Giminystės pavadinimai leksikografijos praktikos aspektu

LITHUANIAN LANGUAGES SANDAROS INVESTIGATOR MAY LITHUANIAN KALBOTYROS QUESTIONS, XXVI (1987) RŪTA ŽUKAITĖ-BUIVYDIENĖ KINIGYSTĖS NAMONIAI LEXIKOLOGIJOS PRAKTIKOS ASPECTE Descriptive words of kinship are interesting not only because of their antiquity and complex development, but also because in many languages they form one of the most closed, harmoniously organized and stable lexical-semantic systems. It is no coincidence that they are so often chosen as the object of testing structural research methods. The above-mentioned feature of these words is also important in the practice of lexicography: the special systematicity and closure of the thematic group of kinship names forms an excellent prerequisite for accurately and consistently describing the meaning of its members in explanatory dictionaries. Unfortunately, after looking into the matters of the description of the meaning of kinship names, it appears that in the explanatory dictionaries of different languages? there are similar problems: there are incorrect, illogical interpretations of the meaning; lack of consistency, uniformity in describing the meanings of functionally equivalent words; the meanings of some polysemantic kinship names are not sufficiently differentiated. The recurrence of the same errors in the dictionaries of different languages suggests that they are not entirely accidental. These errors can be explained by objective difficulties related to the specificity of the material itself. After all, the relative names of each language have specific semantic characteristics that distinguish them from other words of that language. Some of these features are universal, i.e. common to names of many Indo-European languages. others are common to only a few related languages or even unique. Understandably, the highlighting of all these characteristics requires special theoretical research. The inaccuracies in the definition of the meaning of kinship names, which occur in our dictionaries, can be explained primarily by the lack of detailed studies of the Lithuanian language kinship lexicon?. This article does not claim to be a comprehensive į semantic analysis of Lithuanian kinship names. Here we would like to draw attention to some of the most general semantic characteristics of spoken words, which are important for the practice of lexicography. The main semantic feature of the relative names (hereinafter —RP), common to all Indo-European languages, is the relative nature of their meaning. GP describes 1 For the problem of presenting kinship names in Russian dictionaries, see. MoitceeB A. M. Turtbi TOJIKOBAHHA TEDMHHOB DpONICTBA B I'm not sure what to do. — - Yeah. - Yeah. - Yeah. 1962, V, c. 121—124. 2 To date, we do not have a more detailed study of the Lithuanian language's cognate names. Ja meanwhile replaced by a small overview of normative nature A. The Salisbury article (Salys A. Our Gentlemen. — Native Language, 1937) ir A.. A section of Sabaliauskas’s study “The Development of the Lexicon of the Lithuanian Language”, which reviews the origin of the oldest relative names in our language — Sabaliaus~- kas A. The development of the Lithuanian language lexicon. — (Lithuanian language). V., 1966, t. 8, p. 12—15 189 a person through his relationship with another person or persons. A person marked by any GP is such not alone, but only in relation to someone else. You cannot be a niece or step-daughter in general, you can only be someone- ’s niece or step-daughter. Therefore, the meaning of each GP includes at least two poles: the person with respect to whom the kinship is calculated and another person, the “seeker- ”. The first, according to the old tradition of American anthropological linguists, can be called ego, the second — alter®. The relationship underlying the meaning of GP can be explained by naming both the ego and the alter, e.g.: the neighbor- ’s son, my brother, Anna’s husband.- .. or I am your brother-- in-law, he is my uncle... If the reference point of kinship (ego) is not mentioned in a specific act of speech, it is usually known from the wider context- .” The definitions of GP in dictionaries must also reflect, in one way or another, the relative nature of the meaning of those words. Such interpretations of the meaning of GP as this are completely unlawful and unjustifiable: Wife: 1. married woman, herself: took a wise woman (DLKZ). The adverb itself does not save here, because this word in the same dictionary is interpreted only as "wife". First, this interpretation of the meaning does not even imply that the word wife is of relative meaning, that it forms an inseparable pair with the kinship name husband. The wife described in this way can be associated at least with a girl — a “young unmarried woman” (YUW) and a old woman — an “old unmarried woman” (YUW). Thus, this interpretation of the meaning only allows to assign Wife to the paradigm of female names according to age and family status®, but not to the names of kinship (here we see how the definition of the meaning of a word in the dictionary can impose one aspect of the paradigmatic relationships of the word and ignore others). Secondly, if we believe the dictionary, it would appear that every man can call every married woman or even address her with the words wife, and herself, for example, even a woman can call her married friends or even her mother! The definition of the word man in the same dictionary is much better: “in married life — the wife’s husband, himself”. The meaning of GP in the dictionary can be described in two ways: I. By saying both ego and alter, i.e. by clearly showing the relative nature of the GP meaning in the formula of interpretation of the meaning; II. 1998-1999 Saying only alter. * Plg. Goodenough W. H. Component analysis of ķūnkūmū Lapp kinship terminology. - In. : Explorations in Cultural Anthropology: Essays in Honor of George Peter Murdock/ Ed. by W. H. Goodenough. New York, 1964, p. 222. 