Lietuvių literatūrinės kalbos sudurtiniai daiktavardžiai su pirmaisiais tarptautiniais dėmenimis

LITHUANIAN KALBOTYROS QUESTIONS XXVII (1988) LITHUANIAN LANGUAGE IR BILINGUALISM LIFE SIMONAITYTĖ-RUDAITIENĖ LITHUANIAN LITERARY |LANGUAGE CONSTRUCTIONS NOUNS SU THE FIRST INTERNATIONAL STRAIGHT During the Soviet years, there have been changes in Lithuanian word formation, but these changes do not undermine the established norms of Lithuanian literary language, but only develop o the possibilities of word formation. This is usually related to the intensification of su certain word formation methods and types, which was caused by many internal (linguistic) ir social (extralinguistic) factors. Iš Extralinguistic factors include changes in the composition of Lithuanian literary language users, especially the increase in the number of people using Lithuanian literary language. Mat, accordiL. ng to Ščerba (1957, p. 126), “literary language itself creates less than it takes, life creates, ką linguistic life flows boiling O in the language of the most ir separate groups of people”. Therefore, every national language, which is the result of long-term development, reflects the way of life, culture, and psychological characteristą tics of the people who created it. Thus, the richness of the grammaticir al structure of the lexicon of advanced languages (language users) reflection of long-standing historical experience, result of lawful relationships between objects and jų phenomena of the surrounding ir world, characteristic jų features, properties of long-term cognition (ComnaHeB, Muxsesn4, 1984, c. 163). Today, Lithuanian literary word formation is particularly productive with Lithuanian su affixes and elements of words of foreign origin. Many of the words and phrases are taken from other languages. This process is usually conditioned by international terminology. ir For terminology is often the intermediary through which all the styles of į Lithuanian literary language come to new international meanings. o iš jų appropriation of various word adjectives. ir Now, parts of international Lithuanian words are often joined ir together. It is mainly composed of nouns. This is driven by ir social causes. Every day production increases, new production tools are needed: factories need more efficient tools, machines, other machinery and production equipment, agricultural machinery in the fields, many new equipment in laboratories. — — New specialties, new fields of science and technology are emerging, which also require new names. And the function of new names is usually performed by nouns, of which there are many compounds. The construction of compound nouns is one of the most productive forms of noun construction in contemporary Lithuanian literary language. Therefore, the examination of the construction of compound nouns “is also relevant to linguistic practice: highlighting the characteristic types, construction laws and tendencies of compound nouns can show how new constructions should be created (or how already created ones should be evaluated)” (Urbutis, 1961, p. 66). 180 There are now a number of compounds, the first demu of which is of other language origin. It is argued that the borrowing of lexical units or other elements enriching languages is the most characteristic feature of the development and interaction of languages of the USSR peoples in the present era (Jlemepues, Ilporuenxo, 1968, c. 202). As the Latvian language researcher V. Skujinia (1979, pp. 57—358) states, “when international words with the same prepositional and adverbial elements are borrowed, these affixes become active in the language and over time acquire the functions of independent operative forms”. In Lithuanian, as in other languages, international elements are often used in the creation of words, especially terms. There are very often prepositional elements of international terms. They are considered by many to be elements of compound words, and sometimes prefixoid (Gaivenis, 1973, p. 26). In some cases, it is difficult to find the boundary between novel prepositions and compound words. There are no specific criteria for determining when a morpheme at the beginning of a word can be regarded as a prefix and when as a part of a compound word. In the Lithuanian literary language of the Soviet years there is a fairly abundant use of compound words (especially nouns) with such first international elements as aero-, agro-, astro-, auto-, avia-, bio-, electro-, photo-, hydro-, cosmo-, macro-, micro-, moto-, radio-, servo-, stereo-, tele-, thermo-, turbo-, velo-, vibro-, video-. Some of them have been used for quite some time in the construction of compound words. For example, agero-, auto-, hydro-, radio-. Others