Lietuviškų sudurtinių terminų daryba

LITHUANIAN LANGUAGES SPECIAL LEXICON LITHUANIAN KALBOTYROS QUESTIONS, XXII (1983) ST. In the contemporary Lithuanian language, conjugation is one of the main ways of forming nouns. iš V. According to Urbutis, compound nouns are used almost as much as ir su nouns with endings!. It's a little bit more of a monster than the rest of us." Compound nouns are widely used in Lithuanian terminology. In the dictionaries of terms of law, geology, physical geography, physics, sports, land reclamation, ir chemistry, textiles, literature, botany, economics and ir computational technology, whose derivatives are synchronously examined here, the number of compound nouns presented in single-word terms is 893%. Therefore, according to these sources, there are more nouns of compound terms than nouns of the corresponding endings. In terms of the number of derivatives used here, the verb is in second place — only the derivatives of prepositions are used more 0,89 (they are almost five and a half times more in the same sources). su This, be among other things, shows that the examination of the formation of ir compound ir terms in theoretical and practical terms is an important task of Lithuanian linguistics. It is also relevant because the greatest part of the novelties of the current literary language are terms. Thus, the examination of word formation allows to trace the latest trends in word formation, to clearly see how and by what means the language satisfies the need for expanding and improving the vocabulary caused by the development ir of society. What explains the relatively high punching activity in terminology? First of all, apparently, the internal needs of the terminology itself, i.e. the necessity of naming the composite concepts, are decisive here. For this purpose, of course, so-called composite terms—various elementary terminological combinations of words—are usually made. However, the one-word term is in many respects more convenient than the composite term. For this to reason, it is often ir used in aggregate terms. The Russian linguist G. Vinokourov correctly observed this even before the Second World War, writing that enriched words are necessary not only to satisfy the need for new words, but also because very often it is really necessary to express two ideas in one Word. Terminology syntactically single name when not compromised 1 Urbutis V. Formation of compound nouns in contemporary Lithuanian language. — Kn. : Current Lithuanian language. V., 1961, p. 65. 2 Grammar of the Lithuanian language. — V., 1965, t. 1; p. 252. 3 Different constructs are in mind here, not terms. The same word is often used as a synonym for the same thing in different contexts. ir to ne 70 for the accuracy of the meaning, is always more convenient už binary name". Most linguists prefer one-word terms to other fields of specialization in writing ir about terminology. The principle of language economy is generally followed here. But he alone ne decides. The compound term often offers new possibilities of meaning, which does not even can be ar expressed by the corresponding base jo words compound, because, as has been noted E. Vasilevskaya, the compound word is a higher degree of abstraction compared to the combination of words." The su greater activity of the work in terminology subsystem than in the current literary language in general is characteristic only of Lithuanian language. ne Same E. Vasilevskaya's testimony, the spread of compound words XX a. in Russian, the main thing is terminology”. ta As noted by the Polish linguist M. Blicharski, in Russian ir Polish-speakų king punching noticeably activated po The Second World War, all the baths are ir associated with the very ma rapid development su of science, technical culture and the related ir development of terminology." su A particularly pronounced preference for the use of enriched words is typical of German terminology?. Considering the uneven role of individual languages in science and technology, as ir well as the extensive contacts between specialists in various fields, it is easy to understand that other languages may have a certain activating influence on the craft. ir The creation of terminology is also convenient in that it helps to form relatively short, helping to avoid the concentration of notes generic names, e.g.: pinigai atostogų pinigiai — EZ, butpenigiai BZ, TŽ, daily allowance EZ, TZ, bread money EZ, freight charges EZ, TZ, slippers EZ, TZ, kiAncient coins EC, post-pay EZ, TZ, commissions EZ, TZ, maintenance EZ, cash EZ, TZ, deposit EZ, TZ, vaZtapinigiai EZ, TZ and so on. Dural are usually thermalSqueezer už compounds of the corresponding words. Such a combination of words can often be perceived even when used as the simplest ir explanation of the meaning of the term or to form the basis of the explanation, e.g.: laparandis "scar that remains after a leaf falls" BZ, šakniastiebis "underground, usually horizontally growing stem, allowing additional roots" BZ, petal "separate petal of the petal" BZ, vaskotis ‘the part of the fruit which has su grown into a fruit fork; fruit stalk’ BŽ, trencher ‘machine for mechanised trenching’ MZ, first grass ‘first cut grass’ MZ, half-filled ‘half-fill’ MŽ, mid-river ‘middle river’ MŽ ir kt Can be accepted su P. Skardžiumi that stabs „by its nature is mostly suitable for a more precise, condensed, more contentful, ir meaningful way of expression. For that compound words? very often have a much more abundant, richer and at the same time more special content than individual, Bunokxyp 4 I". O. O HeKOTODEIX ABIIEHHAX CJIOBOOGpa30BAHHA B PYCCKOM TeX HHHecKOlH TEDMHHOJIOTHH, — B KH. : COopHHEK cTaTeil mo s35IKOBe/jIcHHIO. M., 1939, T. 5, c. 46. * Bacusiesckan E. A. I'm sorry, I'm B sorry. — M., 1962, c. 40. * Ibid., p. 124. * Blicharski M. Names in Russian Polish. w A confrontationi al study. —Warsaw—Wroclaw, 1977, p. 108, JlesxosBcraa $ K. A. Mmennoe ciroB006pa3oBanme B COBPEMEHRON HeMEnKOH OOINECTBEHHO-IIOJIATHYECKOM TEDMHHOJIOTHH H NDpHMEIKAIONIENĖ K Hell nexcaxe. — M., 1960, c. 35. * In Sudétic words P. Skardžius referred to what is now known as enriched words in Lithuanian linguistics. 71 parts of word groups not yet perceived by oneness“!®. This can also explain the greater popularity of punches in the terminology of science and technology, as well as in the literature. ir There is no distinction between the terminology of ir the common language and the terminology of the novelists. In terms of action, they are all regarded as enriched Words (doors), as both contribute to the formation of the corresponding thermoworkinų ng types. Be therefore, in many cases, the assignment of separate terms to each of the tų two deposits would be very conditional. However, this thesis does not examine the formation of international tų terms, which are clear borrowings of Lithuanian terminology, e.g.: acetylacetone ChZ. aminalizarine ChZ, centrosphere GZ, Chlorbenzene ChZ, electrodynamics FZ, STZ, electromagnet FZ, STZ, electroplating FZ, STZ» crystal optics GZ (FZ: crystals optics), lexicostatistics STZ, magmogenesis GZ, X-ray crystallography STZ, salicylamide ChZ kt. ir Such terms, of course, can be subdivided in terms and, therefore, ti cannot be ignored in the synchronous word formation of Lithuanian language. jų However, in other languages, they form a distinct lexical layer, a subsystem of word formatioir n. For to convenience, the making of such terms will be discussed separately. The construction of Lithuanian compound terms is characterized by all the main types of compounding in the current Lithuanian language. The distribution of the examples in the glossaries is shown in the table." Most of the compound 1 terms in the examined examples) belong to the most common (46,5% group of compound nouns in both noun so terms. su Very active in terminology are also derivatives of adjective and noun) noun and verb iš (17 % ir (16,3 94). These three most common sets of compound terms comprise almost four-fifths of the examined examples. There are mostly such compound terms, the second part of which is based on a noun. In the Zodyn, almost four-fifths of these examples are examined. Almost all of the remaining punches under consideration have a verb in the second syllable. By the way, the first sandu is also usually taken as a noun (nearly two thirds of the samples examined). The frequency of the words of each language part in the formation of the compound terms is shown in 2 the table. The table clearly shows that the noun plays the most important role in the formation of compound nouns. Quite strongly here also expresses the verb (which is usually used in the second sentence) adjective ir (usually goes first punching sandu). Numerals, pronouns, adverbs ir prepositions in compound terms (usually the first) go less often. 10 Skardžius P. Lithuanian language word formation. — V., 1943, p. 396. 11 In the table, the division of the syllables according to the sandus is symbolically — represented by abbreviated letters representing the syllables jų of the sandus according to the belonging of the base words to which part of the language: D — noun, B — adjective, V — verb, number, S — Pv — adverb, PI — preposition, Į — pronoun. The mark + marked the act of punching. A typical example is given in parentheses next to the section of punches so written. The table below shows the number of different types of bridges. 72 Types of compound terms . Table 1 Number of dictionaries containing domestic terms || | | Total Doorman- 's shoes Psi | differeN | ~ | * nt punches = N N ETE TEENIE III D+D (GROANS) 11142 | 32) | 14| 98) 12 48 15| 56] 18 416 | | B+D (mercury) 31261141'6| 21571 6133| 4113117 152 | | | D+V (Speaking) 1 23 9 | 12 8141) 4|ss| 111812 146 | | S+D (penkmetis) = - 8 5) iy 9 zf ial i8] 16152 57 R&D (kittavieté) 2 5 1 3|- 91-11 5|—| 2| 3 24 Pv+D (multi-dot) | 1 1] 2 =) 70 =| 2| 7] 2| 1 21 | į | | | Pl+D (overtime) = 4 2] six Shep glide hy 20 | | glia] I+V (savitarna) a kd Dl JB TSO RR BOT ENT pan aa 19 | šį Cart B+ V (general authority) 1 -| - 2| 2 i El m Wd i [003 10 | S+V (dual substituent) 0 = 8 = | —1 11 =| =] =| =| = 9 I+D (passenger) m ==] 2 11 =| =| =| 4] 1] 3 8 Pv+V (plural) — 21 FF 1} 4 ha a HI mal Xp 5 | | Pv+B (reddish) =i "2 3 mi may iii 3 V+V (drill gauge) AE a RT Roy (S004 [Sg EA BN 1 D+ B (coat of arms) 1 -|-{-|=}~-|=-|-]=-| =] - 1 Pv+Pv (equidistant) l= ===] =] =|=--| 1] = 1 Iš total of different diiriniy | | | | | 893 Table 2 Frequency of language parts in compound terms Number of verbs Languages: Part I Verb II Noun 563 698 Verb 25 190 Adjective 162 4 Numeral 66 - Adverb 30 1 Pronoun , 27 i Prefix 20 — Having reviewed the quantitative distribution of compound terms in general, it is possible to assume that nouns are used as reference words in terminology a little more often than in the construction of compound nouns in the present Lithuanian language in general. V. Urbutis, having extensively investigated the formation of compound nouns in the present language, based on examples from the “Dictionary of the contemporary Lithuanian language” (V., 1954), determined that the conjugations “in which the noun is taken in the second sentence, make up almost three quarters of all the more well-known compound nouns in the present Lithuanian language” (in total, the dictionary gives more than two thousand two hundred of them)!**. In the sources examined here, there are twenty times more such compound terms. However, this is not a fundamental difference. It must be said that other quantitative data of the production of aggregate terms do not differ very much. Thus, in this respect, the formation of terms fairly well maintains the general proportions of the formation of compound words in the present Lithuanian language. It is interesting to note that the formation of Lithuanian compound terms in these most general aspects, apparently, differs considerably from the formation of the corresponding Latvian terms. According to V. Skujienė, in the Latvian terminology of technical sciences, single-word compound terms make up 38 9, of all derivatives"*, This is significantly more than in the Lithuanian language — among the derivatives presented as nouns in single-word terms in the eleven dictionaries of Lithuanian terms (there are nearly seven thousand of them) —2 Urbutis V. Contemporary Lithuanian language compound nouns daryba, p. 68, 66. See also: Lithuanian Grammar, vol. 1, p. 437. 18 Cxynuna B. O6pa3oBaHHe TEDMHHOB TEXHHYCCKHX HayK B JIATbINICKOM s3bike: ABroped. Ya. Ha. mac. —Pura, 1969, c. 14. 