Šis tas iš lietuviškos liaudinės specialiosios leksikos

LITHUANIAN LANGUAGES SPECIAL LEXICON LITHUANIAN KALBOTYROS QUESTIONS, XXII (1983) K. LIFE IN THIS WORLD TAS Iš LITHUANIAN LYRICS SPECIAL OFFICES Modern definition 1. of terminology (the main, most 1.1. informative part of the vocabulary of the scientific language?) somewhat contradicts the concept of “popular terms”. The popular terms could be called at least a part of the so-called scientific terms terminologized words of the popular language. — But in some books? Terms are those popular words that have never been ir terminologized for use in the scientific language. ir Thus, the name folk terminology, although already used in Lithuanian higher education textbooks, may raise some doubts. The concepts of ir "special lexicon", "terminology", "professionalisms- ", "nomenklatura" are closely related, but differently subordinated to unequal extent. ir Į The most extensive concept of “special lexicon” includes the concept of “terminology”, but the concepts of “nomenklatura” and “professionalisms”, although included in the concept of “special lexicon”, are not subordinate to the concept of “terminology” and only conflict with it. Thus, that part of the vocabulary of the folk language, which we sometimes now call folk terminology and dialect terminology, is included in the concept of “special lexicon”, conflicts with the concept of “professionalisms”, but does not connect with the concept of “terminology”. For all these reasons, in this article we will use the term folk special vocabulary rather than folk terminology. 1.2. Lithuanian folk special vocabulary has been collected for several decades. Its most important collections are the academic Lithuanian Language Dictionary and its catalog and the Lithuanian Language Atlas and its catalog. This is also the case for the glossary of the Latin language. The material for this article is mainly taken from the printed volumes of the academic Lithuanian Language Dictionary, supplemented with some material from its catalog. The most important thematic groups of special folk vocabulary, which were not mentioned in the “Atlas of Lithuanian Language”, are discussed. Thus, the aim of this article is twofold: 1) to discuss the most important thematic groups of Lithuanian folk special lexicon and some of its features and 2) to describe the peculiarities of terminology of this type of lexicon. 1 llanujienxo B. II. "Pycckas TepsMunonoras,. —M., 1977, c. 201. 2 HesckanJI.I'. Ganraūckas reorpadaueckas TEepMuBoOjIoras, —M.,1977; Tpy6aués O. H. PemMecjietias TEDMHHOJIOTHA B CJIABAHCKHX 5i35IKAX. —M., 1966; Toncroit H. H. CnaBanckas reorpadudeckas TEpMHHOJIOTHA, —M., 1969; Schiitz J. The geographical terminology of the Serbo-Croatian. —Berlin, 1957 et al. * Vitkauskas V. North-eastern mudworkers' dialects. —V., 1976 et al. 2. Characteristics of Lithuanian Folk Special Lexicon 2.1.Our ancestors have been engaged in agriculture and livestock husbandry since ancient times. Therefore, we have many and different folk special names of this area. Our folk craft vocabulary is a little poorer. Comparatively poor and reflecting social relations Dictionary. The words of the folk special lexicon are mostly names of concrete objects, relatively few abstract ones. The “Atlas of Lithuanian Language” mainly contains names of buildings and their parts, household items and tools and their parts, and relatively few names of birds, plants and animals. There are also some folk words of kinship and social relations, names of dishes and one other name belonging to human or animal anatomy. This vocabulary is carefully scientifically catalogued and available to every researcher. Popular equivalents of special lexicon differ from