Sudurtiniai vertiniai būdvardžiai lietuvių politechnikos terminijoje

LITHUANIAN LANGUAGE SPECIAL LEXICON LITHUANIAN LANGUAGE QUESTIONS, XXII (1983) A. KAULAKIENĖ COMPOSITED VALUE PRONOUNS IN LITHUANIAN POLITECHNIKOS TERMINION 1. Introductory remarks 1.1.The terminology of each field of science has a nominative-definitive basis, which consists of the following parts of speech: noun, adjective, adverb, verb!, However, the use of these parts of speech as terms is not uniform. The noun is undoubtedly the main means of expressing the concepts that are being terminologized. There are different opinions about the adjective as a member of the terminological system. It is often assumed that an adjective performs a terminological function only when it passes through the subject of a compound term. This adjective, together with the designative (noun), enters the dictionaries and is used as a term. However, not every adjective that passes through the subject of a compound term can be considered a term. Therefore, O. Achmanova quite rightly states that such adjectives, whose semantic structure completely coincides with the semantic structure of the main word®, cannot be considered as terms. V. Danilenko supplements the concept of the term adjective. In her opinion, an adjective in a word combination should be considered a term only when both elements of a compound term are freely combined, e.g.: virtual (particle) and particle (virtual, elementary) and so on. When a special concept is named by a combination of words, characterized by consistency, imagery, uniformity, then its separate element — the adjective — is not considered a term, e.g.: white eilés®. Therefore, it is not possible to assert that the adjective of a compound term is considered a term in all cases. On the other hand, composite terms, consisting of an adjective and a noun, are used not only in the dictionaries of terms of a certain field of science, but also in scientific literature, where there are also individual adjectives that perform a terminological function. Therefore, in scientific literature (in various subspecies of scientific style), terminology cannot be isolated from context. Only in it, in the words of V. Danilenko, new terms appear, they are given motivation and the right to function?*. Therefore, the adjective can be used both as a nominal unit of terminology and as an element of the term. "The elements of the term are the adjectives own (secondary || reverse || longitudinal wave; open || self-contained || complex arc), borrowed (central || electrostatic || quasi-stationary || magnetic field; amorphous || chemical || dispersed | integral structure) and translated (bang-wire transformer). | Įlanujnenurxo B. II. I'm not sure what I'm saying. —B KH. : Mccnenosanns no pycckoi TepMHHONOorHH. M., 1971, c. * Axmanosa O. C. Cii0Bapb THHIBHCTHYECKHX TEpMHHOB. —M., 1966, c. 12. 3 See. Įlauujnenro B. II. 1998-1999 Min. ill., p. 46. * Item No. B. II. TepMuHONOrH3auMs pa3HbIX 4acTell pėuH (TEPMHHBI-TIATOB NBI). — xn. : IlpoOjieMbi A35IKa HayKH u TEXHHKH. M., 1970, c. 41. 17 Compound adjectives Compound Lithuanian singulars true a i Lithuanian terms total of iš compounds Ati > p Languages Zodynas of Lithuanian oneZodZiy terms (without equivalents in other languages) Number of (adjectives) % FTZ 262 160 61 PolZ 458 307 67 STZ 253 148 58,3 FTZ, PolZ, STZ 973 615 63 Especially many translative adjectives have appeared in recent years. This is quite natural, because the rapid development of science, technology, ir economic scientific ir information creates a lot of new conceptual realities that need to be named. ar Realities of this concept ar are called prepositions (displaced) [operation]), conjunctives (limiting) [lempa]), prepositional — adverbs (upstream [drying]) ir enriched with (multi-speed [engine]) adjectives. The term is often used in the context of polytechnic terminology. Apparently, their abundance is determined by these reasons. Firstly, for new, sometimes extremely complex concepts, the fusion of words is one of the most appropriate ways to express them. Secondly, word conjugation is often the most productive way of word formation in the language from which the values are translated (i.e. in the source language). For example, the source of compound adjectives is usually Russian, where the word