74 13 9%, In addition, the second set of Latvian terms examined by the author is based solely on nouns®. From this comparison to draw any larger conclusions or generalizations about the differences in term formation between the two closest relative languages, of course, would be too bold. Much of this may not be the result of internal differences between languages, but of the different attitudes of the researchers to the relevant facts and their unequal evaluation. But certain, and perhaps considerable, differences, apparently, still exist. It would be useful to compare the current terminology of these two languages. The semantic and grammatical center of Lithuanian compound terms, as of Lithuanian punctuation in general, is usually the second syllable. The first stanza usually defines, indicates what is said by the base word of the second stanza (this relationship depends greatly on which part of the language the first stanza is based on). In addition, there are relatively few terms (and words in general) where this ratio would be different. In this case, the first word of the second sentence is usually the first word of the first sentence. There are two major groups of nounand verb-enriched nouns (the second syllable rarely relies on words from other parts of the language). These two groups differ considerably in terms of both the form of the action and the meaning. In the case of the first-person singular, the word is used to indicate the part of the sentence that is being spoken. Such a division helps to easier and more concisely highlight some features of the form of the corresponding structures, to review how much the meaning of the punctuation depends on the words of which parts of the language the syllables are based on. This is the reason why we have to distinguish between form and meaning. This order of classification and examination is generally followed in this work. However, in this case, the examination of the functional significance of derivatives is compromised. For example, the meaning of the name of punching tools with a verb-based second verb does not depend on which part of the word the first verb is based on (see wave gauge FZ, STZ, peat soil MZ, earthmover MZ, roller crusher SZ, dump truck MZ, loudspeaker FZ, STZ, etc.). The same applies to the other types of diary. Therefore, it seems that it would be more convenient to examine the compound nouns with the second sanda in the verb, not by dividing them according to the first sanda, but according to the derivative meaning. However, this has been abandoned in this work for the sake of uniform classification. As already mentioned, compound terms, the second part of which is based on a noun, are the most common (78.2 9% of all the examples examined). The first set of such compound nouns is also most often noun (59.6% of the examples with a full noun second set). Quite often the first syllable of this type of constructions is based on an adjective (21.7% of examples), less often — on a numeral (8,294 examples) and relatively rarely — on a verb (3.4% of examples), adverb (3% of examples), preposition (2.9%, of examples) and pronoun (1,2945 examples). By the way, these quantitative data, it can be said, agree nicely with the data provided by V. Urbutis about the enriched nouns Zius'® of the present Lithuanian language. Therefore, there is a strong tendency to make Lithuanian compound nouns. Interestingly, the Latvian terminology of technical sciences also consists mainly of compound terms with both noun and adjective sands (62.5%), the second in terms of the number of compounds (17.4%) are corresponding puns with the first adjective sand. However, there are more frequently enriched terms with the first verb sandu (15.1%), and less frequently — with the numerical, noun and adverbial first sandu®®. The general nature of the meaning of compound terms with a noun-substantive second-person is usually determined by the meaning of the base noun of the second-per14 Ibid. 75 son. It usually determines whether a compound noun has a specific meaning (signifies an object, a living thing) or is a word with an abstract meaning. This is why the classification into genera, as usually applied to the derivatives of suffixes and endings, is not practiced in the study of the genera of compound nouns. Most of the derivatives are the generic names of those things that are marked by the base nouns of the second sando. There are, however, a number of other terms that can be used. Composed terms with both noun verbs are usually made from Lithuanian nouns (including the old borrowings that have grown into the vocabulary of the language). However, it is also easy to form hybrids, one of which is based on an international word, usually used as a term in the relevant field. Among the examined examples, 15.69% of them are such, three-fifths of them have the second sand based on an international noun, and the remainder have the first sand. For example: antheridiophorum "gametophore on which the antheridia are formed —antheridiophorum, -usaHTrepHjmeKocen" BZ, betonpipe "pipe with walls made of concrete —GeromHas TpyOa" MZ, lemonfruit "juicy fruit with thick colored peel, rich in essential oil glands —hesperidium, recnepuamit, rmoMepaHen" BZ, phosphorite powder "ground phosphates —dochopurn Myrka" ChZ, conidiacotus "hyphobranch, at the top of which conidia are formed —conidiophorum, -us, KOHHmaenocen" BZ, pulpobranch "pipe pulp is removed —nyxsnoBon" MZ, scorpion crabs "Merostomata, paKOCKOPIHOHBI" GZ, starting point "Mecro crapra" SZ, buoziaspores "spores formed at the top of the hyphae (buozzies) of the buozia fungi's fruit body" —basidiosporae, Ga3ujmocnopei" BZ, gelzbatteria "sewing bacteria, mainly from the Leptotrix genus, living in iron bicarbonate-rich water (near springs). <...> —Chlamydobacteriaceae, xeJIre30Gakrepuu“ BZ, jūrmylė,- mopckas MuJIa“ EŽ, SŽ, kiaušiasporė „oogaminių augalų rūšių spora arba zygota, po apvaisinimo susiformavusi iš kiaušialąstės —oospora, oocnopa“ BZ, miškatundrė „intermediate area where forests pass into tundra — necorynapa“ MZ, molbetonis „clay, sand and gravel and shale mechanical 15 Urbutis V. Modern Lithuanian compound nouns, p. 68; Lithuanian grammar, vol. 1, p. 437. Comparisons with the data of the present Lithuanian language in this work are usually based on these studies of V. Urbutis. 16 Cryunna B. O6Gpa3soBanne TEDMHHOB TEXHHYUCeCKHX HayK B JIATbINICKOM fA3bIKE, C. 14—16. 76 mixture —shrubGeroK” MZ, semi-anthracites “such coal —nojryaHTpamnTBi” ChŽ, semi-final “nmonyduuan” SZ, semi-period “nonynepuox” ChZ, FZ, STZ, halftone.nonyron* FZ, etc. Thus, it can be said that international terms are quite widely included in the creation of this kind of Lithuanian compound terms. This is undoubtedly the result of the relatively abundant use of international terms in various fields of Lithuanian terminology. However, newly enriched nouns are apparently rarely made independently from international terms alone, and such examples have not been found in the sources examined. The compound term ammonibacterės „bacteria, using ammonium salts for food —aMMoHKGOaxTepun“, inserted in the BZ, can undoubtedly be mentioned here, but, on the other hand, it can also be a creature of the Lithuanianization of another language term. Other international terms of similar structure are usually unambiguous borrowings. Almost three-quarters of this type of compound terms denote various concrete things of reality — objects (mostly) or living beings (almost one-seventh of the examples denoting concrete things). A little more than one-sixth of the derivatives have an abstract meaning. The remaining enriched terms are names of various, usually natural places. Some compound terms with both substantive sands name compounds whose constituent substances, denoted by the substantive sands, are synonymous, equally independent parts of the substance named by the punctuation, e.g.: carbohydrates "a group of organic compounds whose chemical composition mainly corresponds to the formula C,(H,0),," BZ, "C compounds with H and O —yraeBoas" ChZ, hydrocarbons "C compounds with H —yrneBogopoznbi" ChZ, GZ, chlorite "Ca(OCl), and CaCl, mixture —xxxopHas H3BecTL" ChZ, peat algae "peat mixed with mud —wxucTesIit Toph" MZ, GZ, mixtape "physical-geographical zone in the middle belt of the northern hemisphere, characterized by the fact that in the pathways meadow steppes alternate with forests —JiecocTernb" MZ, GZ, forest tundra "intermediate region where forests transition to tundra —jecoTyHapa" MZ, moliasmélis "clay and sand mixture —rnuuonecox" MZ, scorpion crabs "Merostomata, pak0oCKOpIriHMOREI" GZ, apes "Anthropoidea, ueJ10Beroo6pa3Hsie" GZ, beasts "Therapsida, 3BepenoxoGusie" GZ and perhaps eye lakes "30nmm" GZ. Syntactically, the interrelationship of such punching sandes is conjugative. This is why the compound nouns themselves are called conjugated or copulative. However, there are very few compound terms of this kind (nearly 3 to 9% of all examples with both noun and verb). There are few copulative punches in the present Lithuanian language in general, and they are also scarce in Russian and Polish languages*". Most of the compound terms have not connected, but as if connected stands, in other words, they (stands) are not entirely independent, others are independent of each other. Usually one (often the first) syllable of these compound nouns defines, clarifies, thus decides, narrows the meaning of the other syllable. It's called17 Blicharski M. Zlozenia imienne w w języku rosyjskim i polskim, p. 47. 77 native determining, or determinative compound terms. Most deterministic compound terms have a direct meaning, i.e. the meaning of the derivatives is simply formed by the relation of the terms and the meaning of their base nouns. This, of course, refers to the use of those terms, in other words, the fact that the meaning resulting from the creation is not essentially different from the lexical meaning of the corresponding creations. The defining (determining) part of such compound terms forms the semantic center of the whole compound, and it is primarily from it (the part) that it depends what kind of thing is named. The definition of a defined set of terms, which is a defined set of terms, is a defined set of terms that is defined by a defined set of terms. There are also typical endocentric stitches. Such compound terms are usually generic names. And since there are a lot of species terms in terminology, it is not difficult to understand that the formation of this type of compound terms is the most active. This is often the case with large groups of species with the same supporting sand. For example: | disease: stone disease "hardening of pear fruits in the form of stigmas when pears are not sufficiently watered —lithiasis, matras* BZ, soil disease "whitening of the ears and tops of the leaves of cereals due to lack of copper in the soil —Gonesn» obpaborku* BZ, strep disease "leaf disease manifested by elongated streaks of dead tissues —monocatocts* BZ, lichen disease "variety of shapes in the inside of the potato buds due to abnormal soil conditions" BZ, fungal disease "a fungal disease of humans or animals —Muros" BZ, sea lichen,,mopckas Goje3Hs" SZ, cork disease "nests of varying sizes in the pulp of apples <...