terms in stylistic expressiveness, multi-significance. There are hardly any compound names here. The life of the common man has always been closely connected with work, the basis of the existence and progress of society. Work was not only a source of livelihood for him, but also a source of joy, while at the same time educating the person himself. The work process is less reflected in Lithuanian folk special vocabulary than various tools, means and objects of work. The work of man did not always succeed well. In our folk vocabulary, there are a number of species names for various errors, rickets, defects, for example: klapaté (Srv*, Pg, Krkin) | klebatė (Užp, Lel) | klabatė (Sv, Ds, Srv) | klebūtas (Ktk) || kldmpa (Šiv) || kliimbé (Lnkv, Grž, Jnšk, Rm, Ps) || pldmpa (Jnk, VL, Zg, Lk) || kumulys (Kps) "when beating the dagger, made unevenness", ladder (Kps) || šarka (Skdv, Klvr) "error, unevenness in the fabric", kumėlė (Slm, Trgn, Ds, PnmP, Al) "when weaving a rope or throwing threads, made a mistake- ", atauka (Ig, Ds) || prielaipa (Škn, Plt, Grg) || prielipas (Bt, Jnšk, Prng) "when spinning thread, which is distorted when weaving- ", kumeliūkas (Lkm) || ažūkartas (Kp, Ds) "bar distortion when cutting rye with a sickle", blyzé (Lš, Mrc, Mrk) "gap along the fabric due to missing threads of one or more rounds", brioksmis (KI) || zrėkas (Lz) "when going up, made a thief", proreta (Pc, J) "rare stripe along the fabric, occurring when a thread is missed in the thread", blaka (Prk, Up, Yl, Už, Pit, Trg, Plm, NmšŠ) || blūkė (Ds, Skrd, Brž, Kps, Slm, Kb, Nč, VI) || peršova (Ps, Rm) "disturbed pattern of the fabric, when one or two threads are broken" and so on. One of the characteristics of our language is the fact that work errors are named with figurative names of animals and birds, e.g.: kumeliūkas (Lkm) “distortion of the bar when cutting rye with a sickle”, šdrka (Skdv, Klvr) “error, unevenness in the cloth” and so on. When working, people used the simplest tools or devices. Most of them are no longer in use and have become ethnonyms. We have many and different folk names for them, e.g.: badikšlė (Dbč) "device for covering a thatched roof", leistuvė (Trgn) "device of two agilely connected tables for pressing honey from honeycombs", myklės 4 All abbreviations are the same as in the "Lithuanian language dictionary". (GROANS) "cheese press", cheese press (Trgn, Uzp) ‘prietaisas nytims megzti’, raskés (GROANS) "Apple writing device", pinch (Ob) || brownish (Sr) || Nozzle (Pkn, Jnsk) streaked || (Ut, Trgn) Black-th- | roated shark (Ck, Smk, Lkš, J) | bruzguoljss (N, S, SE) niugis || (Gršl) || žnidugas "a device to tighten the muzzle of a slaughtered pig", kalakšna (Trgn) "a device to tighten rims on spokes", drėskys (Sdk) “marking device for border crossing permits”, brūčius (Br) ‘crumbler’, crushed (Lš, Pbr) “Hunting driver’s device”, headphones (Sts) ‘apparatus for weaving scarves’, knitted (Vvr, Pln, Pit, Tl, Žr, Klp, Lkv, Vvr, Tv, Kv) trapped | (Krtn) || cocaine (Skn, Rd, Krp, Šts) squirrel "device for || following ropes", atoshagtē (Rtn, Ls, Lp) atrium | (Lz, Kp) displacem- || ent (J, Pin) ‘a device for stretching fabric during weaving’, criffin (Zd, Yl, Skd) ‘log lifting device’, holding device (Erž, Vm, Rtn, Kb, Asv, Vik, Klš, Dkš) creole || (Vb, Rm, Pn, Pmp, Sv, L§, Plv, Stk, Srk, Al, Trgn, Vrn, Kt) “thread bending device”, hook (3) || criogis (Klp, Dr) || A device || placed on the neck of a pig to prevent it from walking through fences, a walker (Smz) || crops (Sts, J) || gear (Sts) || tractor "device for drawing a bow on a barrel", bitch (Grk) | kaldité (John) “instrument for measuring the distance between ratchets”, koplé (Kp) "device to extract honey from iš the bottom of the tree", colt (Dl, Ldk, Mšk, Rd, Ėr) ‘device for binding boards to rails’, pimpal (Kl, End) “device for setting the vertical cut at the end of the log”, briokstas (Dov, Jnšk, Klov, Skn) ‘tool for marking out border crossings’, ir etc. Su Lithuanian special vocabulary related to work tools is characterized by the fact that it has a lot of species names lazdelė virvelė. In some cases they are independent working realities ir specially made for that purpose (a certain thickness, length), in other cases a o special only — performed jų function. For example: : Stick: dill (Kin, Prk) burns || (Ds) note || (Prk) "Netwoar rk resistors pinned", dumping (Wines) ‘to scare fish’, pérvaras (Ml, Rgv, Grž, Pg) "through the mouth of a buck", a mockery (Vks) ,,fire to ir stir the charcoal”, a crabby (J) jug | (Sv, Sint, Plt) “lean on walking”, shaker (Srj, Al, VI, Ds, Kps) “to shake piles or debris from piles or wool”, pin (Švn, Kt, Jz, Rdm, Lp) “frame rod”, krekvėlė (VIK) || matarélis (Krok) “to press straw when roofing”, grakil (GRV) "for digging out potatoes for baking in the fire", ylis (Nm) „with a nail at the back, to be used for skating on ice“, klostis (Ms) „to press wet linen“, /distas (Sg) „to be put between drying boards“, pūkilas (Krt) „to lift weights- “, nytai (Krk) „side bars of a rod“, kedėklis (Nt) „to be used for weaving wool“, keinis (Jnš, Pšš, Kdn, Pp, Srv, Akm) | geinjs (8d, Sml) || ritmusa (Kv) || kilnikas (Rm, Krkn) „to beat the ripples“, klinké (Ad, Tvr, Švnč) „to mix the sizzle, the virus“, etc. Virvelé: aptvara (K) || pavara „to turn into a net“, pastojikė „to attach a net cast into the water to the shore“, pindklis „rope to tighten the net“, lykis (Prk, Kin) „to sew the edges of the sails of fishing boats“, mėsvirvė (Slv) „to tie meat (in the fireplace)“, atšanklės „to wrap the net into bags“, atdsiilis (Vrn, Dbč) „hemp rope to roll the sails“, apvdrka (Rm, Nj) || rauklė (PS, Ps, Vik, St&, Jnš) || apraukas (TI),,virvelé naginéms suraukti- ®, apivaras (Sd, Slm, Rm, Grz, Srd) „to wrap the sails around the feet“, fstrakas (Al) || instrakuélis (Kps) || pefpinas (Vdk) || sritis „to turn the sails around the net“, dpvaras (Prk) „to tie the sails to the mast“, plėkė 6 (N/A) Hemp rope, paida (Skdv) ‘rear-sole reinforcement’, shoelace (Sighs) "which crosses surround the front ir hind legs of the horse", pakdušis pakausékas | (Krkl, Zr, Pln, Krtn, Šd) "to tie the chains on top", subverb (Grdž) "to tie the knuckles to the feet", preposition "to tie the sower's sower", panara panaras | (Kim, Rs, Zg, Sn, KI, Krs, Shiv) panerklas || (Jz, Ob, Sb, On, Dbk) narstis || (Ut) || passion (Step) | without (VIk, Lš, Lp, Al, Ud, Zn) tailbone || (Pbs) „botagui prie botkočio pririšti“, jdugtas (Sl) || pasinj's (RED) “a rope worn by a potter to ar carry a pot”, pastuflyné (Pgg) “for the ar transport of hay straw”, etc. The concept of "time" in popular language is related to ne astronomical su time, the change of ir seasons, as well as the time of various su works, e.g.: artoja (MI, Ck) artuves || (Trgn) "Aarilaikmo as", grass (Ig, Vrnv) “field threshing time”, turnover (Ds, Sdk) "change of the month", || shout-out squeamish (Uzp) „the time when it starts to get cold, but it doesn’t ar rise while driving“, žlėjė (Lnkv, SI) "the time when it starts to burst", bottomless (Gs, Brt, Rod, Arm, Ad, Blood, MI) "a time when bread is lacking", breadcrumb (Ps, Jnšk, Grž) "time when roads are not ripe", desert (Antz) "time between monthly turnovers", to struggle (NdW) ‘milking time’, kélinys (Sighs) "half-day interval- ", interjection "phase of the moon between ir old and new", mjné (Sv, Bt) "time for linen weaving", lindrautis (Srv, Ps) lindrovis || linarovys | (VI, Thu, Fri, Sun) linarūtė || (Sat, Sun, Thu) "time to rake