conjugation is one of the most productive ways of word formation. However, in this case, the source can be understood in three ways. Firstly, in the production of valuations, Russian should often be considered only as an intermediate language, because sometimes the Russian source itself is a valuation, e.g.: noaynpoeoonuKoeslii <—angl. semiconductor || fr. semiconducteur and so on. Secondly, a Russian source quite often has equivalents of similar structure and semantics in other languages, e.g.: pusbangis [radiuolis] —rus. "Noayeoanosoii || angl. halfwave || vok. Halbwellenstrahler, high-frequency [diode] <—rus. etbrcoxouacmomnbiii || angl. high frequency | vok. Hochfreguendiode and so on. Thirdly, the Russian source has no analogous structure and semantic counterparts in other languages, e.g.: garasroviy [aparatas] —rus. napocmpyūnbiiū; sméliasrovis [aparatas] < rus. neckKocmpiuinoiiė et al. Direct valuative adjectives, translated from English, French, Latin, are almost absent in the terminology of polytechnics. The aim of this article is to examine the enriched adjectives used in Lithuanian polytechnic terminology, their relation to the source and to determine the 18 Table 1 Number of terms and types of values in Lithuanian polytechnic dictionaries pi CB Toe A vertiniy iš russian language vertiniy iš russian language anei Class Kao) (without equivalents) | (with equivalents in other languages) languages) | number% number 95 number% 77 29,5 4 1,5 21 8 101 22 20 4,4 30 6,6 83 33 3 1,2 | 19 1,5 261 27 27 2,8 70 1,2 the most common constructive models of these values, indicate the tendencies of regular and dubious usage of such values. The examined enriched adjectives are taken from 3 Lithuanian polytechnic, computational physics ir terms Zodynu?®. ; The article discusses only those enriched adjectives in which both elements are Lithuanian. Composed adjectives with the first accent international and the second accent Lithuanian are not considered, e.g. magnetovaržinis [daugintuvas], pg. angl. magnetoresistor [multiplier], radiodažnuminis, pg. rus. paduouacmomusiii || angl. radiofreguency, or the first accent Lithuanian and the second accent international, e.g. aukštatemperatūris, -ė, pg. rus. excoxomemnepamyputuiui || angl. high temperature; multi-periodic, -ė, plg. rus. mnozonepuoduueckuū || angl. multi-periodic and so on. This is not a good idea, because the ones that are in the dust will not be able to take advantage of the dust. They are classified as semi-valued and are not analyzed in this article. In general, both types of adjectives are used. Thus, the form of such adjectives has its own, only transferred motivation of the source. Therefore, by origin enriched adjectives are to be assigned to the group of adjectives, which in terminology, and in general in lexicology, is the largest®. For example, 7,094 of the present verbs are used in the dictionaries. A larger part of this percentage consists of enriched values (nouns and adjectives). They are divided as follows: enriched nouns — enriched adjectives ir ir 2294, — 18,2%,. Percentage of the latter in the 5 above-mentioned ZV. the list of abbreviations. * Onexenumreia K. Karibku mo HeMenkonH MOJIEJIH B COBDEMEHHOM DYCCKOM JIMTEpaTypHOM S3biKe: ABTOped- ). Chicken. auc. —M., 1963, c. 21; Marsees A. A. JIaTHHCKHE JICKCHYEeCKHEe KAJIbKH B HEMENKOM s3bike: Astoped. chicken. auc. —JIssos, 1966, c. 16—17; Copokun HO. C. Pa3Burae cjioBapHoro COCTaBa PYCCKOrO JIMTEPATYPHOro A3bika, 30—90-¢ roast XIX Beka. — M.—JI.,— 1965, c. 167. 19 dynes are not equal. "Politechnical — Dictionary of Russian and Lithuanian Languages" (V., 1959) compound adjectives used 17%, "Russian — Lithuanian —in the English-language dictionary of computational technology terms” (V., the 1971) existence of these values 17,2%, "Dictionary of Physics Terms" (V., about all 1979) darybiniy 209, values. The number of adjectives in Lithuanian physics dictionaries is shown in Table 1. ir 2. Analysis of adjectives 2.1. Compound adjectives are formed by two syntactically and semantically related words. They usually have the formal grammatical elements of a single word and a lexical meaning that is clearly dependent on both elements- ." Therefore, the structure and semantics of such adjectives depend largely on which parts of the language are composed of the