>" BZ, lielialigé "red mildew of the apple seed bed caused by fungi of the genus Fusarium —cepaueBusHas rams" BZ, mildew "a disease of cultured and wild plants manifested by yellowish spots of varying sizes and shapes on the upper side of the leaves, which are covered on the lower side of the leaves with a white, gray or grayish-violet very short grass. The same is true for other organs. —JIOXHa; My4HHCTas poca, MII(b)IbIO, nepomocnopo3" BZ, "pear leaf blister disease" "pear disease caused by the fungus Taphrina bullata Berk. et Br., manifested by vesicular protrusion of the leaf leaf to the upper or lower side — B3AyTHe JIHCTbeB TIpylNIH, BbinyKJIHMHbi“ BZ, rust ‘plant disease caused by various parasitic fungi belonging to the family of the ruderalis —pxaBuxHa, pxaBuHHHas GojIie3Hb’ BZ, sidabraligé ‘whitening of the leaves of plums, apples, and sometimes other plants, often caused by the fungus Stereum purpureum Pers. —muteunsiit Ojieck’ BZ, vitriol ‘physiological disease manifested by transparent glass-like spots on the tissues of the affected plant —creknosumaocTs’ BZ, soot-like plaques formed in the latter part of summer on plants, especially on the leaves of trees —hyphae and fruiting organs of various saprophytic fungi (Fumago, Torula, etc.) —4epHb, CAXHMCTbIH Kanėr’ BZ, shashly ‘plant disease manifested by scabious growths on the surface of tubers or fruits —napma’ BZ, lichen (bone-plants) ‘disease caused by fungi 78 Composed terms, as in general ir the compound nouns of present-day language, «dies, usually made of nouns with a verbally iš unbreakable root, e.g.: algalapis EZ, sailboat SZ, delnakojai GZ, transliterated BZ, bread money EZ, Jfrachttarieven EZ, TZ, glue pads BZ, tubers BZ, jarmylé EZ, SZ, maritime gė SZ, road map BZ, TZ, bed linen BZ, TZ, period EZ, SZ, GZ, boat dock SZ, leafy BZ, wildwood BZ, lip-hair BZ, bearded ATZ, BZ, EZ, sleeping bag SZ, odapradis BZ, Oracle SZ, milk cows BZ, southeast GZ, pievaZolé MZ, dealer EZ, covered ChZ, half-holed GZ, half LZ, turtle SZ, mushrooms BZ, saccotakes BZ, needle-eared BZ, wheel wheel STZ, spore sheet BZ, Heavy Duty SZ, Tevavardis TZ, overweight SZ, herbs BZ, véjaduobé GZ, Zievrirve SZ ir kt However, more than a quarter of the structures examined have usually one sand, which is clearly decomposable (approximately equally often the first, the second). ir ir Only derivatives su in both functional terms are very rare, e.g.: EŽ, TŽ, flower bud BZ. Such basic nouns of the sands as juosta, kablys, rąstas, raštas, važta, veiksmas, although they are prepositions, do not ir seem to be exceptions to the modus, one could not say that they ir are a rarity. However, there are fewer cases where the verbs are based on nouns with suffixes (a tenth of the examples with both noun verbs). It is ar mainly used in agricultural applications, e.g., as a fertilizer. BZ, GZ, soil disease BZ, nettle-like plants GZ, posting allowance BZ, TŽ, ice age GZ, MZ, location BZ, GZ, embryo BZ, peduncle BZ, Ziedynlapis BZ, Ziedynsostis BZ; Hydrocarbons ChZ, GZ, onion pumper BZ, Flower bud BZ, half-day ChZ, MZ, semi-desert GZ, MZ, pusdulkiné BZ, semi-finished EZ, bubble MZ, half-screw SZ (riding figure). Rare here clearly ir decomposed stem having international Words, e.g. phosphoritmiléiai : ChZ, semi-factory EZ, semi-proletariat EZ. Relatively rarely sandy base nouns have prefixes, more frequently compound iš ju terms with the first such sandu, e.g.: su išoriakriaukliai GZ, footnote BZ, petals BZ, forearm BZ, asshole GZ, rearZiauniai GZ. There is one other derivative with a sanda, formed by an international term element, su e.g.: kilowatt hour E. coli, zoosporangiopathy BZ. The second prepositional verb is quite exceptional among the examples — only half-covered pusūztvanSŽ ir kė MŽ (by the way, the endings of the derivative pasaga, užtvanka prefix have base verbs). iš Also extremely be rare are terms with the sand of a compound noun (daily newspaper LZ). It can be concluded that the term formation is more often not within the limits of the traditional compound noun formation. Therefore, it is not necessary ir to have a language that is not in use in the present day. However, in some cases, the term is used to refer to a more complex system. į It is particularly common to drop the maZybines suffixes of base nouns, e.g.: buožkotis ‘a shank with a buckle on it (base)’ BZ, bone fruit “juicy ar semi-dry fruit (plum, almond), with inner layer (endocarp) has hard mechanical tissue (bone) consistency’ BZ, oocyte, female gamete in the germ sac’ BZ, ovospore ‘Spores of oogamous plant species 85 or a zygote, formed after fertilization from an ovum” BZ, “lipped”. hairs normally covering the buds’ BZ, air bladders ‘1. air-filled vesicles in algae tissues, also known as aerocysts; 2. the vesicular growths of the outer pollen shell, which ease the weight of the pollen and enable it to fly far away" BZ, the wing-fruit "a berry or nut, whose pericarp has expanded into a skin-like or film-like flat appendix — the wing (of oak, ash, spruce, birch)" BZ, the root-hair "the growths of the root epidermal cells, which serve to increase the suction surface" BZ, the raurélapis "a separate petal of the cup" BZ, the petal "a separate petal of the crown" BZ, the vaiskotis "the part of the fruit with which it has grown with the fruit fork; fruit stalk’ BZ, bell-shaped scales ‘scales at the base of the bells’ BZ, petal-shaped scales ‘two scales in bell-shaped flowers, protecting the essential parts of the flower (stem and pistil) and then the young grain’ BZ, petal ‘1. undifferentiated circular leaf; 2. crown (in folk language)" BZ. The definitions of the terms themselves often indicate that the basis of the treaty should be prepositional. In addition, the aforementioned enriched terms are composed of the botanical terms buoželė, kauliukas "the hard part of the bone fruit together with the seed", lapas "1. a separate part of a composite sheet; 2. small leaf", cell, stem, hairs "thin growths on the surface of the ground parts of the plant", vesicle, wing, cup, crown, zygote, egg used in terminology. In this case, the root of the base word is simplified, morphologically shortened. In view of the fact that the terms are often used as a basis for terminology punches, it is possible to assume that some enriched terms are taken from the Sanskrit and simplified, for example, saitavietė „a small mark in the seed husk where the seed grew to the seedleaf“ BZ, skilčilappis „the first leaf of the sprout that grew from the seedleaf and became green <...>“ BŽ. The words are derived from the words for seed and place, as well as seed stem and leaf. There are many more examples of this. They show that even in terminology, there is an effort to avoid too many exceptions. This is, of course, to be fully supported and encouraged. When creating new terms, it is always best to look for ways to form comfortable and corresponding to the general laws of word formation of the current Lithuanian language and inclination constructions. The terms of the compounds are connected with and without the connecting vowels. How to combine the sums of the compound terms in question is shown in Table 3. Almost half of the compound terms examined have no connecting vowels at all. First-person nouns can have any ending here. In addition, the first-person singular noun of the first-person plural is often not ending in -ė, but in more than three-quarters of such examples, the noun is ending in the first-person plural of the second-person plural is half-. The consonant next to half is used extremely rarely. About three-fifths of the conjunctive vowels of the forms coincide with the historical stem vowels. For example: --a-(from present nouns ending in -as): darbodienis EZ, TŽ, diegamakštė BŽ, grybašaknė BŽ, kalnagūbris GZ, MZ, laivatakis SZ, muilanaftė ChZ, oraguobtis GZ, skliautakalvé GZ, Salmapradis BZ, vairagalys SZ, etc. By the way, when the first verb is based on a-stem (-as ending) noun, the first verb is a-stem (-as ending) noun, and the second verb is a-stem (-as ending) noun. 86 3 į Iš vi masis | 2 | | : vio vowel, -is is. p IS derivatives -as | -ias (-io) -ys | (-ies) | -us |-ius | -uo | -a | -ia | -ė | (-ies) Man. g. against. g. | 70 |-.1 7 1 1 3:0 67 not 751.3 199 | | -a72 1 2 41 5 121 - almost1 14 5 2 3 1 13| 11 50 -06 12 18 žė 14 14 rhe 1 | 1 | | 1 | 4 7 -y- | Rl LB 4 | | | | | | | | ra vy -i0- ; Mata | | | 1 | | | | | | | | | 1499 | 2 24 | 6 3 7 9 7 | 78 | 1 | 112 | 18 416 | | much equally often the compound term is either a connecting vowel, or a be connecting vowel su -a-. Other connective vowels are rarely used (non-exhaus594 tive samples under consideration), e.g.: luistical GZ, coarse-grained BZ, windbreakers GŽ ir kt -ia-(from the nouns of the first syllable with the ending -ias, -is, -ys; here, apparently, the nouns with the ending -ius are also to be distinguished): kailiavilnė ATZ, kelialapis EZ, TŽ, žiempliaratis FŽ, MŽ, STŽ, SŽ, moliadoobė MŽ, spygliamakštė BŽ, šalčiaplyšiai GZ, corpus luteum BZ. Si the conjunctive vowel in almost one third of the examples under du consideration, the first syllable of which is based on ia-root nouns. Most of the remaining punches are without a connecting vowel, -0-. This connective vowel is usually found in derivatives whose first syllable is based on o-root nouns (their singular ending is -a); e.g.: waves GŽ, soil GŽ, MŽ, landscape GŽ, price tag EŽ, willow STŽ. However, it is still a relatively rare connective vowel (still a little bit of a-stame in the first sandu, e.g.: agenda « su TZ, landscape GZ, 87 MZ et al.). Even the o-stem nouns are most often perforated with the connecting vowel -a (more than half of the examined examples) or without the connecting vowel (a third of such perforation), e.g.: galvakojai GŽ, gyslakertė BŽ, juostakilpės SŽ, kalvagūbris GŽ, MŽ, SŽ, kojavilnė ATŽ, mėsakiautis BŽ, plunksnakablis SŽ, sėklagūbris BŽ, sėklapradis BŽ, sporadaigis BŽ, važtapinigiai EŽ, TŽ, citrinvaisis BŽ, dieniningiai EŽ, TŽ, nuompinigiai EŽ, TŽ. There is also a large variation in the connecting vowels of compound terms with the first sands of other roots, although a certain part of the compounds in all cases have connecting vowels that coincide with those of the end vowels of the historical root. And in those cases where the connective vowel is different, the inclination to the most common ones is most often observed. connecting vowels -or -ia-. In this respect, the construction of terms does not differ much from the general tendencies of the present Lithuanian compound nouns with both noun verbs. Therefore, when making new terms, this should be taken into account (of course, without forgetting other tendencies characteristic of individual groups of entities- )? *?, It can be assumed that, in general, the connecting vowel is an optional, non-necessary element of the Lithuanian compound word, and therefore of the term (although the latter are usually given without variants- ). In many cases, their presence is necessary to make the structure more convenient to pronounce — they break down too large or uncomfortable to pronounce consonant samples, e.g. karboniarūgštė (and uncommon anglrigsté) or kalvagūbris (and possible kalygūbris), verb (and uncommon verb to be pronounced by sons) or help to keep the sand unchanged, e.g. raiščiadančiai (without the connecting vowel raištdančiai, the word itself —raišdantis) would be very changed and not so clear). Apparently, this is also the reason why it happens that even a syllable with the same first syllable can be formed with and without a connecting vowel, e.g.: buožiasporės BZ, and buožkotis BZ, kelialapis EŽ, TŽ (the doubling of consonants, which is not characteristic of Lithuanian language, is avoided) and kelpikigiai EŽ, TŽ, stiebagumbis BŽ and stiebalapis BŽ, vaisiasostis BŽ and vaiskrūmis BŽ. Of course, there are many cases where this type of variation is not explained by any phonetic reasons. There are also some terms where the connecting vowel is needed, but not present, e.g.: half-syllabic ChZ (though most of these are derivatives with the first and second half-). However, there are also cases when the way of joining the syllables helps to distinguish the words and, therefore, becomes a significant component of the punch, for example: the diary “MeBHnuK” LŽ and the diary “exejmeBHas rasera” LŽ, the airbrush “1. filled with air. vesicles in algae tissues, also known as aerocysts; 2. the vesicular growths of the outer pollen shell, which ease the weight of the pollen and enable18 By the way, sometimes even the corrections of linguists are not sufficiently objective in terms of speech. For example, the public is unnecessarily made to believe that the option of a workplace is better than a workplace. The fact that the current usage, especially in periodicals, tends more towards the workplace (incidentally, recommended by the only available “Dictionary of Legal Terms”), although this does not quite agree with the proposals of the “Dictionary of Contemporary Lithuanian Language”, should not be condemned. In this case, the consumer chooses the more acceptable option. None of these variants can be considered a linguistic error, but the priority also in terms of construction is undoubtedly the workplace, since the conjunctive of this variant better corresponds to the general tendency of construction of such words. So far, there seems to be no lack of language errors to draw public attention to such trifles. 