Lietuvos augalų genčių ir rūšių pavadinimai

PROBLEMS OF SCIENTIFIC LANGUAGE CULTURE AND TERMINOLOGY QUESTIONS OF LITHUANIAN LANGUAGE, XXIV(1985) KAZIMIERAS GAIVENIS LITHUANIAN PLANT GENES AND 1. SPECIES NAME PRELIMINARY NOTES 1.1. In 1980, the summary work “Flora of the Lithuanian SSR” was completed. It describes all plants of 129 families that grow and can grow in Lithuania, but have not yet been detected. The object of this article is the Lithuanian names of 724 plant genera and 2153 species presented in the aforementioned work. It is a more or less standardized terminology, which was discussed in 1966—1972 by the Botanical Dictionary Commission, headed by Prof. J. Dagis. The article discusses only the basic terms of plant systematics and does not touch the synonyms separately presented to the descriptions of some plant species. Plants in the “Lietuvos TSR iloroje” are classified according to A. Engler’s phylogenetic classification system, in compliance with the requirements of the codes of plant nomenclature. Each plant species described in this work has a Latin, Lithuanian and Russian name. Since some plant genera are named by 2-3 terms in Lithuanian, the names of the genera in „Flora of the Lithuanian SSR“ are several dozens more than the genera themselves. All the names of the genera are mononyms, except for the only phraseological term — water lily (Nymphaea) III 344!. Species names are almost all biwords, except for a few single-word very well-known folk names, e.g.: poplar (Populus tremula) III 22, willow (Wilix caprea L.) III 48, gooseberry (Ribes uva-crispa) IV 49, gooseberry (Vicia faba L.) IV 499, acorn (Vaccinium uliginosum) V 119, peppermint (MenthaXpiperita) V 299, etc. In very rare cases, one plant species is named by two Lithuanian names, e.g.: edible, common lentil (Lens culinaris) IV 502, common (seed) parsnip (Pastinaca sativa) V 89, etc. The smallest units of systematics described in the Flora of the Lithuanian SSR — forms, varieties? and hybrids —and some intermediate units (e.g., po-! The Roman numerals next to the term indicate the volume of the “Lietuvos TSR ilora”, and the Arabic numerals indicate the page. 2 Some varieties are named with one-word and two-word terms (e.g.: Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala DC — cabbage, Brassica napus var, oleifera DC — rapeseed, oilseed, etc.), but such names are unacceptable for systematic terminology and contradict the decision of the Commission of the Botanical Dictionary. 165 The names of the subspecies are usually not mentioned in this article. ir ; The Lithuanian names of plant species and genera in this article are examined in a synchronous manner and mainly in terms of terminology and word formation. Attention is paid to the etymology and construction of Latin terms only to the extent that it sometimes helps to explain the construction of Lithuanian equivalents. The aim of this article is to highlight the current situation of Lithuanian terminology of plant genera and species and to further improve it. 2. Genus names 2.1. The names of plant genera in the Flora of the Lithuanian SSR are given in the singular noun. Terms of this group can be two-fold: real and intralinguistic borrowings (from other languages or from our dialects and literary language) and derivatives (composed words, derivatives of adverbs and prepositions and endings). The former can still be called primary terms, the latter — secondary. # International terms for plant genera are used relatively little — about 16.7%. Most of them are taken from the Latin nomenclature and morionologically only slightly revised, e.g.: Tsuga I 