elements of compound adjectives. Therefore, the most convenient way to classify the enriched adjectives is by which parts of the language their elements originated from. and the relationship of those elements to the elements of the source. The enriched adjectives used in Lithuanian polytechnic terminology are pure-root adjectives, i.e. their stems coincide with the roots. Usually such values are formed from two roots and an ending. Compound adjectives may be appropriate according to their relation to the source. or inadequate®. The adequacy or inadequacy of these values is determined not only by language. parts, but also the uneven constructive structure of the value and the source. For example, the parts of the language that make up enriched adjectives are usually identical to the parts of the language that make up the source, but the equalization mark cannot be placed between the one and the other constructive structures, because they are not the same. According to L. Vialkina's scheme of compound words, the constructive structures of the value and the source would look like this: constructive structure of the value [R,+R;,] + n # for constructive structure of the source [R,+(R,+S)] + muş, here R, and R, root morpheme, S —prefix, n —compound value ending, n,—compound source ending. There are two types of adjectives in the polytechnic terminology: adjectives with noun second accent and adjectives with verb second accent. 2.2. In verbs with substantive second accent, the second accent is usually a noun. Vertinių, kurių antrasis dėmuo būtų būdvardis politechnikos terminijoje vartojama tik vienas kitas, pvz.: orasausis, -ė PolZ 51, plg.-rus. || 6030ywnocyxoit angl. air-dried; or humidity, -ė PolZ plg. 200, Russian. moxpoeo3dywnbiii ir etc., so they are not considered separately. * Grammar of the Lithuanian language. — V., 1965, t. 1, p. 591. * For more information on adequate ir inadequate values see. Kaulakienė A. The complex values in Lithuanian polytechnic terminology. — Lietuvos TSR Scientific The Academy. A batch, 1981. T. 1(74), p. 73—82. * Banxnna JI. B. Cjioxnbie CJIOBa B IPEBHEPYCCKOM S3bIKE B MX OTHOINEHHH K 53bIKY Type4ecKOro OpuruHajJia. — B KH. : MccnenoBanms No KMCTODHYCeCKON JIEKCHKOJIOTHHK It's almost over. M., 1964, c. 96. 20 In the polytechnic terminology, the first accent of the adjectives with noun second accent is adjective, noun, numeral, adverb, noun. Therefore, the constructive structures of adjectives with a noun as the second element are as follows: adjective + noun (B + D), noun + noun (D + D), number + noun (S + D), adverb + noun (P + D) and pronoun + noun (I + D). In polytechnic terminology, the (B + D), (P + D) and (S + D) constructive structures are used. Slightly less. the (D + D) and (I + D) constructive structures of the adjectives are used. In general, enriched adjectives of the (B + D) action structure are quite productive in Lithuanian. They usually have a so-called attributive meaning, indicate the distinctive characteristic of the marked object, tell what makes it special. In addition to this meaning, the enriched adjectives of the aforementioned operative structure have other meanings." However, the value adjectives of such a constructive structure differ from analogous compound adjectives. First, enriched securities are not as productive. Secondly, in terms of the (B + D) constructive structure, the first (adjective) element supplements the concept of the object represented by the second element, forming with it a single semantic unit that indicates: the form, shape or functioning characteristic of the object being indicated. The form of the designated object is indicated by such enriched adjectives, e.g.: ilgabangis [kraštas] FTŽ 150, plg. rus. odaummosoanoswii || angl. long-wavelength || vok. longwave; FTŽ 150, plg. rus. xopomxo0604Hoeiū || angl. short-wavelength || vok. shortwave; long-flame [carbon] PolZ 450, cf. rus. daunnonaamenuviii; short-flame fuel PolZ 432, cf. xopomionnamennbiū; PolZ 93, cf. Russian: dambsuocmpytinomi; direct current PolZ 335, cf. Russian npamomounsiii etc. Vertiniai greitaeigis PolZ 34; STZ 216, plg. rus. 6sicmpoxodusiii || angl. highspeed; létaeigis PolZ 428, plg. rus. muxoxodusni || angl. low-speed et al. indicates the characteristic of the functioning of the marked object. The same meaning have the