88 čios jas nuskristi toli“ BZ and orblėslė,- po3mymmsiit map“ SZ (model airplanes). Such cases, admittedly, are rare, but this does not prevent them from showing how important a role the connective vowel can sometimes play in the punch. There are cases when the first sentence of the compound terms and its connection to the second sentence must be corrected. In particular, this applies to the botanical term zoosporangiocyte BZ. In the "Dictionary of Botanical Terms" is also given the base word of the first sand — the term zoosporangium, there are also the terms sporangue and sporanghecotis. Therefore, it is reasonable to expect a puncture zoosporangium. The authors of this term looked too blindly at the way of joining the Latin (zoosporangiophorum, -us) or Russian (300cnopaHrueHocen) term and, apparently, copied, forgetting what they had previously provided. Compound terms with both noun verbs have essentially unified endings, which are characteristic of all such compounds in the present Lithuanian language. The ending of the noun depends heavily on the genus of the noun that is the base word of the second verb (with the exception of a large number of animal names). Therefore, it is useful to immediately note that the second syllable of the terms under consideration is much more often based on masculine nouns (nearly two-thirds of the examples). Most of these punches (without some 3—494) have the ending -is (in the old K. -io). Therefore, a little more than a third of the terms have a second sand based on a feminine noun. More than three quarters of these forms have the ending -ė, almost all the other forms have the ending -is. Therefore, here it is necessary to talk not about the tendency of action, but about the lawfulness of action, on the basis of which certain rules can be formed. The relation of the ending of the compound terms examined to the ending of the second-order nouns is well shown in Table 4. The ending -is has 709, all compound terms with both noun forms. This is especially true of almost all the nouns whose second verb is based on nouns with the -as ending, and basically all the masculine nouns with the second verb of the other verbs. Rare are derivatives with the ending -ys, e.g.: peltakys ATŽ, pietų rytas GŽ, rąstgalys MZ, vairagalys SZ. The ending -ė is most commonly found in those compound terms whose second syllable is based on feminine nouns, but a fifth of the compounds are masculine and have the ending -is, e.g.: darbodienis EŽ, TŽ, puseilis LŽ, pusgrupis STŽ, pusiasalis GŽ, puspėdis LŽ, puspasagis SŽ, vidurupis MŽ. In addition, here are mentioned derivatives, the second syllable of which is based on the noun žemė (soil GZ, MZ, salt soil GŽ, etc.) and some animal names (palmarids GŽ, hammerheads SZ, etc.). When the second verb is based on a masculine noun, the derivatives are very rarely feminine, e.g.: karzlikost (fish) GZ, nuts (fish) GZ and upper threshold MZ. The root of the second sando base word is sometimes simplified, e.g.: ammonibacterys BZ, gelzbacterys BZ, sulbakterys BZ (see bacteria). However, the EG 89 4 Table 1 Relationship between the endings of compound terms and the endings of second-order nouns Number of derivatives according to the endings of second-order nouns Dermium masculine gender | feminine gender a kK | ią -is S -is 3 | L g, i | -is | as | as | io) | YS | (cies) "198 | uo | -a | -ia | -€ (vies) -is 195 | 4.133 N12 13 11 | 6 17 10 1 291 | -ė 2 1 | 69 1 31 8 112 -a | | | 6 6 REE | | REN | 416 nes | | provided by the term halfkolonijé®. Incidentally, the root of the base word of the second verse of this term is not simplified, probably to avoid homonymy with the punch half-column, whose second verse is from the word column. There are very few compound terms with unusual endings. There are several derivatives with the ending -a, for example: amperhour FŽ, kilowatthour FŽ (but kilowatthour EŽ), watthour FŽ, ampervia FŽ, mining GŽ, food trade EŽ and the term with the ending -as half-coking ChZ. All these dictionaries must be corrected. Use only ampère-heure, kilowatt-- heure, watt-heure, ampérie*- ?. The term mining, if it is considered a punch, of course, is not usual and regular (recently, geologists themselves propose to use the term mining??). However, it is most likely a derivative of a rare verb suffix -or. In the current usage, the word food trade is also established, which is defective in terms of construction and at least should not be taken as an example for the creation of new words or terms. The term semi-coking "coking at low temperatures" ChZ, of course, is a morpheme value (see Russian nojyKoKcoBanze). For this matter, the term must be different. Maybe we could do a compilation? 1* Variant half-colony and is to be regarded as normative, not DZ and LKZ X inserted word half-colony. The change of the ending in a compound word is a lawful thing, and the semicolony belongs to the very rare exceptions. 20 By the way, in the new “Physics Terms Dictionary” (V., 1979) the term is proposed for use, but for some reason the term ampery has remained unchanged. ‘1 See Vodzinskas E. Geology speaks through the eyes of specialists and linguists. —Our Language, 1980, No. 5, p. 4. 90 A relatively large number of compound terms in both su noun forms are given in the plural (nearly a quarter of the samples). Most of jų — them are plural terms. For example: carbohydrates BZ, CHZ, goose spores BZ, chlorine lime CHZ, daily allowance EZ, TŽ, pit-birds GZ, peat MZ, tubers BE, swordtails GZ, pocket money EZ, commissions EZ, TZ, exhaust spraying BZ, mushrooms BZ, larvae BZ, milZinc oxides GZ, cash EZ, TZ, bird boxes GZ, powdered bergamot BZ, maniraptors GZ, deposits EZ, TZ, Sekelabrian BZ, beakheads GZ, Rhizomes BZ, root vegetables BZ, amphibians GZ, summer yellows BZ, Landscapes MZ, Zveriadanéiai GZ, Zynalapiai BZ. These are mainly plant and animal systematic terms, a few names of various chemical substances. Dūriniai in su adjective ir noun form There are a lot less compound terms with the first adjective and second noun o terms than with the two noun terms. 2,7 su However, it is the second group according to the number of constructs, combining about one sixth (17%) of all Lithuanian nouns of compound terms and slightly more than one fifth (almost 229%) of nouns with second noun sandu. su There are a number of hybrids, one of which is based on an international word. In fact, in the first su such sand, the samples in the available material were not iš detected at all. The second sand, which is based on an international noun, is found in about one fifteenth of punches of this kind (6,694), e.g.: co-author ‘coartop’ LŽ, TZ, co-creditor ‘coxpemarop’ EZ, TŽ, big colony "a white or yellow colony formed by yeasts developing on a solid medium <...> —ruramTCckas KOJIOHHa" BZ, athletic "nNėrkoarner" SŽ, broad-siphons "Eurysiphonata, mupoKocHdĖoHHBEsIe" GZ, narrow-siphons "Stenosiphonata, yskocuponusie GZ and others. More than half of the terms in binomial noun su conjugation ir are names of various objects, about a third of the terms are names of individuals or units of the systematics of various animals. Abstract-meaning compound terms of this kind are rare (less than one in ten samples). The adjective sanda of terms denotes the characteristic of the thing represented by the noun sandu, indicates the characteristic by which the thing named by the derivative differs from the other things marked by the base noun of the second sanda. The first tų term of the second term is the second term. Most of the compound terms for inanimate objects are generic names alongside the nouns on which the second verb is based. For a) example: soil types: white soil "soil with a white sand subsoil" MZ, yellow soil,xenTo3zémTM GZ, black soil "black, fertile soils, mostly found in continental steppe areas" MZ, GZ, grey soil ‘cepo3ėM’ MZ, GZ, red earth "pink soils found in subtropical tropical regions" ir MZ, ChZ, GZ, rudžemis 'southern mountains (Carpathian, Caucasian) deciduous forest soil’ MZ, GZ, small land ‘Soil with a particle diameter of less than mm’ 0,2 MZ, GZ, brine ‘soil with an absorbent complex saturated with sodium and free salts washed into deeper layers’ Ot MZ, GZ, cold soil ‘wet spring soil’ MZ; (b) the names of the chemical substances: gemstone "mineral used for jewellery" ChZ, witch hazel "subliquid yellowish-coloured excrement produced in special glands of coniferous trees and concentrated in their intercellular spaces, consisting of 35-3894 volatile substances (turpentine) and 62-659 tartaric acids. <...>’ BZ, mercury ‘element’ ChZ, GZ, brass ‘technical copper’ ChZ, brass ‘Cu-Zn alloy’ ChZ, brass ‘Cu-Sn alloy, bronze’ ChZ; (c) other names of various objects and things: blast furnace „furnace for the spit (four)” ChZ, GZ, baltmiškis,,muctBennsit nec” SZ, brangymetis „moporoBu3ka” EZ, didburé „rpor” SZ, geltvilné,ydinga wool of the characteristic yellow colour, which has lost a significant part of its strength and softness due to the long-term exposure to urea when sheep are kept in wet barns, due to the effect of disinfectant preparations or due to the storage of wet wool” ATŽ, gyvašakė „branch-shaped crop used for vegetative propagation by planting in the ground or by grafting” BZ, long-stemmed plants „elongated long-stemmed leaves which lengthen the main stem of perennial plants or its lateral branches” BZ, ckBo3Has gojxuma GZ, laibagrybiai „a group of micro-organisms occupying an intermediate position between bacteria and lower fungi. Their mycelium is in the form of thin filaments. These filaments branch radially and produce spores in the lateral branches“ BŽ, blue-tubes „Cyanophyceae, cHHe-3ejiėHbIie BOXOPOCTH GŽ, weed „a plant of low value growing in the crop of crop plants and thereby damaging them“ BŽ, „unuseful, damaging grass to crop plants“ MZ, flat-headed,mnockoe pnonorTo“ GZ, sausledžiai „cymmsax“ GZ, sausvéjis „dry and hot air current, suddenly changing the local climatic conditions to which the plants do not have time to adapt and die massively“ MŽ, GŽ, skaistgijės „in a certain ratio in the fabric repeating weft threads of a color or structure different from the general background, forming the effect of longitudinal stripes“ ATŽ, skersvagė „transversal groove when wading or plowing“ MZ, statramstis „uprightly erected column“ MZ, GZ, īsaugļi „tree shoots with very short interbulbs and a small number of piles of concentrated leaves; short shoots grow only a few millimetres each year and usually do not branch” BZ, green hedge “a barrier made up of evergreen plants” BZ. There are often groups of compound terms with the same noun san. Adjectives, by denoting various characteristics of determinable things, help to express certain contradictions necessary in classification or otherwise distinguish certain species according to a characteristic external or internal feature. For example: end: high tip “BepxoBbe” GZ, middle tip “kKoMexb” SZ, tip “Bepumua” STZ, “nar” SZ; mountain: high mountains „BLicokxoropbe“ GZ, plateau „mountain with flat peak“ MZ (plateau „etc.“ GZ, SZ), medium mountains „cpenmeropbe“ GZ, low mountains,; aw3xoropbe® GZ; disease: spotted disease “a disease caused by parasitic fungi or bacteria, manifested by spotting of leaves or other organs” BZ, yellow disease “the phenomenon that, under the influence of viruses or for other reasons, the normal leaf color changes to yellow, yellowish-green, greenish-yellow, etc.” BZ, anthrax, is a “dangerous infectious animal disease that can 92 ti through undisinfected wool of a sick sheep to infect a human —cubmpckas s3Ba“ ATŽ, „crop disease caused by the fungus Cladosporium herbarum Lk. (incubation stage — Mycosphaerella Tulasnei (Jancz.) Lindau) —infestation by ImIreceHb (xJIe6HBIX 3JIaKoB)’ BZ, bitter apple disease ‘bitter-tasting, rounded nests in the apple pulp, occurring on ripening and harvested fruit due to unfavourable water regime in the soil’ BŽ; season: winter “ĮoporoBu3Ha” EZ, wet season “MokpoTa- ”; HOKIJIHBOE BpeMa’ MZ; swamp: highland swamp “a mostly path-shaped, often convex-surface swamp, whose source of moisture is atmospheric precipitation; in high moors there is vegetation that does not require mineral nutrition (oligotrophic vegetation — therefore high moors are often called oligotrophic moors), white moss, marsh pine, jam (cranberries) and others predominate.” MŽ, GŽ, žemapelkė ‘peatlands whose source of moisture, in addition to atmospheric precipitation, is also surface and groundwater; The wetlands vegetation requires mineral nutrition (eutrophic a.), so the wetlands are often called eutrophic swamp; Green moss, ash, reeds grow in the Zemapelkė; from trees: alder, cardle, etc.’ MZ, GZ; vaga: 1. ‘place of river flow’: aklavagé ‘watercourse without drainage’ MZ, sausvagé,- cyxonon* GZ, senvagé ‘the remaining old river course (dry or with stagnant water) after the river has broken through a new course’ MZ, GZ; (2) ‘ploughing groove’ means a cross-groove during ploughing or plowing’ MZ, a hollow groove during bed ploughing, a two-way groove; pa3bėMHas Gopo3na’ MZ. All these compound terms, according to the relation of lexical and adjective meaning, can be called derivatives of direct meaning, because they are usually used approximately in the meaning that is formed by the meanings of the words and their relation. There are very few derivatives that go with the names of inanimate things and whose lexical meaning differs more from the operative one. They are usually metonimic (bahuvrihi type) derivatives. The second sand of such compound terms indicates some (usually essential in terms of classification) part of the thing named by the term or related to it (the adjective sand indicates the distinctive feature of that part). For example: long-tailed "a device that throws water far away" MZ, black-rooted "a disease of the roots of the cucumbers, which manifests itself in blackening and thinning of the root, which usually causes the seedlings to die. <...