4 Knowing this feature of the meaning of GP, it becomes clear why even such a text sounds unnatural: “It was evening. "The old cousin, carrying a bag of strawberries, walked along the road". Here the necessary relative nature of the meaning of GP is ignored — it simply "has no place". The objective tone of the narrative, the look “as if from the side”, the impression of the first encounter with the “character” do not allow us to expect that the reference point of kinship (ego) is known from the context. 5 It is well known that in ancient times the word “wife” had an absolute meaning—- it simply meant “woman- .” In some dialects it is still said: Another time there was a poor wife. There were a wife and three men. This meaning of the word wife is specified separately in the MRLs as a secondary meaning. Some other GPs — mother, father, grandfather, grandmother and their synonyms — may also have an absolute meaning. For example: : Being a mother—- what a happiness! In these contexts, the words mentioned do not function as relative names. The mother here simply refers to a woman with children, without referring to the relationship with those children. For more information about the absolute value of!/GPs, see Moiicees A, WU. I'm going to get you a little bit of money. —Orurojiornueckue Kayku, 1963, Ne3, c. 123. 190 The first, "explicit- ", way of describing the meaning can be realized several times. Example: 1) wife — a woman to a male person connected with her by marital ties; man —a male person to a woman in marriage with him®. In this case, when describing the meaning of words, it is translated without other names of kinship; meaning is interpreted in the words of other, "independent" thematic groups. Both poles of the kinship relationship are clearly stated here, they are viewed “from the outside”, objectively. This way of interpreting meaning is most appropriate for names of spouses or bride and groom. other GPs are difficult to define in this way. 2) mother-in-law — a woman for her son's wife; uncle — a husband to the children of his brother or sister, grandmother — a woman to the children of her children; son — a male person to his parents; father—a husband to his children (DLKZ). This type of meaning description is based partly on GP, partly on other words. In this, “mixed” way, in our dictionaries only father (DLKZ) and mother (cf. mother —woman to her children in LKZ) are usually described. As can be seen from the examples, this method can be applied much more widely. It is not suitable only for defining the names of spouses or those who are about to marry (a "circle" would be formed: man — male person to wife; wife — woman to husband). The most common way of describing the meaning of GP in Lithuanian dictionaries is when only one pole of the concerned kinship relationship is named — alter. It is expressed as a combination of other GPs, e.g.: grandchild —grandchild, grandchild (DLKZ); ram — mother’s brother, uncle (DLKŽ); niece —daughter of a brother or sister (DLKŽ); grandmother — maternal or paternal mother (DLKŽ); brother-in- -law —1. Wife's or husband's brother. 2. sister's husband. 3. the wife's or husband's sister's husband (DLKŽ). As we can see, the ego (the reference point, the person with whom kinship is calculated) is not mentioned here. But this does not mean that the relative nature of GP's significance is ignored. By defining the name of kinship in this way, one simply stands in the ego position — one “identifies” with the person in whose eyes kinship is valued. This “implicit” way of interpreting meaning is also possible, though it does not apparently indicate the relative nature of meaning. It has old traditions, is convenient due to its flexibility. There is no way of interpreting the meaning of the words naming only the father, mother and spouses in ir this way. jų All of the above-mentioned GP basic ways of describing meaning are possible, all of them have their own scope of use, some different ar advantages and disadvantages. It is ne important which iš of the possible ways of interpreting the o meaning is followed, how consistently one ar way is followed by another. It is very important to maintain consistency in the way of defining, interpreting the meaning of GP one of which. An interpretation of the meaning such as this is considered illogical: marti son's — wife to father jo mother ar (DLKŽ). Enough to write "Son's Wife", everything else is — ballast. After all, saying “son’s wife” is a normal ir “implicit” way of interpreting the meaning of the term — kinship when viewed from ego positions. iš Jumping over iš the subjective ego position į of the neutral observer position, as done here, by saying "father ar to mother" is illogical. It's the same as saying "our son's wife to jo the ar father mo- $ Plg, MoitceeB A. H. Turi IF YOU ARE INTERESTED B It's a little bit of a mess. — Jlexcuxorpadnueckaii cGopmuk, sem. 1962, V, c. 123. 