have been performing similar functions quite recently. For example, with the first international accent in cosmocontemporary Lithuanian literary language we find not only the words kosmodromas (compare with Russian xocmompom), kosmonautas (compare with Russian KOcMOHAaBT), but also kosmochemija (compare with Russian xocmoxmmus), kosmosportas (compare with Russian xocmocnoprt), kosmotelefonas (compare with Russian xocmotenedon), kosmotelevizija (compare with Russian KOCMOTeJieBHIeHHe) and others. The reasons for the abundance of compound nouns with international démens in the Lithuanian literary language of the Soviet years must be sought in the development of society in the period under consideration. New times, specific social conditions determine the emergence of words, their ways of making. New words show the direct connection of language with social life and the main ways of enriching the lexicon: it is the borrowing of words from other languages, the formation of new words from internal resources of the language, their formation from morphemes of classical languages, changes in the meanings of words, etc. The social (extralinguistic) and internal (linguistic) factors of the proliferation of compound nouns with the aforementioned international elements are closely interrelated. Of the social factors — it is first of all the scientific and technical process and especially the significance of those fields of science, to which the terms with the mentioned elements belong. As mentioned, the accelerated development of social life, science and technology, the invention of new powerful machinery, means of production required new scientific and technical, social concepts nominations, as well as words with international elements. For “language is the most accurate barometer of the social life of every human collective, reacting abruptly to new changes and fluctuations in the structure of society” (Maxkoscknii, 1980, c. 3). The internationalization of all spheres of life had a major influence on the increase of compound nouns with first international elements. Since many of the values created by different nations are of an international nature, the growth of the material culture and intellectual level of society encourages 181 na use ir international démens for word formation in contemporary Lithuanian literary language. Intensive linguistic contacts also played a role in the activation of international elements in Lithuanian word formation. The influence of contact languages is of great importance for the development of the national language in every period of its life. In contact languages, certain patterns of word formation are activated — low productive and non-productive, as well as new patterns of word formation are formed according to examples common in other languages. This can also be referred to as the borrowing of constructive models of words (Ckymus, 1984, c. 20). The activity of low-productive and non-productive word-making patterns undoubtedly enriches the language and usually takes place on the basis of long-existing (or previously inherited and already established in the language) word-making resources. The Russian language has a particularly strong influence on the Lithuanian literary language. In Russian, as a language of international communication, new concepts and terms usually come into force earlier than in other languages. The Russian language, which is relatively close to Lithuanian in terms of its morphological structure, activates some of the Lithuanian word formation methods and types. The word can be used as a noun and as a pronoun. For example, Russian derivatives with suffixes -0cmb, -cm60 — GeckongduKmnocmo, epedumenbemeo, necydumMocmo, Knoedmopemeo, cCe3z0HKHOCMb, yoapuuwecmeo, etc., activated the production of Lithuanian derivatives of the suffix -umas, for example: pataikūniškumas, sovietiškumas, vartotojiškumas, etc. In the Soviet years, many new trucks appeared, which also needed new names. These are special trucks with certain equipment. They are usually called enriched nouns with the second accent „važis: kupetvežis, milkevižis, vandenvežis, etc. The spread of these nouns was greatly influenced by the Russian language, which is rich in compound nouns with the second suffix -603: 0eH30803, 6030Yx0603, 3ePHO603, KONHOB03, AeCco603, etc. The Russian language, being rich in international words, is the most important transmitter of lexical and morphemic elements of other languages to the Lithuanian language. In Russian there are many compound words with first international elements: a3posoksaa, demodopoza, domoomaea, smurxpoudcmuya. The Lithuanian language now has a lot of these derivatives, for example: aeroryšys, autorogės, aviabūrys, biogas, fotomedžiaga, mikrosiūlas. Of course, many of these structures are considered to be constructive values. It can be said that together with the lexical units of Russian and other languages, the type of word formation with international elements also entered into Lithuanian. Russian influences the construction of Lithuanian in an indirect way. For example, in Lithuanian we do not have equivalents to the Russian prefixes A14ceir ceepx-, so when translating Russian derivatives such as KendyKa, AoKenpdedu6eo0cmb, AnKceyuenbiū, CEEPXNHCUOKOCMb, c6epx36e30d, ceepxnpoeodumMocmo, ceepx0bicmpotūė, c6epx2M0yuondAbnotiė into Lithuanian we usually use the international prefixes pseudoir super-: pseudomokslas, pseudoteisingumas, pseudomokslinis, superskystis, superžvaigždė; superconducting, superfast, superemotional. Many of the composed words in Lithuanian literature, especially those with international elements, have Russian equivalents. But only some words we can consider morphologically valuable from the Russian language. However, in many cases, there is a difference between the ways and types of word formation in Russian and Lithuanian, depending on the laws of word formation in both languages. For example, the Russian words amomoxod, 34eKmpoxo0, 36e30d01em, etc. are composed of a noun and a verb, while the Lithuanian equivalents atomlaivis, 183 elektrolaivis, žvaigždėlaivis are composed of two nouns. Or the Russian compound words 2pyxmoeedenue, KocMo6edenue, memaino6eedenue, meamposedenue are made up of two nouns, and their Lithuanian equivalents gruntotyra, kosmotyra, metalotyra, teatrotyra are made up of a noun verb. Similarly, the Russian compound nouns with the second suffix -603 usually have the connecting vowel -or sometimes -ė-, and the analogous Lithuanian compound nouns with the second suffix -vežis are used both with the connecting vowel and without the connecting vowel: kupetovežis T 1975 179 and kupetvežis ŽŪTŽ 107, miltovežis T 1984 285 and miltvežis T 1970 20, pienovežis T 1970 228 and pienvežis ir The 560. standard of use of these compound nouns has not yet been established. Composed nouns with connective vowels are more common in old scripts and some dialects, for example in eastern Lithuania. Considering the law of language economy and the constructive tendencies of the Lithuanian literary language, these derivatives are more likely to be used without connecting vowels (cf. Klimavičius, 1974, p. 28). This shows that the word formation of each language is independent with all the internal laws of that language. Among the internal, or linguistic, reasons that determine the activity of the composition of words with international elements, it is first of all mentioned that the same international elements are often combined with both nouns and adjectives. This work is apparently motivated by the internal needs of the language itself (especially terminology), i.e. the necessity to identify composite concepts. In this case, the aforementioned law of language economy also acquires great significance: long word combinations are inconvenient, and therefore various compound words are formed. But the principle of language economy alone is not decisive. As noted by S. Vasilevskaya (1962, p. 40), the compound word is a higher level of abstraction compared to the combination of words. Compound words are not only necessary to satisfy the need for new words, but also because very often two ideas have to be expressed in one word. Especially convenient are one-word terms. According to St. Keinis (1983, p. 71), terminology is also convenient because it helps to form relatively short generic names, which helps to avoid concentration of terms, e.g.: pinigai — atostogpinigiai EŽ, butpinigiai EŽ, TŽ, dienpinigiai EŽ, TŽ. Compound word formation can be activated by other languages as well, because this form of word formation is not only characteristic of Lithuanian. In the case of compound nouns with first international elements, the second element of the noun can be both an international and a Lithuanian word. The following enriched nouns of this type are quite common, the international words of which are not used independently: aerobika VN 1984 191 "gymnastikos ir šokio sintezė', aerobusas T 1978 41, autostopas LM 1970 11, autostrada LKŽ I 318, elektrobusas T 1975 47, elektromobilis 184 MT 1975 4 50, hydronaut T 1976 21, cosmodrome T 1978 241, astronautics cosmovision T 1978 11, SatK 9; macrostatics FTŽ 422: motobolas T 1976 118: radiovizorius MG 1976 4 42; bicycle biker, T 1983 120, -ė T 1983 120, video library T 1984 98, These words are iš borrowed from other languages. The Lithuanian ending is added to them according to the same laws as for