adjectives crooked PolŽ 166, straight PolŽ 335, idle PolŽ 477 and so on. But they are not semantic. when accurate and adequate to analogous compound adjectives in Russian and other languages, cf. kreivaeigis, rus. "Kpu/unedūnomi || vok. curved; 2008. "NpAMOAUneiinori || vok. linear; tuSciaeigis, rus. xoaocmoii et al. Therefore, such enriched adjectives cannot be assigned to the subset of operatively inadequate and semantically incorrect adjectives, which does not exist at all. These adjectives are more likely to be regarded as new forms, which have arisen according to the x-eigis type of construction model, because analogous compound adjectives, where the x-element is not only the adjective, but also other parts of the language, are used more and more in today's terminology, e.g.: apskritaigis, plg. rus. Kpy2zoepawujame.tbnbolūi, Kpy2zo6oū; tyliaeigis, rus. OecuymMunwom: highlander, e.g. eocxodauwjuii; continental, cf. rus. nucxodAwWuii et al. Some of these new forms have synonyms, which in their construction and semantics are identical to analogous Russian compound adjectives, e.g.: ir PolŽ plg. 335, 10 See, Lithuanian grammar, t. 1, p. 597. 21 Russian. npamoauneiinviii || vok. linear; Curvilinear ir curved PolZ plg. 290, Russian. Kpusoauneinwii || vok. Curved ir pan. Such synonyms of new words, apparently, should be assigned to the semi-verbal group, jy because the first accent is o Lithuanian, the second is borrowed, cf. linear [<lot. line ‘line’]. Ir one, another ir meaning mentioned enriched value adjectives often tulogines contradictiori ns, cf. long-flame, -ė ir short-flame, -ė; long-tailed, -ė ir short-tailed, -ė; high speed, low speed, -ė ir -ė ir Mr. From a semantic point of view, these inadequate enriched adjectives are accurate because jų ir the semantics of the sources match. Therefore, these values belong to a subset of operatively inadequate, but semantically accurate aggregate values. The second in abundance is the adjective structure of the adjectives of aggregate values used in polytechnic terminology (P - + D.) Such adjectives usually have a lot of the first (adverbial) element, cf. Mxo2o0 and everywhere, cf. rus. ee30e. In the polytechnic terminology, the values are more common, the first focus of which is the adverb many. Adjectives that are composed of an adverb and a noun have a qualitative meaning — they indicate a distinctive characteristic of the object being marked, say what that object has of special, e.g.: daugiabangis, -ė PolŽ 198, cf. rus. MHo2zo60/no6biū; multiaspektas [work] PolZ 338, cf. rus. muozocmanounbiii et al. These adjectives are not adequate to the source because the value is non-verbal and the source is verbal. Therefore, the constructive structure of the value is [R, + R,] + n # for the constructive structure of the source [R, + (R„ + S)] + n. Sometimes, after looking at the source, it is also attempted to make the values of this construct with the suffix -inis, e.g. daugiaspindulinė [antenna] (= multi-spindle- ), cf. rus. muozoayuesas [aHTeHHa]; multiallel forces (=multiadelelés), cf. muozouacmuunsie [cb] and so on. Such a tendency is not acceptable because it contradicts the construction rule of analogous Lithuanian compound adjectives." (P + D) of the constructive structure, the first accent of which is the adverb everywhere- -, in polytechnic terminology use each other, e.g.: visureigis [šasi] PolZ 492, cf. rus. ee3sdexodnviii and others. This value is a noun, i.e. it tends to move into the category of a compound noun. Apparently, such a tendency of the above-mentioned evaluation is determined by one of the degrees of nounification? ?, when a compound adjective is used in parallel as an adjective and a noun, e.g.: 4x4 car and 4x4 (Russian: 6ee30exod). This means that the above enriched adjectives are operatively inadequate to the source, but semantically accurate, because the meanings of the source are identical. ir Therefore, ir (P + D) functional structure, ir (B + D) functional structure values are classified as a subset of functionally inadequate, but semantically accurate aggregate values. Other verb structures are considered to be verbically inadequate ir but semantically accurate (S + D) enriched adjectives. The first focus of these values are the quantitative numerals: one, two, three, which indicate the number of the expressed noun. to The second focus (substantive) indicates a distinct part of the designation the object to itself, e.g.: ar dvieigis PolŽ plg. 84, Russian. osyxxodoeoi || angl. two- * Kniūkšta P. Adverbs -inis adjectives. — V., 1976, p. 46. ** Drotvin V. Structural-semantic types of compound adjectives in Lithuanian literary language (Based on XVI — 18th a. edition). — Linguistic1963, t. 6, p. 76. 