Iš gretinamosios anglų ir lietuvių kalbų veiksmažodžio stilistikos (pagal „Guliverio kelionių“ vertimą)

LITHUANIAN LANGUAGES SANDAROS INVESTIGATIONS LITHUANIAN LANGUAGE QUESTIONS, XXVI (1987) IZABEL STEPONAVIČIŪTĖ Iš GRETINAMOSIOS ENGLISH IR LITHUANIAN LANGUAGES OPERATIONAL SYSTEM STYLISTICS (PAGAL ‘GULIVERIO CELIONIŲ’ TRANSLATION) J. Balčikonis’s translation of Gulliver’s Travels can encourage comparative analysis in various aspects, as well as in the aspect of linguistic stylistics, the comparison of microsystems of individual categories ir helps to highlight the specificity of each language, reveal the o central peripheral means of expression ar of functional-semantic — categories, show the possibilities of choosing a more suitable form that would adequately convey only subjective information, but stylistic additions, raise the same ir associations in accordance with the requirements of ir style. ne ir ir tų The verb has a very large potential for stylistic use both in Lithuanian and in English. The expressional possibilities of the verb are related to the lų categories of time, case, person, verb, kind, the existence of personified su non-personified forms, means of some other ways of word formation. su ir ar ir This linguistic potential is the basis for the formation of synonymic sequences, whose members can be of different structures ti (analytical ir synthetic), as well as elements of various kinds (lexical, syntactic). For example, in English, there are frequent morphological groups of words that can replace grammatical categories of the corresponding meaning. For the imperfect were used the following gerundial forms: kept gerundijus, used su + to + infinityvas, was habit a with somebody infinityvas, + was|were the habit in of + gerundijus, was|were wont + infinityvas, would + infinityvas. In reference to the construction used to+infinitive, R. Klaus notes that it has essentially iš become a time ji formal. Forms of the future time can replace the constructive verb without: su to to be about +infinity, to be going + infinity, be+ to infinity, to be on the point of +gerundius. Comparing the verb systems ir of the English and Lithuanian languages, we see that they differ both in the number of tenses and in the stylistic valence of the ability to synonymously replace each other. jų ir English is quantitatively superior in terms of tense forms. However, there may be meanings in each language that do not have a formal equivalent in another language, but this does not mean that we cannot convey the information of the missing analogue by means of another language. This means that the number of forms is ne important, each o jų “flexibility”, t. y. the power conveyed ti various meanings, nuances of meanings, modal shades. It is important to note that there are differences in the use of tenses, because in most cases the choice of tenses in both languages is determined by ne jų performs a logical function, o the ability to convey additional stylistic information emotional — expressive accessories. Speaker (or author) 1 Close R. A. English as a Foreign Language. — London, 1962, p. 99. 54 chooses one other time ar form, expressing one other attitude to the action. ar į In other words, it is often equally ne important for the author to precisely express the time jo and — duration of the action, he is more concerned with conveying his emotional su assessment, his ką relationship with what is being spoken about. The ability of temporal forms to synonymously replace each other depends on the semantic structure, on the sems present or potential in t. y. the categorical meaning. To realize these sems, a certain linguistic context is required: a superfrasal unit, a — syntactic sentence structure, words denoting a temporal circumstance, groups of words, the tenses of ar other verbs, conjunctions, etc. ir Context-conditioned expressiveness is the main — source of expressive means. On the other hand, separately it is necessary to talk about those forms when a certain modal expressive load can be considered a component of paradigmatic significance. There are not many such stylistically connoted grammatical forms, but they significantly supplement the stylistic arsenal of the language. In the English verb system, emphasis forms marked with modal expressive shades are considered Present, Past ir Imperative forms with denotative su intensifier to, Past Indefinite negative form variants felt not, knew not, imperative negative form of auxiliary verb be ‘to’. Also stylistically marked are archaic forms, which give the text a historical character, a patetic sound?. For example: : What you have told me (said my master) Viskas, ką jūs man apie karus papaupon the subject war, does of indeed say (said the master), very gediscover most admirably the effects rai shows your mind, which you boast that reason you pretend to. of (p. 224) (p. 246) I cried out in a rapture: Happy nation, where every child hath least at chance a for being immortal! (p. 191) therefore, the grammatiBe cal form may be a sign of a certain functional style. This is when its use is only possible in the context of a certain style. Firstly, these are forms having a solemn, poetic, archaic shade, secondly, the nature of clearly spoken language. o — For example, the verb "to speak" form "spoke" ir Morphologically, „spake“ are variants of the past tense, but stylistically they are different ways of — conveying du the semantic content tą itself, because they differ markedly in their sphere of use in stylistic sounding. Spoke is a neutral form, spake ir is archaic, suitable for a solemn style. o — After adding an ending -ed for verbs that change vowel or get a suffix -n, the form acquires