linen", dust mites (Mrc, Kb, Lš, Vdk) in the paraižos || (Ms, Slnt Als, Brs) "time between the start of the full ir moon's dimming", brightness (GROANS) "the time when a married cow gives a lot of milk", budra (Sighs) "midnight", adds (Jz, Ut) ‘egg laying time’, afterflow (Plt, Brs, Žd, Gršl, Krt, Trk) ‘time from the cow’s start to calving’, kėlena (Sml, Sd, Sin, Lnkv, Jnš, Pšl, Pbr, "third of a working day", J) literally (Dg, Nc, Vrn) “the time when cattle are grazed in the morning and driven iš home at o noon during the summer”, burials (GRV) „working oxen grazing time in the evening“, broadcast (Not) || blouse (Nč, Klt, Mrk, Pns, Sauk, Ktk, Ign, MI, Vs) polaidis || (Sr, Prng, Vj, Rk, Slm, Srv, Trgn, Ds) "time of snow melting, spring walking", leaves (Klvrž) 'leaf spreading time', field (Pns, J) "field plowing time", field concept (Sv) "time to clean the fields", apizarra (Rd) | Bee-eagle (Slv, Stč) „time before dawn, when in winter people go to bed after breakfast“, apydienis (Dglš, Dks, Tvr, Gs) "time before dawn ar before dusk", income (Pd) "time when the moon iš passes full į moon", ingrybis (Dglš) "time of mushroom germinatiir on" etc. 2.3. Our ancestors have lived in the territory formed by glacial waters since ancient times. ir jų Due to the hilly terrain, the soils of the area are relatively diverse. Be to, per Lithuania is one of the most laky parts of Europe. Before the start of the post-war major land improvement in our region there were relatively (1 many km? about km) of 0,4 streams, rivers, and other small natural ir water bodies. Lithuania’s climate is also variable, transitional from the maritime climate of Western Europe to the continental iš į Eastern European climate. All this (geographical ir environment climate) ir formed a relatively rich and diverse subsystem of special vocabulary. In our folk lexicon we will find more names for a place, something naturally standing out from the environment iš (a) than the place related to human su work in the natural environm7 ent (b), e.g. : suffocaa) ting (Ul) "a sticky spot in the meadow", kino (years) ‘pakilesnė vieta raiste’, atldida (Grg, Rt, End, Sln) "higher place in the meadow", perch (Dov) "sourced tie-in", atow (Kp) || brightness (Jb) light | (J, Pin, Brs) re- || ra (Kv, Als, Sr, Vkš) pagdiré || (Alk, Lnkv, Ps, Krč, Grž, Rs, Ob, Up, Kp) pagdi- | ra (Jn, Sr, Ds, Nm, Trg, Vdžg) “wind-blown location”, kldima (Zd, Shkn, Krp) klūjima | (V3) mark || (Rt, Kv) preguma | (Tv, Tt, Jib, Rm, Up, Kv) || mé (As) | waiting (Skd, Grg, Sr, YI, Plt, Rt) “a rare spot in ar the forest”, inns (Dgls) || absorber (Trgn, Sv) ifisiauris || (Vdš, Dglš) || sgvara || pavėrnė (VIK) "situated ra between two lakes, hills and forests", atabrad ar (KKl, RS, Ds, Plv, Trgn, Dkšt, Rk) "shallow place on the edge of the ar lake river", izbrada (Ds) ‘ripening site (shallowness) in the river on a firm ground“, atsoda (Plng, Sint, J) || vadoxan || intvinole (Vkš, Trk) || | sztsiauta (Mzk, Sts) || dtséda (Sts) | Otter (Ggr, Sts) snow || (Turk) "place flooded by flood water", seklius (Trgn) || paplieka (Zp, Skr) "shallow place in the lake", atvūjūs (Al, Vlk, Zp) atvanga || “calm, current-- twisted place in the river”, mud (KI) || interface "deep place in the river", plésmué (Ds) “unfreezed place in the lake”, palios (Krsn, Dkš, Smn, Krok, Brb) ‘place of the lost lake’, lašmud (Klt, Lkm, Ign) "place in a lake where a stream ar flows out", a branch (Sauk, Dr) "place in the river bend", pasture (Ds) ‘the place where the river enters the b) forest’; nuoskina (Mlt, Lkm, Kt, Ktk) „place of young forest cut down“, passing (Drsk, Kp, Lkm, Antš) || expanded (Vdsh, Dglsh, Lkm) ‘non-infested spot in cereals’, sown (Pnd) "place of former farm", ironworks (Vin, Slk, Trgn) “a