191 intestines”. In order to describe the meaning of the word objectively, "explicitly", it should be written marti — "woman to her husband- 's father or mother". The implicit (subjective) way of definition is “damaged” (and thus the logical error is made) in the following interpretations of the meaning of the words stepfather and stepmother: stepfather — “the mother’s other husband, the fake father of her children from the previous marriage” (DLKŽ); pūmotė —“non-natural mother, father’s wife for children from his previous marriages” (DL KŽ). Implicit interpretations of meaning, going to the decimal, were here wanted to be clarified, and in the clarification the implicit, subjective way of interpretation of meaning was mixed with the explicit, objective one. If you want to clarify, it should be written as follows: stepmother — "other wife of the father, fake mother". In order to define it neutrally, explicitly in a “mixed” way: stepmother — “a woman for her husband- ’s children from his previous marriages”; stepfather —“a husband to his wife’s children from her previous marriages.” The interpretations of the meaning of the names of kinship stepdaughter and stepson, belonging to the same lexical “microsystem” as stepmother and stepfather, in the same dictionary are impeccable, cf. wife or husband- 's daughter from a previous marriage (DLKŽ); step-son — "illegal son; Wife or husband's son from previous marriage" (DLKŽ). In both cases, the same implicit way of interpreting the meaning is maintained. A related lexicon is an organized system in which each word has its own place, determined by its relationship with other words. Each GP enters several types of oppositions; the meaning of the name itself depends on its ability to be a member of those oppositions. One of the most obvious is the division of the GPs denoting the same degree of kinship into binary oppositions according to the semantic gender sub-Sign underlying the meaning of those words: e.g., brother — sister, uncle — aunt, son — daughter, father — mother, brother — brother, nephew — nephew, son-in-law — son-in-law… As can be seen from the examples, the vast majority of these oppositions are characterized by heteronymy, or lexical suppletivism. There are only a few exceptions: grandfather, granddaughter, grandfather-in-law, granddaughter-in-law, granddaughter-in-law, granddaughter-in-law, granddaughter-in-law, granddaughter-in-law, granddaughter-in-law, granddaughter-in-law. The relative nature of the significance of GPs determines their ability to form other types of oppositions, which we could conditionally call conversion. These are oppositions between words, one of which denotes the speaking (ego), the other — the “seeking” person (alter). For example, if the speaker refers to another person as a husband, he must be referred to as the wife of that person; if he calls someone a mother-in-law, he is a mother-in-law to that person; if someone else is the father, it turns out that he necessarily has a son or daughter. The words naming ego and alter are dialectically connected, forming an indissoluble “unity of opposites”: there is no husband without wife, no son-in-law without father-in-law, etc. Heteronymy is also characteristic of this type of oppositions in our language, e.g.: husband — wife, brother — sister, (in both cases there is an antagonism according to sex and a conversion opposition!), mother — son; motina —duktė, įta —marti, marti —Šešuras and others. Exceptions are only a few GPs: brother —brother, sister —sister, cousin —cousin, brother-in-law —brother-in-law... (Usually these are names of relatives of the same generation, These types of relatives call each other the same way.) In dictionaries, the interpretations of the meaning of both the first and second types of oppositions should be harmonized, Not only for reasons of harmony, but also to reflect the real associative connection in the consciousness of language users between the words denoting the same degree of kinship used to name persons of different sexes, between the words with which members of the relative pair call each other. 192 to ir The aforementioned incorrect ir descriptions of the meaning of the words ne wife marti are faulty only in themselveir s, but because they are not su |opoziciSky words of vyras ir žentas, anyta, šešuras with definitions (see section 4.4). DLKŽ). The narrow framework of the article does not allow to cover all the features of GP the Lithuanian language system. One could talk about oppositions according to GP the sign of generation, about the distribution of blood GP marriage subsystems, į about the ir GP ir opposition of “false” blood kinship and the latter’s microsystem of names (stepmother, stepfather, stepson, adopted son, adoptive father...); about Names of "lateral" kinship (uncle, aunt, nephew, niece...) microsystem ir etc. Clearly, one whose The meaning of the members of the “subsystem” in the dictionary should be interpreted according to the same principle, trying to maintain a consistent way of describing the meaning. TEPMHHBI DEFINITION B ACINEKTE JIEKCHKOTPAėHUECKONR NPAKTHKH Pe31oMe B crarbe 3aTparHBAIOTCA BOMPOCH! TOJIKOBABHA TEDMHHOB pojicTBa (TP) B CJIOBApsAX JIKTOBCIt's KORO S3BIKA. IIpWBOAATCS KpHTHUeCKHe 3aMeYaHHsi ITO IIOBOAY TOJIKOBAHHSA HEKOTOpHIX TP. BrienstioTcs Ba OCHOBHBIX crioco6a ToNKOBaHHS TP — 3KCIUTHIMTHEI H AMIUTHIATHEI. 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