the connotation of colloquial, even vulgar language, e.g.: seed (=saw, seen), knowed (=knew). Use of clear spoken language when In the present perfect form, the auxiliary verb "have" is omitted, e.g., been have been), seen have seen). (= (= The stylistic characteristics of such forms are highlighted when they are used as neutrals. su This is especially true of fiction, where the semantic stylistic potential of the form is fully revealed. The second area is spoken ir language. ir — * Mnerm B. A. I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry. — JI., 1971, c. 354, 356—358, 55 Comparing the translation with ir the original of Gulliver’s Travels, one can trace how the expressive qualities of the verb are used in the narrative, which is not interrupted or varied by dialogue. Be when the same narrator recounts events and conveys the thoughts of ir other characters in words, there is no ir linguistic diversity that is usually created by the characters. Such a story can become monotonous. On the other hand, when telling in the first person, all events are illuminated more subjectively, the narrator not only recreates events or events, but also interprets them, shows his attitude to what is happening, evaluates the actions of others. Such a subjective attitude forces the search for expressive means of expression. And then one form is chosen from the synonymic sequence, various synonymic forms are used for the mixture. One example of syntactic tense use is the use of present, past and future tense to express a generalized action. It can be used to indicate a situation or situations that occur frequently, or to indicate a situation or situations that occur occasionally, or to indicate a situation or situations that occur frequently, or to indicate a situation or situations that occur frequently. ( ar ir The present indefinite, future indefinite, and past indefinite forms of English are similarly used, although the latter are rare. Many examples of generalized use of times can be found in Lithuanian and English folk tales: proverbs, proverbs, riddles and otherwise sayings that summarize people’s experience. Insert a į narrative such summarizing statements sound like sentences, instruction. For example: : He said, if it were possible there could be any country where only one yacht would be apdoHe said, if it were possible there could be any country where only one yacht would be apdo be Yahoos alone were endued with reason, they certainly must the be governing animal, because reason will time always in prevail against brutal strength. (p. 220) But the Houyhnhums who live under the government reason, are of 'no more proud the good of gualities they possess, than should for not I wanting be leg a or an arm, which no man his in wits would boast although of must he miserable be without them. (p. 265) they are called by the mind, then they should rule there, because in the end the mind always takes the upper hand. (p. 240) But the mind-controlled yogas are no more proud of their good qualities than I am of having two legs and two arms, for no man of his senses would be proud of it, though he would feel very unhappy to lose them. (p. 289) In a “foreign” environment, the form emerges in relief and attracts the reader’s attention. In general, the present tense forms are most often transposed for stylistic reasons, since the categorical meaning of this time is more general than ir that of other times. In a certain context, the present tense of Lithuanian language can synonymously replace any other tense: the past tense, the past frequent tense, the future tense, when it is desired to describe 56 a situation in the past or future tense in a figurative, emotional way. The English present tense, present indefinite and present continuous, are also often transposed to create some stylistic effect. In English, the present tense forms of a group of communicative verbs (to hear, to observe, to say, to tell, to write) can be used instead of the past tense when telling about past events. Similar uses are also quite common in Lithuanian colloquial language. Such examples are quite abundant in the texts of both languages. Plg., e.g. : I find likewise, that printer hath been so careless as to confound the times, and mistake the dates of my several voyages; neither assigning the true year, or mėnesio or tikros mėnesio month; and I hear the original manuscript is all destroyed, since the publication of my book. (p. Furthermore, I see that your printer has been terribly careless: he has not the true month, or day of the year, tikro shown the time of return, the 27) exact date, and now I hear that, after the book was published, the manuscript was destroyed, and I have no record of it. (p. 9) The present tense forms of these Lithuanian and English verbs show that the speaker or writer still has the message he received and is now passing it on to another. The future tense is not inferior to the present tense in terms of stylistic usage. “The action of the future tense forms is a future thing, so it can be looked at with the conviction that it will certainly be, with doubt, with surprise, with determination, etc. (...) Here one can see the nuances of readiness to act, determination, firm conviction, doubting, necessity, threatening, inevitability, irony and other modal nuances- ”3. The fact that the modal meanings of obligation, possibility, intention, etc. are close and easily compatible with the meanings of the future action adds modal nuances to the future tense, whatever means it is expressed. The English future tense obligation can be translated into the present tense form in Lithuanian. For example: : Lastly, that upon his solemn oath observe all the to above articles, the said ManMountain shall have a daily allowance of meat and drink sufficient for the support of 1728 of our subjects with free access our to Royal Person, and other marks of our favour. (p. 53) Given the solemn oath to fulfil the above-mentioned points, the MountainMan receives daily food and drink as much as is consumed by one thousand eight hundred seventy-- four of our subjects, and permission to come freely to the emperor and to avail himself of our other favors (p. 38) 3 Paulauskienė A. Modern Lithuanian verb. —V., 1971, p. 90. 