non-conjugated nouns of other languages. The fact that such a ir first accent is often added to the origin of foreign languages, usually international words, which are used independently in the Lithuanian language, helps us to perceive the above-mentioned nouns as enriched ones, e.g.: autoremontas ir T 1976 117, automotive T 1978 41, auto cosmetics T 1975 6; electroacoustics FTŽ 145; hydroaggregate T 1975 13; space speedometer 4: ZemPP macrophysics FTŽ 422; motocross T 1982 44; radioastronom, -ė MG 1975 5 15; telescreen MG 1975 1 51; thermoelectron FTŽ 870, velokart T 1984 75; video library MG 1985 3 40, video tape recorder T 1984 98, video program T 1984 98. This type of debt is usually indebtedness. Their ending is the same as that of their secondary elements when they are independent words. Of course, it is not always possible to say whether a compound word with the first international accent has come into our language simply from other languages or whether it has been created by us. When we have a corresponding word without the first international element, it is possible to think that the Lithuanian language itself could have made a conjugative word with this element. For example, from the international word kompresorius and the first international dot auto easy to make the rich noun autokompresorius. In recent decades, in many languages, including Lithuanian, the following word-making trend has begun to take hold and spread: non-independent Latin or Greek root morphemes are combined as the first part of the word with the native language stem: geroryšys T 1976 187, aerostotis KS 106; agromiškas T 1979 298, agrotiltas MNV 15 11; autostradas T 1984 91, autorogės LRKŽ 100; aviabūrys KV 1979 20, aviacijos taisyklės MiežIB 399; biogas MG 1984 4 37, biokuras ŽŪTŽ 18; fotomedžiaga T 1984 143, fotoskyrius LM 1978 43; hidroplanas T 1979 81, hidrostatyba T 1976 119; makrodalelė FTŽ 174, makrobiesena FTZ 174; mikrosiūlas MG 1979 81, hidrostatyba T 1976 119. 1983 4 13, microcontroller T 1983 151; motomultiplier T 1979 232, motoveZimélis T 1975 111; servomultiplier STTZ 264, servo control STTZ 264; stereo transmission MG 1975 6 58, stereo amplifier TM 1984 9 16; telesatellite MNV 6 18, telecontrol T 1985 14: thermo switch MNV 2 4, thermo measurement MG 1975 5 17; turbo drill T 1975 158, turbo pump KS 102; vibrating sprayer T 1984 222, vibrating motor T 1984 114; video recorder T 1983 233, video tape T 1984 100. Previously, such hybrids were scorned, considered irregular in form, and now they are already becoming common in many cases. In the Soviet period, suffixes of foreign origin were relatively rarely used in the creation of Lithuanian literary hybrids. It is rare to find derivatives derived from a Lithuanian word with an international suffix, for example: dviratizmas T 1983 120, miesčionizmas T 1982 10. These derivatives are not lawful, they are more of an eventual nature, not very popular with users and not approved by linguists (more on this Keinys, 1979, pp. 17-18). 185 The second accent of these nouns is usually also an international self-used word. The first internationally su recognised name of the asteroid is 2000 Astro-1. su cosmic bodies or space, often referred to as newly emerging fields of science, field scientists, specialists: astrobiology astrobotany tų T 1979 272, BTZ 42, astronavigation KK 34, astrobiologist, -ė T 1979 272, astrobotanist, -ė T 1976 24, astrogeographer, -ė LeontŽKP 72. They are called various devices, devices: astrolaboratorija mi ir T 1980 237, astroorientatorius MG 1981 6 14, astrotechnika MG 1981 6 14. The first international suffix of compound nouns, auto-(< su gr. autos 'himself'), is particularly common. The second point of these compound nouns is usually an international (a) or Lithuanian (b) noun used independently. Composed nouns with the first accent dguto-, meaning that the object is self-moving, acting automatically, often refer to various devices, machines, apparatuses: (a) tank truck K 1975 7 62, truck giant TY 1975 205, truck van T 1974 286, truck encoder STTŽ 375, truck compressor T 1974 257, truck crane T 1978 78, autopilot (electronic) T 1977 301, truck platform Sluck UMN 14, truck refrigerator T 1983 234, truck scraper T 1985 21, truck wagon KKult 2 50; (b) autoimtuvas VN 1978 119, autokeltuvas DKKZ, 64, autokotelis LKZ I 517, autokrautuvas T 1976 307, autokroviklis LKZ 1 518, autorogés LRKZ 100, autosargas K 1980 4 34, autosvarstyklės T 1976 214, autosunkveZimis LRKZ 100, autotraukinys T 1985 125, autotraukinukas T 1978 183, autovilkikas T 1975 224, autoZadintuvas T 1975 56. The second point can also be international, for example, the hitchhiker LM 1970 11.] Composed nouns with the first international démen «auto-», which