110, Taxodium I 166, Thuja I 169, Ruppia II 79, Caldesia II 99, Elodea II 110, Zizania II 138, Koeleria II 212, Beckmannia II 272, Tulip II 532, Scylla II 534, Hyacinthus II 536, Leucojum II 550, Carya III 88, Kochia III 247, Portulaca III 267, Erantis III 371, Adonis III 442, Schizandra III 458, Lobularia III 542, Rapistrum III 561, Conringia III 567, Hamamelis IV 20, Tillea IV 22, Bergenia IV 37, Exochorda IV 63, Sorbaria IV 65, Neilia IV 69, Stephanandra IV 69, Aruncus IV 92, etc. Waldsteinia IV 156, Prinsepia IV 325, Gladitsia IV 333, Cladrastis IV 337, Thermopsis IV 339, Amorpha IV 357, Wisteria IV 360, Sphaerophysa IV 365, Ptelea IV 593, Ailanthus IV 594, Shepherdia IV 687, Actinidia IV 692, Clarkia IV 771, Godetia IV 773, Astrantia V 33, Erica V 128, Forsythia V 159, Phacelia V 366, Melissa V 314, Monarda V 366, Nicandra V 382, Scopolia V 386, Petunia V 401, Nemesia V 423, Catalpa V 490, Weigela V 519, Conyza VI 46, Rudbeckia VI 69, Galinsoga VI 80, etc. This is mainly the result of introduced ornamental plant genera. 166 MSE decades. In the group of Lithuanian names of the genus there are many indefinite, old native (Baltic and even Indo-European) and borrowed names, e.g.: lęšis (Lens) IV 501, vikis (Vicia) IV 470, perėnis (Pisum) IV 528, clover (Trifolium) IV 438, maple (Acer) IV 606, liepa (Tilia) IV 653, agurkas (Cucumis) IV 740, builis (Anthriscus) V 42, cumin (Carum) V 55, dill (Anethum) V 72, barštis (Heracleum) V 90, poppy (Papaver) III 464, horseradish (Armoracia) Cabbage 505, III (Brassica) III radish 550, (Raphanus) III 564, gooseberry (Ribes) IV 43, raspberry (Rubus) IV 100, pear (Pyrus) IV 229, apple (Malus) IV 232, Thorn (Pink) IV 117, plum (Prunus) IV 295, Carrots (Daucus) V 96, Mistletoe (CALL) V 129, uosis (Fraxinus) V 153, Cuscuta V 228, Satureja V 315, Stachys V 335 and others. In general, the number of original tribal names is much lower (about 31%) than the number of names created by various word formation methods. 2.2. The boundary between primary and secondary names of plant genera is not very clear. The examination of the formation of genus names is particularly complicated by several things: 1) the names of some plant genera are transferred from the synonymy of other plant names, so the basic word of such formations may sometimes reflect the distinctive characteristics of another plant. For example, the term gaivenis (Bupleūrum) V 50 is a derivative of the suffix -enis from the verb gaivinti (see also footnote 4 of this article), but since the word gaivenis was previously used not for Bupleurum, but for a plant of the Spinacia (spinach) genus, the verb gaivinti can no longer explain the motivation of the names of plants of the Bupleurum genus; 2) some names of plant genera are clear derivatives, but they have come into the terminology of plant systematics already as borrowings from popular language; In other words, in terminology they are no longer derivatives, e.g.: teardrops (Briza) II 218, earrings (Dicentra) III 470, Cypripedium) II 570, shoe (Aconitum) III 384, bell (Campanula) VI 12, sunflower (Bellis) VI 36, celestrus (Celastrus) IV 636, galium (Galium) V 190, succissa (Succisa) V 536, leontodon (Leontodon) VI 198, etc. ; 3) the formation of some plant genus names is unclear: they have formal constructive features, but next to them it is no longer possible to find words from which they would have come as Vedic (or if such words exist, the motivation of the formation is completely incomprehensible), e.g.: Neslia III 584, Gymnadenia II 605, Isoétes I 80, Berein (Chamaedaphne) V 115, cimbra (Cruciata) V 212, tussilago (Tussilago) VI 128, ficaria (Ficaria) III 406, chaiturus (Chaiturus) V 333, etc. The latter terms are mainly a kind of innovations of J. Pabrėža, L. Ivinskis, P. Matulionis. 