>’ BZ, rectangular ‘npaMoyrojbHukK’ STZ. Most of the time, metonyms are compound terms for various animals with the first adjective sandu. The noun sandu of such creations usually means some part of the body of the animal or animal class designated by the adjective sandu, the distinctive feature taken from that part. Most of these names are the names of certain systematic units. E.g. teeth: small teeth "Edentata, nenomnmo3yObIe" GZ, large teeth "Pachyodonta, TojIicTo3Yy051e" GZ; head: wholeheaded ‘Holocephali, nensHOromosse’ GZ; heel: tarsioidea, noaronsite GZ; body: mollusca, MojumockKu GZ; skin: echinoderms ‘Echinodermata, mriokoxue’ GZ; horns: two-horned, hollow-horned ‘Bovidea, nojoporoe’ GZ; muscles: gluteal muscles 93 ‘paBHoMycKYyJILHELIe’ GZ, ‘HepaBHoMyckyJIbHbIe’ GZ for uneven days; siphon: broad-mouthed Eurysiphonata, mupokocudOoxasIe GZ, narrow-mouthed Stenosiphonata, yskocuporusie GZ; wings: Neoptera, HoBokpsutsie GZ, Palacoptera, npesmexpsutsie GZ; armor: jvairiaSarviai,Heterostraci, pasmommTkosbie’ GZ; gills: flat-gills |, Lamellibranchiata, Pelecypoda, mnacranvaToxkabepusie” GZ, sub-Sakiniafiauniai, virSutiniaZiauniai “Prosabranchiata, BepxHexaGepHsie” GZ, etc. In terms of meaning, the same is true for some names of plant systematic units, e.g.: laisvakaeniniai "plants whose petals are loose up to the base, not grown together" BŽ, nakakrūniai "cereals, usually having grains with husk (oats, barley), some varieties without husk" BŽ, nakasėkliai — "group of plants having seed-leaves, lying freely on macrosporophils and not surrounded by the latter" BŽ, GŽ. Sometimes, the noun form of systematic terms does not denote a part of the animal or plant body, but some other characteristic feature, e.g.: explicit "plants having flowers and a clearly expressed form of sexual reproduction" BZ, viviparous "a group of bacteria surrounded by a layer of mucus and forming large, often visible to the naked eye colonies" BZ, clandestine "plants without flowers, whose sexual reproduction methods are difficult to discern and therefore have been unknown for a long time" BZ. The names of the species are often based on the Latin nomenclature. Such terms are valuable. A relatively large number of the compound terms examined are names of persons. Some of them and the noun verb are based on a noun that designates a person, and the first verb indicates some characteristic of that person. Most of the examples have the first sand common (marking what people have in common). For example: co-defendant “coorBeruuk” TŽ, co-author “coaBrop” LŽ, TZ, co-plaintiff “concren” TŽ, co-guilty “cosunoBaur” TZ, co-creditor “coxpemarop” EZ, TZ, co-defendant “conopyuurejns” TZ, co-tenant “cCOHAHHMATeJI5, coapeHaaTop” TZ, co-citizen,corpaxnanun® TZ, co-editor “copemakrop” LZ, co-owner,cosnaneneu” EZ,,cocobcreenunk, cosmanenen TZ, co-debtor,copomxuuk® TZ, grandmaster- ,rpocemeitcrep” SZ, athlete “nėkkoartnet” SZ, weightlifter “Taxėnoarner” SZ. In the case of the second-order nouns, the substantive base of the second-order noun denotes an object specific to the person, which is taken as the basis of the noun. Such derivatives, of course, are used in a figurative sense, their adjective and lexical meaning do not coincide. For example: co-worker "corpymaux" LŽ, TŽ, co-debitor "coxojnkaar" EZ, multi-tasking "pasnopaG6owunit" EZ. Some of these types of derivatives are most likely to be considered as adjectives used as nouns, e.g.: equal-right „paBHonpaBHsIž“ TŽ, minor,manoneranit” TZ, maZaturtis „ManouMyltunuitį MAaJIOOGecneuexnsrit“ EZ, minor „wecoBeprueHojieraaū“ TŽ, adult „coBepmennuojieTEžž“ TZ, full-right „nomuonpasusrit“ TZ. Comparing these two groups of personal names, it can be said that the tendency of Lithuanian compound nouns is more in line with the second group. In 1920, he published the article "On the appearance of the "Nature's Principle" (Lietuvos dakiamos rūšies praeities dalyviais. 94 These derivatives do not ir differ from terms with an adjective first condition in terms of their meaning. The first syllable of the other forms of this type is related to the personified forms of the corresponding verbs, although in terms of meaning the su jų (near one-third) closely related to passive kind su present tense participants, e.g.: sídlo ‘ceJieHHe; HHOS MeCTO: IIocėjiokK’ EZ, (is synonymoir us with residence), TŽ, well ‘3a00it; 3a60it ckBaxHHbI’ GZ, cover letter ‘CONPOBOJKHTĖEJILHOW MUCbMO ; Haka Has" NO, "CONIPOUTEILHOE (IIPENPOBOAUTENILHOE) MTHCHMO TZ, suction pipe “pipe through which a pump draws iš water from a body of water” M.Sc. | The first sandu of derivatives is said by a certain base verb su (more jo precisely the action marked) related (action-deriveto d) characteristic of a living thing, which is called the noun of the second ar sando. Many of these compound terms are names of inanimate things. ma Jų Denotes a thing of the same kind as the derivative, but the meaning of the derivative is narrower, ir defined by the verb sando. The first is the determining, the second is the noun. jų For example: the nipple “pipe running from the hydroturbine to the lower water į buffer” MZ, burning "plant disease causing reddishness of tissues, similar į burns, o sometimes ir drying of whole shoots" BZ, late interest ‘nenma’ EZ, TZ, flake sand ‘ground (usually fine sand) which, when saturated with water, acquires some of the properties of a liquid’ MZ, GZ, drilling sands ‘OypoBas Myra’ GZ, crosswalk “Wool stripped from sheep’s fur by fur-cutting machines in fur-processing factories” ATŽ, logging site ‘3a6oit’ (in casings) GZ, soldering iron ‘Tin lead alloy for soldering of ir thin parts’ ChZ, matlankis „į 180 half-circle divided by degrees for measuring angles’ MŽ, SŽ, graycap ‘xypra’ SZ, vacuum cleaners 'craxox-kauaJiKa' GZ, suction pipe “pipe through which a pump draws water iš from a body of water” MZ, split ‘Dry fruits from a twin-nested iš multi-nestar ed knife, which when ripe splits along the length of the nests į of the knife jų (in the umbrella, lip-flower, delphinium families)’ BJ, I've triednė ‘wool with fibres shorter than mm, removed from sheep’s fur by shaving machines in fur mills’ ne 35 ATZ, short-lived ‘elongated multi-seed dried fruit which, when ripe, breaks into transverse mono-seed segments. į They are classified as split-levels. Found among cruciferous plants (e.g. scallions, radishes) ir legumes (e.g. seradelle)’ BZ. Relatively few (fifth part) in the verb noun form of adjectives of figurative su meaning. ir They are also determinative metonyms (bahuvrihi type) punches. Second (noun) verb indicates a certain part of the thing named by the term, verb verb o — su the action-related property. There are a number of ir dialects of this language, but most of them are spoken by the local population. jų In terminology, words of this meaning are usually not used. This explains ir the scarcity of such formations. The available examples are all plant or animal systematic terms, e.g.: "the most advanced type of plant characterized, among other features, by the presence in the ring of a pistil formed ja by grown macrospores101 filaments enveloping the petals. This pistil later grows into a fruit with seeds inside —Angiospermae, rokpbiroceMeKHHsIie» BZ, GZ, conifers «plants whose petals are partially or entirely grown into a tube —Sympetalae, cnaitHojenecrHsLIe» BZ, perissodactyla, HermapHoKonbITHbIe GZ, scattered Schizodonta, pacmennénrosybuie GZ, sétanagia, Artiodactyla, mapHorKonbITHbIe GZ. The verbs on which the first form of the derivative is based are usually primary. Exceptions are rare, e.g.: settlement BZ, TŽ, (:gyventi), accompanying letter BZ, TŽ (lydėti, lydi, -ėjo), short-lived BZ (:trupėti, trupa, -ėjo). The term formation is usually based on non-prepositional verbs (among the examined examples, the exceptions are only GZ). The second-order nouns also usually have a verbally indivisible root (except for the accompanying letter EŽ, TŽ). The first part of the verb is usually a verb with a verb-subject verb, but it can also be a verb without a verb-subject verb. Verb conjugations based on other forms are usually perforated without conjunctive vowels (exceptions: kirtavietė GZ, likuogai GZ, siurbiastaklés GZ, trumpavaisiai BZ). As with other noun-second-sanding conjugations, compound terms usually have the endings -is (masculine, singular -io) and -ė (feminine). The genus of the derivative derives from the genus of the second-order noun (usually the derivatives are of the same genus as the second-order noun. noun, exceptions —only plant and animal systematic names, which, as in other cases, are usually masculine and plural). There are no fewer compound terms with adverbial and noun sandu than there are compound terms of the same kind with verb and noun sandu. A seventh part of this type of puncture are hybrids whose noun is based on an international term, e.g.: polypoly "MHoronojirocHuk" STZ, half-micromethod "when analyzing 10-20 mg of substance" ChZ, half-method "mosrycyMMa" STZ. A third of the constructs with the first adverb and second noun sandu denote the same kind of thing as the base noun of the second sandu. The adverbial sandd defines, determines the noun, e.g.: the circular,,uapKyxap“ EZ, TŽ, the plural „MuoroGopre“ SZ, the ending (deck) „ror“ SZ (sailing). The lexical significance of the remaining punches, in relation to the constructive significance arising from the meaning of the sands, is transitive. They are all also deterministic, and most of them are metonymy. The noun verb usually denotes a certain part of the thing named by the term, and the adverb defines it, e.g. : a) names of objects, geometrical figures: polyhedral (stone) “MHororpanmuur” GZ, polygonal “MHoroyrojibHnK” STZ, polyhedral “Muoroujen” STZ, adjacent “rnapaJUIeJIerm102 men’ STZ, a thief "Land strip along the river bank, reserved for passage, building materials for other purposes" ir MŽ, GZ; taxonomic b) terms: multicaps ‘Polyprotodontia, MHOrope3HOBbIe’ GZ, polypods ‘Myriapoda, MHoronoxku’ GZ, multi-cell ‘Metazoa, MHorokneToumEbIe’ GZ. The first kind of this kind of construction is based on the senior adjectives around, much, next, after, half, next. Most of these adverbs are su joined by consonants in the be second sand. However, all terms whose first syllable is an adverb many have a connective iš vowel - Yeah. Iš the adverb next to the derived sanda is Sali-. The second sand is usually based on nouns with a non-decomposable stem. Terms with deminutive suffixes, as in other cases, fall under the į ir ka be tų suffixes, e.g. multi-cell GZ (:cell), multicellular BZ (:scratches). However, some constructs have the second sand with the su preserved base noun construction affixes, e.g.: STZ, half-edge STŽ. Terms multifaceted equation micromethod BZ ir The values of the chZ are values, plg. rusy mMuozocmanounux noaymuxposemoo. They are, of course, repairable. For the first it is necessary to change at least the ending, i.e. to use daugiastaklininkis, -ė. Because this ir kind of compound nouns usually have only two endings (-is, vn. K. -io masculine feminine ir -ė gender). O semimicromethod, apparently, can be written in two words. Mathematicians could think about semi-squares ir and equilaterals. Direct derivatives are usually of the same genus as the second-order noun. Metaphorical terms more often ir jo (apparently, because of the analogy su with other terms of that kind, having different stands, and because of the named things) are male gender, Dūriniai prepositional noun stands su ir The first and second terms of the first sentence are the same as the first and second terms o of the second sentence. ir su ir In every fourth of this type of structure, the second syllable refers to an international term, e.g.: interdrenis ‘space between two drainage lines’ MZ, off-season ‘MexcCe30Hbe’ EŽ, interdental “area between adjacent bundles” MZ, overvoltage ‘Additional voltage’ ‘ChZ. The first set of these kinds of derivatives usually relies only on the unverified suffixes of the novel prepositions farp above. ir However, according to the noun "in nature such derivatives are nevertheless very close to prepositional derivatives. Sand-between punches denote what is between things (none), which are told by the noun of the second sando. Most often, these are names of objects of different places, rarely of time intervals. ar For example: intercostal neuralgia ,npoxunxa“ GZ, interglacial "interval of time between two ice ages" MZ, GZ, tarplysvis "groove, groove between beds" MŽ, tarpskiautis "space between sheet sheets" BŽ, tarpskiltis "space between split