palanya Adamaycia, rykunya by the oath of Mr. Iono Purtika, Upytė (1642)**; Asz Ona Jurgaicia Rykuniia'® Pona Albrychta Pousleyska prysyekiu, Upytė (1651). But these oaths, as can be seen from their later publications, were written, it seems, by people who did not know the Lithuanian language so well, because sometimes two separate words are shaken into one. It seems that autentiSkiausia form of this social term can be reconstructed based on the facts of the Lithuanian language. It seems that all linguists agree that the nomen agentis rykūnia is etymologically related to the verb rykauti, which is often found in ancient writings, meaning "to control, arrange, master, order". Thus, from the point of view of construction, it should not be a very old archaism, because we can easily distinguish the root ry and the suffix -ūn (cf. bėgūnas, tekūnas). Therefore, based on the form provided by K. Širvydas rikunia and remembering that in dialects -iūkamieno and -ėkamieno words often go into each other! *, it can be assumed that the most authentic form of this social term is rykūnia (see guest). It is not difficult to explain why J. Bretkūnas occasionally used the same word rykūne in the meaning of „Ssugulovės, Keibsweib“. We should not forget that in Lithuanian we have several nouns nomina agentis fem. with suffix -ija: gabija and others, nomina agentis neutr. madness „paikius, kvailys“ (LKZ I2 758), meldija „the petitioner who prays“ (LKZ VII 1028) and nomina agentis masc. media, trade, etc. But they are all very different from the rykūnija in terms of action—both the feminine and the masculine nominative agent is to form the suffix -ija by adding it directly to the root, not to the derived stem. Of these, nomina agentis fem. and neutral. the oldest, of course, is gabija'®, and madness and meldija, apparently, are not so old, because, according to Mr. Skardžiaus, "the suffix -ija nomina agentis we are not inclined to mark!"*. This statement is partially confirmed by the academic "Dictionary of the Lithuanian language- ", in which we find only two abbreviations for these words - J, Sb, i.e. both of them are known only from the dictionary of J. Juška, and meldija is also written in the area of Subačius, although P. Skardžius knew both of them only from the dictionary of J. Juška*". | 10 Jablonskis K. Min. ill., d. 1, p. 195, 196, 197, 199, 200, 201, 1 Ibid., p. 329. 12 J. Gerulis, who published this oath for the second time, states that 1927 m. the original written form rykunica is the first publisher of it J. Sprūgis "read Rykuniia; appears to be more regular”. — See. Gerullis J. Ancient Lithuanian Readings. —K., 1927, p. 243, išn. 1. —K. Jablonskis accepted such an amendment by J. Sprūgis without even mentioning it. - Mr. : Jablonskis K. Min. ill., p. 203. 12 pp. : Gerullis J. Min. veik., p. 243. 14 Zinkevičius Z. Lithuanian dialectology. — V., 1966, p. 223—226. '* Fraenkel E. Lithuanian etymological dictionary. — Heidelberg — Gottingen, 1962, Bd. 1, p. 126-127, Skardžius 1€ P. Lithuanian language word formation. — V., 1943, p. 83. 