means “car”, “automotive- ”, are often the names of various equipment, production units, companies, institutions, etc.: (a) autobiblioteka T 1977 274, autocentras MT 1975 4 46, autoklubas MG 1975 10 60, autokolonna VN 1974 265, autokombinatas T 1976 145, autolaboratorija T 1974 275, autoparks LM 1976 36, autopaviljonas T 1978 104, autoserviss VM 1974 285, autotrassa KrasUOS 22; b) car park T 1985 112, car workshop LR 104, car factory T 1976 26, car company T 1977 163, motorway T 1980 91, car shop T 1976 42, car park T 1985 112, car shop KKult 25 26, car wash T 1984 80, car trailer KKult 26 20, car yard T 1984 120, car towing T 1976 195, car storage LRKZ 100. The second period of these compound nounsZiy may not be used separately, for example, autostradu 518 and 519. The following are some of the most commonly used chemical compounds in the world: Chemical compounds: chemical compounds ir that have a chemical composition. a) T 1974 257, T 1977 149; b) automotive fuels T 1983 33. It is used by many sports ir teams and athletes, including the National Athletic a) Association. T 1975 43, T 1984 124, automotive T 1978 41, authoralnik, -ė T 1975 41, driver, car -ė T 1975 4; b) racing TM 1984 5 16, road trip T 1975 104, racing car driver, -ė T 1975 180. 187 The international accent is also cosmoconnected with accents not used independently in Lithuanian, so-called “Aafiksoidai”, which are often also international, in Lithuanian literary language the word kosmonautas, -ė has already become common and very popular. The word kosmonautas, as researchers say (Bparmna, 1973, c. 10) was formed in Russian, 0 from it has also entered into Lithuanian language. In the English language, the word astronaut (Bparana, 1973, c. 10) was created to name American cosmonauts, which is also known to Lithuanians (Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos žodynas, 1972, p. 43). In the press, the term astronaut is often used to refer to the crew members of American spacecraft, while the term cosmonaut is used to refer to the crew members of Soviet spacecraft. The frequent use of the words astronaut, cosmonaut, which appeared in the fifties of our century, and their popularity contributed to the emergence of many nouns of this constructive type. The word formation is influenced by specific lexical examples. Therefore, the vocabulary that is constantly and frequently used can be an example for new ones to emerge. Because of its special social significance, novelty and originality, the vocabulary of space is a source of current means of expression. Thus, according to the analogy of the words we have mentioned, new words appear: akvanautas, -ė, hidronautas, -ė, oceanautas, -ė, etc. The word alkonautas, -ė LM 1985 28, which has the same meaning as the word alkoholikas, -ė, has already been formed. A new field of science, astronautics, has also emerged, which studies flights into space. The international dots are also combined with other non-independent dots of international words, for example, kosmodromas T 1978 10 —a facility for taking off and landing spacecraft. The following words belong to this constructive type: erin | ‘DLKZ, 5, autodromas T 1976 146, hipodromas DautPV 51, kartodromas T 1979 150, motodromas TZZ 519, tankodromas TZZ 745, velodromas DLKZ, 926. The nouns listed here form the functional meaning: place adapted for the operation of various machines, apparatuses —specifically to drive, run, test, compete, etc. These derivatives can name a machine, an apparatus or describe a place, an environment. One of the first new creations of the above-mentioned constructive type, according to Russian language researchers (Pycckuit s3bIK H coBerckoe OOunecrTBO, 1968, c. 223), was probably a rocket launch pad. It is believed that this word has also entered the Lithuanian language from the Russian language. The Lithuanian language grew more abundant with nouns of this constructive type in the 1950s, due to the need for new nouns and the influence of the cosmos lexicon. The international accent kosm(o) is also used with the second Lithuanian accent, often of verb origin: Kosmeivystė MNV 26 20, kosmeivis MNV 26 25, kosmotyra KT 1985 190. The above-mentioned spot can also be connected with a Lithuanian noun, for example, spaceflight MiežIB 379. The vocabulary of space is not yet abundant: it is just beginning to form. The trends in the emergence and formation of words in this area are not clear. Sometimes words of other languages are used both as independent words and as parts of words, for example: elektra and elektro-, kinas and kino-, radijas and radio-, vakuumas and vakuum-. Thus, they exist in language as international elements 197 ri RR D IE OT RR „ ki Ė ha ea En " a aa SESH