sheets" BZ, tarpsluoksnis "material- 'between two layers" 'ChŽ, EŽ, GŽ, "layer of different material between two layers" MŽ, tar- "groove" ‘Mocr’ GZ, intercostal “the stem part between two adjacent shoots” BZ, tar103 pupil ‘space between rows of ar planted crops’ MZ, intercellular ‘spaces between cells formed by the breakdown of cell walls or by the dissolution of parts of cells’ BZ, space ‘Mexmypeube’ GZ, "place between rivers" MZ, interloper "overturned bearant earth between the grooves" M.Sc. ¢ As can be seen from iš the examples given, derivatives do not have a connective vowel more often. A third of the examples have a conjunction -u-. The genus of this species (so-called, ending) from ir the second-order base nouns family, it can be said, does not belong. Almost all of them are male having a limb if -is (vn. K. -io). A quarter of the samples of the species under consideration have the first sand over-, which is associated with a prefix. su These derivatives denote additional (higher, usual, už expected) quantity of tą ar the phenomenon to itself, of the thing, which is said by the base noun, e.g.: extra profit jo ‘CBEDpXIIDHOBIJIL’ EOD, overtime ‘cBepxypouHoe BpemMsa’ EZ, (synonym TŽ for overtime), "mepepa6orxa" (synonym of overtime) EC, excess ‘CBepXcTOHMOCT5’ ESD, overvoltage ‘Additional voltage’ ChŽ. EŽ the term ir 'over-protectionism', which is at least in part correctable and too clumsy, ,,CBepXIPOTEKIMOHH3M The su prepositional derivatives above are synonymous with one group of prepositional adjectives, where also is indicated the excess of the object represented by the base noun. There are also synonyms. For example, ChZ apparently prefers the term overvoltage presented here, because į jį overvoltage in the diverted socket. In a later release STZ only provides the anti-voltago e, in the new Surge in the "Physical — Terms Dictionary". The second edition of the “Dictionary of Contemporary Lithuanian Language” (V., the 1972) editors, apparently, could not decide which word onpelnis — overpelnis ar more — expressive, although in the first edition (V., 1954) better held earnings (By the way, in both editions of the same work supranormis is considered more už representative of the word antnormis). The recommendation in the "Language Practice Tips" is given for only one noun of this type (it is regarded as an unrecognizable value, a merit, as superhuman instead of ir superhuman)*- ". In terms of the work, it would be apparenką tly inaccurate to strictly peikti — ir one, the ir second seem identical, but clear uniform recommendations are ir needed here. ir The females su are usually more commonly be associated with the ir male. family (with ending - Is, vn. K. -io). Dūriniai in su nominative ir noun form The first and second terms of a compound term are nouns and the second term is o a noun. The second term is the smallest of the terms. su Half of the derivatives in the second ju half have an international term, e.g.: self-induction ,,caMOMHIyKIHs" FZ, STZ, self-control ‘caMonpomBepra, English self-verifying; self-checking’ STZ,,camoKOHTpoJIb’ SZ, self-replication ,,caMOBOCHPOH3BE/ICHHE, English self-reproduction STZ, self-synchronization ,.caMOCHHXpOHH3aIHs, English self-sinchronization* STZ. 27 Language practice tips, p. 310. 104 The noun form of derivatives determines the noun, meaning of most punctuations mė = direct. The noun sanda of such structures is self-, which means that the action of another abstract ar thing, which is marked by the second sanda, is directed at the object itself. į For example: : savateismis ‘caMocyn’ TZ, self induction FZ, STZ and ir others. The ratio of some derivative stocks is slightly different, e.g.: cost "ce6ecronMocTb" EZ, TZ, arbitrariness ‘npowsson, csoeonme’ TZ. The derivative traveler "coBMecruTeJib" EZ has a figurative meaning. In terms of the form of the verb, the derivatives of this type differ more from other derivatives in the noun second sandu. su A large part of abstract nouns have the same ending as the second-order tą nouns. ir As has been observed V. Urbutis, šį the fact „in part perhaps it should be explained by the close connection of such constructs with similar constructs having the second sand from the verb, e.g. savimyla, savišalpa and so on.“ ** However, on the other hand, many of the compound terms mentioned here are not entirely independent forms of Lithuanian language. ra Therefore, be for other reasons, the terminology of foreign languages, which Lithuanian terms are an example of, may have helped to keep the ending of the second-order base word unchanged. This is especially true, apparently, of such semi-values as self-induction, self-criticism, self-synchronization, etc. Instead of some of these punches, it would be more appropriate to use prepositional conjugative abstracts of verbs, e.g.: reprodukavimasis, synchronizavimasis. Verb-conjugated terms, i.e. conjugations, the second part of which is based on a verb, make up about a fifth (21.39) of all the examples examined here. The center of meaning of these constructions is the second, verb, verb, because the general character of the meaning of the punch comes first from it. In general, the derivatives of the spoken kind are close in their constructive meaning to the derivatives of verbs with prepositions and endings. For example, such punctuaries as darbdavys EŽ, TŽ, eiliaiakalys LŽ, grioviakasys MZ, rūdakasys GZ, are equivalent to prepositional names of actors and possessors of verb properties, next to which they can be perceived as generic names (cf. davėjas —darbo davėjas = darbdavys; kalikas — eilių kalikas = eiliakalys, etc.). Close to the abstracts of verbs are the punctual gkistata TŽ, soil GZ, MZ, soil science GZ, MZ, metallurgy ChZ, GZ, rotation of crops BZ, MZ, etc. Finally, there are a lot of this kind of compound terms, which are named by the means of performing the action (in the prepositional and final marriage of words such derivatives are called tools names), e.g.: altimeter GŽ, MŽ, SŽ, concrete mixer MZ, trench excavator MZ, soil GZ, brushcutter MZ, pulpotiekis MZ, vandentiekis MZ ir kt The ability to combine in one word the object of the action or another thing and the words denoting the action itself is a great advantage of word joining, and this, among other things, is extremely useful for terminology. More than three-quarters (779) of the compound terms with the second verb sandu have a noun first sand. *8 Urbutis V. Contemporary Lithuanian language compound noun construction, p. 105. 105 sandas is nominative. Composed terms with the first su adjective numerative (5,2%), adverb sandu are much rarer, (4,7%), such adjectives, (2,6%) whose both compounds are based on verbs, are quite rare o (0,5%). Dūriniai in noun su verb ir conjugation The derivatives iš of noun verb ir terminology used quite abundantly among the examined examples are — almost as much as the adjective and jų noun terms of compound terms. ir su It should be noted that a number of this type of puncture (good third) have an abstract meaning are close to the ir abstracts of verbs derived su by prepositions and endings. For example: : akistata 'ounas craBka' TŽ, diegavirtė ‘Sprout root disease caused by various fungi — noneraHHe cesHnes, nojieraume BcxomoB’ BZ, soil ‘soil formation mo4Boo6pa3oBamue’ — MZ, GZ, soil science "soil science no4uBoBe/jeHne" — MZ, GZ, return on investment .ponmootmava’ EZ, mucus fluid "in some trees detected the phenomenon that se the damaged stem branches protrudes iš mucous mass tissue ar decomposition product ciau3ereueHueTM — — BZ, cashier "time for a river walk myroxoxn" — MZ, javalupe ‘Rye, wheat disease caused by Leptosphaeria herpotrichoides de Not., Ophiobolus graminis Sacc. ir some other fungi. Symptoms — dark covering on the lower straw interbulb, broken stems, whitish peduncles — KopHeBas THHJIb 3J/IAKOB’ BZ, November "leaf loss at the beginning of the ar cold dry season — defoliatio, effoliatio, meronaz" BZ, leafy ‘Leaf twisting ir disease of potatoes, tomatoes and other plants caused by a virus Solanum Virus 14 Appeal et Ouanjer — cKpyuHBaHHe jmerTbeB" BZ, ice carrier “phase of the regime of rivers, canals, water reservoirs, characterized by floating ice on the surface mi of the water — nemoxon® MZ, GZ, butterfly "air-curing adhesive wood flow of bone-fruit gu tree wound iš gummosis, TyMMO03, Kamejereven- — ue" BZ, the bird "flower pollination by su birds ornithophilia, — opaxTodunuza" BZ, common sea turtle "the flow of blood from iš injured coniferous trees resinosis, — cM0JIoTeueHHe" Crop rotation "crop rotation system in agriculture for rational use of soil for better crop yields" ir — BZ, "the sequence of rotation of seed crop rotation determined ir by agronomic science in order to continuously increase soil fertility" MZ, snowmelt, ‘cHeroraauue’ GZ, spygliacrite ‘coniferous tree disease, manifested by coniferous decay on the walls’ — BZ, stalk breaker ‘flax disease caused by the fungus Polyspora lini Laff. — It is manifested by brown, often merged spots on leaves, stems, heads of other parts. ir In the early stages of development, affected flax becomes yellow and ir dies, later affected flax — withers and ir breaks — JIOMKOCTb CTeOJIeit JibHa, IKIOJIMCIOpo3 CTeOJIeit abHa, mpucyxa® BZ, number of farms „planned management of ar the enterprise’s business on the basis of profitability xo3sitcTBeHHLIMt — pac4čT, xXo3pacučT“ MŽ, EŽ, TŽ, water capacity ‘Bojironu3MenieHue’ SŽ, windbreaker "strong winds breaking trees — GypejioM, BerpojioM’ BZ, land use ‘3eMJIenOJIb30BaHHue’ BZ, (synonym TŽ for land use), land management “land management, measurement — 3eMneycrpoiterBo" MZ, EZ, TŽ, fish “a branch of fishery whose task is to 106 improving the composition of natural ir waters or jų special ponds psI60BogerBo’ — MZ, SZ ir kt As can be seen from iš the examples given, punches of this meaning are the names of various special processes, states, as well as scientific fields and branches. Part jų names plant diseases. The latter derivatives often have some shade of the effect of the action, the results and the state. The jo first-person singular noun usually indicates either the object or the subject of the nominative action. | Very common in terminology are punches, which are called various means of performance mo (tool names). Among the examples examined such are mainly (near all 409, compound terms in the noun verb su aZc= diniu ir sandais). These terms are usually the names of certain devices or machines. Their verb conjugation indicates what action is to be performed by the means of performing the action called a punch, and the base word of the noun conjugation usually indicates the object of that action. For example: altimeter “instrument for measuring height —BBICOTomep, aJibTuMeTp” MZ, GZ, SZ, waveguide “BomnoBon” FZ, STZ, concrete mixer “concrete mixing machine in which, by mechanical mixing, concrete mortar is prepared —GeroxoMeunrajnxa” MZ, humidimeter “instrument for determining the approximate humidity of the air; hygroscope —rurpocxon” MZ, dust collector “nsvueynoBnuTens” ChZ, grounding “rpyHToHockKa” GZ (drilling equipment), grounding “rpyHmTouepnaTeJIs” GZ, stump chopper “stump chopping machine —KopueBaJibHas MamuHa” MZ, brushcutter “tractor-mounted device for cutting shrubs and thin trees —kycrope3” MZ, drip collector “such laboratory device —KAIUJIEYJIOBuTejib” ChZ, rain gauge “device for measuring atmospheric precipitation —ocanKOMeDp, noxnemep” MZ, GZ, polyacal “device for shaping poles; chisel —koněp“ MZ, GZ, pulp pipe „pipes for transporting pulp —myJsmonpoBoz“ MZ, ritmusa,xmomxka“ SZ (ice hockey), Sakniarové „tool for cutting roots; root raker —xopuenép’ MZ, density meter ‘instrument for determining the density of soil —mIoTEOMep’ MZ, traniéjakasé ‘mechanism for digging trenches —Tpammeekonatens MZ, pipe raker,tpy6onoska’ GZ, water gauge “water level scale —BozoMep” MZ, water gun “a device for converting the potential energy of water into kinetic energy by turning the water stream into a jet that washes the ground; hydromonitorius —ruupoMoHHuTOp“ MZ, windmill „Omutorep“ GZ (synonym vétrungé), lightning rod,momHmeoTBON, rpoMooTBOz“ FZ, earthmover „aggregate consisting of a pump and a ground-breaking working organ, intended to suck up and transport soil with the help of a water stream —3eMjiecoc“ Composite names of means of performing the action are quite popular in current Lithuanian terminology. In the sources that constitute the object of the thesis, they are presented almost as much as the names of tools derived with endings, and only about 5 times less than the corresponding prepositional terms. For comparison, the abstracts of ending verbs in the same sources are given 5 times, and of adverbs — even 52 times more. One-sixth of the compound terms of the type under consideration are close in their constructive meaning to prepositional and ending names of actors and possessors of verb properties. In general, in the conjugation of the present Lithuanian language, the conjugations of this meaning are the most abundant among constructs with the noun verb sandu*". 