2.3. Compound names of genera in abundance (about 33% of all derivatives) fall only to the derivatives of suffixes. Most of them are old folk names, few are new ones. The names of these species are primarily divided according to which parts of the language 167 go in the compound term. 2.3.1. For many compound terms composed of two nouns, the second suffix is -wood or -grass, e.g.: diemedis (Artemisia) VI 115: die(vas), beanwood (Laburnum) IV 350: pupa, walnut (Juglans) III 77: walnut, elderberry (Sambucus) V 525: shea, mulberry (Morus) III 130: silk, vine (Vitis) IV 645: wine, pea tree (Caragana) 1V 368: pea; Dentaria III 515: tooth, St. John's wort (Hypericum) IV 695: John, swordwort (Onopordium) VI 163: sword, swordwort (Euphorbia) IV 580: wart, bloodwort (Achillea) VI 92: blood, flaxseed (Linaria) V 423: flax, tunica III 330: plague, mildew (Isatis) III 526: malt, monastery herb (Glyceria) II 238: monas, triglochin II 89: narycia "some disease of the udder", goat's weed (Pimpinella) V 56: goat, parsley (Petroselinum) V 52: Peter, milk herb (Glaux) V 139: milk, primrose (Primula) V 145: key, silver herb (Potentilla) IV 159: silver, silver herb (Glaux) IV 157: trindė "trough- ", cichorium VI 179: trūkis "such illness", cichorium (Hierochloe) II 146: zubra "swordwort", etc. Some of these types of terms are apparently semi-verbal, since the first syllables are not used separately, e.g.: buksmedis (Buxus) IV 639, ginkmedis (Ginkgo) I 82, kukmedis (Taxus) I 87, larch (Larix) I 128 and others. There is one other term of peculiar or unclear meaning, e.g.: licorice (Glycyrrhiza) IV 384. The latter word's formation K. Būga and P. Skardžius, based on the word lazdybžolė, explain as follows: lildymedis< <lazdybmedis: sweetness and tree. P. Skardžius adds that "if only licorice in turn is not processed from *saltedyolė according to sweetness", this doubt is probably justified, because we also have the words saldymėsis, saldyledis. Besides the adjective saldžiarūgštis, we also have its variant saldyrūgštis. All of these examples show that the construction of the word lildymedis could be interpreted somewhat differently, namely: saldym(as) +medis. A relatively large number of noun-substantive combinations of plant genera are used, where the second part is the name of a plant, e.g. chickpea (Cicer) IV 469: ram and pea, spleen and fern (Athyrium) I 47: spleen and fern (Anthemis) VI 84: bob and chamomile (Struthiopteris) I 30: John and fern, mountain-grass (Asplenium) I 44: mountain and ruda, hare-grass (Luzula) II 491: hare and buckwheat, hare-grass (Oxalis) IV 539: hare and cabbage, flax (Bolboschoenus) II 320: liūnas and meldas, goat's breast (Galega) IV 358: goat and ruda, goat's rose (Epilobium) IV 755: goat and rose, mushroom pea (Lathyrus) IV 504: mouse and pea, mouse-grass (Sempervivum) IV 23: thunder and turnip, turnip and turnip (Ammophila) II 180: sand and lendré, sand-grass (Deschampsia) II 190: broom and broom, §unobelé (Rhamnus) IV 642: dog and apple tree, apple tree (Matricaria) VI 100: dog and chamomile, dog-grass (Atropa) 168 V 385: dog and cherry, hare salad (Mycelium) VI 249: hare and lettuce, etc. Only one other is a compound plant genus term, the first or both syllables of which are plant names, e.g.: Leymus II 298: rye and face "face", Scirpus II 314: wickswa and melda. A distinct group consists of the noun-noun type compound metonymic names of genera, e.g.: Hydrastis III 360: gold and root, bee-chair (Tanacetum) VI 107: bee and chair, nard (Nardus) II 274: deer and goose, ophioglossum (Ophioglossum) I 20: lizard and big "tongue- ", sea-grass (Honkenya) III 290: sea and sand, cat-foot (Antennaria) VI 51: cat and foot, moon-seed (Menispermum) IIT 450: moon and seed, fly-foot (Pulicaria) fly and chair, drosera (Drosera) III 592: sun and tear, spider-lip (Epipactis) II 584: feather and lip, dog-foot (Cynoglossum) V 262: dog and big "tongue- ", crow-foot (Coronopus) III 573: crow and leg, burdock (Arctium) VI 146: crow and leaf(s) "leaf?", wolf-foot (Lycopus) V 303: wolf and leg, geum (Geum) IV 149: claw and claw, etc. The terms of this group are often not original, but are derived from classical languages, e.g.: hedgehog <—Ophioglossum, moonseed +—Menispermum, dogtail +—Cynoglossum, etc. 2.3.2. Derivatives of adjectives and nouns are relatively sparse, e.g.: Leucanthemum VI 105: white and head, white-rooted (Polygonatum) II 543: white and root, long-lip (Corallorhiza) II 578: long and lip, black-lip (Nigella) 111 372: black and grain, hard-grained (Lithospermum) V 240: hard and grain, hard-lip (Cynosurus) II 223: hard and penis, bare-rooted (Gymnocladus) IV 335: bare and branch, dry shrub (Sarothamnus) IV 356: dry and shrub, drywood (Lonicera) V 514: dry and tree, sea buckthorn (Hippophae) IV 686: cold and bow 3 "flesh", blue shrub (Elaeagnus) IV 688: gray and shrub, etc. There is only one reverse derivative (from a noun and an adjective) — Orchis II 610: májušė and raibas. 2.3.3. Derivatives of a noun and a verb are about as popular as derivatives of an adjective and a noun, e.g. Euphrasia V 466: eye and scale, Cimcifuga III 378: blake and kill, Chamaenerion IV 766: throw and throw, Sanguisorba IV 146: blood and latch, Alchemilla IV 192: dew and rise, Helianthus VI 70: sun and drill, Thladiantha IV 733: wall and stretch, Saxifraga IV 38: rock and split, Ajuga V 280: fruit and defend, Nonnea V 245: wolf and look, etc. The following examples of derivatives of a noun and a verb have been found in the Greek language: Euphrasia V 466: eye and scale, Cimcifuga III 378: blake and kill, Chamaenerion IV 766: throw and throw, Sanguisorba IV 146: blood and latch, Alchemilla IV 192: dew and rise, Helianthus VI 70: sun and drill, Thladiantha IV 733: wall and stretch, Saxifraga IV 38: rock and split, Ajuga V 280: fruit and defend, Nonnea V 245: wolf and look, etc. These derivatives are also often not original, but values from other languages, for example: bloodsucker <—Sanguisorba, rocksucker —Saxifraga etc. ir Problem verbs may be enriched terms with the sand -sargis or -sargė: kalnasargis (Selinum) V 78, krūmsargė (Cucubalus)? We believe that this term was considered dialectal and unnecessarily reconstructed by P. Matulionis. 169 III 325, Scheuchzeria II 91, Zannichellia II 81, as well as Hydrocharis II 111, Parthenocissus IV 650. We would assume that the second syllables of all these compound terms are verbs. : Other enriched derivatives are rare. — For example, there are still several genus names composed of a numerals and a noun: two-headed (Listera) II 580: two and guonia "head", three-toothed (Sieglingia) II 209: three and tooth, one-day (Hemerocallis) II 509: one(s) and day, etc. 24. The most commonly used term in the field. This type of construction has a long history of use in the construction of bridges and tunnels. For example, suffixes with -envedinių alone are more than endings and prepositional derivatives combined. There are two variants of suffixes with -en: 1) -ené: dantenė (Circaea) IV 774: dantis, drėgmėnė (Sium) V 61: drėgmė, mumblenė (Limosella) V 408: dumblas, griovenė, (Hottonia) V 148: griovė, gumbenė (Phlomis) V 345: tubers, kalkena (Vaccaria) III 332: limės, carokvenė (Astrodaucus) V 46: carrot, raistenė (Hydrocotyle) V 29: raistas, raivenė (Leersia) II 140: ravas "ditch", rykštenė (Solidago) VI 34: vėžtė, smilgenė (Aira) II 188: milga, sultenė (Valerianella) V 533: sultys, unksmenė (Blechnum) I 45: unksmė, vandenė (Elatine) IV 730: žemenė (Sagina) III 289: žemė and 2) -enis: akenis (Ballota) V 334: akis, dirvenis (Ononis) IV 413: dirvas, garždenis (Lotus) IV 393: garždas, laistenis (Cotoneaster) IV 577: laiškas, plukenis (Najas) II 85: plokė, pūslenis (Physocarpus) IV 66: pūslė, ražys (Coronilla) IV 404: ražas, rūtenis (Corydalis) III 472: rata, saidrenis (Pycreus) II 304: saidras "wicksva", saulėnis (Helianthemum) IV 727: sun, scarlet (Libanotis) V 66: scarlet, straw (Anthericum) II 506: straw, thuja (Thujospis) I 168: thuja, bell (Botrychium) I 21: bell, willow (Blysmus) II 322: willow, caterpillar (Schoenus) II 336: caterpillar, willow (Rhus) IV 602: willow, etc. All these -envediniai suffixes are from nouns. There are also adjectives (a) and verbs (b), e.g. : a) alyssum (Alyssum) III 538: alyssum, cardamom (Cardamine) III 508: carts, margins (Coleus) V 288: mottled, bright (Pyrethrum) VI 111: bright, shield (Arabidopsis) III 516: shield "beautiful", b) bupleurum (Bupleurum) V 50: brightening *, kléstené (Scleranthus) III 295: klésti "to flourish, to grow well", utricularia (Utricularia) V 498: drowning, ecballium (Ecballium) IV 738: splashing, etc. Some of the words at this end are not sufficiently clear in their construction, for example: artvenis (Sherardia) V 190, bandenis (Echinops) VI 177, gebenė (Hedera) V 22, pastenis (Malachium) III 279, patvenis (Swertia) V 179, praujenė (Callitriche) V 266. For some of these terms, the base word can no longer be found at all, while for others it can be associated with several words. For example, the word gebenė can be considered 4 This term can also be associated with the adjective gaivus „gaivus, stiprus; happy, bright”, if made from the noun geba “prožirnis” (Genista) or from the verb gebti/gėbti “to protect, to surround”; winioti” and so on. Suffixes with -ūn-, -u and -uol are almost equally productive: they form a dozen names of plant 170 genera: 1) -ūnas, -ūnė: from nouns: palandūnė (Atrplex) III 240: balanda, garšnakūnis (Alliaria) III 524: garlic, clover (Lespedeza) IV 412: clover, gegiinė (Dactylorhiza) VI 290: gegė, girūnė (Sanicula) V 31: giria, gvaizdūnė (Zinnia) VI 79: gvaizdė "Armeria", kraštūnė (Littorella) V 512: kraštas, krėžžynė (Vincetoxicum) V 187: krėždė, lendrūnas (Calamagrostis) II 172: lendré, nendrūnė (Scolochloa) II 237: reed, pūkunė (Filago) VI 47: pūkai, rožūnė (Lavatera) IV 670: rose, vilnūnė (Holcus) II 185: vilna, pūkunė (Scabiosa) V 539: žvaigždė, from adjectives: dygūnė (Torilis) V 45: dygus, puikūnas (Mimulus) V 407: puikus, skudrūnas (Pleurospermum) V 49: skudrus "well-growing, lush", from numerals: centūnė (Centunculus) V 143: šimtas; 2) -utė, -utis: from nouns: blužnutė (Chrysosplenium) IV 41: splėnis, dažgutis (Erodium) IV 564: dalgis, ežerutė (Hydrilla) II 106: ežeras, pakalnutė (Convallaria) 1I 546: pakalnė, vaistutis (Arabis) III 518: vaistas, vakarutė (Hesperis) III 530: vakaras, from adjectives: strižutis (Typhoides) II 143: juostelė, from verbs: barškutis (Rhinanthus) V 478: barškėti, belputis (Agropyron) II 282: belpyti, etc. ; 3) -uolé: from nouns: oatmeal (Arrhenatherum) II 204: oat, soil (Agrimonia) IV 139: soil, nest (Neottia) II 582: nest, oatmeal (Apera) II 182: oatmeal, snowflake (Galanthus) II 551: snow, oatmeal (Cyperus) II 302: oatmeal, from adjectives: oatmeal (Berula) V 63: moist, oatmeal (Aristolochia) III 150; oatmeal (Aphanes) IV 224: small, oatmeal (Cypripedium) II 570: brown, etc. Vague and individual terms of production occur only from the first group, e.g.: Artemisia (Artemisia) VI 115, Physalis (Physalis) V 388. The first of these terms is probably common root with the term wormwood (Artemisia abisinthum), and the second is not as related to the word mud "mud", because the plant is decorative and grown in nurseries, flowers - white, greenish yellow or violet. There are very few other names for the Vedic plant genera. For example: : -ainė, -ainis: buožainė (Knautia) V 535: Pyracantha IV 261: thistle, chestnut (Castanea) III 113: chestnut, mottled (Silybum) VI 162: mottled; -aitė: flour (Verbatim) III miltin, 536: blueberry (Catabrosa) I1 236: slant; -einis: ezeinis (Echium) V 241: hedgehog, Satreinis (Diplotaxis) III 547: shatter "swordfish", Zioveinis (Antirrhinum) V 428: Ziovoti; -eivė: plateivé (Coeloglossum) II 600: wide; -eklé: dZioveklé (Orobanche) V 492: dried (parasitic), scorzonera (Scorzonera) VI 191: jaundice; pass her villa wre 171 QA ME a o a na ią PRE arai blinds a eS TI -uotė: member (Polycnemum) III 218: member, finger (Digitaria) II 128: finger; -vė: green (Puccinellia) II 244: green, green. 2.5. The term is rarely used in the literature, but is more commonly used in botanical terminologuž y. They are made of nouns, iš adjectives, verbs. ir For example: : Limbs -a derived: early (Draba) III early, 543: fruiting (Chaenomeles) fruiting, fire IV 226: (Lychnis) Fire III 318: (by flower color), freshness (Lapsana) VI 251: refreshing, soothing (Orthilia) V 100: defend; Limbs -as derived: correction (Lycopodium) I 70: correct; Limb -ė derivatives: cucumber (Borago) V 248: Cucumber “cucumber”, blind (Galeopsis) V 354: blind, shiny (Lunar) III shiny, 533: salt (Salsola) III salt, 251: yellowish (Levisticum) yellowish, V 83: yellowish (Serratula) VI 165: yellow, glinde (Pedicularis) V 461: glinde, Moor (Spirodela) II 462: hosta (Hosta) bluish, II 507: fog (Poa) II 224: fog, mist (Sonchus) VI 203: milk, lung (Pulmonaria) V 242: lungs, witch (Clematis) III witch, 402: yeast (Agrostemma) III rusty, 304: sand (Arenaria) III sand, 292: spruce (Cystopteris) spruce, I 29: shilling (Lysimachia) V 135: shilling, lard (Symphytum) V 246: oil, tube (Verbascum) V 409: tube, swan (Hieracium) VI 209: vanagas, whisgé (Trisetum) II 194: Wisteria, Ziemé (Vinca) V 183: winter, grey (Senecio) VI 135: grey, winter (Dracocephalum) V 325: mouths, muzzles (Stellaria) III Gemini 272: (Acinos) V 317: gravel; Limbs -is derivatives: cock (Ledum) V 112: ledum (Chaerophyllum) V 36: burping, stiffness (Artemisia) VI 115: solid, spoon (Senecio) VI 135: spoon, sparrow (Sparganium) II 24: creeping, caterpillar (Juncus) II 467: track; Limbs -(ius vedi: pentinius (Delphinium) III 380: pentine, blisters (Scoffs) IV 366: bladder. Some of the species of this genus are insufficiently clear, e.g.: (Lolium) II 277, Lard (Holosteum) III wing 286, (Batrachium) Guestho409, use III (Cnidium) V 73 ir kt The Vedic word svidrē is probably derived from the verb svidruoti "to swing" or the noun svidras "silk". The term "coast" should probably be linked to the word "coast" "coast, coast". The su name of the plant, kurklé, is probably derived from the word kurkliai "currants". su The same root has even more folk names for plants, e.g.: ir kurkulė „skleistenis“, kurkuška „ajeras“ etc. ir They are all — aquatic plants. 2.6. There are only a few derivatives of prefixes: Prefix ant-: antbarzdė (Epipogium) II 595: beard; Prefix be-: infinity (Laserpitium) V 92: end, beard (Aceras) II 627: horns; 173