Žemaičių Naumiesčio šnekta socialinės lingvistikos požiūriu

LANGUAGES CONTACTS LITHUANIA TSR LITHUANIAN KALBOTYROS QUESTIONS XXIII (1983) JANINA JANAVIČIENĖ, ZIGMAS Šnekta occupies a small area in the north-eastern part of Šilutė district, near the former village of Žemaitiškiai. Klaipėda region borders, This is the town of — Žemaičių Naumiestis ir 27 villages: Palėndriai, Sugintai, Grygeliškė, Vanšgiai, Cipariai, Paūpariai, Snūkaliai, Venckai, Pūšusčiai, Rimženčiai, Brokoriai etc. ir Ši spoken extends about 8 kilometers from Degučiai to Ūžlaukė (2 km before Gardama- ), about 9 km from Sugintū to Girininkai and about 14 km from Paléndriy to Meškinė. In dialect maps, the area of this schnekt is the southern border of the Žemaičių raseiniškiai and varniškiai: the north-western part of the schnekt up to Ž. Naumiestis and Ž. Naumiestis itself is assigned to the varniškiai, and the remaining area of the schnekt — to the raseiniškiai. But in reality it is not so. The entire area of the Schneck should be allocated to Raseiniai. The border between Varniškiai and Raseiniai should not pass through Ž. Naumiestis itself, but go further north, near Gardamo. The last villages that can be attributed to Raseiniai are Rimženčiai, Kūadagiškiai, Brokoriai, Šyliai, Meškinė (Sisikaimas deeply interposed in the Varniškiai area, but the on, om, en, em turning on, om, en, em was not observed here), Girininkai 1, Girininkai 2 (or Vainūto Girininkai- ), Vainutas, Kivyliai. Varniškiai features already have Bértininkai, UZlaukė, Gatdamas, Kukuiliškė, Pypliškė, Juškaičiai, Dargiškė, Gorainiai, Bikavėnai. Thus, in the entire area of Ž. Naumiesčio schneck, the sounds an, am, en, em are preserved. The locals say that only “svekšnaliai” (that is how they ridiculously call those who have Varniškiai characteristics) pronounce Zgnsis ‘Zasis’, ons ‘he’, komps ‘corner’, etc. Z. Naumiestis’s schnekt is also linked to the Raseiniai dialect by the fact that the quotation marks are not diverted, while the “svekšnaliai” already do. The language of Ž. Naumiestis differs from other people of Raseiniai by a more intense Zemmaičių accent. For example, the strong-end prefix is here on the first vowel, e.g. a. sg. dangu "sky" (cf. the sky of other Raseiniai people). The short vowels w, i are more common among the representatives of the schnekt than among other Raseiniai speakers: here their pronunciation is much closer to 9, ę, but does not coincide with the 9, ę of the "švėkšnaliai". The 9th and 10th are only seen in the middle of the scene. The borders of Klaipėda region and Varniškiai. However, it must be said that w, i are not used in all cases in conversation. Sometimes they are kept narrow. What this depends on has yet to be investigated. The authors of the article are inclined to believe that this duality of pronunciation (the same word or form can be pronounced in both ways) may have been caused by the confusion of the language of the local schnets and the language of the so-called litvinians (about whom we will talk shortly). Outside the area of the snitch, this duality has not been observed. The descriptive schnekta is also characterized by the monophthongation of the diphthongs ai, ei at the ending and the noun object at the root, e.g. n. pl. dd'kta' 'things' (to the southeast from. 102 sniffs pronounced dicty). Instead of a in the root of the noun namas, we have u here, e.g., n. pl. numa ‘house’. Of the morphological features, it should be noted that they use the plural more widely than the other Raseiniai area. The forms of nouns/stems (female gender) are more often replaced by čkamiené, e.g. goose (pronounced Zansie) "goose", dnksté (d'okšti) "forehead". The singular suffix and plural noun of the u root of adjectives have ijde-root forms, e.g. a. sg. draiisi (drūnsi) "courageous", n. pl. rambi 'rambies'. The third-person pronoun aūis (ans) ‘he’, f. ana ‘she’ is used. Instead of the a. pl. forms mūs, jūs, you have us, you. The third person of the future tense of the verb biiti has the form būs ‘will be’. Other areas of Raseiniai, especially those located to the southeast of the Schneckt area, do not have these characteristics or they are rarely found there. However, perhaps the most striking feature of Schneek is that it has been very strongly influenced by the German language. There are many different Germanic dialects. It is close to the old town. Klaipėda region. For centuries, it was influenced by the German language. Practically every fifth word in the language of the Schnettians (not the people who came from elsewhere) is