107 ir There may be more than one reason for the fact that the sources under consideration contain significantly fewer such compounds. First, some of the compound nouns of the spoken kind of the present language have a derogatory meaning, and in terminology such words are neither used nor made new. Secondly, relatively little personal names are added to Lithuanian terminology dictionaries. Therefore, from the examined examples it is not possible to make any categorical statement about the situation in Lithuanian terminology in general. The majority of the terms under consideration are the names of persons according to the action they perform. The noun verb usually denotes the object of the action. For example: brokdarys „Opaxonen“ EZ, darbdavis „pa6oronarens“ EZ, TZ, darbémys „paGoronojnysarens“ TŽ, eiliaklis „cruxonjnėr, pupmomnérTM LŽ, triniviekisys „trentų kasimo darbininkas —3eMjJIeKon“ MZ, kalnakasys „ropuopa6owmnit“ EZ, GŽ, raštvedys „menonpo3BojnaTejs“ TŽ, ridakasys „pymokon“ GŽ, streikuotojas „mrpeitkKOpexep“ EZ, ūkvedys „3aBemyronimit xossitctsoM, 32aBxo3“ EZ, vergvaldys.pabosmagenen” EZ, Žemaudys „natural or legal person who regularly uses an area of land —3eMJrenoJI530BaTejis“ MZ, TŽ, žemvaldys,3emiesnapeaen” BZ, TZ. " ~ Fewer are the names of the holders of the actionazodinés characteristics, Zyminciy not persons, but other living or inanimate things, e.g.: smokemaker,,apiMo0OpazoBaTess ChZ, complexmaker „atom, forming a complex, central atom —KOMIIJIEKcoo6pa30Barejs“ ChŽ, woodworm „rTouunbumk“ SZ (fishing), side-haired „GoxormnaB“ SZ (fishing), insectivora „Insectivora, HacexoMosJ18bIe“ GŽ. There are some such terms in the terminology of botany, e.g.: nitrogen-bearing „garbage plants, preferring nitrogen-rich soils —HHTpOOHJILHEIe pacremas, matpodutsl“ BZ [(synonyms nitrophiles, nitrogen-bearing plants), tuber-bearing „parasites, causing the formation of tubers (tips) in plants —neuumIoress BZ, pollen „plants pollinated by birds —ornithophili, jopaurodusr“ BZ (synonym ornithophiles). There are relatively few compound terms that have the meaning of denoting the effect of an action, e.g.: kurmiarausis | kurmrausa "a piece of earth uprooted by a bush —KporoBuxa" MZ, snowbreaches "trees broken, fallen and deformed by snow on the branches —cHerojioMer" BZ, snowplows "trees overturned by snow — cHeroBaJIsi" BZ, windbreakers "trees broken by strong wind —GypejJIoMbI, BETpOnome" BZ, véjavartas "trees uprooted by strong wind —BerposBajtbi" BZ. There are also few puns naming places, e.g. takosky is “a higher place that separates one river from another; watershed —Bomopasaen MZ, GZ, watershed ‘Bojopa3jeji’ MZ, GZ, watercourse ‘water-proof layer — Boxuoynop’ MZ, GZ, watercourse ‘connecting the lowest parts of the valley (lomy, ditches, Earth’s surface) (wavy) line; talvegas — Tamsser* MZ. Some of the second-order base verbs are used in all cases where it is necessary to name an analogous concept. As a result of this, sometimes there is no creation at all2 Urbutis V. Contemporary Lithuanian language compound nouns daryba, p. 106. 108 ži groups of related terms. This is particularly typical for the creation of ir iš abstracts of part of the means of performing the action. The names of various devices, machines often have second sands -gaudis, -kasé, -laidis, -matis, -pjovė, -rodis, -rovė, -semė, -tiekis, ir etc. Abstracts very often in the second sandu have -tyra (the names of various science, ir sometimes different fields and branches), somewhat rarer derivatives su -dara, -nešis, -flūdis, "order, place names in su the second sandu - Whiskey. For example: : -gaudis (:caught, catch) dust : collector ChZ, sound captor ‘3BYyKOYJIOBHTeJIL’ FZ, drip catcher ChZ, pipe catcher GZ: -Kasé (:kasé, kasti) : grioviakasé ‘machine for mechanised trenching kKaHaBoKonaTeJib’ — MZ, trencher ‘Mechanism for digging trenches — TpaHimeexonmatens’ MZ, excavator ‘Machine for digging land — 3eMJNiepoituas Mammua’ MZ: -wire (: allowed, allow) : waveguide FZ, STZ, magnetic ,,MarHATONIPOBOLI, anglų magnetic circuit“ STZ, $broadband cBeroBom, English optical path STZ, lightning rod FZ; -matis (:measure) : altimeter GZ, MZ, SZ, wavemeter ‘BomuoMep’ FZ, STZ, daZniamatis ‘4acroroMep’ FZ, STZ, debitomatis,pacxomomep,’ flowmeter; flow gauge’ STZ, drégmémeter “instrument for measuring humidity, moisture; Hygrometer —BxaroMep’ MZ, depth gauge ‘instrument for measuring depth — ruy6oMep’ MZ, SZ, angle gauge 'yrnoMep' SZ, timer ‘raitsep’ SZ, rainmeter “a device for measuring atmospheric precipitation —ocamkomep, ĮOxX7IEMep’ MZ, GZ, speed gauge "water level measuring device" MZ, "inclinomet- — er" "instrument for measuring inclination angles"; eclimeter — aK3mMeTp” MZ, snow gauge “instrument for determining the density of snow —cHeroMep” MZ, GZ (synonym for snow gauge), density gauge “instrument for determining the density of ground —munorEoMep” MZ, clearance gauge “myn, English clearance gauge” STŽ (synonym for gauge plate), telemeter “optical instrument for determining distance —JaJpuoMep” MZ, FZ, SZ, water meter “instrument for measuring the amount of water flowing over a certain period of time —BomoMep” MZ; -pjovė, -is (:pjovė, cut): brushcutter „a device attached to a tractor for cutting shrubs and thin trees —xycrope3“ MZ, lawnmower „hay mower —ceHoKocHJIKa“ MZ, cable saw „kauarope3ka“ GZ: -display (:display, display): humidity indicator "a device for determining the approximate humidity of the air; hygroscope” MZ, clock “uacm” FZ, STZ, SZ, water gauge “scale for showing river water level —BoxoMep” MZ, windmill “Omorep” GZ, mirror,3epkano” FŽ, GŽ, STŽ; -rovė (:rovė, to dig): kelmarovė „stump-- digging machine —KOopueBajIbHAS ManruHa“ MZ, root-digging „tool for digging roots; Root-cracking fungus — xopuénép* MZ: -seme (:semti, semia): turpsemé ‘machine for digging peat – skckaBaTop* MZ, gruntsemé rpyntouepnatens GZ, purvasemé ‘device for digging mud – Irps3euepnajixa’ MZ, vandensemé ‘mechan109 ical device for digging water – Bonouepnajixa’ MZ, žemsemė ‘machine for deepening furrows; its working organ are buckets attached to an infinite chain —3emuedepmanka” MZ; -pipeline (:pipeline, supply): pulp pipeline ‘pipes for transporting pulp —nymsunonpoBoz’ MZ, sewage pipeline ‘npoGonararens’ GZ, water pipeline ‘complex of engineering facilities for centralised water supply —BononpoBon’ MZ; -Dara. (:did, did) shining : ‘Onieckoo6pa3oBaune’ ChZ, soil, soil formation —mousoobpasosanme® MZ, GZ, diamodara,asimMooGpajoanne” ChZ, eilédara,cruxocnoxenne” LZ, minnodara „oporenme3uc” GZ, foodara „nemooGpa3oBaumne” ChZ, raukslédara „cknanxoo6pa3oBamue” GZ; -carrier (:carried, carried): carrier “the time of the river’s flow —myroxon” MZ, ledonesis,upiy, phase of the canals, water reservoirs regime, characterized by the fact that during it ice floats on the water surface —memoxon® MZ, GZ; -pladis (:flūdo, flūti): gleivépladis „the phenomenon in some trees when a mucous mass emerges from the damaged stem or branches as a product of tissue decomposition —cmn3ereuenmue“ BZ, lipaplūdis „the flow of air-hardening adhesive substances from wounds of bone-fruit trees —gummosis, TyMMO3, KaMe/ĮeTeueune BZ, sakoplūdis „the flow of sap from injured coniferous trees —resinosis, cM0JIOTE4eHHe“ BZ; -skyra (:skyrė, skirti): frontoskyra.pa3znen dOpoHTaJibRbrit“ GŽ (meteorology), takoskyra „a higher place that separates one river from another; watershed — Bozopa3/eji’ MZ, watershed ‘Bonopa3uejn’ GZ, MZ; „tyra (:tyrė, tirti): dirvotyra „soil science —nouBoBejeHue“ MZ, GZ, ežerotyra „lake science; limnology —03epoBe/(eHHe, JIHMHojxorus’ MZ, GZ, soil science “part of engineering geology studying soils — rpyHToBejeHHe’ MZ, GZ, ice science “science of freezing phenomena —Mep3JIOToBenennue’ MZ, GZ, book science “knuuroBememne’ LŽ, metallurgy “metal science —mertannosenenneTM ChZ, GZ, marsh science “science studying the formation and development of marshes —GojioToBejexne’ MZ, GZ, prairie science “science of meadows — nyroBegemue’ MZ, trout science “noraMojiorus’ GZ; - Order. (:order, order) teisėstvarka,n- : paBomopaa0K, MPaBOBOH MOPAXOKTM TŽ, žemėtvarka „land management, land measurement —3eMJieycrpoiterBo“ MZ, EZ, TZ: The second set of verbs is usually based on Lithuanian verbs. The base verbs of the greater part of the permutations are primary, but it is not possible to say that the use of mixed and even secondary verbs is avoided (the latter, however, are used much less often). The construction suffixes of basic verbs are usually not included in the stitches, e.g.: fondogrąža EŽ (: grąž-inti), laikmatis SŽ (: mat-uoti), paukščiadulka BZ (: dulk-inti), žemėnauda EZ, TŽ (: naud-oti). In terms of terminology, as in the current conjugation of the language in general, it is not typical for the verb to have a prefix. The vowels of verb conjugations usually do not differ from those of the base verbs, so the change of root vowels in term formation is relatively rare. It is true that there are a few derivatives with a change in the root vowels, e.g.: ledokamša MŽ (: kimšti, kemša, kimšo), šalčioplaiša GŽ, of 110 derivatives with a minor second sand the terms sandu are su distinguished -substitution in that the prefix of the į verb entered the sand. ir This is a major exception to Lithuanian compound word formation, which may have been influenced by corresponding Russian terms (their second syllable -zamewénnmiii). However, on the other hand, it is quite possible that these terms are composed somewhat differently — jų the second verb may be a noun. Because in the terminology of chemistry, substitution is used ir “atom, group, by replacing another atom, group in the molecule — 3amecrurens’ ChZ. True, in this case the semantic structure of derivatives is more o vague, the term expression would still belong to the exceptions (the second string of a very complicated structure). In terms of terminology, the Chemical Terminology Commission should consider how to find a better expression for the terms in question. In modern Lithuanian, the conjugation of two verbs, it may be said, is not made at all. su iš It is clear that in terminology such ir formations are almost not present. In the sources under consideration, only one term was found, possibly composed of two verbs. iš This is the mining term drilling gauge GZ, the Lithuanian equivalent of the international term drymeter. However, this term is unreproachable for its pronunciation, it is — sound, clear, corresponds to the general tendencies of the sand structure. There are very few compound terms whose second syllable is based on a noun verb. ne ar Ir the same all are ne terminological re-enactments. For example, the adverb and adjective-composed iš blackberry "Gyjramsrit" or the noun-adjective punch kailiapalaikiai SZ ir “secondary raw materials are collected from the population; worn fur embroidery used for the production of wool fibre by dissolving slurry in acidic — solutions yrwxbHas myOEuHEa’ ATZ are be undoubtedly conjugated words of ordinary language. However, some enriched terms may be newly formed, for example, the ir adverbial adjective puny rudmargė ir "plant disease manifested by the formation of brown spots on the leaves — Gypas narTHEHcTocTsL BZ ir light-spotted leaf disease — 6eJIas mATHHCTOCTH mucteeB” BZ. But plg. SZ the terms parallel,mapannens® (tourism), ygiagretés „Opycba“ (gymnastics),,- mapamiensusie OGpycba“ (riding). However, this is not the case for the most commonly used terms. Conclusions 1. Creation is an important way of creating, supplementing and further developing Lithuanian ir terminology. Compound terms allow to express complex concepts in a single word, well correspond to the important language purposes of special areas of language use, but the possible association of the constituent parts of the term should not be a decisive reason to change established terms, let alone consider them as words of irregular construction. I take this opportunity to thank ar K. Gaiveniui for permission to use the manuscript of the article in the šį preparation of the press work. 117 mo, clarity, conciseness requirements. In Lithuanian terminology, the craftsmanship also plays an important role in quantitative terms. More than an eighth of the Lithuanian terms in the dictionaries of law, geology and physical geography, physics, sports, land reclamation, chemistry, textiles, literature, botany, economics and computational technology consist of enriched single-word terms. In terms of the number of verbs, the conjugation here lags behind only the prepositional marriage, but outperforms the final and prepositional conjugation of terms. There are quite a lot of new enriched terms. It can be stated that in the terminology subsystem, word-making is somewhat more active than in the general word-making system of the current language. 