place for drying fishing nets”, a fishing net dryer | (Mžk, Žgč, Krž, Up) "fenced place in the pasture for cattle to burn", fight Weight (N, LsB) | (VI, Slv, Ldk, Žž, Pg, “a place where J) cattle of all ages were kept before the pasture was cut off”, į karklétis (Ggr) “place where the harrows ir were cut” etc. Many species names have been given to closely su related terms in agriculture such as “soil”, “meadow”, “soil” and others. For example: : Soil: pimple (Sts) ‘unfertile’, peat (Brs, Yl, Ths, Skd) ‘top peat’, ridge (Dov, Klp) firefigh- || ters (Dr.) ‘pink earth hardened by iron compounds- ’, akyčžemis (Kp) gas || (Nmn, Rdm, Dbch, Ne) || (Vik) "very easy black su soil land", squeak (Lk, Varn) “heavy su clay soil”, dubs (Pc) “loose, brown soil”, rust “poor soil with peat impurities”, caplys (Trgn, Sdk) "hard clay mixed with black soil", su sand pasmélta || (Sv) „land by the sand“, guide (Jn) "sweet, cold earth", glittering (Lš) "wet clay", "black gravel soil", "white clay" su (Jz, Rmš, Pun) „baltžemis, balta žemė“, apynašos (Dglš) „Land carried on the meadow by the flood“, murainé (Pgg) | mūras (V1) || paZliégis (J) „wet, sluggish land“ and others. Meadow: slender (Jn§, Brž, Ps, Zg) squares || (NdZ, Kos) undulati- || ng (Ggr) || lénké (Vn, Juk) || linguoklė (Ps) || liekmés (Gud) "wet, moist meadows", grinė (Prng, Grdm) | gruinė (Ilg, Skrd, Plv, Grš) | gryndila (Trgn) "meadow where no grass grows", baltiena (LS) "meadow where there grows herring, coarse grass", bimbarynė (Sts) | bimbrynė (Rs) "small meadow- ", paliejai (Trš, Trk) "inundated meadows", galijos (LZ) "distant meadows", ilgosios (Slm) "far extended meadows", kerpūzynė (Trg) "meadow covered with lichen and shrubs", draiistiné (Ss) "forbidden meadow for shepherds". 8 va (where grazing only takes place on Pentecost)", kauzynė (Šv) | kauzarynė (Vvr, J) | kauzarija (Sts) | kauzurynė (Krkl) | kauzurynas (Krkl, Ggr) | briedgaurynė (Sv, Varn, J) || kirbija (Ggr) "poor, covered meadow- ", paraisa (Grg, Ms) "meadow where cattle graze on straps" etc. ir Soil: laigmėnė (Arm) || atsélé (Pln) "where the same crops are sown in the second year", atlaišai (Sts) "soil not sown for two years", atkila (Up) "second-- year tillage", aršaliai (Pln, Plng) "untilled area of stony or wet land, usually considered pasture- ", baubarėnas (Ds) "dry, bare soil", liepalotė (Mrc) "tilled area of land in the forest", pakrionė (Rz) "soil, sloping to a stream", palénké (Grš) "wet, almost always water-flooded soil", dogmé (Paz, J) "soil of good land", paperšnys (Dsm) "wet, barren soil", apmata (Krp, LZ) | atmata (Krp) || badlaukis (Mžk),uZleista, untilled soil", akéja (Dglš, Lel) "excavated soil", ariena (Jnš, Zrm) "plowed soil", etc. The dependence of human work on the climate has contributed to the formation of many species names in this field. For example: : Clouds: gurūs (Lz) "big black cloud", kraiklis (JZ), "feathered cloud", duburys (Ds) || galvétinis (Vvr) "ball cloud", pamėnas (Ant) "red cloud in the night sky", galvéZis (Grz) | galvėkas (Kp, Slm, Tr) || pérdebesis (Mit, Užp, Sdk, Ktk) || kdsis (Prk) || driūblė (Prng, Ut, Lkm) || gurénas (Trgn) "small, fast-moving rain cloud", murmūtis (Grg) || danguljs (Rod, Vrn) "small ball cloud", plicka (Rt) "small thin cloud", pakarailis (Uzp, Sdk, Km) "light cloud without rain", etc. Ice: breaks out (Krz) | frost (Ds, Uzp, J)|breaks (Ggr) || frost (VIK) || čerškenos (Č) || saūsledis "thin, brittle, dry frozen ice", afitburt (Vvr) || dmburgos (Sint, Pln, Vvr) || atlajuos (Ud, Onš) || žžpalas "water running on ice and thickly frozen", kefnys (Svn) "ice on frozen windows- ", iliai (Gmž, Lkm) "ice crystals- ", blefbalas (J) || gargolis (Kvr) || lekétas (Rt, Als, Vvr, Grg) || capIjs (Rmš) | capas (Bgs) || lasledis (J) || palašas (Sts) "roof bell" and others. Rain: karšatis (Bst) | karšiava (Brt) || baiūigas (Stk, Vs, Lp) | pilaga (Sn) "Heavy rain", šafšas "narrow stretch of rain", dujas (Klv, J, Krš, Mžk, Šts) || dulksmas (Sint, J, Plt, Užv, Užk, Sts) || dulkis (Brš) || duoklys (Gdl, DKS) || dūliava (Sint) || druokena (Brt) || purkšna (Rs, Gs, Kbr) | purkšlys (Dkš, Pc, Smn, Mrs, Krn) | purkšlė (Sik, Trgn) | purškūtė (Gs) "fine rain", dreba (Skr) || dreblys (Kp, Svn) | drėblius (Smn, PnmP) || drébna (Lp) || droblas (Ppl) | drobliūs (Šš, Tvr, Brž, Ds, Slk) "rain with snow, wet rain", palijus (Lk) || pliaugé (Zg) || rūga (Gs, Ilg) "long rain" and so on. Wind: static || headwind (Blv, Grž, J) "wind blowing from the forehead", plendra (PrL) "weak breeze", rugis (N, K, LsB) "west", piétvis (Als) "south", abdominalis (Vlkš, K) "southwest wind", dudenis || auštrinis (Klp, Plng, Kin) "winter wind", aiūslaukas (Nd) "wind that causes southwest rain", marinis (PrL) "west wind", dOžinis (Rsn, Krg, Plng, Klp, Prk, Kin, PrL, Sg) "southeast wind", laūnagis (Plng) "southern wind", etc. 2.4. Lithuanian special folk vocabulary is characterized by specificity. There is only one other name for abstract concepts, e.g.: ¢iuZma (Ss, Alk) “many, multitude”, mūkena 9 (GROANS) ‘small quantity’, paita (Sn) “užasa” ir etc. It also jų includes the names of some mythological creatures, e.g.: dlkis (GROANS) "a fictional horror į drawing water people", gabra (suv.) "an evil spirit raging during a storm", Lent (An, Vad, Kp, Slm) “a fairytale creature, living in the je (usually during Lent)”, nakviša (Brs, Akm, Kv, J, Yl, Grg) "mythological creature causing insomnia", blisčius (Sln) „being, thrown out of cut grains“, rodžiai (Trgn) „appearing inviting to deliver cursed ir money estates“ etc. ar ir Specific generic names have also been given to the following concepts: Chicken: hops (Rdm) "green cheeks", producer (Ggr) "out of the way," chjempė (Sighs) "green-legged", granddaughter (Rtn) ‘Laying small eggs’, karka (Prk, Trgn) ‘karkianti’, cakéliné (GRV) "chicken-drawing", laying (Rod) |flyer (Pls) "soft-laying", whipworm (Sv) "short-legged", chicory (Grš) || foot (Vn) ‘small hen breed rooster’, ‘Drsk’, ‘chicken chicken’, ‘chicken chicken’ (Pages) “small breed chicken” ir etc. Egg: kneeling (Trgn) || clecathon (Grv) || Cochlear implant (Mžk, Jrb, Trg, Gd. Klp, J) || paper (81, Jnšk, Vad, Kvr, Vj, Slm, Dglš, Srv, Sdk, Vžns, Dkk) "Klukšintis (neverstatas) kiaušinis" (unturned egg), kirkūtis (Pnd) "the first egg of a chick", a lie (Pln) | decomposed (Pln, For) Layout | (Wed, Thu, Fri, Sat, Sun, Sat, Mon, Mon, Fri, Sat, Sun) "the last egg laid in the season", riddle (Skr) “rolled egg (playing)”, žnackys (Sn) | znūckas (Mrc, Krok, Lp, Mrk, VIk) "very small egg", exempt (Uzp) ‘hatching egg’, picker (Grk, J, Nmk) Pike | (Rt, Lkv, Up, Kltn) ‘hatching egg’ etc. ir Toy: a chick (Slk) || žirbė (SIk) "fucking ride on ice", zimbe (Ds, Ant) deer || (Sik) || bifbilas (Ck, Vv) nozzle || (Krs) || spindle (GDR) | Sparrowbird (Sr) „pagaliukas ar saga su perverta virkvele (sukant ūžia)“, zimbyklė (Dgl) || ldidyne (Kv, Als, Krok, Erž, Stk, Vkš, Jz, Kps) silky || „string ar jskelta stick to throw stones“, zirbé (Ds) || zirbélé (Mt) || birklé (Grv) „windmill- “, kojokai (Klov, Rd, Ar, Zvr, Lnkv, Er, Smk, J) | kabljs (Ktk) || keinis | keinys (Tt, Ll) || kėkšis (Ob, JZ, PnmR, Kp) || kylekai (Ps) || kojinės (An) || kitjékai (Vrb, Nm, Sin, Skr, Smk, Zg, Kt, Sv, Erz, Vkš, Slv) || hammer (Kp, Trgn, Ds) || kūikis (Vkš) || kirkalis (Ut, Jz, Vins, Sv, Ds) || kéblé (Pin) | kébliai (UZv) | kebIlys (PIk, J) || pédeés (Viki) || stypynés, finally, on which children stand and walk“; kemsas (OG) "circular piece of ice to ride off the mountain" etc. Bench: kojinis (Prk) | kojainis (Prk, Klp) || kerzlys (Pl),duonakaliui, statinei padėti“, zidelis (Kin) „su atkalte“, krasia (Pnd, Brž, PI, Slm, J) „medinis, sofa for criminals to beat and torture- “, plautas (RtZ, Krtn, Skd, Als, Žr, Zg, Brž, Dbk, Pn, Šd, Kp, Sv, Nm&) „saunos- “, lakta (Krkl) || maigfinas (J. Jabl.) „lying in an ancient market“, galvonas (Šmn) || šūlas „on which wheels are worked“, pakdpné (Stk, Azm, Jz) „wooden bench on the stove“, prikultas (Brs, Sd, Skd, Krp, Yl, Ub, Zr) | priskultas (Mžk, Brs, Plt, Zd, Žr, Tl) | priskulbtas (Zd, Lkz, Vkš, Stk, Brs, ZIb),laundry washing- “. M edis: kemeronas (Lkm, Sld) | kemerzéonas (Švnč, Dglš) || kebéZis (JZ, Pnm) | kėžas (3) kerckslis | kerokšnis | kerdklis | kerénas (Grz, Sts, SIk, Vj, Ktk, Trgn) || abaléskas (Ob) „apdegęs“, abaras (Alk, VSR),sakingas®, kérplésa (K, KzZ, 10 J) ||išvarta (Skr, Up, Rs, Dkš, Rms, Šmk, Žvr, Kl) || gridumedis (J) || vėtralauža | vėjalauža "a broken tree with all its roots", gūlas (Vlk, Dsm) "a tree lying in the water", kdmpa (Prk) "a tree rotten from long lying in the water", lampekas (Dbč) "a damp, broken tree", kėmzras (Plk) "rotten for bees to smoke", etc. Bark: spruce (MI) "second bark of the tree", oak (Uzp) "bark; from which tar burns“, kérpé (KzR) || ketai (Skdv) „thick cracked birch bark“, karna (Ad, Krtn, On, Vs, Vins, Brsl, Vdžg, Mit, Gs, Ob, Trgn) „lower bark of lime, willow or cardle“, atlupa (Brt) „bark of a tree that has fallen off“, maukna (PnmR, Krkl, Sr, Zd, Kvt, KlvrŽ, Ss, Sts) || lupsné (Žv) „thick bark of a tree (e.g. spruce)“ and others. In past centuries, wild flora and fauna had more direct significance for the common man than they do today. Medicinal plants were used in folk medicine, and hunting and fishing were among the most important sources of food. The folk man knew more plants and animals, had special words to name them. Popular names of small animals and plants (especially those that are only roughly written) are now difficult to identify accurately. Therefore, many of them are not fully defined in the Lithuanian Language Dictionary. For example: : Plant: angaZolé (Lp) | afigiaZolé (Kt) "such a grass in the woods", avilikė (Grdm) "such a grass in the meadows", bakščiukas (VIK) "such a plant with needles", briklėstis (Alk) "such a grass", dyguėlis (Rtn, Mrc) "such a marshy plant with needles", gafkšlas (Jrb) „such a grass, grows especially on slopes, leaves like maple, pigs like it“, geltonižis (Dj) „such a grass, jedrūnėlis“, gelžinžolė (Ggr) „such a grass“, gerkliažolė (Drsk) „such a medicinal herb“, gervūkaklė (Vv) „such a forest grass, blooms blue“, giedrūtis (Bd) „such a nursery flower, blooms yellow“, gijūtis (MI) „grass, used to stop blood“, girgėlė (Lp) "such a nursery flower", squirrel (Zr) “such a red-flowering grass”, getas Sn “such a grass”, lediné (Sts) “such a grass”, lėgis (V1) “such a grass”, lingė (VI) “such plant”, change-over ring (Dr.) "such a flower", naginė (Grd) "such grass", chard (Kp) “such grass growing in the pabals”, patrūkelės (MI) "such grass, like ši į dill“, marshes (Screaming) “such marsh plants”, piskkūtis (J) "such plant", spruce (Lp) "such a grass that grows by the water", hornwort (Kp) "such a flower", she wrote (GROANS) „tokia gėlė“, riéstinés (Brs) "such small, yellow-flowering grasses- ", riigste (GROANS) “such soil grass with a su yellowish elongated ir flower” etc. Bird: aršketėlis (Antš) "such a forest bird", blindėlė (Trgn) "small brown bird", éakstinas (PnmR) "such a brown-grey bird", čečėkas (GROANS) “such bird”, chick (Vrn) "Mottled pond bird", squirrel (Ds) ‘such bird’, piemendité (Pls) "a kind of wild bird, usually following after livestock", pitke (nlt?) (VIK) "such a bird", sour-eater (Nc, Grv) “such a bird” etc. ir Fishes: white-tailed trout (GRV) ‘tokia žuvis’, gaidré (Lp) "such a river fish", glez (Plng) ‘so small a fish’, gramzdina (GROANS) ‘such fish; „grundalas- “, lacan (Plng) ‘tokia žuvis’, maliduka (Grv, Dkšt) "such a fish", pesia (Ds) "such a small fish", plaphiclasis (Turk) "such a fish", flounder (Sn, CZK, Rod) "such a wide, small fish", floated (Vkš, Trš) crying „į like a small fish", ruilis (nlt?) (Sts) "such a lake fish", apennis (GRV) “such fish” etc. ir 11 Mushrooms: nonys (Sdk, Ds) "edible mushroom growing in wet places with a pink top and yellow ir bottom", pakasė (Vks) ‘toks grybas’, the mushroom (GRV) ‘toks grybas’, grey (VI, Skr, Erž) ‘toks grybas’, puté (GRV) "such a mushroom", raistykas (Dbč, Lz) "toks raisto grybas", dandelion (Sts) ‘Hazelnut mushroom’, rash (Viz) "such mushroom", rust (Narrow) „toks grybas“ ir etc. A few remarks should be made on these titles : 1) some of these names can be more precisely identified, e.g.: acid-eater a) (Nc, Grv) ‘such a bird’ is — the domestic sea bream (Pluvialis apricaria L.); (b) ‘Gramzdin’ (Grg) ‘such fish; ground- © Jas“ —goby (Gobis fluviatilis L.), because in the LKŽ: grundalas = goby (Gobio fluviatilis); guirė = grumb, grumpy, grumble, stingray (Gobio fluviatilis); gruz 3. zool. see gruz 1; gruz = Gobio fluviatilis; grūžlis, gružlys = rubble 1; for a grit see grit; gruzdė = rubble, debris (Gobio fluviatilis); c) geltonižis (Dj) “such grass, jedrūnėlis” —Ranunculus, because in LKŽ: jedrūnėlis = geltonižis, cf. jedrynėlis, and jedrynėlis = Ranunculus; 2) the illustration of the names of the animals and plants listed by us and some others in LKŽ sometimes shows that: (a) the identification is inaccurate; (b) the occurrence of omitted generic names in the field, e.g. : a) čekūtis (RŽ, Rš, Ds, Svnč) "Thundergoat (Scolopax gallinago): Oh, you chekut, chekutėli, what are you doing in the barn", cf. čečėkas (Grv, PIS) "such a bird: In the barn the chekuts breed". The illustration shows that the chekut and chechek are the same as the oenanthe (Oenanthe oenanthe L.); "Oenanthe oenanthe: If a rock-eagle sings 'lyk, lyk', it will rain soon". In our current ornithological terminology, the stone is not called the oenanthe (Oenanthe oenanthe L., Russian: odtixHKoeennan Kamenka, German: Steinschmdtzer, Latin: akmenčakstite), but Arenaria interpres L. (Russian: xkamuewapka, German: Steinwdlzer, Latin: akmentúrtinš); b) pesia (Ds) “such a small fish: Pauparai catch together with pesiom”, raukšlis (VIZ) “such a mushroom: Raukšlis, or brekiukė- ”. We will not find the names pauparas and brekiukė in LK Ž; 3) the names of some plants coincide with Lithuanian surnames, e.g. leleiva (Trgn) “forest lily (Lilium martagon)”: Leleiva; meriin (Vž, JV) „medicinal and spice plant grown in gardens (Majorana hortensis)“ and (Trgn) „garden dashi, meira (Satureja hortensis)“: Meirūnas et al., but they can hardly be considered the direct source of origin of these names. 3. Terminology of Lithuanian folk special lexicon 3.1. One of the most important ways of creating terms is borrowing ready-made terms. It can be borrowed not only from other languages, but also from dialects and from folk language in general. There are many examples of word-for- -word translations in the English language, e.g. "Geology and Physical Geography Terms Dictionary" (1956): 6aaxa —raguva (geomorph.), 6ap —1. sėklius (geomorph.), 6esasn cmena (rpo30Boro obnaka) —valinys (meteor.), BGypynorm —guožos (=goZos, i.e. breaking waves) (phys. geogr.), eanna —lobas „rectangular and elongated, small dune“ (geomorph.), eaxaroza —verdenė (hydrogeol.), emosawue eons — seiSos, standing waves (phys. geogr.), dpecea —Zabaras, aStriabriaunis Žvyras“ (geol.), 35165 —Šaršas „waves when the wind stops blowing“ (phys. geogr.); Mr. Mi12