of German origin. Germanisms are particularly common in domestic vocabulary. German almost all construction terms. Here are a few Germanizmy examples: negelys “vinis’, rymas (ri“ms) "belt", ruimas (riiims) "place, space', rumbas (rirmps) "belt", spūtas (spac)'shovel', sténderis "post in the fence', šimelis 'Syvas horse', §méras (šmūors) 'time', $pykis 'bicycle rod', Stapnotelis (Stapnuotelis) 'knitting needle', Starkus'- strong', strikis 'rope', štūlė ($tel'i) 'kédé'. They are often significantly lithuanized, get Lithuanian suffixes, e.g., rufidinas (ritndins) "round" (made from ruridas < German rund according to kūpin, sklidinas example), vaktioti (vaktū'ti) 'to protect' (with lit. -idoti, p. Ze. -i'ti), adv. giliukingai (g'il'uk'i'oga") "happily" (string from giliūkis “laimé’ with li. -ingai according to ldimé: happily model). Until the Second World War, the dialect was isolated from other dialects, and there was almost no common language. And now it often happens that the local Man, when asked how we call this or that thing in common language, cannot say anything. From the point of view of social linguistics, this dialect is most interesting in that in its area live many so-called lietuvininkai, i.e. Lithuanians of the Evangelical-Lutheran faith, who arose from the former Soviet Union. Lithuania Minor (Klaipėda region and East Prussia). It is believed that they had a considerable influence on the local dialect of Žemaitija, helping to separate it from other dialects of Raseiniškis, especially the influence of the German language spread. In addition to Lithuanians, there were also many Germans living in the area of the Schneck. There is also a village of Russians - Sugintai. Thus, the small area of Schneck is very diverse and complex from a linguistic point of view. Until the Second World War, the area was populated by Lithuanians! lived very much. The local people usually called them "Germans" or "Prussians". In New Town they made up more than half of the total population. There were many of them in the villages, especially in Paūpariai? (between Z. Naumiestis and Vainutas- ), even behind the riby® sniff. Now the Lithuanians have decreased, but still there are quite a lot of them, it seems, over 600 people. 1 This is how the Lithuanians of Lesser Lithuania called themselves. And now the old people often use this term £ In the interpretation of local people, the name comes from the Latin word pauper "poor". * They were mentioned by P. Jonikas in the description of the Pagramantis schnekts published in 1939 (p. 2—3), but his speeches were not discussed further. 103 Gausu Ž. In Naumiestis, Midveriuose, Sugintuosė, Palėndriai, there are ir other schnekta villages, as well as the borders of the už schnekta, especially Vainutė ir jo in the surrounding area. Away from the former. The populatijų on of the Klaipėda region is decreasing. One of the iš reasons for the appearance of Lithuanians in this region, as indicated K. Alminauskis in his preface to the Germanisms Dictionary (Die Germanismen des Litauischen. Part 1: The Germans Borrowing words im Lithuanian. K. (date not specified), S. 12), was the migration of hired agricultural workers from Lesser Lithuania to Žemaitija XIX a. ir XX a. at the beginning of the treatment. At that time, Lithuanians were su drawn here ir to earn a living with explosive daggers on their shoulders. Now they speak about it themselves, remembering the stories of their fathers and grandfathers. For example, the Lithuanians of Vainutas heard from their parents and grandparents that from beyond the Nemunas, mainly from Tilžė and Ragainė, 5-6 men came with drills and in a week they cut out the whole heap. They were paid not in money but in grain, especially those who did not have their own land. Living beyond the Nemunas was more difficult, so people were drawn to Žemaitija, and some of them stayed here. Another reason for migration was the intensified Germanization of Lesser Lithuania, from which people fled to the other side of the border. The refugees then (and partly now) lived in considerable isolation from Žemaitija. Mixed marriages were rare. However, they got along very well with the locals. The relatively closed life of Lithuanians helped to preserve their language peculiarities. This was due to the fact that the ancient religious books published in Gothic letters 1-2 centuries ago, especially hymnals and gospels, are still in use today. When listening to the Lithuanian language, it is clear that they are descended from the western Highland dialect area