57 The future tense form of Lithuanian language can be used to express guesswork, uncertainty in the to ji well suited only ne analogously to English Future Indefinite to say the meaning of time, but to convey the ir modality expressed in another way. For example: : Upon the whole, the behaviour these of In general, these animals were orderly and rational in so their behavior, showed so so much reasonableness, ir that they were aš praacute and judicious, that I at last concluded to think, just they ar won't be what ded,they must needs magicians be (p. wizards (p. 224) 207) Action in the near future, if the future event is only anticipated, ne but it is already being prepared at the speaking moment, can be described by Present Continuous time forms. This ‘planning’ ar the “preparation” dimension limits Continuous use of temporal forms in ji relation to human activity. In the context of the present tense are used accordingly Past Continuous time forms, e.g. : After three years expectation that things In vain iSlaukes three years after repairing would mend, accepted advantageous I affairs, an finally I was invited kaoffer from Captain William Prichard, python Viljamo Priardo, whose ship master of the "Antelope", who was Antilope” was about to sail making a voyage to the South-Sea. į Piety Vandenynq. (p. 14) (p. 32) I was going on to more particulars, Aš I wanted to tell more, but when master commanded silence. my me the master told me to shut up. (p. 246) (p. 225) What is said Past Continuous tense forms, conveyed in Lithuanian sentences by the verbs ruošėsi, norėjau with a time ir circumstance denoting the near future soon. ; Be of the above-mentioned In continuous time forms, the action of the near future in English can be said in constructions: to be about + infinitive, to be infinitive, to be on) the point of + gerundijus, to be going + infinityvas. The latter construct is ja used more often than the other to indicate future action. By determining the activity of a person, the ši construction can express modal shades of will, intention. For I example: : was to going follow after them. Aš I had wanted to follow them (p. 78). (p. 88) Again, in the Lithuanian sentence, the meaning of the English tenses is explained by the semantics of the verbs. Here we can mention those cases, when ir the obligation, the command, in the English future forms, is conveyed in the Lithuanian language by the verbs gali, neturi teisės, turi. Plg., e.g. : 58 First the Man-Mountain shall not depart from our dominions, without our licence under our great seal. (p. 52) That the said Man-Mountain shall, his times at leisure aiding and assisting of our workmen be helping raise certain great stones, to ‘towards cove Man-Mountain in shall not leave to our dominion without permission appended with our stamp. su (p. 36) During his rest hours, the Mountain-Man must help raise larger stones for our workers who are building the wall of the principal park and the Emperor- 's ring the wall of the principal park, and other our royal buildings. (p. 53) palace, (p. 38) Therefore, the future tense forms do not necessarily represent the future action state, ar these values oare always divided into ne future tense forms. Regarding the stylistic adequacy of the translation in the broad sense, about the t. y. translator’s attempt to convey only the ne logical information of the work, but to maintain the tone of the author, it ir should be emphasized that if in one place no stylistically adequate analogue is found, elsewhere a more colorful, more emotional means of expression is chosen for the neutral English form. ir For example, emphatic English verb forms are not always expressed by reinforcing the denotative meaning of the verb, but neutral impersonal sentences are often translated into more powerful personal verb forms: Buf it is impossible to express = You couldn't tell, To return from this digression = But let's go back to our narrative. As a counterbalance to the English archaic forms in the translation we find less frequently used forms in contemporary Lithuanian literary language: biita pranešta; I asked them not to tell anyone. It is often used in the following situations: To avoid, to avoid, to avoid. Plg., pvz.: I reguested likewise, that the secret of my having a false covering to my body might be known to none but himself, at least as long as my present clothing should last; for as to what the sorrel nag, his valet had observed, his Honour might command him to conceal it. (p. 216) I also asked him not to tell anyone about the covering of my body, at least not until it was completely uncovereto d, and to forbid that bérokély, his o servant, from telling anyone about it. Uncle. (p. 236) U3 COMNMOCTABHTEJIbBHOA CTHJIHCTHKH TIJIATOJIA AHTJIHACKOIO H JIATOBCKOTO S1i3bIKOB (HA OCHOBE MEPEBOJA «[IYTELWLECTBHE TIYJIJIHBEPA») Pe3roMe B pa6ore paccMaTpHBaIOTCS HeKOTODEIe CJIYy9aH CTHIIHCTHYECKOM TDaHCIO3HIMH BPEMEHHBIX ĖOpM, HX B3aMMO3aMEHNEMOCTh, A TAKXC BO3MOXHOCTH CTHJIMCTHYECKONĖ KOMIICHCALMH CyOb- €KTHBHOM 3KCIIDEeCCHH HEeaJIEKBATHLIX BPEMEHHBIX (opm. 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