17 Idem. 126 ‘ Thus, the very formation of this word and other linguistic data would show that the most authentic form of this social term is probably rykūnia, o ne rykūnija. Rykūnija, jeiga ji iš of all was used in Lithuanian language, it is probably the same rykūnai ne named, with some other meaning o (plg. seniūnija, perkūnija, dzīvūnija). Therefore, it is advisable to use nomen agenti fem. need to be very very careful, because in Lithuanian language, it seems, we do not have one such nė nominative agentis noun. Be of the, in K. the dictionary of Širvydas - isir -analysis of the spelling of the jakutian nouns shows that both Širvydas’ writings and other facts K. of the Lithuanian language do not give any basis for reconstructing the spelling rykunia as rykūnija. į The facts presented would show that the most authentic form of this social term is rykūnia, rykūnė. o ne O ®OPME COILIMAJIBHOI'O TEPMHHA RYKUNIA Pe3oMe B opuumansaeix nokymentax XVI — XVII BB. Benmukoro xusxecTea JIATOBCKOrO, HAIIHCAHHBIX Ha OeJIOpyCCKOM, IIOJIbCKOM H YaCTHYHO Ha JIATHHCKOM f3bIKaX BCTPEYAETCH HEMAJIO JIATOBCKHX CJIOB, GONBINMHCTBO KOTOPBIX, KaK NPABHIO, —Pa3Hble CONMAJbHBIE TEDMHHbI, OOO3HAYAMOUHE CIeLHĖ)HYECKHE UEpTLI NOJHTHYECKOH H GKOHOMHYECKOČ XH3HH TOCy1apCTBa H YXKe JIABHO CTABINHC ucropusmamu. Opdorpadus (ocoOGexno Mopdonormueckux HopM) THTOBCKAX CJIOB, BCTDSH1310LIHXCA B THX JOKYMEHTaX, OY€Hb pa3HOOOpa3Ha, H CO3)aeTCHS BIIEJATIJIEHHE, YTO OHA 3aBHCHUT OT a3bika nokymenTa. 3TOMY JĮaJIEKO He BCerJia SCHO, KaKAS,i Mopdoorayeckas (DOpMA ckpeiBaeTes noj TaKOH pa3sHOO0Opa3HOH opdorpadmeii, OcOGEHHO ECJIH CJIOBO HE BCTPEYAETCH B IHCHMEHHBIX NaMSATHHKAX jIATOBCKOTO fA3bIKA TOTO BPEMEHH. OjiuH H3 TAKHX COIHHAJIbHLIX TEPMHHOB JIKTOBCKOTO s3bIKa, Mopdosoruyeckas Gopma KOTOporo JI0 CHX NOP HE COBCEM NCHA, —rykinia, KeHINWHA, OTBETCTBEHHAs 3a xo3aiicTBO“. B odHURANBHBIX JIOKYMEHTAX TOTO BDEMEHH BCTPEYAIOTCH Take (DOPMBI 3TOTO CIIOBA: PHIKYH A, DSIKYKBA, PHIKYHUR, DHIKYHBIO, DHIKYHUIO, puIKyuruw, rykunia, rykuniey, rykuny, rykunij m np. K. lllupeunaca scrpevaeM rikunia (aM. naj. ei. 4.) Beinaronmiics 35aTOK H HCCJIejIOBATeJIb CTapbiX ApXHBOB, HCTOpHK K. S010HCKHC peKOHCTPYHpOBAJ HMM. man. ed. 4. —rykané, T.€. OH OyMaJ, 4TO and CJIOBa Okina OCHOBa Ha -é-. Takas (hopMa 3TOTO COLKHAJILHOTO TEPMHHA JIHTOBCKOTO S513bIKA YIIOTDEOJISETCA H B TpPyJax HCTOPHKOB. BriepBBIe B MpaBHIILHOCTH 3TOM PEKOHCTPYKmar ycomamics K. IMaxanka. ITo ero MHEHHIO, 3TOT CTADpbIė COLHAJILHLIŪ TEPMHH MOXHO peKOHCTPYHPobaTh TOJILKO cieayiommM oOpaszoM: rykūnia mmm rykinija, RO HEKOMM 00paszom He rykané. OnHaxo, He COBCEM SICHO, KOTOPOI M3 3THX ABYX OPM OTHAaTh NpeanouTeHHe. B cratse, CCBHINIASCHh HA CTATHCTHUCCKHĖ anamu3 opdorpadum cnosaps K. Ilupsunaca H {Ha MOJIEJIH CI0BO06pa30BaHHA JHTOBCKOrO fA3bIKa, ABTOD NMEITAETCH JOKAa3aTh, YTO HacToswas (dopMa 3TOro COBA ecT rykinia, aro B XVI—XVII BB. JtaBHBbili TEDMHH MME] OCHOBY Ha -d-. 127