of Lesser Lithuania. In their speech we easily recognize A. Schleicher and Fr. The grammar of the language. This is especially evident when it comes to religious topics. Then you can hear a lot of language archaisms, e.g., where I esmi'esu', esmė 'are', dengu ii ascension day 'i dangy...', šauk maniéspi į bėdą°... prie manęs...' (says and thinks) that you are not included “...you are not included’ and so on. However, the language is now heavily influenced by the local Žemaičių šnekta. There are a lot of Žemaičių and Western Upland Lithuanian adjacent or double-pronounced forms of the same morphological forms. For example, the short vowels w, i are pronounced twice (even three times) and are broadened (a little or very) and kept narrow in Žemaičių. The diphthongs uo, ie can be kept intact here, or they may have their southern Zemgale equivalents #, i, e.g., says 3. praes. šviččia ir §vi't. Furthermore, the confusion of these diphthongs with the long vowels 0, ė, which was brought from Lesser Lithuania, remains, and is further enhanced by the equivalents of o, ė in Žemaitija, uo, ie. For example, it is said sesud and sesd, piens pēns ir "milk", g. sg. f. tds tuds, ir next to praes. 3. šviččia (and the decreased variant §viet) || §vi‘t says still švėt "glows" and so on. In general, Lithuanians use most of all kinds of doublets when speaking about religious or any other topic. Then it is often ne possible to observe only certain remnants of the old Lithuanian language in the present Ž. The New York Times. However, these remains are still quite prominent, particularly different from the usual Žemaičių dialektas. jų Be of what has been said, the present Lithuanian pronunciation is still characterized by narrowing & of the accent, even translation with a bivowel ie, e.g., ėžers 'ežeras', mies ‘we’, gi‘vienims ‘life’, miedei "trees', pri" winter "please Zemés’, a. sg. right-handed 'right'. So104 gi are very shortened, e.g. adv. méok "weakly', švėnt "Holy, completely- ', 3. praes. kėt "to go", kvieč "to call", meld "to pray", a. sg. kit ‘kita’, adv. Pram "immediately' (že. prūdiem < prūdēm), tei "yes', šali "next to' (Ze. šalip). The plural ending of the past participle -ę is replaced by -ei, e.g. susirivkei "meeting", atvaZidvei *atvažiavę', parūšei "written", etc. In some words the e is used instead of a, e.g.: dengus “sky”, kateliks (and katiliks) ‘Catholic’, tarnevdu ‘I served’ (but tarndva “served”), apkréuti “to burden”. Explosive consonants are pronounced with a stronger aspiration. It appears that there is less palatalization of consonantism against preverbal vowels. Other consonant peculiarities include the pronunciation of žvū'gi(<Zvdge) "candle", žvagūti "candle", Sugilis(< šiūgžlės) "garbage", artimieji "near ones". Among the morphological characteristics, the construction of the preposition in with the suffix to indicate the local, e.g., į bažnyčią (i: bažni"či) buvau "bažnyčioje...', į Ameriką *Amerikoje', gyvenū į Silute *...Šilutėje- ', į namūs 'homes', the abundant use of the plural forms (ju occurs in very different forms, e.g., judau abūdau 'I moved both', abidvau kvieti 'both called'), the frequent forms of nominative pronouns (e.g., jiejai negal paréit 'they...', mdn gdila jūjų“...jų', tas būva josis vaiks‘... jos vaikas’), the future forms without -i-, e.g., Zisu “I will go’, 1. pl. &isme || čisma, 2. pl. čiste (the latter characteristic is also typical of the local Zemgalians, only they monophthongize the diphthong of the root). In general, the verbs are used in the form of adjectives, such as "I'm going to go", "I'm going to go", "I'm going to go", "I'm going to go", "I'm going to go", "I'm going to go", "I'm going to go", "I'm going to go", "I'm going to go", "I'm going to go", "I'm going to go", "I'm going to go", "I'm going to go". The nouns are often of different stems (and families), e.g., rūka 'rich', goose (ža'sie) 'goose', nérvos (nervas) 'nerves', šūlinė (šūlini)'suline', kepena 'livers' (cf. kepena užvirė 'he was angry'). There are many differently pronounced words, e.g. lietuvys "litūvis" (n. pl. lietuviai, g. pl. lietuviū...), vokietys (uok'ieti's) "vėkietis' (Germans..