2. Depending on the word of which part of the language the second verb is based on, noun and verb compound terms are distinguished. Most of the compound terms are with the second noun sandu (78.29, out of 893 examined examples- ). Verb derivatives make up a little more than one fifth (21.3%) of the compound terms presented in the dictionaries of terms that make up the work. There are very few terms whose second syllable is not based on a noun or a verb. Zai. 2.1. The first compound term is also mostly based on nouns (63% of compounds). The words of other parts of the language are less frequently used in the first aggregate (adjectives — 18,194, numerals — 7,494, adverbs — 3.4%, pronouns — 394, verbs — 2.8%, and prepositions — 2.3%). 2.2. Nouns are most actively involved in the formation of compound terms. One or both of the noun sandus are present in 94.5% of the punches examined. The verb-verbal sand (usually the second) has 24,19, the punch, adjective (usually the first) —18,6%, numerical (only the first) —7,4%, adverbial (usually the first) —3,594, noun (only the first) —394 and prepositional (only the first) —2,29; all punch. | 2.3. Most of the compound terms are made up of two nouns (46.5% of all examined examples- ). There is also a relatively large number of punches with adjective and noun (1794) and noun and verb (16,3945) conjugations. Other types of compound terms are less frequent (numerical and noun terms have 6,494, verb and noun — 2,794, adverb and noun — 2,39%, preposition and noun — 2,294, noun and verb — 2,1%, adjective and verb — 1,194, numeral and verb — 1%, noun and noun — 0,9%, of all examples- ). Terms that are based on an adverb and a verb, an adverb and an adjective, two verbs,. noun and an adjective and two adverbs, are quite rare. 3. Compound terms are based on both terms and ordinary language words. This greatly expands the possibilities of further use of punching in terminology. 3.1.The base words of the Sandas are not only words of purely Lithuanian origin, but also borrowed words (especially the so-called international words and terms). It is characteristic that only international nouns participate in the formation of compound terms. Hybrids, one of which is based on a word of Lithuanian origin and the other on an international word, comprise one eighth (12,594) of all examined examples, of which 15.6% are between the two noun verbs, and between the noun verb and the Zodic verb. 118 su 13,79, su ir Iš new terms of two international words are made very rarely in Lithuanian. There are a lot of such adverbially decomposable punches, but most of them have entered Lithuanian terminology į as borrowed words. 4. In the case of the intersection of two parallel lines, the intersection points are generally the same. The determination ratio is typical for all types of stitches. Most often, the first term of a compound term defines the second, — rarely the second defines the first (such punches as there are between terms in both noun terms). Copulative su derivatives (both of which are equivalent) there are only very few compound terms with both noun verbs. — 394 The greater part of the compound terms with a noun second condition are of direct meaning — the compound names a thing of the same kind as the determining (supportive in terms of the relationship between the meaning and the condition) condition, and the meaning of the compound does not diverge substantially from the meaning arising from the condition. Of the figurative derivatives (their lexical meaning is derived indirectly from the sands), the most common are the metonymy (bahuvrihi type) compound terms. Such are most of the entities who name persons and other living beings, occasionally and inanimate things. 5.1. Noun compound terms usually designate various concrete things of reality — objects and, less often, living beings. The abstract meaning of such terms is only slightly more than one-seventh. There are fewer names for the different parts of the city. 5.2. Verb derivatives are similar in their constructive meaning to the derivatives of prepositions and endings. Nearly two-thirds of this type of compound terms are derivatives of specific meaning and name the means of performing the action (31.19, of all verb compound terms), the performers of the action and the possessors of the verb characteristic (23.7%), the consequences of the action (6.39,). There are slightly more than one third (34.79) of compound verb terms with abstract meaning. They are close to the adverbial and final abstracts of verbs. Very few places in the nomenclature terms. .6. Sandy base words, as in all literary language, usually have a constructively indeterminate root. However, the need to name more complex concepts leads to the fact that a relatively large part of the compound terms (about a fifth) are based on words with a verbically decomposable root. Most often the verbically decomposable root is found in nouns taken from the Sanskrit (15.99% of all derivatives), less often in adjectives (2.2% of derivatives) and verbs (1.8% of derivatives). About one in ten of these parts of the word, taken for the creation of a punch, has an adjective root (about 11% of nouns, 12% of adjectives and 79% of verbs). However, most of the spoken kinds of base words have suffixes that do not extend the word in terms of syllables (e.g.: nouns gaubtas, juosta, kilmė, rąstas, raštas, reikšmė, siurblys, veiksmas, adjectives baltas, šaltas, etc.). In particular, it is avoided to take prepositions and enriched words as the basis of the sands. In addition, only the base word of one katro sando usually has an adjectively decomposable stem. Among all the compound terms examined, only a few words containing both fractions sands were found. ir they are, be of course, exceptions. 119 6.1. There are a few compound terms, the derivatives of which have a simplified root. For example, the deminutive suffixes of basic words (egg cell egg, petal petal, leaf leaf, etc.), the construction suffixes of į mixed and secondary verbs are usually excluded from the stitches. iš ir iš ir ir (birds bird iš fuck, ir watercourse water flow, iš land use land ir use etc.). iš ir ir 7. The root vowels change only in verb-conjugated terms, but this is not common. ir ji Changed root vowels are present in about one-seventh of the examined derivative verb sands (early-ripening, wave-leading, self-flowering, ir etc.). This change is more typical of the terms iš borrowed from the literary language or ba formerly formed, terminology o restructuring usually retains the root vowels of the base verbs unchanged. 8. In terms of the formation of the sands, the enriched ir terms, like the enriched words of the Lithuanian language in general, — be are double of connecting vowels. ir su with connective vowels. 8.1. One-fifth of the compound du terms (41,294) examined do not have conjunctive vowels. How much more often do not have connective vowels those compounded terms, whose first verb is based on a noun between the two noun verbs of which are (43,994), o almost half su (47,8%)). 8.2. The conjunctives of the compound terms under consideration are -ovine (47,1% conjugated vowels), -ia- (21,4%). - I- (13%), -0- (10,1%), - Uh- (5,3%), -u- (1,5%), -y- (1,3%) ir -I- (0,3%). It is characteristic that the connecting vowel of most of the constructions su coincides with the historical stem vowel of the first-order base words, for example, almost a third of the compound terms, whose first-order is based on a noun (most of du the discrepancies occur when the first-order base noun of this construction is a feminine noun), have such a connecting vowel, compared to those whose first-order is based on an adjective. ir 9294 This is due to the lack of a clear definition of the term, which is difficult to find in the literature. iš 8.3. Occasionally (though they are very rare), when the different conjugation of the same tų words is used to distinguish terms, e.g.: mo dienoraštis The ir peBuuk Daily ‘exemHeBHas ra3era’. However, terminology cannot be justified by the variants of the to term itself (e.g.: livestock ir livestock, angle angle, ir flatbed flatbed etc.) ir ir submission. 9. The endings of compound terms are as follows: -is a joke, (I of all the 64,9%, punches under consideration), -ė (21,7%), -a (8,8%), -ys (3,4%) ir -as (1,2%). There are -ė actually a little more iš forms with an ending, because in the dictionaries of terms, the names of persons are usually given only in the masculine genus. However, in general, the names of persons are mų given relatively rarely (in the dictionaries examined, they make up only one sixteenth of all combined terms). tą (6,39) 9.1. Noun compound terms of direct meaning are usually of the same genus, as na ir jų second-order nouns. The change of limb in such formations is almost regular. Figurative nouns are more often of the masculine gender and therefore have an ending -is, but in general the 120 genus (and the ending) of the noun comes from the object (subject) of the noun. To a considerable extent, the genus of verb compound terms and the attribution of the ending -is or -ė to a construct of a specific meaning also depend on the noun. Abstract verb terms usually have the ending -a. Most of the terms with the ending -as are irregular constructs. 9.2. There are compound terms with varying endings. In some cases, this variation reflects dialectal variants of punching — words of different dialects combined for the same purpose (e.g., kurmrausa and kurmiarausis), in other cases, the irregular variant is used alongside the regularly formed form (e.g., kilovatvalanda and kilovatvalanda). Occasionally, a different ending helps to distinguish terms, e.g.: duel „myans“ and dvokové,- mBoebopbe“, ptákadulka „pollination of flowers with the help of birds“ and ptákaplyniai „plants pollinated by birds“, etc. In the latter case, the difference in the puncture end is justified and useful for terminology, and in other cases correctable. 9.3. A fairly high proportion of cumulative terms (one-fifth of all samples examined) are plural. Most have the jų second noun sand. However, there are very few cases where the plural is further terminated (e. g. : southwest "southwest wind" southwest ir "country of the world between ir the southwest"). 10. In order to ir supplement the Lithuanian terminology, the punching ir will be further fruitfully referred to. Therefore, it is important to consistently follow the most important tendencies of punctuation in literary language (string structure, connecting vowels, endings). Į the dictionaries of terms are relatively few irregular structures. So irregular. Compound terms, which have entered dictionaries and are used in į specialized literature, must be corrected by terminology commissions of the relevant fields together with linguistic terminologistsu s. Abbreviations ir ATŽ — Jurevičius A., Čižas A. Explanatory dictionary of textile terms. — V., 1962, d. 1. BŽ — Glossary of Botany Terms / South. Botanical Dictionary. Edited by: J. Dagys (man. editor), A. Lekavičius, V. Mališauskienė. — V., ChZ 1965. — Daukšas K. Dictionary of Chemistry. — V., 1960. DZ — Dictionary of Modern English. II supplement. I'm sorry. | Red. College: J. Kruopas (atsak. editor), A. Lyberis, D. Lukšys, J. Paulauskas, J. Senkus, Ulvydas. K. — V., 1972. EŽ — Russian-Lithuanian Dictionary of Economic Terms / Red. College: K. Meškauskas (atsak. editor), A. Poviliūnas, V. Puronas, A. Skupeika. — V., 1966. FZ — Glossary of Physics Terms / Red. P. Brazzaville. — V., 1958. GŽ — Gudelis V. Dictionary ir of Geology and Physical Geography. — V., LKŽ 1956. — Dictionary of the English Language. — V., 1941—1978, t. 1-11. 121 LZ —Literatūros terminų žodynas /Compiled by J. Petronis, V. Vanagas, A. Zalatorius. —V., 1962. J. J., Dictionary of the English Language. —V., 1960. STZ —Kairys V., Kaminskas A., Kudirka Z., Kundrotiené R., LipSicas M., Mačernius A., Norkus J, Riaubūnas J., Stanaitis J., Stulpinas B., Šliavas A. Rusy-lietuvig—angly dictionary of computational technology terms. —V., 1971. SZ —Dictionary of Sports Terms /Red. 2nd chamber: Z. Gobikas, V. Kazlauskas, J. Lagunavičius, P. Normantas, V. Petkus, P. Rimša, V. Steponaitis (responsible author). —V., 1959. TŽ —Dictionary of Legal Terms / Compiled by A. Žiurlys. Red. board: J. Bulavas, K. Jablonskis (editor), J. Žiugžda, A. Žiurlys. —V., 1954. 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