22 s, passport; two-speed [engine] PolZ 81, cf. Russian deyxckxopocmntiū; one particle [wave function] FTZ 90, plg. rus. oOuouacmuwunas || angl. one particle; one-frequency PolZ 240, pg. rus. odxouacmomntii || angl. one-frequency; single-stage [heat exchanger] PolZ 424, cf. Russian 00xoxod0eoii; three-pronged PolZ 440, cf. Russian mpexxodosoii etc. (D + D) constructive structure of the adjectives of the aggregate values in the polytechnic terminology is used only one another. Most often (D + D) functional structure values indicate the functioning characteristic of the marked object, e.g.: vapor stream [apparatus] PolZ 264 "operating with steam stream", cf. Russian napocmpiuinsiū; sméliasrovis [aparatas] PolZ 15 “operating with sand stream”, cf. rus. neckocmpiinsiii etc. The values of this constructive structure are semantically accurate, but constructively inadequate to the source. Their inadequacy is determined not by the parts of the language, but by the uneven constructive structure. Thus, according to the above formula, the constructive structure of the value is (R, + R;) + n # for the constructive structure of the source [R, + (R, + S)] + n,. Equally unproductive are the inadequate enriched adjectives of the (I + D) construct. The first element of these values tells the characteristic of the action of the object represented by the noun element. The verb structure of such adjectives consists of the recognition pronoun of itself: its own + noun, and the verb structure of the source is made up of the demonstrative pronoun + noun + suffix. Thus, the constructive structure of the value is (R, + R,) + n * for the constructive structure of the source [R, + (R, + S)] + ň, e.g.: self-propelled paver PolZ 452, cf. camoxoousti. This value is also affected by the substantivization process and tends to move into the category of the compound noun, e.g. savage, camoxoo. 2.3 The first accent of the adjectives with the verb second accent used in the terminology of the Polytechnic is noun and noun. Therefore, the constructive structures of adjectives with a verb second part are as follows: noun + verb (D + V) and pronoun + verb (I + V). In the polytechnic terminology, the adjectives of the (I + V) construct are mostly used. The first element of the values of this structure tells the object of the action expressed by the verb element. The constructive structures of all these values used in polytechnic terminology consist of the recognition pronoun of self: savi + verb, and the constructive structure of their sources consists of the indicative noun + present tense participant. Therefore, such values are not adequate for the source. Therefore, the (I -+ V) values of the working structure correspond to the (I + Dal) sources of the working structure, e.g.: self-hardening [steel] PolZ 402, cf. camosaxaausarowasnca [crane] || angl. self-hardening; FTŽ 107, PolZ 368, STZ 29, cf. camonuuywuii; PolZ 368 dump truck (Russian camopa32pydicarowjulica); savitepis [guolis] PolZ 298, plg. rus. camocmasbiearowjuiica; self-braking [sliekas] PolZ 487, cf. Shut up. camomopmosawuii; arbitrary Transfer] STZ 186, cf. camoynpasasiowuiics etc. In terms of semantics, Sie values are accurate because their and the sources' values are identical. These values have certain characteristics. First, some of the above-mentioned values tend to be nouns, e.g.: savirašis, savivirtis, etc. On the other hand, the productivity of these adjectives indicates that a new model of construction (recursive pronoun of self: savi + verb) is beginning to take hold in the construction of compound adjectives in Lithuanian, which is quite convenient in terminology. However, one other value of the aforementioned action structure is doubtful, e.g.: arbitrary 23 [transfer] Pg. 186, rus.. camoynpagasiowuiics ir pan. For the ir purposes of systematic analogy, the adjective municipality, plg. economic terms — enriched nouns savivalda, savivaldybė etc. ir Adjectives with adjectives, the constructive (D + V) structure of which is used very little in polytechnic terminology, only one another, e.g.: dujošvytė [light]. FTŽ 163, PolZ plg. 172, Russian. 