- .), ligi rūgpjūčio (rūkpju'č'i) "until August", stalai "tables", mokytas "taught", voc. sg. goddess (d'iev'i) "father". The deminutives of nouns with the suffixes -ytis, -ditis (pronounced -d'tis) are widely used, e.g. ožkytis (uošk'itis) 'goat', antytis 'duck', érytis| érditis (jieri"tis, jierd-tis) 'lamb', kalakutytis 'turkey', verSditis (veršd'tis) 'dog', vefimditis (veZimd-tis) 'cart'. : In syntax there are many German constructions, e.g. prilygino from dvaji vaikg (mr...vaikir) "gave a comparison about two children’, manes dėl (manis diel) "because of me’, pasaké ant to brolio (ant tio brieli) "said about that brother’, ait ilgo laiko "for a long time’. Often a sentence ends with a preposition: nagy turgus volt "was a big market', emberek átlagnyi összegyűltek voltak (susiriokei volt) "... were gathered', nagrisdu ebben a világban lenni'slipped into...'. The Lithuanian vocabulary is particularly rich in German borrowings, e.g., bdnkas and beiikis "bench', bėrštas (bė'ršc) "flauting', briliai (bril'e) "'glasses', dišerbankas "timberwork', élskis "necktie', gardynos "užuolaidos', kedelys'skirt', lšpkė (I'i'pk'i) "liemené', muldė "help for cake uZmaiSyti', mūlda "long rétis with handles', šitūlė "school', styfeliai "shoes', ufliupas "vacation'. The borrowed words are usually strongly adapted, have Lithuanian suffixes and endings, which are pronounced in Žemaičių, e.g., inf. gruotūoti (berštū*ti) "to rub, to wash' (with -uoti, p. že. -tti), dryveliuoti "burbėti German', šlektūoti 105 "feel bad', snarling (GROANS) "to brush horses", to brush "to burn," adv. Swak (§wake) "bad, weak." However, there are unadaptable ir words, for example, Zmama "grandma", fipapa "grandfather" (plg. Cake is your mother's word? knight king "give to grandpa"). Sometimes even Lithuanian words are processed according to the German model, e.g. kiaulerijė (k'aul'er'iji) "pornography" (plg. vok. Swine). At present, the Old Lithuanian language is rapidly disappearing. Only older people have preserved more of its elements. The language of the ir middle generation of Lithuanians, especially young people, is now heavily ir iš influenced by the common language of the local Žemaičių šnekta. It only sporadically occurs Small Elements of a dictionary of the ir grammar structure of the West ar Highland dialect of Lithuania. Because the former closure of this ethnic group, especially among young people, has recently rapidly disappeared. There are no longer any religious restrictions. Mixed families are formed. The language of the Lithuanian youth, who have entered the new life, is increasingly influenced by both the local Zemgallian schnekt and the common language. The influence of the latter is now growing in this region. It is particularly increased by the school, the press, the radio, the television, and finally by all the cultural and scientific and technical advances in the countryside. From what has been said here, it is clear that very complex and interesting processes are taking place in the area of Ž. Naumiesčio schnect from the point of view of social linguistics. They need to be studied in more detail. This could provide material not only for theoretical generalizations of social linguistics, but should also help to better understand the complex process of origin and development of our current common language, which originated in Lithuania Minor. Ss. AHABUYEHE, 3. 3MHKSABUYIOC T'OBOP OKPECTHOCTEW KEMAWYIO -HAVMECTHUCA B COILIMOJIMHIBUCTHYECKOM OTHONEHHH Pezome CTaThs NOCBAIICHA H3YYCHHIO CIOKHON JIMHIBHCTHYECKOH CHTYALHH, CJIOXHBINeEHCA B CEBEPOBocTouHoH yactu IliunyrTekoro p-Ha JIutoBckoit CCP, B OKPECTHOCTSX HaCejJieHHOTO TryHKTA XKeMaiuro -Haymectrca. 3meck Ha HeOOJIbmol TEpDpHTOpHH MOXHO HaOJIOJIATL B3aHMOJICHCTBHE JIKATOBCKOTO JIMTEPATYPHOrO A3bIKa, MECTHOTO XEMAHTCKOTO JHAJICKTa H JIKAJIEKTA T. H. JIETYBHHHKOB (JIKTOBIJEB, IEDECEJIHBINHXCHA CIOJIa B XIX —XX BB. #3 Obis., Bocrounojii IMpyccun u KnaitneackoTO Kpasi), He CYHTas PYCCKOTO H HEMENKOTO fA3bIKOB. 'iaBHOe BHHMAHHE COCpejlOTO4HBACcTCA HA H3Y4eHHH JIMAJICEKTA JIETYBHHHKOB: PACCMATPHBAIOTCA BOMPOCH! I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry. THE DIALECT OF THE LOCALITY OF ŽEMAIČIŲ NAUMIESTIS (THE DISTRICT OF ŠILUTĖ) IN A SOCIOLINGUISTIC ASPECT Summary The article undertakes to examine a linguistically complex situation in the North-East of Šilutė (Lithuanian SSR), in the environs of the locality of Žemaičių Naumiestis. In this small area one can observe an interaction of Standard Lithuanian, the local Samogitian dialect and the dialect of the so-called Lietuvninkai (i. e. Lithuanians who came here from former Eastern Prussia and the region of Klaipėda in the 19th—20th centuries), not to mention Russian and German. Attention is focussed on the study of the Lietuvninkai dialect, the problem of the origin of the dialect, the development of its distinctive features as well as on its interrelationship with the local Samogitian diaect.