2asceemntiii ir pan. This value tends to be a noun. Instead of the composite term gas lamp, the aggregate value gas lamp is often used. The values of these functional structures are not adequate for the sources. Jų the inadequacy is determined by the unequal parts of the ir language constituting the source of value and the constructive structure itself. 3. Conclusions 3.1. Based on Lithuanian Polytechnic ir physics dictionaries, it was determined that. that the use of adjectives is one-third less than that of nouns. However, the ratio of these values in general polytechnic su compound terms in term elements ar (in adjectives) is not large. The Lithuanian adjectives enriched in the dictionaries of 1,66%, terms make up about o iš jų compound values of all — 10%, compound Lithuanian single-word terms (adjectives). 3.2. Most of his works have been translatiš ed into Russian. However, the Russian source quite often has similar structure and semantic counterparts in other languages, ir for example: aukšta dažnis < esxcoKouacmomnuniū || angl. high-frequency. This is the largest percentage of the total population (about 7.2%). The adjectives are copied from the Russian source, which does not have analogous structure and semantic equivalents (e.g., garasrovis <—rus, napocmpisaineti, etc.), polytechnikos. in terminology is used 2.89, of all combined Lithuanian single-word terms (adjectives). The above mentioned dictionaries almost do not use compound adjectives copied from German, English and French. 3.3.The most common constructs of adjectives are: adjective + noun (B + D), adverb + noun (P + D), number + noun (S + D), pronoun + verb (I + V). The parts of the language of these values are identical to those of the source language, but the constructive structures of the one and the other cannot be equalized because they are different. The words in the value element are pure-rooted, i.e. their stems coincide with the roots, and the source element is non-pure- -rooted — consisting of the roots and suffixes, e.g.: ilgabangis, plg. oaunnogoanoenii || angl. long-wavelength || dt. longwave; multi-dimensional, cf. mMHo2zocmanounbiū; deyxxodoeoii || two-pass and so on. (I + V)-type verbs differ from the source not only in the uneven constructive structure, but also in the parts of the language themselves, e.g.: autograph, cf. camonmuywuii. Therefore, the constructive structure of the evaluation (I + V) corresponds to the constructive structure of the source (I + Part). Therefore, the above-mentioned values are to be classified as a subset of operatively inadequate, but semantically accurate operative values. 24 Abbreviations FTŽ — Dictionary of Physics. — V., PolZ 1979, — Russian-Lithuanian Polytechnic Dictionary. — V., STZ 1959. —Russian Lithuanian—English Dictionary of Computing Technology Terms. —V., 1971. CJIOKHBIE CJIOBOOEBPA3OBATEJIbHbIE KAJIbKH (IIPMJIAT ATEJIbHbIE) B JIATOBCKOMH TIOJIMHTEXHHUECKOH TEPMHHOJIOTHH Pe310Me Ha ocHoBe JIATOBCKHX II1OJIATEXHHYECKHX H (H3HY4YeCKHX CJIOBapeli pacCMOTpeHO COOTHOINICHEE CJIOXHBIX CJIOBOOOpa3OBATEJIbHbIX KAJIEK (IpHJIAaraTEJILHLIX) C COOTBETCTBYIONIMMH MCTO4HHKAMH (KAJILKHDYEMELIMH OOLEKTAMH). VCTaHOBJIEHO, YTO B JIHTOBCKONH HOJIATEXHHYUECKONH H OUBHYeCKON TEDMHHOJIOTHH npeoblia/ialoT CJIOXHB5IE CJIOBOOOpa30BATEJILHLIC KAJIbKH (TIDpHJIATATEJibHBIE), MOJIEJIH KOTOPBIX HMEIOTCH H B PYCCKOM, H B JIDYTHX A3bikaX. Takue KAJIbKH B JIaHHOH TepMHHOJIOTHH COCTABJISIOT 7,2% CJIOXHLIX JIATOBCKHX IOJHTEXHHYECKHX H OH3HYCCKHX TEDMHHOB (npujiaraTeJIbHLIX),. Bo BTOpyto rpynmy BKIIOYEHBI TEDMHHbI, HENOCPEACTBEHHO KAJILKHDOBAHHBIC C pyccKOro HcTO4HHKa. Take KAJIbKH COCTABJISIOT 2,8 9, CJIOXHbLIX JIATOBCKHX TIOJIHTEXHHYCCKHX H dH3HYeCKHX TEDMHHOB (NNpHJIiaraTeJIbHEIX). 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IIOCKOIBKY CJIOBOOGpa30BATEJILHLIE CTPYKTYPHI KAJIEK H MX HCTO4HHKOB (KaJbKHpyeMBIX OOBLEKTOB) HE aJEKBATHBLI, TAKHE KAJIbKH BKJIIOYEHHI B Ipynmy CJIOBOOOpa30BATEJILHLIX KAJIEK CTPYKTYPHO HEaJeKBaTHBIX, HO CeMaHTHYeckH TO4KHELIX. HeaneKBaTHOCTb B OOJILINHHCTBE CJIy4a6B OOYCJIOBJIHBACTCSA HAJIHYKHEM CYOOĖOHKCA y KAIILKHDYEMOTO COBA,